IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


is 


^ 


i : 


1.0 


1.1 


1^128 

^   1^    12.0 


[25 

12.2 


1.25  i  1.4' 


1.6 


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-^ 


V 


^^^i^'^^ 
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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRiiT 

WIBSTER,N.Y.  145M 

(716)t73-4S03 


'^ 


/ 


-I 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  I^Aicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquas 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


□ 


0 


D 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag6e 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurAe  et/ou  pelliculAe 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais.  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ix6  f ilmtes. 


Tf 
to 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthoda  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


|~~|   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculies 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  dicolor^es,  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  intgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  6dition  disponible 


I — I  Pages  damaged/ 

I      I  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

r~y|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~l  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


Tl 

P( 
of 
fil 


Oi 
b( 
th 
si 
ot 
fil 
si 
or 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  imaga/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  M  film*es  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  & 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Tl 
sh 
Tl 
w 

M 
di 
er 
bfl 
ri{ 
rei 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires; 


Irregular  pmiration:   [i]  ■  viii,  M  ]  -  378,  381  -  382.  379  -  380,  383-632  p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

J 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  hat  b««n  reproducad  thanks 
to  tha  gonarosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'axamplaira  f llmA  f  ut  raproduit  grAca  A  la 
gAnAroaiti  da: 

BibliothAqua  nationala  du  Canada 


Tha  imagaa  appearing  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Las  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reprodu!t«s  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nettetA  de  rexemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformitA  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  papet^  covers  ara  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatratad  impres- 
sion, or  the  beck  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  originel  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illuatratad  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impreaaion. 


Les  exempleires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exempleires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commengant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  ▼  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  dee  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUiVRE",  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAa  A  das  taux  de  rAduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
raproduit  en  un  seui  clichA,  11  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

BIOGF 


LIVE 


MOST    BMINEl 


HIS 


Qjiiqw 


BT  vrihhiA 


AMERICAN 
BIOGRAPHICAL   AND   HISTORICAL 

DICTIONARY, 

C0NTAI2IIKO 
AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE 

LIVES,  CHARACTERS,  AND  WRITINGS 


or  THB 


'(..-:..•;  ( 


MOST    BMINENT    PERSONS   IK    NORTH   AMERICA,   VROM   ITS   riRST 
DISCOVERY  TO  THE  PRESENT  TIME, 


■.:t.ft. 


AND  A  tOMMARY  OF  THB 

HISTORY  OF  THE  SEVERAL  COLONIES 
AND  or 

THE  UNITED  STATES, 


i 


BY  WILLIAM  ALLEN,  a.m. 


'  .       Q<iique  sui  memores  alios  fecere  merendo.    virg. 


PUBLISHED 


BT  WILLIAM  HILLIARD,  AND  FOR  SALE  AT  HIS  BOOKSTORE 
IN  CAMBRIDGE. 


Billiard  Cf  Metcalf,  printers. 
1809. 


283808 


V  -i 


^j? 


DISTRICT  OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  to  wit  ; 

♦<xvrv^^      BE  IT  RBMBMBERKD,  that  On  the  twenty  seventh  day  of  July, 
4  fc  in  the  thirty  fourth  year  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States 

■£scAL.  ^  of  America,  William  ALLBNofthesaiddistricthasdepositedin 
•^•^v/vr^  this  office  the  title  of  a  book,  the  rig^t  whereof  he  clums  as  au- 
thor, in  the  words  following,  to  wit ;  "An  American  biographical  andhistor* 
"  ical  dictionary,  contuning  an  account  of  the  lives,  characters,  and  writings 
"  of  the  most  eminent  persons  in  North  America  from  its  first  discovery  to  the 
"  present  time,  and  a  summary  of  the  histofjr  of  the  several  colonies  and  of  the 
"  United  States,  by  William  Allbn,  a.  m.  Quique  sui  memores  fecere 
"  merendo    Virgil." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  the  con^ss  of  the  United  States,  entitled, 
"  an  act  for  the  encouragement  of  leanung  b^  securing  the  copies  of  maps, 
*'  charts,  and  books  to  the  authors  and  pruprietors  of  such  copies  during  uie 
"  times,  therein  mentioned  ;'*  and  also  to  an  act,  entitled,  "  an  act  supple- 
"  mentary  to  an  act,  entitled,  an  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning  by  se- 
"  curing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books  to  the  authors  and  proprietors 
**  of  such  copies  during  the  times,  therein  mentioned ;  and  extending  the  ben> 
*'  fits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and 
"  ©ther  prints." 

*"        w  «  CHAW  Cc/«"i  0^  *Ae  </i#»ric» 
W.  S.  SHAW,  ^^j  Mauaclmettt. 


..  i\\     . ;<■,  ». 


Th  • 


■of 


'  f 


I  /I 


',«(    ,  >, 


/.■ 


PREFACE. 


:.,4 


THE  following  work  presents  itself  to  the  public  with  no 
claims  to  attention,  but  such  as  are  foimded  upon  the  interest, 
which  may  be  felt  in  the  lives  of  Americans.  Finding  himself 
A  few  years  ago  in  a  literaiy  retirement,  with  no  important  duties, 
which  pressed  immediately  upon  him,  the  author  conceived  the 
plan  of  this  dictionary.  He  was  desirous  of  bringing  to  the 
citizens  of  the  United  States  more  information,  than  was  gener- 
^ly  possessed,  respecting  the  illustrious  men  of  former  times, 
the  benefactors  and  ornaments  of  this  country,  who  have  passed 
away.  He  persuaded  himself,  that  if  he  could  collect  the 
fragments  of  biography,  which  were  buried  in  the  mass  of  A^ 
merican  history,  or  scattered  amidst  a  multitude  of  tracts  of  va* 
rious  kinds,  and  could  fashion  these  materials  into  a  regular 
form,  so  as  to  place  before  the  eye  our  great  and  good  men,  if 
not  in  their  full  dimensions,  yet  in  their  true  shape,  he  should 
render  an  acceptable  service  to  his  countrymen.  This  work 
with  no  little  labor  he  has  now  completed ;  and  the  inexperienced 
artist,  in  his  first  essay,  can  hope  only,  that  his  deoien  will  be 
commended.  He  wishes  chiefly,  that  as  the  images  of  departed 
excellence  are  surveyed,  the  spirit,  which  animated  them,  m^^ 
be  caught  by  the  beholder. 

As  an  apology  however  for  the  deficiences  and  errors  of  va- 
rious kinds,  which  may  be  found  in' the  work,  a  full  exposition 
of  his  plan,  and  some  representation  of  the  difficulty  of  executing 
it  seem  to  be  necessary, 

It  was  proposed  to  give  some  account  of  the  persons,  who 
lirst  discovered  the  new  world ;  of  those,  who  had  a  principal 
agency  in  laying  the  foundations  of  the  several  colonies  ;  of  those, 
who  have  neld  important  offices  and  discharged  the  duties  of 
them  with  ability  and  integrity  ;  of  those,  who  have  been  con- 
spicuous in  the  learned  professions ;  of  those,  who  have  been 
rfijinarkable  for  genius  and  knowledge,  or  who  have  written  my 


..■;■':(< 


■i    .' 


,'.•    i        'i 


:'     » 


!  \ 


4:  «!■• 


Hi  ' 


^ 


ik 


r 


IV 


FfiEFACE. 


thing,  deserving  of  remembrance  ;  of  the  distinguished  friends 
of  literature  and  science  ;  of  the  statesmen,  the  patriots,  and  lie- 
roes,  Mho  have  contended  for  American  liberty,  or  aided  in  the 
establishment  of  our  civii  institutions ;  and  ot  all,  whose  lives, 
bright  with  Christian  virtue,  might  furnish  examples,  which 
should  be  worthy  of  imitation,      it  was  determined  to  enlarge 
this  wide  field  by  giving  us  complete  a  list,  as  could  be  made, 
of  the  writings  of  each  person,  and  by  introducing  the  first  min- 
isters of  the  principal  towns  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  the 
history  of  this  country.    The  design  mcluded  also  a  very  com- 
pendious history  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  of  each  sepa- 
rate colony  and  state,  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  reader,  who 
might  wish  to  view  the  subjects  of  the  biographical  sketches  in 
connexion  with  the  most  prominent  facts  relatmg  to  the  countiy, 
in  which  they  lived.     In  addition  to  all  this,  it  was  intended  to 
(rnnex  such  references,  as  would  point  out  the  sources,  from 
which  information  should  be  derived,  and  as  might  direct  to 
more  copious  intelligence,  than  could  be  contained  in  this  work. 
Such  were  the  objects,  which  the  author  had  in  view,  when  he 
commenced  an  enterprise,  of  whose  magnitude  and  difficulty  be 
was  not  sufficiently  sensible  before  he  had  advanced  too  far  to 
be  able  to  retreat.      The  modem  compilers  of  similar  works  in 
Europe  have  little  else  to  do  but  to  combine  or  abridge  the  labors 
of  their  predecessors,  and  employ  the  materials  previpusly  col- 
lected to  their  hands.      But  m  the  compilation  of  this  work  a 
new  and  untrodden  field  was  to  be  explored.     It  became  neces- 
sary not  only  to  examine  the  whole  of  American  history,  io  or- 
der to  know  who  have  taken  a  conspicuous  part  in  die  transac- 
tions of  this  country ;  but  to  supply  from  other  sources  the  im- 
perfect accounts  of  general  historical  writers.     By  a  recurrence 
to  the  refeiences  it  will  be  seen,  that  much  toil  has  been  encoun- 
tered.    But  though  the  authorities  may  seem  to  be  unnecessari- 
ly multiplied,  yet  there  has  been  some  moderation  in  introduc- 
ing them,  for  in  many  instances  they  do  not  by  any  means  ex- 
hibit the  extent  of  the  rest^arches,  which  have  been  made.      It 
could  not  be  expected  or  wished,  that  newspapers,  pamphlets, 
and  other  productions  should  be  referred  to  for  undisputed  dates 
and  single  facts,  which  they  have  afforded,  and  which  have  been 
imbodied  with  regular  accounts.    The  labor  however  of  search- 
ing for  information  has  frequently  been  less,  than  that  of  com- 
paring differeiit  statements,  endeavoring  to  reconcile  thein  when 
they  disagreed,  adjusting  the  chronology,  combining  the  inde- 
pendent facts,  and  forming  a  consistent  whole  of  what  existed 
only  in  disjointed  parts.     Sometimes  the  mind  has  been 


over- 


PREFACE. 


whelmed  by  the  variety  and  abundance  of  intelligence ;  and 
sometimes  the  author  has  prosecuted  his  inquiries  in  every  di- 
TCCtion,  and  found  only  a  barren  waste. 

While  he  represents  these  circumstances  to  the  candid  reader, 
he  indulges  the  belief,  that  the  necessary  imperfections  of  this 
work  will  be  somewhat  shielded  from  the  severity  of  criticism. 
In  vurveying  it  he  perceives,  that  a  just  proportion  between  the 
several  articles  has  not  always  been  preserved,  that  some  names 
have  been  overlooked,  and  that  some  aic  introduced,  which 
might  have  given  place  to  others,  that  have  been  intentionally 
omitted.  Though  a  smaller  tjrpe  has  been  used,  than  was  orig- 
inally designed,  and  one  Inmdred  and  forty  pages  added  to  the  .. 
proposed  number,  yet  there  han  been  such  an  unexpected  accu- 
mulation of  materials,  as  to  render  it  necessary  not  only  greatly 
to  abridge  many  articles,  but  entirely  to  exclude  accounts  of 
about  two  hundred  persons,  which  had  been  prepared. 

For  the  large  space,  which  is  sometimes  occupied  in  describ-  ^ 
ing  the  last  hours  of  the  persons,  of  whom  a  sketch  is  given, 
the  following  reasons  are  assigned.      In  the  lives  of  our  fellow 
men  there  is  no  period  so  important  to  them  and  so  interesUng 
to  us,  as  the  period,  which  immediately  precedes  their  dissolu- 
tion.     To  see  one  of  our  brethren  at  a  point  of  his  existence, 
beyond  which  the  next  step  will  either  plunge  him  down  a  prec- 
ipice into  an  abyss,  from  which  he  will  never  rise,  or  will  ele- 
vate him  to  everlasting  glory,  is  a  spectacle,  which  attracts  us  not 
merely  by  its  sublimity,  but  because  we  know,  that  the  flight  of 
time  is  rapidly  hastening  us  to  the  same  crisis.    We  wish  to  see 
men  in  the  terrible  situation,  which  inevitably  awaits  us  ;  to 
learn  what  it  is,  that  can  support  them,  and  can  secure  them. 
The  gratification  of  this  desire  to  behold  what  is  great  and  awful, 
and  tiie  communication  of  the  aids,  which  may  be  derived  from 
the  conduct  of  dying  men,  have  accordingly  been  combined  in 
the  objects  of  this  work.     After  recounting  the  vicissitudes,  at- 
tending the  affairs  of  men,  the  author  was  irresistibly  inclined 
to  turn  from  the  fluctuations  of  human  life,  and  to  dwell,  when 
his  subject  would  give  him.  an  opportunity,  upon  the  calm  and 
firm  hopes  of  the  i^hristian,  and  the  sur;:  prospects  of  eternity. 
While  he  thus  soothed  his  ov/n  mind,  he  also  believed,  that  he 
should  afford  a  resting  place  to  the  minds  of  others,  fatigued 
MTith  following  their  brethren  amidst  their  transient  occupations^ 
their  successes,  their  disappointments,  and  their  afflictions.      „. 
Some  terras  ar&  used,  which  relate  to  local  circumstances, 
and  which  require  those  circumstances  to  be  pointed  out.     In 
several  of  the  New  England  states,  when  the  annual  election  of 


m  „ 


lyi|f  !■■ 


m 


*  I'  '.i 


si" 


vi 


PREFACK. 


the  several  branches  of  the  legislature  is  completed,  and  the 
goTernm^it  is  organized,  it  has  been  ap  ancient  practice  to  have 
a  sermon  preached  in  the  audience  of  the  newlv  elected  rulers, 
which  is*  called  the  election  sermon.  This  phrase  would  not 
need  an  explanation  to  an  inhabitant  of  New  England.  The 
names  of  pastor  and  teacher  as  distinct  officers  in  the  church  fre- 
quently occur.  Soon  after  the  first  setdement  of  this  country, 
when  some  societies  enjoyed  the  labors  of  two  ministers,  they 
bore  the  (ides  of  teacher  and  pastor,  of  which  it  was  the  duty 
of  the  former  to  attend  particularly  to  doctrine,  and  of  the  lat- 
ter to  exhortation  ;  the  one  was  to  instruct  and  the  other  to 
persuade.  But  the  boundary  between  tiiese  two  offices  was 
not  well  defined,  and  was  in  fact  very  little  regarded.  The  dis- 
tinction of  the  name  itself  did  not  exist  long. 

Great  care  has  been  taken  to  render  the  dates  accurate,  and 
to  avoid  the  mistakes,  which  have  been  made  from  inattention 
to  the  former  method  of  reckoning  time,  when  1V1  arch  was  the 
first  month  of  the  year.    If  any  one,  ignorant  of  this  circum- 
stance, should  look  into  Dr.  Mather^s  Magnalia,  or  ecclesiasti- 
cal history  of  New  England,  he  would  somtrtimes  wonder  at 
the  absurdity  of  the  writer.     He  would  read  for  instance  in  die 
life  of  president  ChauncV,  that  he  died  in  February  1671,  and 
will  find  it  jfreviously  said  that  he  attended  the  commencement 
in  the  same  year,  which  was  in  July.     Thus  too  Peter  Hobart 
is  said  to  have  died  in  January,  and  yet  to  have  been  infirm  in 
the  8u\nmer  of  1678.     When  it  is  remembered,  that  March 
was  the  first  month,  these  accounts  are  easy  to  he  reconciled. 
There  seems  not  however  to  have  been  any  uniformity  in  dis- 
posing of  the  days  between  the  first  and  the  twen^  fifth  of 
Marcn,  for  sometimes  they  are  considered  as  belonging  to  the 
antecedent  and  sometimes  to  the  subsequent  year.     American 
writers,  it  is  believed,  have  generally  if  not  always  applied  them 
to  the  latter.     When  the  figures  for  two  years  are  written,  as 
in  dates  before  the  adoption  of  the  new  style  in  1752  is  found 
frequently  to  be  the  case  not  only  for  the  days  above  mentioned 
but  for  the  dxys  in  January  and  February,  it  is  the  latter  year, 
which  corresponds  with  our  present  mode  of  reckoning.    Thus 
March   1,  1689  was  sometimes  wri  ten  March  1,  1688,9,  or 
with  the  figures  placed  one  above  the  other.     The  months  were 
designated  usually  by  the  names  of  the  first,  the  second,  &c.  so 
that  February  was  'le  twelfth  month. 

No  apology  is  i  essary  for  the  free  use,  which  has  been 
'made  Ok  the  labors  of  others,  for  the  plan  of  this  book  is  so  es- 
tientially  different  from  that  of  any,  v/nich  has  preceded  it,  that 


the  author  h 

have  had  in  ^ 

language,  wh 

censed  piling 

hands  upon  ] 

with  adroitne 

which  has  be 

of  method  pi 

tides  of  Uien 

been  an  econo 

ness  of  reprti 

plan,  somewh 

Priestley*s  ch 

life,  were  left 

more  than  twt 

nishe<;l  an  oppi 

ional  lines,  an 

each  man's  lif 

seen,  is  detcrr 

mediate  year  i; 

the  broad  hori 

hand  of  the  j 

from  it;  when 

mdicates  two 

terminates  witl 

terminates  sino 

dicates  four  ye] 

hand  perpendi  J 

tenhousediedij 

Hamilton  in  isf 

berton  in  1672A 

The  author 

ments  to  those 

inquiries,  whetl 

into  his  handsl 

opening  to  him] 

of  his  obligatioJ 

naeum  in  Bostd 

torical  society.  | 

He  is  aware,! 

other  times,  wh| 

are  very  strong 

filiate  them  ths 

mtoanyofthe 


Preface. 


VII 


the  author  has  not  encroached  upon  the  objects,  which  others 
have  had  in  view.     He  has  had  no  hesitation  in  using  their  veiv 
lang^g^e,  whenever  it  suited  him.     Compilers  seem  to  be  h« 
censed  pillagers.     Like  the  youth  of  S^rta,  they  may  lay  their 
hands  upon  plunder  without  a  crime,   if  they  will  but  seize  it 
with  adroitness.     The  list  of  American  literary  productions, 
which  has  been  rendered  as  complete  as  possible,  is  for  the  sake 
of  method  placed  at  the  close  of  each  article,  and  in  giving  the 
titles  of  them  it  will  be  perceived,  tliat  there  has  trenuently 
been  an  economy  of  words  as  far  as  was  consistent  with  distinct- 
ness of  representation.     The  biographical  chart  prefixed  is  on  a 
flan,  somewhat  improved.      It  was  thought  a  defect  in   Dr. 
'riestley's  charts,  that  the  lines,  which  denoted  the  length  of 
life,  were  left  so  indeterminate.    The  short  period  of  a  litdc 
more  than  two  centuries,  within  which  this  chart  is  confined,  fur- 
nishe(|l  an  opportunity   for  expanding  and  multiplying  the  divis- 
ional lines,  and  thus  of  defining  more  precisely  the  length  of 
each  man's  life     The  distance  of  eveiy  five  years,  it  will  be 
seen,  is  determined  by  the  perpendicular  lines,  and  each  inter- 
mediate year  is  distinguished  in  the  following  manner.     When 
the  broad  horizontal  line  terminates  singly  a  little  to  the  right 
hand  of  the  perpendicular,  this  indicates  one  year*s  distance 
from  it  I  when  it  terminates  with  a  parallel  stroke  over  it,  this 
indicates  two  years*  remove  from  tne  perpendicular ;  when  it 
terminates  with  a  parallel  stroke  under  it,  three  years  ;  when  it 
terminates  singly  near  to  the  right  hand  perpendicular,  this  in- 
dicates four  years'  distance  from  the  left  or  one  from  the  right 
hand  perpendicular.     Thus  it  will  be  instantly  seen,  that  Kit- 
tenhouse  died  in  1801,  Minot  in  1802,  S.  Adams  in  1803,  and 
Hamilton  in  1804  ;   and  that  Johnson  was  bom  in  1696,  Pem- 
berton  in  1672,  Edwards  in  1703,  and  Belknap  in  1744. 

The  author  cannot  neglect  here  to  express  his  acknowledg- 
ments to  those  gentlemen,  who  have  afforded  him  any  aid  in  his 
inquiries,  whether  by  imparting  to  him  information,  or  putting 
into  his  hands  their  collection  of  A.merican  pamphlets,  or 
opening  to  him  their  private  libraries  ;  nor  can  he  be  insensible 
of  his  obligations  for  access  to  that  noble  institution,  the  Athe- 
naeum in  Boston,  and  to  the  library  of  the  Massachusetts  his- 
torical society.    I  ' ", 

He  is  aware,  that  he  lives  in  times,  which  perhaps  are  like  all 
other  times,  when  the  S3mipathies  of  parties  of  different  kinds 
are  very  strong  ;  and  he  believes,  that  he  has  sought  less  to  con- 
ciliate them  than  to  follow  truth,  though  she  might  not  lead  him 
into  any  of  the  paths,  along  which  the  many  arc  pressing.  With- 


'  A 


^  ; 


i'Vii'W 


''.">.  I    .:) 


:  '    I 


(..    ^ 


)!  >] 


lil'tll  •ll  ■  i- 


i 

V 
lit 


Viii 


riEFACE. 


out  resolving  to  be  impartial  it  would  indicate  no  common  des- 
titution of  upright  and  honorable  princudes  to  attempt  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  characters  of  men.  He  may  have  misappre- 
hended, and  he  may  have  dime  what  is  worse.  All  are  liaole  to 
errors,  and  he  knows  enough  of  the  windings  of  the  heart  as  to 
remember,  that  errors  muy^  proceed  from  prejudice,  or  indo- 
lence of  attention,  and  be  crimmal,  while  thev  are  cherished  as 
honest  and  well  founded  convictions,  the  results  of  impartial  in- 
quiry. He  trusts  however,  that  nothing  will  be  found  in  this 
book  to  counteract  the  influence  of  genuine  relinon,  evincing  it- 
self in  pieQr  and  good  works,  or  to  weaken  the  attachment  of 
Americans  to  their  well  balanced  republic,  which  equally  abhors 
the  tyranny  of  irresponsible  authority,  the  absurdi^  of  heredi- 
tary wisdom,  and  the  anarchy  of  lawless  liberty. 

CamMdgff  Augtut  3,  1809. 


4 
,i*- 


»p- 


**•■ 


BIOG 


i%: 


--B1 
town,  Mass^tchi 
year  1720.     Hi 
tinuing  near  60 
80.    He  publisl 
tion  in  Boston,  1 
profane  cursing 
ADAMS  (Jo 
ams  of  Nova  See 
He  was  settled  i 
J  78  8,  in  opposit 
pastor.     Mr.  Cli 
was  dismissed  in 
1740  in  the  36th 
ance.     His  fiin< 
which  he  was  he 
genius,  and  piei 
small  volume  of 
contains  imitatio 
translations  from 
roic  verse,  toget 
markably  harmc 
ams*  productions 
They  prove  hin 
of  a  good  poet^ 
^rtf.  to  hia  poen 
ADAMS  (El 
Connecticut,  was 
ordained  Feb.  9, 
{•Jsage.    He  pu 
Noyes  of  Stoning 


•Ui,    ,. 


•^v      •*■  *' 


.   I  AMERICAN 

BIOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL 

DICTIONARY. 


.BBOT  (Hull),  a  respectable  minister  of  Charles^ 
town,  Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  the 
year  1720.  His  ordination  took  place  Feb.  5,  1734.  Alter  con- 
tinuing near  60  years  in  the  ministry,  he  died  June  17,  1783,  aged 
80.  He  published  the  following  sermons  ;  on  the  artillery  elec- 
tion in  Boston,  1735  ;  on  the  rebellion  in  Scotland,  1746  ;  against 
profane  curung  and  swearing,  1747. 

ADAMS  (John),  a  poet,  was  the  only  son  of  the  Hon.  John  Ad« 
ams  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721. 
He  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  April  1 1, 
1738,  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Clap,  who  was 
pastor.  Mr.  Clap's  friends  formed  a  new  society,  and  Mr.  Adams 
was  dismissed  in  about  two  years.  He  died  at  Cambridge  in  January 
1740  in  the  36th  year  of  his  age,  deeply  lamented  by  his  acquaint- 
ance. His  funeral  was  such,  as  indicates  the  high  estimation,  in 
which  he  was  held.  He  was  much  distinguished  for  his  learning, 
genius,  and  piety.  As  a  preacher  he  was  much  esteemed.  A 
small  volume  of  his  poems  was  published  at  Boston  in  1745,  which 
contains  imitations  and  paraphrases  of  several  portions  of  scripture, 
translations  from  Horace,  and  the  whole  book  of  Revelation  in  he- 
roic verse,  together  with  original  pieces.  The  versification  is  re- 
markably harmonious  for  the  period  and  the  country.  Mr.  Ad- 
ams' productions  evince  a  lively  fancy  and  breathe  a  pious  strain. 
They  prove  him  possessed  of  some  of  the  important  requisites 
of  a  good  poet.-— iMb««a.  Mag. /or  ji/ir,  1789  ;  Backtu*  Mr.  158  { 
Prqf.  to  hia  /loema, 

ADAMS  (ELiPHALfnT),  an  eminent  minister  of  New  London, 
Connecticut,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 694.  He  was 
ordained  Feb.  9,  1709,  and  died  in  April  1753  in  the  77th  year  of 
his  age.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Rev.  James 
Noyes  of  Stonington  ;   election  sermon,  17 10  ;   a  discourse  occa* 


111' 


2 


ADA. 


V 


1' 


Hioned  by  a  distressing  storm,  preached  March  3,  1717  ;  a  thanks' 
givini^  serino'ii,  1721  ;  a  summon  on  the  death  of  gov.  Laltonstull, 
1724  ;  at  the  oraiiiaiioii  of  Rev.  William  Eager,  Lebanon,  May 
27,  1725;  at  the  oraination  of  Rev.  Thomas  Clap,  Windham, 
1726  ;  and  a  discourse  belore  a  society  oi  young  men,  1727. 

ADAMS  (Amos),  minister  of  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1752.  He  was  ordaim  d  as  suc- 
cessor to  Rev.  Mr.  Peabody  Sep.  12,  1753,  and  died  at  Dor- 
chester Oct.  5,  1775,  in  the  48th  year  of  his  age.  His  son,  Rev. 
Thomas  Adams,  was  ordain(  d  in  Boston  as  minister  for  CamdcHf 
South  Carolina  ;  where,  after  a  residence  of  8  years,  he  died  Aug. 
16,  1797. 

Mr.  Adams  in  early  life  devoted  himself  to  the  service  of  his 
Redeemer,  and  he  continued  his  benevolent  labors  as  a  preacher  of 
the  gospel  with  uruJiating  vigor  till  his  death.  He  was  I'ervent  in 
devotion,  and  liis  discourses,  always  animated  by  a  lively  and  ex- 
pressive action,  were  remarkably  calculated  to  warm  the  heart. 
He  was  steadfast  in  his  principles  and  unwearied  in  imlustry. 

He  published  the  following  sermons  ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Lu- 
cy Dudley,  1756  ;  at  the  artillery  election,  1759  ;  on  the  gener- 
al thanksgiving  for  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  1759  ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  Mr.  Samuel  Kingsbury,  Edgartown,  Nov.  25,  1761  ;  atihe 
ordination  of  Mr.  John  Wyeth,  Gloucester  Feb.  5,  1766  ;  the 
only  hope  and  refuge  of  sinners,  1767  ;  two  discourses  on  relig- 
ious liberty,  1767  ;  a  concise  and  historical  view  of  New  England 
in  two  discourses  on  the  general  fast  April  6,  1769,  which  was  re- 
published in  London  in  1770  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Mr. 
Jonathan  Moore,  Rochester,  Sep.  25,  1768  ;  at  the  ordination  of 
Mr.  Caleb  Prentice,  Reading,  Oct.  25,  1769.  He  preached  a 
sermon  at  the  Dudieian  lecture  of  Harvard  college  in  1770,  enti- 
titlcd,  diocesan  episcopacy,  as  founded  on  the  supposed  episcopacy 
of  Timothy  and  Titus,  subverted.  This  work  is  a  specimen  of  the 
learnir.g  of  the  writer.  It  is  lodged  in  maniiscript  in  the  library  of 
the  college. 

ADAMS  (Joseph),  a  minister  remarkable  for  longevity,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  collej-^e  in  1710,  was  settled  at  Newington, 
New  Hampshire,  in  1715,  and  died  in  1783  aged  93.  He  preach- 
ed till  just  before  his  death. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  John  Fabian  Esq.  1757  ; 
and  a  sermon  on  the  necessity  of  rulers  civil  and  ecclesiastical 

exerting  themselves  against  the  growth  of  impiety,  1760. £el- 

knafi*s  ,V.  H.  iii.  304. 

ADAMS  (Zaddiel),  minister  of  Lunenburg,  Massachusetts, 
was  born  in  Braintree,  now  Quincy,  Nov.  5,  1739.     His  fither, 
was  the  uncle  of  John  Adams,  late  president  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1759,  having  made,  while 
in  that  seminary,  great  proficiency  in  learning,  and  much  improved 


the  vigorous  ] 
was  ordained  J: 
year  of  his  age 
Mr.  Adams 
plaining  the  i 
tural  manner, 
cy.      His  lanj 
formances   he 
his  addresses  to 
nency  ofthougl 
constitution  he  i 
in  his  bosom, 
others  and  his  sy 
ter  relief,  when 
Tightness,  who  fl 
faith  of  the  gosp 
He  was  frequ< 
did  not  disappoii 
a  sermon  on  the ; 
*771  ;  on  Christ! 
the  19th  of  Apri 
pie,  1788 — Whit 
.  ADAMS  (SAji 
tmguished  patriot 
ofa  reputable  fan 
vard  college  in  1 
1743,  he  propose( 
it  be  lawful  to  res 
cannot  otherwise 
and  thus  early  sh< 
Early  distinguii 
proofs  of  his  filial 
his  father,  which 
in  the  land  bank 
ing  the  administ. 
thought  the  unio: 
was  dangerous, 
spoken  of  with  th 
ry  with  him.    At 
confidence  and  es 
In  1765  he  wa 
Massachusetts  in 
He  was  soon  chosi 
legislature.      Th 
sessed  ^  courage, 
mayed  by  the  proi 
ny.    He  was  a  m 


ADA.  t 

tlie  vigorous  powers  of  mind,  with  which  he  was  endued.  He 
was  ordained  Sep.  j,  1764,  and  died  March  1,  1801,  in  the  62nd 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  37th  ot  his  ministry. 

Mr.  Adams  was  entinent  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel,  often  ex- 
plaining the  most  important  doctrines  in  a  rational  and  scrip- 
tural manner,  and  enlorcing  tneni  with  pluinness  and  pungen- 
cy. His  language  was  nervous,  and  whiiC  in  his  public  per- 
formances he  gave  instruction  he  also  imparted  pleasure.  la 
his  addresses  to  the  throne  of  grace  he  was  remarkable  tor  perti- 
nency of  thought  and  readiness  of  utterance.  Though  by  bodily- 
constitution  he  was  liable  to  irritation,  y6t  he  treasured  no  ill  will 
in  his  bosom.  His  heart  was  easily  touched  by  the  afhictions  of 
others  and  his  sympathy  and  benevolence  prompted  him  to  adn«inis- 
ter  relief,  when  in  his  power.  He  was  considered  as  a  man  of  up» 
rightness,  who  feared  God,  and  who  was  a  real  partaker  of  the 
faith  of  the  gospel. 

He  was  frequently  called  to  preach  on  public  occasions,  and  he 
did  net  disappoint  the  expectations  of  his  hearers.  He  publislied 
a  sermon  on  the  nature,  pleasures,  and  advantages  of  church  music, 
1771  ;  on  christian  unity,  1772  ;  the  elect) o'i  sermon  1782  ;  on 
the  19th  of  April,  1783  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Rev.  Enoch  Whip- 
ple, 17 8S.^ Whitney* a  /un.  aerm. 

ADAMS  (Samukl),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  a  most  dis- 
tinguished patriot  in  the  American  revolution,  was  born  in  Boston 
of  a  reputable  family  Sep.  27,  1722.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1740.  When  he  commenced  master  ol  arts  in 
1743,  he  proposed  the  following  question  for  discussion.  Whether 
it  be  lawful  to  resist  the  supreme  magistrate,  if  the  commonwealth 
cannot  otherwise  be  preser^'cd  ?  He  maintained  the  affirmative, 
and  thus  early  showed  his  attachment  to  the  liberties  of  the  people. 

Early  distinguished  by  talents  as  a  writer,  his  first  attempts  were 
proofs  of  his  filial  piety.  By  his  efforts  he  preserved  the  estate  of 
his  father,  which  had  been  attached  on  account  of  an  engagement 
in  the  land  bank  bubble.  He  was  known  as  a  political  writer  dur- 
ing the  administration  of  Shirley,  to  which  he  was  opposed,  as  he 
thought  the  union  of  so  much  civil  and  military  power  in  one  man 
was  dangerous.  His  ingenuity,  wit,  and  profound  argument  are 
spoken  of  with  the  highest  respect  by  those,  who  were  cotempora- 
ry  with  him.  At  this  early  period  he  laid  the  foundation  of  public 
confidence  and  esteem. 

In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  general  assembly  of 
Massachusetts  in  the  place  of  Oxenbridge  Thacher  Esq.  deceased. 
He  was  soon  chosen  clerk,  and  he  gradually  acquired  influence  in  the 
legislature.  This  was  an  eventful  time.  But  Mr.  Adams  posi 
sessed  ^  courage,  which  no  dangers  could  shake.  He  was  undis- 
mayed by  the  prospect,  which  struck  terror  into  the  hearts  of  ma- 
ny.   He  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  near  ten  yearsj  and  he 


\h 


n 


,: 


m  ;  ' 


I 


ADA. 


i 


I 
it 


vas  the  soul,  which  animated  it  to  the  most  important  resolutions. 
No  man  did  so  much.  He  pressed  his  measures  with  ardor  ;  yet 
he  was  prudent ;  he  kne\v  how  to  bend  the  passions  of  others  to 
his  purpose. 

When  the  charter  was  dissolved,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  provincial  convention.  In  1774  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
tJic  general  congress.  In  this  station,  in  which  he  remained  a 
number  of  years,  he  rendered  the  most  iinponaDt  services  to  his 
country.  His  eloquence  was  adapted  to  the  times,  in  which  he 
lived.  The  energy  of  his  language  corresponded  with  the  firm- 
ness and  vigor  of  his  mind.  His  heart  glowed  with  the  feelings 
of  a  patriot,  and  his  eloquence  was  simple,  majestic,  and  persua- 
sive. He  was  one  of  the  most  efficient  members  of  congress.  He 
possessed  keen  penetration,  unsliaken  fortitude,  and  permanent  de- 
cision. Gordon  speaks  of  him  in  1774  as  having  for  a  long  time 
whispered  to  his  confidential  friends,  that  this  country  must 
be  independent.  In  the  last  act  of  state  of  the  British  government 
in  Massachusetts  he  was  proscribed  with  John  Hancock,  when  a 
general  pardon  was  offered  to  all,  who  had  rebelled.  This  act  was 
dated  June  12,  1775,  and  it  teaches  Americans  what  they  owe  to 
the  denounced  patriot. 

In  1776  he  united  with  Franklin,  J.  Adams,  Hancock,  Jefferson, 
and  a  host  of  worthies,  in  declaring  the  United  States  no  longer 
an  appendage  to  a  monarchy,  but  free  and  independent. 

When  the  constitution  of  Massachusetts  was  adopted  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  senate,  of  which  body  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident. He  was  soon  sent  to  the  western  countries  to  quiet  a  dis- 
turbance, which  was  rising,  and  he  was  successful  in  his  mission. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  ipr  examining  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  He  made  objections  to  several  of  its  provis- 
ions, but  his  principal  objection  was  to  that  article,  which  rendered 
the  several  states  amenable  to  the  courts  of  the  nation.  He  thought 
tliis  reduced  them  to  mere  corporations  ;  that  the  sovereignty  of 
each  would  be  dissolved  ;  and  that  a  consolidated  government,  sup- 
ported by  an  army,  would  be  the  consequence.  The  constitution 
was  afterwards  altered  in  tliis  point  and  in  most  other  respects  ac- 
cording to  his  wishes. 

In  1789  he  was  chosen  lieutenant  governor,  and  was  contin- 
ued in  this  offic"  till  1794,  when  he  was  elected  govenior,  as  suc- 
cessor to  Mr.  Hancock.  He  was  annually  replaced  in  the  chair 
of  the  first  magistrate  of  Massachusetts  till  1797,  when  his  age  and 
infirmities  induced  him  to  retire  from  public  life.  He  died  Oct. 
2,  1803,  in  the  82nd  year  of  his  age. 

The  leading  traits  in  the  character  of  Mr.  Adams  were  an  un- 
conquerable love  of  liberty,  integrity,  firmness,  and  decision.  Some 
acts  of  his  administration  as  chief  magistrate  were  censured, 
though  all,  allowed  his  motives  were  pure.    A  division  in  political 


sentiments  at 

he  differed  fro 

At  the  close  o 

less  the  northc 

Inirarheadv 

the  leaders  of 

opposed  to  the 

and  he  put  his 

was  censured  f 

express  his  opi 

to  the  people  v 

Mr.  Adams 

were  probably  r 

in  answer  to  thi 

his  opposition  h 

the  obstinacy  ai 

can  be  conciliat 

He  was  poor. 

and  responsible 

the  family  at  ho; 

very  small ;  yet 

that  those,  who  ( 

coming  his  statii 

edhis  life,  perr 

wanting  a  few  fr| 

orable  poverty  h 

had  not  a  decent 

ting  event  of  th« 

subsistence  upoi 

public. 

To  a  majestic 
ed  a  suavity  of 
quaintance.     So 
ed  and  revered  1 
relax  from  sever 
vate  conversatioi 
yet  with  his  friei 
chaste  wit,  and  i 
charged  the  duti 
house  was  the  se 
^  Mr.  Adams  w 
piety,  as  well  as 
table  of  the  Lord 
cerity  of  his  pro 
went  to  the  temi 
family  proved,  th 
tirement  from  th 
favor  of  christian 


ADA.  I 

sentiments  at  that  linxe  existed]  and  it  has  since  increased.  When 
he  diH'ered  from  the  majorit"  ^e  acted  with  great  independence. 
At  the  close  of  the  war  he  o  'Sed  peace  with  Great  Britain)  un- 
less the  northeim  states  reU^Li  xl  their  full  privileges  in  the  fisheries. 
In  17  87  he  advised  the  execution  of  the  condign  punishment,  to  which 
the  leaders  of  the  rebellion  in  1786  had  been  sentenced.  He  was 
opposed  to  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain  made  by  Mr.  Juy  in  1794, 
and  he  put  his  election  to  hazard  by  avowing  his  dislike  of  it.  He 
was  censured  for  his  conduct ;  but  he  undoubtedly  had  a  right  to 
express  his  opinion,  and  his  situation  made  it  his  duty  to  point  out 
to  the  people  what  he  conceived  to  be  causes  of  danger. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  man  of  incorruptible  integrity.  Attempts 
were  probably  made  by  the  British  to  bribe  him.  Gov.  Hutchinson^ 
in  answer  to  the  inquiry,  why  M^.  Adams  was  not  taken  off  from 
his  opposition  by  an  office,  writes  to  a  friend  in  England,  <'  Such  is 
the  obstinacy  and  inflexible  disposi  ion  of  the  man,  that  he  never 
can  be  conciliated  by  any  office  or  gift  whatever."  ,<  ^ 

He  was  poor.  While  occupied  abroad  in  the  most  important 
and  responsible  public  duties,  the  partner  of  his  cares  supported 
the  family  at  home  by  her  industry.  Though  his  resources  were 
very  smsdl ;  yet  such  was  the  economy  and  dignity  of  his  housey 
that  thobe,  who  casually  visited  him,  found  nothing  mean,  or  unbe- 
coming his  station.  His  country,  to  whose  interests  he  had  devot- 
ed  his  life,  permitted  him  to  remain  poor ;  but  there  were  not 
wanting  a  few  friends,  who  showed  him  their  regard.  In  this  hon- 
orable poverty  he  continued  to  a  very  late  period  of  his  life  ;  and 
had  not  a  decent  competency  fallen  into  his  hands  by  the  very  afiUc- 
ting  event  of  the  death  of  an  only  son,  he  must  have  depended  for 
subsistence  upon  the  kindness  of  his  friends,  or  the  charity  of  th^ 
public. 

To  a  majestic  countenance  and  dignified  manners  there  was  add« 
ed  a  suavity  of  temper,  which  conciliated  the  affection  of  his  ViO 
quaintance.  Some,  who  disapproved  of  his  political  conduct,  lov? 
ed  and  revered  him  as  a  neighbor  and  friend.  He  could  readily 
relax  from  severer  cares  and  studies  to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  pri- 
vate conversation.  Though  somewhat  reserved  among  strangers, 
yet  with  his  friends  he  was  cheerful  and  companionable,  a  lover  of 
chaste  wit,  and  remarkably  fond  of  anecdote.  He  faithfully  dis- 
charged the  duties  arising  from  the  relations  of  social  life.  His 
house  was  the  seat  of  domestic  peace,  regularity,  and  method. 

Mr.  Adams  was  a  christian.  His  mind  was  early  imbued  with 
piety,  as  well  as  cultivated  by  science.  He  early  approached  the 
table  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  and  the  purity  of  his  life  witnessed  the  sin- 
cerity of  his  profession.  On  the  christian  sabbath  he  constantly 
went  to  the  temple,  and  the  morning  and  evening  devotions  in  his 
family  proved,  that  his  religion  attended  him  in  his  seasons  of  re* 
Urement  from  the  world.  The  last  production  of  his  pen  was  in- 
favor  of  christian  truth.    He  died  in  the  faith  of  the  gospek 


■^i 


ii    11 


wf\\: 


■ii'l  '  1 1  :i' 


■  it's      '• 
ill  It 


I 

■I 


4  ALB. 

He  was  a  sage  and  a  patriot.  The  independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America  is  pcrnups  to  be  attributed  as  much  to  his  exer- 
tions, as  to  the  exertions  ot  any  one  man.  Though  he  was  called 
to  struggle  with  adversity,  he  was  never  discouraged.  He  was 
consistent  and  firm  under  the  cruel  neg.ect  of  a  friend  and  the  ma- 
lignant rancor  of  an  enemy ;  comforting  himself  in  the  dai'kest  sea- 
sons with  reflections  upon  the  wisdom  and  goodness  of  God. 

His  writings  exist  only  in  the  perishable  columns  of  a  newspaper 
or  pamphlet.  In  his  more  advanced  years,  in  the  year  1790,  a  few 
letters  passed  between  him  and  Mr.  John  Adams,  then  vice  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  in  which  the  principles  of  government 
are  discussed,  and  there  seems  to  have  been  some  difference  of  sen- 
timent between  those  eminent  patriots  and  statesmen,  who  had  toil- 
ed together  through  the  revolution.  This  correspondence,  was 
published  in  1 800.  An  oration,  which  Mr.  Adams  delivered  at  the 
state  house  in  Philadelphia  Aug.  1,  1776,  was  published.  The  ob- 
ject is  to  support  American  independence,  the  declaration  of  which 
by  congress  had  been  made  a  short  time  before.  He  opposes  kingly 
government  and  hereditary  succession  with  warmth  and  Energy. 
Not  long-  before  his  death  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Paine,  express- 
ing his  disaprobation  of  that  unbeliever's  attempts  to  injure  the 
cause  of  Christianity .—7%acAer*«  sermon  ;  SuUivan*a  character  of 
him  in  fiublic  fiafiera  i  Bees*  Cyclofiadia  ;  PolyanthoSf  m.  73— -82  } 
Gordon^  i.  347,  410  ;  Brissoty  JVouv,  Voy.x.  151. 

ALBERT  (Pierre  Antonie),  rector  of  the  French  protest- 
ant  episcopal  church  in  New  York,  was  the  descendant  of  a  highly 
respectable  family  in  Lausanne,  Switzerland.  About  the  year 
1796  he  was  invited  to  receive  the  charge  of  the  church  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  which  was  founded  by  the  persecuted  Huguenots 
after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes.  He  died  July  12, 1806, 
in  the  41st  year  of  his  age. 

He  was  an  accomplished  gentleman,  an  erudite  scholar,  a  pro- 
found theologian,  and  a  most  eloquent  preacher.  A  stranger,  of 
unobtrusive  manners  and  invincible  modesty,  he  led  a  very  retired 
life,  llis  worth  however  could  not  be  concealed  He  was  esteem- 
ed and  beloved  by  all,  who  had  formed  any  acquaintance  with  him. 
—A*.  Y,  Herald  ;  Maasa.  Miss.  Mag.  iv.  78. 

ALDEN  (John),  a  magistrate  of  Plymouth  colony,  was  one  of 
the  first  company,  which  settled  New  England.  He  arrived  in 
1620,  and  his  life  was  prolonged  till  Sep.  12,  1687,  when  he  died 
aged  about  89  years.  He  was  a  very  worthy  and  useful  man,  of 
great  humility,  and  eminent  for  the  sanctity  of  his  life.  He  was 
an  assistant  in  the  administration  of  every  governor  for  67  years. 
A  professed  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ,  he  lived  in  accordance  with 
his  profession.  In  his  last  illness  he  was  patient  and  resign- 
ed, fully  believing  that  God,  who  had  imparted  to  him  the  love  of 
excellence,  would  perfect  the  work,  which  he  had  begun,  and  would 
render  him  completely  holy  in  heaven.— i'nnce'*  Ann.  85. 


ALEXANl 

York,  and  mai 

1715.     Hew 

Gov.  Burnet  w 

guished  for  his 

profession  for  j 

edge,  he  was  a 

practice  and  un 

•state.      He  di 

Smith's  JV.  Y.  1 

ALEXAND 

a  major  general 

of  New  York,  1 

Jersey.       He  \ 

the  title  and  esta 

father  was  a  nati 

inpersuitofthis 

ment  of  his  claii 

quaintances  he 

He  discovered  ai 

astronomy,  and  a 

In  the  battle  oi 

•ner,  after  having 

portiinity  to  esca] 

ccrp«i  under  lord  i 

proved  in  the  latt 

ofthedisafTectioi^ 

the  letter  he  said,] 

think  it  my  duty  \ 

He  died  at  All 

brave,  discerningJ 

358,  469  ;  Marsff 

ALLEN  (JoHfc 

bom  in  England  i1 

mg  the  persecutic 

years  a  faithful  pr 

New  England  h< 

April  24,  1639. 

m  the  75  th  year  ^ 

humility,  and  of 

speaks  of  him  wit 
Apollonius. 

He  published  a 
ShepardofCambl 
pline  ;  and  a  defe| 
under  the  title  o 
J664.    Thiswori 


ALE.  7 

ALEXANDER  (James),  secretary  of  the  province  of  New 
York,  and  many  yeurs  one  of  the  council,  arrived  in  the  colony  in 
1715.  He  was  a  Scotch  gentleman,  who  was  bred  to  the  law. 
Gov.  Burnet  was  particularly  attached  to  him.  Though  not  distiiv* 
guished  for  his  talents  as  a  public  speaker,  he  was  at  the  heud  of  his 
profession  for  sagacity  and  penetration.  Eminent  for  his  knowl- 
edge, he  was  also  communicative  and  easy  of  access.  By  honest 
practice  and  unwearied  application  to  business  he  acquired  a  great 
•state.  He  died  in  the  beginning  of  17 56.-^Smith*»  J^.J.  436  ; 
Smith'gJV.  r.  152. 

ALEXANDER  (William),  commonly  called  lord  Stirling, 
a  major  general  in  the  American  army,  was  a  native  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  but  spent  a  considerable  part  of  his  life  in  New 
Jersey.  He  was  considered  by  many  as  the  rightful  heir  to 
the  title  and  estate  of  an  earldom  in  Scotland,  of  which  country  his 
father  was  a  native  ;  and  although,  when  he  went  to  North  Britain 
in  persuit  of  this  inheritance,  he  fsdled  of  obtaining  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  his  claim  by  government  i  yet  among  his  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances he  received  by  courtesy  the  title  of  lord  Stirling. 
He  discovered  an  early  fondness  for  the  study  of  mathematics  and 
astronomy,  and  attained  great  eminence  in  these  sciences. 

In  the  battle  on  Long  Island  Aug.  27,  1776,  he  was  tak^iv  pris- 
•ner,  after  having  secured  to  a  large  part  of  the  detachmeni;  an  op- 
poitiinity  to  escape  by  a  bold  attack  with  four  hundred  aien  upon  a 
ccrpo  under  lord  Cornwallis.  His  attachment  to  Washington  was 
proved  in  the  latter  part  of  1777  by  transmitting  to  him  an  account 
of  the  disaffection  of  gen.  Conway  to  the  commander  in  chief.  In 
the  letter  he  said, ''  Such  wicked  duplicity  of  conduct  I  shall  always 
think  it  my  duty  to  detect." 

He  died  at  Albany  Jan.  15,  1783  aged  57  years.  He  was  a 
brave,  discerning,  and  intrepid  officer.— i^Y/er,  ii.  390  ;  Holmety  ii. 
358,  469  ;  Marahall  iii.  Mte  ./Vb.  v. 

ALLEN  (John),  first  minister  of  Dedham,  Massachusetts,  was 
bom  in  England  in  1596,  and  was  driven  from  his  native  land  dur- 
ing the  persecution  of  the  puritans.  He  had  been  for  a  humber  of 
years  a  faithful  preacher  of  the  gospel.  Soon  after  he  arrived  in 
New  England  he  was  settled  pastor  of  the  church  in  Dedham 
April  24,  1639.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death  Aug.  26,  1671) 
in  the  75th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  man  of  great  meekness  and 
humility,  and  of  considerable  distinction  in  his  day.  Mr.  Cotton 
speaks  of  him  with  respect  in  his  preface  to  Norton's  answer  to 
ApoUonius. 

He  published  a  defence  of  the  nine  positions,  in  which,  with  Mr. 
Shepard  of  Cambridge,  he  discusses  the  points  of  church  disci- 
pline ;  and  a  defence  of  the  Synod  of  1662  against  Mr.  Chauncy 
under  the  title  of  Animadversions  upon  the  Antisytiodalia,  4to, 
1664.    This  work  is  preserved  in  the  New  England  library.    The 


yiipliii; 


1 


ALL. 


two  last  sermons,  which  he  preached,  were  printed  after  his  death. 
•mmMagnal.  iii.  1 32  ;  Frentisn''  fun.  aerm.  on  Haven. 

ALLEN  (Thomas),  minister  of  Chariestown,  Massachusetts, 
Iras  bom  at  Norwich  in  England  in  1 608,  and  was  educated  at 
Cambridge.  He  was  afterwards  minister  of  St.  Edmond's  in  Nor- 
wich, but  was  silenced  by  bishop  Wren  about  the  year  1636  for 
refusing  to  read  the  book  of  sports,  and  conform  to  other  imposi- 
tions. In  1638  he  fled  to  New  England,  and  was  the  same  year 
installed  in  Chariestown,  where  he  was  a  pious,  faithful  preachet 
of  the  gospel  till  about  1651,  when  he  returned  to  Norwich,  and 
continued  the  exercise  of  his  ministry  till  1662.  He  afterwards 
preached  to  his  church  on  all  occasions  that  ofiered  till  his  death 
Sep.  21,  1673,  aged  65.  He  was  a  very  pious  man,  greatly  belov- 
ed, and  an  able,  practical  preacher. 

He  published  an  invitation  to  thirsty  sinners  to  come  to  their 
Savior  ;  the  way  of  the  Spirit  in  bringing  souls  to  Christ  j  the 
g^lory  of  Christ  set  forth,  with  the  necessity  of  faith  in  several 
Sermons  ;  a  chain  of  scripture  chronology  from  the  creation  to 
the  death  of  Christ  in  7  periods.  This  was  printed  in  1 65  8,  and  was 
Considered  as  a  very  learned  and  useful  work.  It  is  preserved  in 
the  New  England  library,  established  by  Mr.  Prince,  by  whom 
the  authors  quoted  in  the  book  are  written  in  the  beginning  of  it  in 
his  own  hand.  Mr.  Allen  wrote  also  with  Mr.  Shepard  in  1645  a 
preface  to  a  treatise  on  liturgies,  Sec.  composed  by  the  latter.  He 
iDontends,  that  only  visible  saints  and  believers  should  be  received 
to  cbmmunion.-— Mijrna/.  iii.  315;  JVoncon.  Mentor.  i.^S 4,  i  iii, 
11,12. 

ALLEN  (James),  minister  in  Boston,  came  to  this  country  in 
1662,  recommended  by  Mr.  Goodwin.  He  had  been  a  fellow  of 
New  college,  Oxford.  -He  was  at  this  time  a  young  man,  and  pos- 
sessed considerable  talents.  He  was  very  pleasing  to  many  of  the 
church  in  Boston,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  settle  him  as  assist- 
ant to  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Norton.  He  was  ordained  teacher  of 
the  first  church  Dec.  9,  1668,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Davenport, 
vho  was  at  the  same  time  ordained  pastor.  After  the  death  of  Mr. 
Davenport  he  had  for  his  colleague  Mr.  Oxenbridge,  and  after  his 
decease  Mr.  Wadsworth. 

In  1669  seventeen  ministers  published  tljf^'r  testimony  against 
the  conduct  of  Mr.  Allen  and  Mr.  Davenport  in  relation  to  the  set- 
iHement  of  the  latter.  They  were  charged  with  communicating 
parts  only  of  letters  from  the  church  of  Newhaven  to  the  church  of 
Boston,  by  which  means  it  was  SEud  the  church  was  deceived  j  but 
they  in  defence  asserted,  that  the  letters  retained  did  not  represent 
thin^^s  differently  from  what  had  been  stated.  The  whole  colony 
was  mterested  in  the  controversy  between  the  first  and  the  new  of 
fliird  church.  At  length  the  general  court  in  1 670  declared  the 
tonduct  of  those  churches  and  elders,  who  assisted  fo  cstablishinf 


Jhe  third  church, 
however,  as  then 
court,  the  censur 
expressed  in  lang 
of  churches  and 
it  to  be  among  th« 
general,  and  it  th 
that  a  number  of 
timony  against  th 
the  court,  repress 
was  in  consequent 
In  a  new  charter  < 
though  the  plan  w 
one  of  its  fellows. 
He  published  he 
blessings,  an  elect 
ones;  man's  self- 
his  apostasy  from  < 
»o«'j»  history  of  Ma 
the  historical  societx 
ALLEN  (Jame; 
was  a  native  of  Ro: 
1710.    Hewasord 
years  died  of  a  ling 
year  of  his  age. 
His  benevolent  Iab< 
attestation  to  the  r 
out   the    country, 
attended   his   owt 
person    in  his  coi 
with  the  important 
more  doubt,  he  s^ 
than  he  could  that 
from  peculiar  circu 
who  had  appeared] 
revival  "unadvised! 
among  some  of  his  [ 
which  he  would  nJ 
He  published  a] 
providence,  1727;! 
recommended,  172! 
i727;    a  sermon  tf 
the  death  of  Samuj 
— /*«Vrc<?'*  century  I 
ALLEN(JamesI 
aachusettsanumbef 
»»dcollegeinl71! 


ALL.  f 

ihe  third  church,  to  be  illegal  and  disorderly.  At  the  next  Bession 
however,  as  there  was  a  change  of  the  members  of  the  general 
court,  the  censure  was  taken  off.  It  seems  the  act  of  censure  was 
expressed  in  language  very  intemperate,  and  invasion  of  the  rights 
of  churches  and  assumption  of  preUtical  power  were  declared  in 
it  to  be  among  the  prevailing  evils  of  the  day.  The  charge  was  so 
general,  and  it  threatened  to  operate  so  unfavorably  on  religion, 
that  a  tiumber  of  the  very  ministers,  who  had  published  their  tes- 
timony against  the  elders  of  the  first  church,  wrote  an  address  to 
the  court,  representuig  the  intemperate  nature  of  the  vote ;  and  it 
was  in  consequence  revoked,  and  the  new  church  was  exculpated. 
In  a  new  charter  of  Harvard  college,  which  was  projected  in  1700» 
though  the  plan  was  ne/er  executed,  Mr.  AlUn  was  mentioned  as 
one  of  its  fellows.     He  died  Sep.  22,  1710,  aged  78  years. 

He  published  healthful  diet,  a  sermon ;  New  England's  choicest 
blessings,  an  election  sermon,  1 679 ;  serious  advice  to  delivered 
ones  ;  man's  self-reflection  a  means  to  further  his  recovery  from 
his  apostasy  from  God  ;  and  two  practical  disconrses.-^/'u/rAin- 
wn*a  fUatory  of  Maaaachuaett»y  i.  173,  232,  225,  270  ;  CoUeetiona  qf 
the  hiatorical  aociety^  ix.  173  ;  Calamy, 

ALLEN  (James),  first  minister  of  Brookline,  Massachusetts* 
was  a  native  of  Roxbury,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1710.  He  was  ordained  Nov.  5,  1718,  and  after  a  ministry  of  28 
years  died  of  a  lingering  consumption  Feb.  18,  1747,  in  the  56th 
year  of  his  age.  He  was  esteemed  a  pious  and  judicious  divine. 
His  benevolent  labors  were  not  in  vain.  In  July  1743  he  gave  his 
attestation  to  the  revival  of  religion,  which  took  place  through- 
out the  country,  and  made  known  the  success,  which  had 
attended  his  own  exertions  in  Brookline.  Almost  every 
person  in  his  congregation  was  impressed  in  some  degree 
with  the  important  concerns  of  another  world,  and  he  could  no 
more  doubt,  he  said,  that  there  was  a  remarkable  work  of  God» 
than  he  could  that  there  was  a  sun  in  the  heavens.  Afberwardsy 
from  peculiar  circumstances,  perhaps  from  the  apostasy  of  some, 
who  had  appeared  strong  in  the  faith,  he  was  led  to  speak  of  this 
revival  **  unadvisedly  with  his  lips."  This  produced  an  alienation 
among  some  of  Ms  former  friends.  In  his  last  hours  he  had  a  hope, 
which  he  would  not  part  with,  as  he  ssud,  for  a  thousand  worlds. 

He  published  a  thanksgiving  sermon,  17S2 ;  a  discourse  on 
providence,  1727 ;  the  doctrine  of  merit  exploded,  and  humility 
recommended,  1727 ;  a  hat  sermon,  occasioned  by  the  earthquake^ 
1727 ;  a  sermon  to  a  society  of  young  men,  1731  ;  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  Samuel  Aspinwall,  1733 ;  an  election  sermon,  1744. 
•^Pierce*a  century  diseourae  ;  Chriatian  hiatory^  i.  394. 

ALLEN  (Iames),  member  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  Mas- 
sachusetts a  numberof  years,  and  a  counsellor,  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vvrd  college  in  17 17,  and  died  Jan.  8, 1755)inthe$8th  year  ofhis  age. 
3 


i! 


i 


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1 


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t 


if' 


•      '        1  , 


-      1' 


ill 


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Mr 

't 


IM.I 


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*   I'  'iK:).*'"^ 


10 


ALL. 


¥.  ! 


In  the  beginning  of  1749  he. mode  a  speech  in  the  house,  in  which 
he  censured  the  conduct  of  the  governor.  He  was  required  to 
make  an  acknowieUgment.  As  he  declined  doing  this,  the  house 
issued  a  precept  lor  the  choice  of  a  new  representative.  The  citi- 
zens ot  Boston  reelected  liim,  but  he  was  not  permitted  to  take  his 
seat.  The  next  year  however  he  took  it,  and  retained  it  till  Ids 
death.— M/no/'«  history  qf  Maaaachutetta^  i.  104—107. 

ALL.EN  (William),  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania  before 
the  revoluti9n,  was  the  son  of  William  Allen,  an  eminent  mer- 
chant of  Philadelphia,  who  died  in  1725.  He  was  much  distin- 
guished as  a  friend  to  literature.  He  patronized  sir  Benjamin  West, 
the  painter.  By  his  counsels  and  exertions  Dr.  Franklin  was  much 
assisted  in  establishing  the  college  of  Philadelphia.  He  published 
the  American  crisis,  London,  1774,  in  which  he  suggests  a  plan 
((  for  restoring  the  dependance  of  America  to  a  state  of  perlection." 
His  principles  seem  to  have  been  not  9  little  arbitrary.— Jii7/fr'« 
retroa/iectf  ii.  352  ;  Proud*a  Mat.  of  Pennaylvania^  ii.  188. 

ALLEN  (Moses),  minister  of  Midway,  Georgia,  and  a  distin- 
guished friend  of  his  country,  was  bom  in  Northampton,  Massa- 
chusetts, Sept.  14,  1748.  He  was  educated  at  the  college  in  New 
Jersey,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1776,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
presbytery  of  New  Brunswick  Feb.  1,  1774,  and  recommended  by 
them  as  an  ingenious,  prudent,  pious  man.  In  March  following  he 
preached  first  at  Christ's  church  parish,  about  20  miles  from 
Charleston,  in  South  Carolitia.  Here  he  was  ordained  March  16, 
1775,  by  the  rev.  Mr.  Zubly,  Mr.  Edmonds,  and  William  Tennent. 
He  preached  his  farewell  sermon  in  this  place  June  8,  1776,  and 
was  soon  afterwards  established  at  Midway,  to  which  place  he  had 
been  earnestly  solicited  to  remove. 

The  British  army  from  Florida  under  gen.  Prevost  dispersed 
his  society  in  1778,  aftd  burned  the  meeting  housC)  almost  every 
dwelling  house,  and  the  crops  of  rice  then  in  stacks.  In  Decem- 
ber, when  Savannah  was  reduced  by  the  British  troops,  he  was  tak- 
en prisoner.  The  continental  officers  were  sent  to  Sunbury  on  pa- 
role, but  Mr.  Allen,  who  was  chapMn  to  the  Georgia  brigade,  was 
denied  that  privilege.  His  warm  exhortations  from  the  pulpit, 
and  his  animated  exertions  in  the  field  exposed  him  to  the  partic- 
ular resentment  of  the  British.  They  sent  him  on  board  the  pris- 
on ships.  Wearied  with  a  confinement  of  a  number  of  weeks  in  a 
loathsome  place,  and  seeing  no  prospect  of  relief,  he  determined  to 
attempt  the  recovery  of  his  liberty  by  throwing  himself  in  thei:iver, 
and  swimming  to  an  adjacent  point ;  but  he  was  drowned  in  the  at- 
tempt on  the  evening  of  February  8,  1779,  in  the  31st  year  of  his 
age.  His  body  was  washed  on  a  neighboring  island,  and  was  found- 
by  sbme  of  his  friends.  They  requested  of  the  captain  of  a  Brit- 
ish vessel  some  boards  to  make  a  coffin^  but  could  not  procure 
them* 


Mr.  All«o,  1 
among  the  forem 
the  post  oi  Uttiige 
ence  admired  hii 
many  virtues.  1 
nothing  more,  tha 
iog  what  he  cons( 
country. 

Theugh  a  brav< 
letter,  addressed  t 
exhibit  his  charac^ 
you  are  in  more  ii 
need  of  the  preacl 
awaken  sinners  frc 
people  [of  Christ's 
appear  to  me  to  be 
and  there  is  a  pros 
minister.     Mr.  T( 
at  so  j^reat  a  distan 
in  so  important  a 
have  engaged  me  t 
with  you  the  fourth 
and  family,  that  w 
perform  it.    May 
Christ  redeem  and  I 
comfort  you  ;  and  1 
dear  Redeemer,  sp( 
Christ."— /?a»i«fli^'^ 
etyy  ix.   157,   158 
aerm.  at  ordinal,  of 
ALLEN  (Henr^ 
gate  some  very  sin. 
a  man  of  good  unde 
cultivated,  and  thou 
lieved,  that  the  soul 
great  Spirit,  and  thi 
Eden  and  participat 
ents  in  innocency  w 
the  body  will  not  be 
es  of  the  gospel  ar 
contended,  have  a  s 
in  a  literal  sense, 
has  much  declined 
ral  treatises  and  sen 
ALLEN  (Etha, 
Bntain,  was  bom  in 
bis  parents  emigrat 


ALL. 


11 


Mr.  AllcD}  notwithttanding  his  clerical  functioiii  appeared 
among  the  foremost  in  ttie  day  of  battle,  and  on  all  occrtsions  sought 
the  post  ot  Uttiiger  as  the  post  of  honor.  The  friends  of  independ- 
ence admired  tiim  for  his  popular  talents,  his  courage,  and  liia 
many  virtues.  The  enemies  of  independence  could  accuse  Itim  of 
nothing  more,  than  a  vigorous  exertion  of  all  his  powers  in  deiend- 
ing  what  he  conscientiously  believed  to  be  the  rights  ol  his  injured 
country. 

Thtfugh  a  brave  man,  he  was  also  a  christian.  The  following 
letter,  addressed  to  the  trustees  of  Midway  in  1777,  will  somewhat 
exhibit  his  character.  **  You  have  the  enemy  on  your  bordera  ; 
you  are  in  more  imminent  danger,  and  tltereibre  stand  in  greater 
need  of  the  preached  word  to  comfort  God's  chosen  people  and  to 
awaken  sinners  from  their  state  of  security.  I  shall  not  leave  this 
people  [of  Christ's  church  parish]  in  so  distressed  a  situation  us  yott 
appear  to  me  to  be  in.  They  can  have  frequent  occasional  suppliaSj 
and  there  is  a  prospect  of  their  being  soon  supplied  with  a  settled 
minister.  Mr.  Tennent's  being  at  the  northward  and  Mr.  Zubly 
at  so  great  a  distance,  I  am  rather  unhappy  in  not  having  advisers 
in  so  important  a  matter.  But  the  considerations  now  offered 
have  engaged  me  to  accept  of  your  call.  I  shall  endeavor  to  be 
with  you  the  fourth  Sunday  in  June.  I  beg  your  pruyers  for  myself 
and  family,  that  we  may  always  know  our  duty,  and  industriouslf 
perform  it.  May  God  bless  you  and  your  constituents.  May 
Christ  redeem  and  save  you.  May  the  Holy  Spirit  sanctify  and 
comfort  you ;  and  may  all  at  last  meet  at  the  rij^ht  hand  of  our 
dear  Redeemer,  spotless  and  unblamable  in  the  righteousness  of 
Christ."— •/{am«ai^'«  South  Carolina^  ii,  6,  7  ;  Collectiont  hist,  aoci^ 
etxfy  ix.  157,  158  ;  Mlen*e  fun.  serm.  on  Motea  Allen  ;  Hart* 9 
term,  at  ordinal,  of  reverend  Mr.  Holmea. 

ALLEN  (Henry),  a  preacher  in  Nova  Scotia,  began  to  propa- 
gate  some  very  singular  sentiments  about  the  year  1778.  He  was 
a  man  of  good  understanding,  though  his  mind  had  not  been  much 
cultivated,  and  though  he  possessed  a  warm  imagination.  He  be- 
Iieved«  that  the  souls  of  all  men  are  emanations  or  parts  of  the  one 
great  Spirit,  and  that  they  were  present  with  our  first  parents  in 
Eden  and  participated  in  the  first  transgressiqn ;  that  our  fir^-t  par- 
ents in  innocency  were  pure  spirits  without  material  bodies  ;  that 
the  body  will  not  be  raised  from  the  grave  ;  ard  that  the  ordinanc- 
es of  the  gospel  are  matters  of  indifference.  The  scriptures,  he 
contended,  have  a  spiritual  meaning,  and  are  not  to  Lmb  understood 
in  a  literal  sense.  He  died  in  1783,  and  since  his  death  his  party 
has  much  declined  He  published  a  volume  of  hymns,  and  seve- 
ral treatises  and  sermons.     Ad  urns'  view  of  religions. 

ALLEN  (Ethan),  a  briii^adier  general  in  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  was  bom  in  Salisbuiy,  Connecticut.  While  he  was  young, 
bis  parents  emigrated  to  Vermont.    At  the  commencement  of  the 


h^^  r 


:ii 


IS 


ALL. 


ih 


dUturbaneet  in  thii  territory  about  the  year  1770  he  took  a  inott 
active  part  in  tuvor  of  the  green  mountain  boyB)  as  the  settlurt  were 
then  called,  in  oppo»ition  to  the  government  of  New  York.  An 
get  of  outlawry  againiit  him  wm  passed  by  this  state,  and  500  guin- 
eas were  offered  tor  his  apprehension  ;  but  his  party  was  too  nu- 
merous  and  fuitliful  to  permit  him  to  be  disturbed  by  any  apprehen- 
sions for  his  safety  ;  in  all  the  struggles  of  the  duy  he  was  success- 
ful ;  and  he  not  only  proved  a  valuable  friend  to  those,  whose  cause 
be  had  espoused,  l)ut  he  was  humane  and  generous  toward  those, 
with  whom  he  had  to  contend.  When  called  to  take  the  field, 
he  showed  himself  an  able  leader  and  an  intrepid  soldier. 

The  news  ol  the  battle  ot  Lexington  determined  colonel  Allen 
to  engage  on  the  side  of  his  country,  and  inspired  him  with  the 
desire  of  demonstrating  his  attachment  to  liberty  by  some  bold  ex- 
ploit. While  his  mind  was  in  this  state  a  plan  for  taking  Ticonde- 
roga  and  Crown  Point  by  surprise,  which  was  formed  by  several 
gentlemen  in  Connecticut,  was  communicated  to  him,  and  he  rea- 
dily engaged  in  the  project.  Receiving  directions  from  the  gene- 
ral assembly  of  Connecticut  to  raise  the  green  mountain  boys,  and 
eonduct  the  enterprise,  he  collected  230  of  the  hardy  settlers  and 
proceeded  to  Castleton.  Here  he  was  unexpectedly  joined  by  col. 
Arnold,  who  had  been  commissioned  by  the  Massachusetts  com- 
mittee to  raise  400  men,  and  effect  the  same  object,  which  was  now 
about  to  be  accomplished.  As  he  had  not  raised  the  men,  he  was 
admitted  to  act  as  an  assistant  to  colonel  Allen.  They  reached  the 
lake  opposite  Ticonderoga  on  the  evening  of  the  9th  of  May,  1775* 
With  the  utmost  difficulty  boats  were  procured,  and  83  men  were 
landed  near  the  garrison.  The  approach  of  day  rendering  it  dan- 
gerous to  Wiut  for  the  rear,  it  was  determined  immediately  to 
proceed.  The  conunander  in  chief  now  addressed  his  men,  rep- 
resenting that  they  had  been  for  a  number  of  years  a  scourge  to 
arbitrary  power,  and  famed  for  their  valor,  and  concluded  with 
saying,  *^  I  now  propose  to  advance  before  you,  and  in  person 
eonduct  you  through  the  wicket  gate,  and  you,  that  will  go  with 
me  voluntarily  in  this  desperate  attempt,  poize  your  firelocks.'* 
At  the  head  of  the  centre  file  he  marched  instantly  to  the  gate» 

*  where  a  sentry  snapped  his  g<un  at  him  and  retreated  through  the 
covered  way  ;  he  pressed  forward  into  the  fort,  and  formed  his 
men  on  the  parade  in  such  a  manner  as  to  face  two  opposite  bar- 
racks. Three  huzzas  awaked  the  garrison.  A  sentry,  who  asked 
quarter,  pointed  out  the  apartments  of  the  commanding  officer ; 
and  Allen  with  a  drawn  sword  over  the  head  of  captain  De  laPlace^ 
who  was  undressed,  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort.    <'  By 

'  what  authority  do  you  demand  it  ?"  inquired  the  astonished  com- 
mander. **  I  demand  it,"  said  Allen,  *^  in  the  name  of  the  great 
Jehovah  and  of  the  continental  congress.'*  The  summons  could 
IfOtbe  disobeyed)  and  the  fort  with  its  very  valuable  stores  and  49  pris- 


oners was  imm 

same  day,  and 

Allen  and  his  b 

In  the  fall  of 

dispositions  of 

American  cans 

and  proposed  ai 

was  eageriy  em 

of  whom  were 

S4.    In  the  m< 

from  colonel  B  r 

waited  in  vain. 

500  men,  and  it 

tions  to  the  num 

he  surrendered. 

towards  him,  ar 

him.     It  was  oi 

whom  he  had  gi 

struction. 

He  was  now  k( 
truelty.     He  wai 
the  halter  would 
there.      After  hi 
for  a  short  time  i 
Of  Jan.  1776  he  V 
carried  to  Halif 
from  June  to  Oct 
ing  the  passage 
proposed  to  kill  t, 
onel  Allen  refus] 
means  of  preserj 
him  very  politelji 
half,  sometimes, 
parole.   While  hj 
manner,  in  whicli 
of  the  churches, 
dead  at  one  timeJ 
He  calculated,  t« 
fort  WashingtonJ 
consequence  of 
prisons. 

Colonel  Allen 
and  afler  having : 
to  general  Was! 
returned  to  Vem 
May  gave  his  frit 
ehai^e  of  cannor 


ALL. 


13 


oners  was  immedlateljr  surrendered.  Crown  Point  was  taken  th« 
same  duy,  and  the  capture  of  a  sloop  of  war  soon  afterwards  made 
Allen  and  hts  brave  party  complete  masters  of  lake  Champlain. 

In  the  fall  of  1775  he  was  sent  twice  into  Canada  to  observe  the 
dispositions  of  the  people,  and  attach  them*  if  possible,  to  the 
American  cause.  During  this  last  tour  colonel  Brown  met  himt 
and  proposed  an  attack  upon  Montreal  in  concert.  The  proposal 
was  eagerly  embraced,  and  colonel  Allen  with  \  10  men,  near  80 
of  whom  were  Canadians,  crossed  the  river  in  the  night  of  Sept. 
34.  In  the  morning  he  waited  with  impatience  for  the  signal 
from  colonel  Brown,  who  agreed  to  cooperate  with  him  ;  but  he 
wuted  in  vain.  He  made  a  resolute  defence  agunst  an  attack  of 
500  men,  and  it  was  not  till  his  own  party  was  reduced  by  deser- 
tions to  the  number  of  31,  and  he  had  retreated  near  a  mile,  that 
he  surrendered.  A  moment  afterwards  a  furious  savage  rushed 
towards  him,  and  presented  his  firelock  with  the  intent  of  killing 
him.  It  was  only  by  making  use  of  the  body  of  the  officer,  to 
whom  he  had  given  his  swond,  as  a  shield,  that  he  escaped  de- 
struction. 

He  was  now  kept  for  some  time  in  irons  and  treated  with  great 
truelty.  He  was  sent  to  England  as  a  prisoner,  being  assured  that 
the  halter  would  be  the  reward  of  his  rebellion,  when  he  arrived 
there.  After  his  arrival  about  the  middle  of  Dec;  he  was  lodged 
for  a  shoit  time  in  Pendennis  castle,  near  Falmouth.  On  the  8th 
of  Jan.  1776  he  was  put  on  board  a  frigate  and  by  a  circuitous  route 
carried  to  Halifax.  Here  he  remsdned  confined  in  the  gaol 
from  June  to  October,  when  he  was  removed  to  New  York.  Dur- 
ing the  passage  to  this  place,  captain  Burke,  a  daring  prisoner, 
proposed  to  kill  the  British  captain  and  seize  the  frigate  ;  but  col- 
onel Allen  refused  to  engage  in  the  plot,  and  was  probably  the 
means  of  preserving  the  life  of  captain  Smith,  who  had  treated 
him  very  politely.  He  was'kept  at  New  York  about  a  year  and  a 
half,  sometimes  imprisoned,  and  sometimes  permitted  to  be  on 
parole.  While  here,  he  had  an  opportunity  to  observe  the  inhuman 
manner,  in  which  the  American  prisoners  were  treated.  In  one 
of  the  churches,  in  which  they  were  crowded,  he  saw  seven  lying 
dead  at  one  time,  and  others  biting  pieces  of  chips  from  hunger. 
He  calculated,  that  of  the  the  prisoners  taken  at  Long  Island  and 
fort  Washington,  near  2000  perished  by  hunger  and  cold,  or  in 
consequence  of  diseases  occasioned  by  the  impurity  of  their 
prisons. 

Colonel  Allen  was  exchanged  for  colonel  Campbell  May  6,  1778, 
and  afler  having  repaired  to  head  quarters,  and  offered  |iis  services 
to  general  Washington  in  case  his  health  should  be  restored,  he 
returned  to  Vermont.  His  arrival  on  the  evening  of  the  last  of 
May  gave  his  friends  great  joy,  and  it  was  announced  by  the  dis- 
chiu^e  of  cannon.    As  an  expression  of  confidence  in  his  patriot- 


mmh- 


n 


'« J  I 


\\      [ 


I.  •? 


IhM' 


ill 


u 


ALL. 


iun  and  military  talenu  he  was  very  toon  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  state  niiiiliu.  It  does  not  appeur  liowever,  tliat  his 
intrepidity  wus  ever  itKain  brought  to  the  tent,  ihuiiij^h  his  patriot- 
ism was  tried  by  an  unsuccessful  attempt  of  the  British  tu  bribe 
him  to  attempt  a  union  of  Vermont  with  CanatU.  He  died  sud- 
denly at  his  estate  in  Colchester  Feb.  13,  1789. 

General  Allen  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind,  but  they  nev- 
•r  felt  the  influence  ot  education.  Though  he  was  bruvc,  hu- 
mane, and  generous  ;  yet  his  conduct  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
much  influenced  by  considerations  respecting  thut  holy  and  mer- 
ciful Being,  whose  character  and  whose  commands  are  disclosed 
to  us  in  the  scriptures.  His  notions  with  regard  to  religion  were 
Mich,  as  to  prove,  that  those,  who  rather  confide  in  their  own  wis- 
dom than  seek  instruction  from  heaven,  may  embrace  absurdities, 
which  would  disgrace  the  understanding  of  a  child.  He  believed) 
with  Pythagoras,  that  man  after  death  would  transmigi'ate  into 
beasts,  birds,  fishes,  reptiles,  8cc,  and  often  informed  his  friends, 
that  he  himself  expected  to  live  again  in  the  form  of  a  large  white 
horse. 

Besides  a  number  of  pamphlets  in  the  controversy  with  New 
York,  he  published  in  1779  a  narrative  of  his  observations  during 
his  captivity,  which  has  been  lately  reprinted  ;  a  vimlication  of 
the  opposition  of  the  inhabitants  of  Vermont  to  the  government 
of  New  York,  and  their  right  to  form  an  independent  state,  1779  ; 
and  Allen's  theology,  or  the  oracles  of  reason,  1786.  This  last 
work  was  intended  to  ridicule  the  doctrine  of  Moses  and  the 
prophets.  It  would  be  unjust  to  brii;^  uguinst  it  the  charge  of 
having  effected  great  mischief  in  the  world,  for  few  have  had 
the  patience  to  read  'w.^—Mlen^a  narrative  ;  Boaton  werkly  maga- 
zincy  vol.  ii ;  Hardie'a^biogrifthij ;  Holmea*  annala^  ii.  339  ;  Wil- 
iiama*  Vermont;  Chronicle,  March  5,  1789;  Marahall'a  l(fe  qf 
fVaa/iingfon,  ii.  203  ;  iii.  34  ;  Gordon,  ii.  13,  160. 

ALLISON  (Francis,  d.  d.),  assistant  minister  of  the  first  pres- 
byterl'ui  church  in  Philadelphia,  was  bom  in  Ireland  in  the  year 
1705.  He  received  an  early  classical  education  in  the  north  of 
that  kingdom  at  an  acar^smy  under  the  particular  inspection  of  the 
bishop  of  Raphoe,  and  afterwards  completed  his  studies  at  the 
university  of  Glasgow.  He  came  to  this  country  in  IT.?.'.,  md 
was  soon  appointed  pastor  of  a  presbyterian  church  at  N<  ^r  T,'  ii- 
don  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania.  Here  about  the  •  ",i.' 
his  solicitude  for  the  interests  of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom  and 
his  desire  of  engaging  young  men  in  the  work  of  the  ministry 
and  ot  promoting  p-ablic  happiness  by  the  diffusion  of  religious 
liberty  and  Icai  -.L,g  induced  him  to  open  a  public  school.  There 
was  at  th-s  ti"'-  scarcely  a  particle  of  learning  in  the  middle 
states,  and  ht  gcneriiy  insti.ucted  all,  that  came  to  him,  withput 
fte  or  reward. 


AME. 


About  the  year  1747  ui  Mcademx  wm  established  in  Philadel* 
phiiif  Anil  Dr.  Allison  was  invited  to  i«ike  tbt  oversiii^ht  and  inttnic* 
tion  ot  it.  In  1756  he  wms  elected  vice  pruvutt  ui  the  coUef^ 
which  hitd  but  u  short  time  belore  been  cst'ti^liahed,  and  professor 
of  moral  philosophy.  He  was  also  ministe  in  tlte  hrst  prcsby« 
terian  church.  In  the  discharge  of  the  lutioriouH  Hitics,  which 
devolved  upou  himt  he  continued  tUl  hih  death.  He  di«U  Nov. 
38,  1777. 

Besides  an  unusually  accurate  and  profound  ac(i  laintance  with 
the  Latin  and  Greek  classics,  he  was  well  informed  in  morul  plat* 
losuphy,  history,  and  genend  literature.  To  his  zeal  for  the  difl\i« 
sion  of  knowledge  Pennsylvania  owes  much  of  that  taste  for  solid 
learning  anH  is>^al  literature,  for  which  many  of  her  principal 
characte'^i  i  •' .    <       m  distinguished. 

The  ^)uvave  virtu<;s  of  Dr.  Allison  conciliated  the  esteem  of  all« 
that  km  1  . .  and  Ids  public  usefulness  has  erected  a  lasting  mon* 
uiiicut  to  his  piniise.  For  more  than  40  years  he  supported  th« 
iVilri  lerial  character  with  dignity  and  reputation.  In  his  public 
services  h^  'vai  plun,  practical,  and  argumentative  ;  warm,animat* 
ed,  and  pathetic.  He  was  greatly  honored  by  the  gracious  Re* 
deemer  in  being  made  instrumental,  as  it  is  believed,  in  the  salva* 
tion  of  many,  who  heard  him.  Indefatigable  in  study  through  the 
whole  of  his  useful  life,  he  acquired  rji  unusual  fund  of  learnings 
which  rendered  his  conversation  remarkai>ly  instructive,  and  qual- 
ified him  for  the  superintendence  of  youth,  and  increased  his  use* 
fulness  in  the  ministry. 

He  was  frank  and  ingenuous  in  his  natural  temper ;  warm  and 
zealous  in  his  friendships  ;  catholic  in  his  sentiments  ;  a  friend  to 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  His  benevolence  led  him  to  spare  no 
pains  nor  trouble  in  assisting  the  poor  and  distressed  by  his  advice 
and  influence,  or  by  his  own  private  liberality.  It  was  he,  who 
planned  and  was  the  means  of  establishing  the  widows'  fund,  which 
was  remarkably  useful. 

He  often  expressed  his  hopes  in  the  mercy  of  God  unto  eternal 
life,  and  but  a  few  days  before  his  death  said  to  Dr.  Ewing,  that  he 
had  no  doubt,  but  that  according  to  the  gospel  covenant  he  should 
obtain  the  pardon  of  his  sins  through  the  great  Redeemer  of  man- 
kind, and  enjoy  an  eternity  of  rest  and  glory  in  the  presence  ot  God. 

He  pubU^aed  a  sermon  delivered  before  the  synods  of  New  York 
a  .  x'ennsylvania  May  24,  1758,  entitled,  peace  and  unity  recom- 
mended.—-./i««<rni4/^*«  mi««.  majf.  i.  457-- 361 ;  Miller' a  retroapect^ 
ii.  342  ;  Holmea'  life  qf  Stiles^  98,99. 

AMERICUS  (Vesputius),  or  more  properly  Amerigo  Ves- 
pucci, a  Florentine  gentleman,  from  whom  America  derives  its 
name,  was  bom  in  145 1  of  a  verv  ancient  family.  His  father,  who 
was  an  Italian  merchant,  brougiit  him  up  in  this  business,  and  his 
{trofesuon  led  him  to  visit  Spain  and  other  cotutrics.  '  Being.  tttd<- 


I 

^1 


A  1 1  i     .1  i\     :  • 


■I 


t' 


L  ,'1 

I 


'lit'' 


16 


AME. 


Bentl/  skilful  in  all  the  sciences  subservient  to  nangation,  and  pos*. 
sessing^  an  enterprising  spirit,  he  became  desirous  of  seeing  the 
new  world,  which  Columbus  had  discovered  in  1492.  He  accor- 
dingly entered  as  a  merchant  on  board  the  small  fleet  of  four  ships, 
equipped  by  the  merchants  of  Seville  and  sent  out  under  the  com- 
mand of  Ojeda.     The  enterprise  was  sanctioned  by  a  royal  license. 

According  to  Vespucci's  own  account  he  sailed  from  Cadiz  May 
30,  1497,  and  returned  to  the  same  port  October  15,  1498,  having 
discovered  the  coast  of  Pariaand  passed  as  far  as  the  gulph  of  Mex- 
ico. If  this  statement  is  correct,  Americus  saw  the  continent  be- 
fore Columbus  ;  but  its  correctness  is  controverted,  and  the  voy- 
age of  Ojeda  is  generally  supposed  to  have  been  made  in  1499. 

Vespucci  dates  the  commencement  of  his  second  voyage  under 
the  auspices  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  in  which  he  had  the  com- 
mand of  six  vessels.  May  1 1,  1499.  He  proceeded  to  the  Antilla  is- 
lands, and  thence  to  the  coast  of  Guiana  and  Vennezuela,  and  return- 
ed to  Cadiz  in  Novemb.  1 500.  He  retired  to  Seville,  receiving  little 
acknowledgment  from  the  Spaniards  for  his  services,  and  was  deep- 
ly affected  by  their  ingratitude.  Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  who 
was  jealous  of  the  success  and  glory  of  Spain,  having  been  inform- 
ed of  his  dissatisfacUon,  invited  him  to  his  kingdom,  and  gave  him 
the  command  of  three  ships  to  make  a  third  voyage  of  discovery. 
He  sailed  from  Lisbon  May  10,  1501,  and  ran  down  the  coasts 
of  Africa  as  far  as  Sierra  Leoud  and  the  coast  of  Angola,  and  then 
passed  over  to  Brazil  in  South  America  and  continued  his  discove- 
ries to  the  south  as  far  as  Patagonia.  He  then  returned  to  Sierra 
Leone  and  the  coast  of  Guinea,  and  entered  again  the  port  of  Lis- 
bon Sep.  7,  1502. 

King  Emanuel,  highly  gratified  by  his  success,  equipped  for  him 
six  ships,  with  which  he  sailed  on  his  fourth  and  last  voyage  May 
10,  1 503.  It  was  his  object  to  discover  a  western  passage  to  the 
Molucca  islands.  He  passed  the  coasts  of  Africa,  and  entered  the 
bay  of  All  Saints  in  Brazil.  Having  provision  for  only  20  months, 
and  being  detained  on  the  coast  of  Brazil  by  bad  weather  and  con- 
trary winds  five  months,  he  formed  the  resolution  of  returning  to 
Portugal,  where  he  arrived  June  14,  1504.  As  he  carried  home 
with  him  considerable  quantities  of  the  Brazil  wood,  and  other  ar- 
ticles of  value,  he  was  received  with  joy.  It  was  soon  after  this  pe- 
riod, that  he  wrote  an  account  of  his  four  voyages.  The  work  was 
dedicated  to  Ren6  II,  duke  of  Lorraine,  who  took  the  title  of  king 
of  Sicily,  and  who  died  Dec.  10, 1 508.  It  was  probably  published 
about  the  year  1507,  for  in  that  year  he  went  from  Lisbon  to  Se- 
ville, at)d  king  Ferdinand  appointed  him  to  draw  sea  charts  with  the 
title  of  chief  pilot.  He  died  at  the  island  of  Tercera  in  1514  aged 
about  63  years. 

As  he  published  the  first  book  and  chart,  describing  the  new 
iforld,*  and  as  he  claimed  the  honor  of  first  discovering  the  conti- 


ncDt,  the  new  wor 

Hi*  preteosions  hi 

m"  aupportedag 

or  is  uniformly  aa 

saw  the  continent 

bifltorjr  of  Americ 

Americus  never  n 

daia  1499  and  lie 

proved  to  be  a  mei 

ed  by  itnmg  proof; 

irmrt  of  the  perio 

must  have  been  fre 

improbabiUty  of  iii: 

cused,  which  arise 

that  the  Spanish  i 

•giUBit  him  for  h 

evidence  against  tbi 

ther  Martyr  nor  fii 

country,  and  the  foi 

fcun*  the  first  disco 

irat  gencnd  history 

Jtocoimtofailthera 

historians  anBAgsini 

testimony  of  Ojeda; 

-gave  Ojeda  the  lice^ 

rectioB  of  lodian  ail 

signs  for  file  conunf 

ttaacfis  might  he  nM 

abovt  a  year  after  tl 
eonld  be  adiraac^d  n 
0U8  navigator.      Bu 
it  is  iweil  knorwB,  thi 
belongs  nettiberio  C 
relstioB  of  the  istter 
Attfeof  Vespucdv 
which  an  attemjpt  i»  i 
The  relation  lofhii 
the  jicarlAor,  was 
Mireri,  iHct.  Autofi 
»o6ertaon*t  ^.  ^mmi 
'>ww»i.221«  PHnce, 
AMES  (Ftsacsf 
V^eat  orator,  mob  ho 
his  fotber  was  «  mp 
vard  college  in  1774, 
of  the  law  in  Boston. 


AME. 


17 


tientt  the  new  world  has  revived  Trom  him  the  name  of  America. 
Hi*  preteaeiona  however  to  this  first  discovery  do  not  seem  to  be 
fnV  aupported  agiuntt  the  ciaims  of  Columbus*  to  whom  the  hon- 
or is  uniformly  ascribed  by  the  Spanish  historians^  and  who  first 
ssw  the  contioem  in  1498.  Herrera»  who  compiled  his  general 
history  of  America  from  the  most  authentic  records,  says,  that 
Americtu  never  made  but  two  voyages,  and  those  were  with  Qje- 
da  ia  1499  and  110  i,  and  tliat  his  relation  of  his  other  voyages  waa 
proved  to  be  a  mere  impoution.  This  charge  needs  to  be  confirm^ 
ed  by  strong  proof,  for  Vespucci's  book  was  published  within  ten 
years  of  the  period,  assigned  for  his  first  voyage,  when  the  facta 
must  have  been  fresh  in  the  memories  of  thousands.  Qesides  thy 
improhednlity  of  4us  being  guilty  of  fidufying  dates,  as  he  wa«  ac- 
cused, which  arises  from  this  circumstance  ;  it  ia  very  possiblei 
that  the  Spanish  writers  might  have  felt  a  national  resentment 
against  him  for  havis^  deserted  the  service  of  Spain.  3ut  thy 
evidence  againot  the  honesty  of  Vespucci  is  very  convincing.  Nei^ 
ther  Martyr  nor  Benconi,  who  were  Italians,  natives  of  the  sam^a 
country,  and  the  former  of  whom  was  a  c<m  temporary,  attribute  i^ 
kin,  the  first  discovery  of  the  continent.  Martyr  published  th? 
Inst  genend  history  of  the  new  woHd,  and  his  epistles  contain  aft 
kcouat  of  all  the  remarkidik  events  of  his  time.  AU  the  Spairisb 
Idstoriatts  are  Against  Vespucci.  Herrera  brings  against  him  th^ 
testimony  of  Ojeda  as  given  in  a  judidal  inquiry.  Fonseca,  who 
-gave  Ojeda  the  licease  for  his  voyage?  was  not  reinstated  in  the  di- 
rection of  Indian  affairs  until  after  the  time,  which  Vespucci  as- 
signs for  ike  comsnencement  of  his  first  voyage.  Other  circum- 
•taaces  ma^  he  tnaentioDed ;  and  the  whole  mass  of  evidence  it  it 
diffiottk  to  nesist.  Ti^  book  of  Amemus  was  probably  published 
abovt  a  year  after  the  death  of  Columbus,  w>hw  his  pretensicma 
eonld  he  adraaced  without  the  fear  of  refutation  from  that  illustrif 
ous  navigator.  But  however  this  controversy  may  be  decided* 
it  u  well  known*  that  the  honor  of  firat  discovering  the  coQtment 
belongs  nntherip  Columbus  nor  to  VespuccU  even  admitting  th« 
relation  of  the  latter  t  but  t»  the  C^ta,  who  aail^ed  from  England, 
A  tifeof  Vespucci  was  puUiahed  at  Florence  by  Bapdini*  1745,  i/^ 
which  an  attempt  ia  naadeito  support  his  pretensions. 

The  iwlationiof  his  four  voyages,  wluch  was  first  published  about 
the  yiear  litOf,  wjssvepiMc^d  in  the  ^ovus  Orbis,  fol.  ISSS.Tm 
Mtrerii  diet.  hi»t9Hfucj  M^Bvt  nni  gen.  biog,  ^ctiQnary  ;  Ifar^e  ; 
Ro6ertton*t,S.jdmfri9€th  Mite  xxii ;  ihinff/a^naki  l.?3  i  fffri 
rem,  i.  331$  Prinet^mtntd.  aO*^83. 

AME15  {FtsttBiu  Li.,.9.),  a  diadnguished  staitesman,  and  an  elo*" 
guent  orator,  was  bom  at  Oedham,  Massachusetts,  in  which  town 
his  folher  was  a  neapeetsMe  physician.  He  was  graduated  at  Har.* 
Yard  college  in  1774,  and  alter  a  few  years  commenced  the  study 
of  the  law  itx  Bost<m.    He  began  the  pracUce  of  his  profession  in 

3 


i 


I  'lii    ■*,. 


'I? 


i\ 


-f  .1  j' 


iiF 


Id 


AMK. 


w 


his  native  village  ;  but  his  expansive  mind  could  not  be  confined  to 
the  investigation  of  the  law.  Rising  into  life  about  the  period  of 
the  American  revolution  and  taking  a  most  affectionate  interest  in 
the  concerns  of  his  country,  he  felt  himself  strongly  attracted  to 
politics.  His  researches  into  the  science  of  government  were  ex- 
tensive and  profound,  and  he  began  to  be  knovrn  by  political  discus- 
sions, published  in  the  newspapers.  A  theatre  soon  presented  tor 
the  display  of  his  extraordinary  talents.  He  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  convention  of  his  native  state,  which  considered  and  ratified 
the  federal  constitution  }  and  his  speeches  in  this  convention  were 
indications  of  his  future  eminence.  The  splendor  of  his  talents 
burst  forth  at  once  upon  his  country. 

When  the  general  government  of  the  United  Suites  commenced 
its  operations  in  1789,  he  appeared  in  the  national  legislature  as 
the  first  representative  of  his  district,  and  for  eight  successive 
years  he  took  a  distinguished  part  in  the  national  councils.  He  was 
a  principal  speaker  in  the  debates  on  every  important  question. 
Towards  the  close  of  this  period  his  health  began  to  fail,  but  his  in- 
disposition could  not  prevent  him  from  engaging  in  the  discussion} 
relating  to  the  appropriations,  necessary  for  carrying  into  effect  the 
British  treaty.  Such  was  the  effect  of  his  speech  of  April  38, 1796, 
that  one  of  the  members  of  the  legislature,  who  was  opposed  t« 
Mr.  Ames,  rose  and  objected  to  ta^g  a  vote  at  that  time,  as  they 
had  been  carried  away  by  the  impulse  of  oratory. 

After  his  return  to  his  family,  frail  in  health  and  fond  of  retire- 
ment, he  remained  a  private  citizen.  For  a  few  years  however  he 
Mras  persuaded  to  become  a  member  of  th0  council.  But  though 
he  continued  chiefly  in  retirement,  he  operated  far  around  him  by 
his  writings  in  the  public  papers.  A  few  years  before  his  death  he 
was  ciiosenSpresident  of  Harvard  college,  but  the  infirm  state  of  his 
health  induced  him  to  decline  the  appointment.  He  died  on  the 
morning  of  July  4,  1808. 

Mr.  Ames  possessed  a  mind  of  a  great  and  extraordinary  char- 
acter. He  reasoned,  but  he  did  not  reason  in  the  form  of  logic. 
By  striking  allusions  more  than  by  regular  deductions  he  compel- 
led assent.  The  richness  of  his  fancy,  the  fertility  of  his  invention, 
and  the  abundance  of  his  thoughts  were  as  remarkable  as  the  just- 
ness and  strength  of  his  understanding.  His  political  character 
may  be  known  from  his  writings,  and  speeches,  and  measures. 

He  was  not  only  a  man  of  distinguished  talents,  whose  public 
career  was  splendid,  but  he  was  amiable  in  private  life  and  endeared 
to  his  acquaintance.  To  a  few  friends  he  unveiled  himself  with- 
out reserve.  They  found  him  modest  and  unassuming,  untainted 
with  ambition,  simple  in  manners,  correct  in  morals,  and  a  model 
of  every  social  and  personal  virtue.  The  charms  of  his  conver' 
sation  were  unequalled. 


He  entertained 

fi>unded  upon  a  t 

most  of  the  best 

his  mind  was  satis 

temal  evidences. 

bir  mind  could  n 

tents  without  a  cor 

lime  and  correct  id 

connected  with  the 

superior  to  the  Jcv 

mained  in  darkness 

in  his  view  a  cone 

Deuteronomy  he  e: 

in  antiquities,  coulc 

duction  of  human 

stamped  upon  it.    ] 

erally  Calvinistic. 

theology,  he  dislike 

term  trinity  howev( 

manner,  which  imp] 

ofthe  divinity  of  CI 

truth  seems  to  hav( 

subject,  for  he  rema 

geUsts  with  t"he  sole 

of  himself. 

He  was  an  admire 
said  it  was  a  specim( 
edged,  that  a  few  ph 
es  might  be  obscui 
adoption  of  any  nei 
mented  the  prevail 
thought  thatchildre 
important  truths,  wh 
cipal  instrument  of 
guage  in  its  purity, 
no  man  ever  did  or  c 
a  constant  reader  of 
sublimity  of  its  lang 
He  recommended 
not  perhaps  because 
sion,  but  because,  as 
because  it  had  bee 
ancestors  taught  it  t( 
he  was  opposed  to  ini 
path  for  one  new  an( 
the  use  of  Watts' 
spired  man,  in  his  _ 
uniting  with  the  sent! 


AME. 


19 


He  entertained  a  firm  belief  in  Christianity,  and  his  belief  was 
ibunded  upon  a  thorough  investigation  oi  the  subject.  He  read 
most  of  the  best  writings  in  defence  of  the  christian  religion,  but 
liis  mind  was  satisfied  hy  a  view  rather  of  its  internal  than  its  exr 
temal  evidences.  He  thought  it  impossible,  that  any  man  of  a 
fair  mind  could  read  the  old  testament  and  meditate  on  its  con* 
tents  without  a  conviction  of  its  truth  and  inspiration.  The  sub* 
lime  and  correct  ideas,  which  the  Jewish  scriptures  convey  of  God, 
connected  with  the  fact  that  all  other  nations,  many  of  whom  were 
superior  to  the  Jews  in  civilization  and  general  improvement,  re- 
mained in  darkness  and  error  on  this  fundamental  subject,  formed 
in  his  view  a  conclusive  argument.  After  reading  the  book  of 
Deuteronomy  he  expressed  his  astonishment,  that  any  man,  versed 
in  antiquities,  could  have  the  hardihood  to  say,  that  it  was  the  pro- 
duction of  human  ingenuity.  Murks  of  divinity,  he  said,  were 
stamped  upcm  it.  His  views  of  the  doctrines  of  religion  were  gen- 
erally Calvinistic.  An  enemy  to  metaphysical  and  controversial 
theology,  he  disliked  the  use  of  technical  and  sectarian  phrases.  The 
term  trinity  however  he  frequently  used  with  reverence,  and  in  a 
manner,  which  implied  his  belief  of  the  doctrine.  His  persuasion 
of  the  divinity  of  Christ  he  often  declared,  and  his  belief  of  this 
truth  seems  to  have  resulted  from  a  particular  investigation  of  the 
subject,  for  he  remarked  to  a  friend,  that  he  once  read  the  evan- 
gelists with  (he  sole  purpose  of  learning  what  the  Savior  had  said 
of  himself. 

He  was  an  admirer  of  the  common  translation  of  the  Bible.  He 
said  it  was  a  specimen  of  pure  English  ;  and  though  he  acknowl- 
edged,-that  a  few  phrases  had  grown  obsolete,  and  that  a  few  passagr 
es  might  be  obscurely  translated,  yet  he  should  consider  the 
adopdon  of  any  new  translation  as  an  incalculable  evil.  He  la- 
mented the  prevsdling  disuse  of  the  Bible  in  our  schools.  He 
thought  that  children  should  early  be  made  acquainted  with  the 
important  truths,  which  it  contains,  and  he  considered  it  as  a  prinr 
cipal  instrument  of  making  them  acquainted  with  their  own  lan- 
guage in  its  purity.  He  said,  <*  t  will  hazard  the  assertion,  that 
no  man  ever  did  or  ever  will  become  truly  eloquent,  without  being 
a  constant  reader  of  the  Bible,  and  an  admirer  of  the  pirrity  and 
sublimity  of  its  language.'* 

He  recommended  the  teaching  of  the  assembly's  catechism  ; 
not  perhaps  because  he  was  perfectly  satisfied  with  every  expres- 
sion, but  because,  as  he  remarked,  it  was  a  good  thing  on  the  whole, 
because  it  had  become  venerable  by  age,  because  our  pious 
ancestors  taught  it  to  their  children  with  happy  effect,  and  because 
he  was  opposed  to  innovation,  unwilling  to  leave  an  old,  experienced 
path  for  one  new  and  uncertain.  On  the  samo  3:roimdhe  approved 
the  use  of  Watts'  version  of  the  Psalms  and  Hymns.  No  unin- 
spired man,  in  his  judgment,  had  succeeded  so  well  as  Watts  in 
uniting  with  the  sentiments  of  piety  the  embellishments  of  poctrv. 


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'  I 


I.   1: 


Mr.  Ames  made  a  public  prof«B»ioii  of  religioa  in  the  irst 
congregational  church  in  Dedham.  With  this  chuixh  he  regularly 
communed  till  precluded  by  indisposition  from  attending  public 
worship.  His  practice  corresponded  with  his  profession.  His 
life  was  regular  and  irreproachable.  FeW)  who  have  been  placed 
in  similar  circumstances,  have  been  less  contaminated  by  intercourse 
with  the  world.  It  is  doubted,  whetlier  any  one  ever  heard  him 
utter  an  expi*efiBion,  calculated  to  excite  an  impious  or  impure 
idea.  The  most  scrutinizing  eye  d^scovered  in  him  no  disguise  or 
hypocrisy.  His  views  of  himself  however  were  humble  and 
Abased.  He  was  often  observed  to  shed  tears,  while  speaking  of 
bis  closet  devotions  and  experiences.  He  lamented  the  coldness 
of  his  heart  and  the  waiKlerings  of  his  thoughts  while  addresunj; 
iiimself  to  his  Maker  or  meditating  on  the  precious  truths,  which 
he  had  revealed. 

In  his  last  sickness,  when  near  his  end,  and  when  he  had  just 
expressed  his  belief  of  his  approaching  disaolutioii,  he  exhibited 
submission  to  the  divine  will  and  the  hope  of  the  divine  favor. 
*'  I  have  peace  of  mind,"  sud  he.  ^  JEt  may  arise  from  stupidity  ; 
but  I  think  it  is  founded  on  a  belief  of  the  gospel."  At  the  same 
time  he  disclaimed  every  idea  of  meriting  salvation.  "  My  hope," 
said  he, "  is  in  the  mercy  of  God,  through  Jesus  Christ." 

Mr.  Ames'  speech  in  relation  to  the  British  treaty,  which  was 
delivered  April  28,  1796,  is  considered  aa  a  fine  specimen  of 
eloquence.  He  published  an  oration  on  the  death  of  Washington 
•in  1800,  and  he  wrote  much  for  the  newspapers.  His  political 
writings  were  published  in  1809,  in  one  volume,  Svo^-^-FanofiUtt 
for  July  1808,*  Dexter* a  fun,  eulogy  in  the  Repertory ^  July  S  ; 
MarthttWa  l\fe  qf  Waahington^  v.  303. 

AMHERST  (JEvrKRY,  lord),  comnkMider  in  chief  of  the  Brit- 
ish army  at  the  conquest  of  Canada  in  1760,  was  bom  in  Kent, 
England,  Jan.  29,  1717.  Having  early  discovered  a  predilection 
for  the  military  life,  he  received  his  first  commissioii  in  the  army 
in  1731,  and  was  aid  de  camp  to  generaMJgonier  in  I741,ia  which 
ctKiracter  he  was  present  at  tlie  battles  of  Dettingen,  Fontenoy, 
IMid  Rocoux.  He  was  afterward  aid  de  camp  to  his  royal  highness, 
the  duke  of  Cumberland,  at  the  battle  of  Laffeldt.  In  17S8  he 
received  orders  to  return  to  England,  being  appointed  fer  the  A- 
merican  service.  He  sailed  from  Portsmouth  March  16th  as  md- 
jor  general,  having  the  command  of  the  troops  destined  for  the 
siege  of  Louisburgh.  On  the  26th  of  July  following  he  captured 
that  place,  and  without  farther  difficulty  took  entire  possessioii  of 
the  island  of  Cape  Breton.  After  this  event  he  succeeded  Aber- 
crombie  in  the  command  of  the  army  on  North  America.  In  1 759 
the  vast  design  of  the  eutire  conquest  of  Caoiada  was  formed. 
Three  armies  were  to  attack  at  near  the  same  time  all  the  strong 
Irolds  of  the  French  in  that  country.     They  were  commanded  by 


AND. 


21 


Wolfisf  Amhersti  and  Prideaux.  General  Amherst  in  tlie  apriog 
transferred  his  head  quarters  from  New  York  to  Albany ;  hut  it 
was  not  lill  the  3Sd  of  Julyy  that  he  reached  Ticondcroga^  against 
which  plac«  he  was  to  act.  On  the  37th  this  place  fell  into  bi» 
bands,  the  enemy  having  deserted  it.  He  next  took  Crown  Pointy 
and  put  hit  troops  in  winter  quarters  about  the  last  of  October. 
In  the  year  1760  he  advanced  against  Canada*  embarking  (A  lake 
Ontario,  and  proceeding  down  the  St.  Lawrence.  On  the  8th  of 
September  M.  de  Vaudreuil  capitulated,  surrendering  Montreal 
and  all  other  places  within  the  government  of  Canada. 

He  continued  in  the  command  in  America  till  the  latter  end  of 
J 7 63,  when  he  returned  to  England.  In  1771  he  was  mad«  gov* 
emor  of  Guernsey,  and  in  1776  he  was  created  baron  Amherst  of 
Holmsdale  in  the  county  of  Kent.  In  1778  he  had  the  command 
of  the  army  in  England.  In  1783  he  received  the  gold  stick  from 
the  king ;  but  on  the  change  of  tlie  administration  the  command  of 
the  army  tmd  the  lieutenant  generalship  of  the  ordnance  were  put 
into  other  hands.  In  1787  he  received  another  patent  of  pe^erage^ 
as  baron  Amherst  of  Montreal.  On  the  33d  of  January  1793  he 
was  again  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  army  in  Great  Britain ; 
bat  on  the  10th  of  February  1795  this  veteran  and  very  deserving 
officer  was  superseded  by  his  royal  highness,  the  duke  of  Y*^, 
the  second  son  of  the  king,  who  was  only  in  the  thirty  first  year  of 
his  age,  and  had  never  seen  any  actual  service.  The  govemmeAt 
upon  this  occasion  wkh  a  view  to  soothe  the  feelings  of  tlie  old  gen- 
eral offered  him  an  earldom,  uid  the  rank  of  field  marshal,  both  of 
wluch  he  at  that  time  rejected.  The  office  of  field  marshal  bow- 
ever  he  accepted  on  the  30th  of  Julyy  1796.  He  died  at  his  seat  ia 
Kent  August  3,  1797,  aged  eighty  years.-— ^a/Artnt;  Hardies 
ffolmea"  annalat  \L  326—346, 498 ;  Marthally  i.  443^*470 ;  MmU 
ii.  36.        , 

ANDRE  (John),  ud  de  camp  to  sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  adju- 
tioit  general  of  the  British  army  in  America  ^ring  the  late  war, 
was  bom  in  England  in  1741.  He  was  in  early  life  a  mercliuit's 
clerk,  but  obtained  a  commission  in  the  army  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen. Possesui^  an  active  and  enterprisingi  disposition  and  the 
most  ami£^le  and  accomplished  manners  he  soon  conciliated  the 
esteem  uul  friendship  of  his  superior  officers,  and  rose  to  the  raok 
of  major. 

After  Arnold  had  intimated  to  the  British  in  1780  his  intention  of 
delivering  up  West  Point  to  them,  major  Andr^  was  selected  aa  the 
person,  to  whom  the  maturing  of  Arnold's  treason  and  the  ar- 
rangements for  its  execution  should  be  committed.  A  correspon- 
dence was  for  some  time  carried  on  between  them  under  a  mer- 
cantile disguise  and  the  feigned  names  of  Gustavus  and  Anderson » 
and  at  length  to  facilitate  their  corowunications  the  VuUure  sloop 
of  war  moved  up  the  North  river  and  took  a  station  convenient  for 


,t  ■.  .; 


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a 


AND, 


the  purposef  but  not  so  ne&r  as  to  excite  suspicion.  An  interview 
was  agreed  on,  and  in  the  night  of  September  the  twenty  first  1780 
be  was  taken  m  a  boat,  wluch  was  dispatched  for  the  purpose,  and 
carried  to  the  beach  without  the  posts  of  both  armies  under  a  pass 
for  John  Anderson,  lie  met  general  Arnold  at  the  house  of  a 
Mr.  Smith.  While  the  conference  was  yet  unfinished,  day 
light  approached ;  and  to  avoid  the  danger  of  discovery  it  was 
proposed,  that  he  should  remain  concealed  till  the  succeed- 
ing night.  He  is  understood  to  h^ive  refused  to  be  carried 
within  the  American  posts,  but  the  promise  made  him  by  Arnold 
to  respect  this  objection  was  not  observed.  He  was  carried  within 
them  contrary  to  his  wishes  and  agdnst  his  knowledge.  He  con- 
tinued with  Arnold  the  succeeding  day,  and  when  on  the  following 
night  he  prt)posed  to  return  to  the  Vulture,  the  boatman  refused  to 
4arryhim,  because  she  had  during  the  day  shifted  her  station  in 
consequence  of  a  gun  having  been  moved  to  the  shore  and  brought 
to  bear  upon  her.  This  embarrassing  circumstance  reduced  him 
to  the  necessity  of  endeavouring  to  reach  New  York  by  land. 
Yielding  with  reluctance  to  the  urgent  representations  of  Arnold, 
he  laid  aside  his  regimentals,  which  he  had  hitherto  worn  under  a  sur> 
tout,  and  put  on  a  plsdn  suit  of  clothes ;  and  receiving  a  pass  from  the 
American  general,  authorizing  him,  under  the  feigried  name  of  John 
Anderson,  to  proceed  on  the  public  service  tO{the  White  Plains  or  low- 
er,if  he  thought  proper,  he  set  out  on  his  return.  He  had  passed  all 
the  guards  and  posts  on  the  road  without  snspicion,and  was  proceed- 
Ing  to  New  York  in  perfect  security,  when,  on  the  twenty  third  of 
September,  one  of  the  three  militia  men,  who  were  employed  with 
others  in  scouting  parties  between  the  lines  of  the  two  armies,  spring- 
ing suddenly  from  his  covert  into  the  roud,  seized  the  reins  of 
his  bridle  and  stopped  his  horse.  Instead  of  producing  his  pass, 
Andr6,  with  a  want  of  self  possession,  which  can  be  attributed  only 
to  a  kind  providence,  asked  the  man  hastily,  where  he  belonged,  and 
being  answered,  "to  below,"  replied  immediately,  "  and  so  do  I." 
He  then  declared  himself  to  be  a  British  officer,  on  urgent  business, 
and  begged  that  he  might  not  be  detained.  The  other  two  militia 
men  coming  up  at  this  moment,  he  discovered  his  mistake  ;  but 
it  was  too  late  to  repair  it.  He  offered  a  purse  of  gold  and  a  val- 
uable watch,  to  which  he  added  the  most  tempting  promises  of 
ample  reward  and  permanent  provision  from  the  government,  if 
they  would  permit  him  to  escape ;  but  his  offers  were  rejected 
-without  hesitation. 

The  militia  men,  whose  names  were  John  Paulding,  David  Wil- 
liams, and  Isaac  Vanwert,  proceeded  to  search  him.  They  fouqd 
concealed  in  his  boots  exact  returns,  in  Arnold's  hand  writing,  of 
the  state  of  the  forces,  ordnance,  and  defences  at  West  Point  and 
its  dependencies,  critical  remarks  on  the  works,  and  an  estimate  of 
tlitt  men  ordjuarily  employed  in  them,  with  other  interesting  papers. 


Andr6  was  earn 

commanding  the 

himself  and  only 

tained  the  charai 

•on  to  inlorm  his 

An  express  was 

coming  acquaintc 

A  board  of  gen 

president,  and  the 

members,  was  cal 

who  hrtd  bckiiowh 

my,  and  to  deter 

and  to  what  punisi 

every  mark  of  indi 

well  as  of  delicacy, 

amination,thathev 

ry,  which  might  en 

evasion^  and  frankl 

to  his  condemnatia 

September,  did  no 

report  entirely  up 

within  the  descrip 

execution  of  this  se 

•n  which  it  was  ren 

The  greatest  ej 

whom  Andn6  was  i 

It  was  first  represej 

ofdflag;  but  Was] 

he  stated,  that  And] 

terview  was  next  pj 

and  general  Greene 

sidered,  were  madej 

a  letter  from  Arnoll 

Andr6  was  deeplif 

war  had  decreed  tol 

a  soldier  and  not  as  I 

tence  in  this  respecl 

replete  with  all  the  f 

•ommanderin  chic 

Andr^  unquestional 

^bought,  that  the  pu 

usual  way.     The  d« 

not  divulged.     Hel 

with  a  composure,  ( 

»^tion  and  interested 

hibited  some  emotij 

fltol  spot,  and  inqi 


AND. 


23 


Mi\    \\ 


Andr£  was  carried  before  lieutenant  colonel  Jainesdn,  the  officer 
coinmancUng  the  scouting  parties  on  the  tinesi  and^  regaidlessof 
himseit  and  oniy  anxious  tor  the  safety  ot  Arnold,  be  still  main- 
tained the  chdritcter,  which  be  had  assumed,  and  requested  Jurae- 
ton  to  iniorm  his  commanding  officer,  that  Anderson  was  taken. 
An  express  was  accordingly  dispatched,  and  the  traitor,  thus  be- 
coming acquainted  with  his  danger,  escaped. 

A  board  of  general  officers,  of  which  major  general  Greene  was 
president,  and  the  two  foreign  generals,  La  Fayette  and  Steuben,  were 
niembers,  was  called  to  report  a  precise  state  of  the  case  of  Andri, 
who  had  acknowledged  himself  adjutant  general  of  the  British  ar- 
my, and  to  determine  in  what  character  he  was  to  be  considered, 
and  to  what  punishment  he  was  liable.  He  received  from  the  board 
every  mark  of  indulgent  attention ;  and  from  a  sense  of  justice,  as 
well  as  of  delicacy,  he  was  informed  on  the  first  opening  of  the  ex- 
amination, that  he  was  at  perfect  liberty  not  to  answer  any  interrogato- 
ry, which  might  embarrass  his  own  feelings.  Buthe  disdtdned  every 
evasion>  and  frankly  acknowledged  every  thing,  which  was  materisJ 
to  his  condemnation.  The  board,  which  met  on  the  twenty  ninth  of 
September,  did  not' examine  a  single  witness,  but,  founding  their 
report  entirely  upon  his  own  confession,  reported  that  he  came 
within  the  description  of  a  spy  and  ought  to  suffer  death.  The 
execution  of  this  sentence  was  ordered  on  the  day  succeeding  that, 
•n  which  it  was  rendered. 

The  greatest  exertions  were  made  by  sir  Henry  Clinton,  to 
whom  Andr£  was  particularly  dear,  to  rescue  him  from  his  fatc« 
It  was  first  represented  that  he  came  on  shore  under  the  sanction 
of  A  flag  ;  but  Washington  returned  an  answer  to  Clinton,  in  which 
he  stated,  that  Andr£  had  himself  disclaimed  the  pretext.  An  in- 
terview was  next  proposed  between  lieutenant  general  Robertson 
and  general  Greene  ;  but  no  facts>  which  had  not  before  been  con- 
sidered, were  made  known.  When  every  other  exerticm  fuledf 
a  letter,  from  Arnold,  filled  with  threats,  was  presented.    >  vt: 

Andr6  was  deeply  aflected  by  the  mode  of  dying,  which  the  laws  of 
war  had  decreed  to  persons  in  his  situation.  He  wished  to  die  as 
a  soldier  and  not  as  a  criminal.  To  obtain  a  mitigation  of  his  sen- 
tence in  this  respect,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  general  Washington, 
replete  with  all  the  feelings  of  a  man  of  sentiment  and  honor.  The 
commander  in  chief  consulted  his  officers  on  the  subject ;  but  as 
Andr£  unquestionably  came  under  the  description  of  a  spy,  it  was 
thought,  that  the  public  good  required  his  punishment  to  be  in  the 
usual  way.  The  decision  however,  from  tenderness  to  Audr^,  wai 
not  divulged.  He  encountered  his  fate  on  the  second  of  October 
with  a  composure,  dignity,  and  fortitude,  which  excited  the  admi- 
ration and  interested  the  feelings  of  all,  who  were  present.  He  ex- 
hibited some  emotion,  when  he  first  beheld  the  preparations  at  the 
flltftl  spot}  and  inquired,  t<  must  I  die  in  this  manner  I  **   He  soon 


H 


m::'-'-:m^'n 


'^'] 

'.-t' 


ifmm  mn- 

'  bm  \m  iKi  J-.>-'l ' 


!'Wi.tiir^|innJr«      ,| 


S4 


AND. 


u':    i^. 


It' 


'^  ■  i 


ii 


afterwards  added,  <<  it  will  be  but  a  momentary  pong;**  and  being 
atked,  if  he  had  any  request  to  make  before  he  left  the  world,  he 
answered,  **  none,  but  that  jrou  will  witneaa  to  the  world,  that  I 
die  like  a  brave  man."  .  -^ 

While  one  weeps  at  the  ignominiotts  death  of  a  man  so  much 
esteemed  and  beloved,  it  would  have  given  some  relief  to  the  pain, 
cd  'mind,  ii'  he  had  died  more  like  a  christian  and  less  like  a  soldier. 
The  sympathy,  excited  among  the  American  officers  by  his  &te, 
-was  as  univeraal,  as  it  is  unusual  on  such  occasions ;  and  proclaims 
alike  the  merit  of  him,  who  suffered,  and  the  humanity  of  those, 
who  inflicted  the  punishment.  In  a  letter,  written  at  the  time  by 
cok>net  Hamihoii,  the  character  of  Andr6  is  thus  elegantly  drawn. 
**  Thens  was  something  singularly  interesting  in  the  character  and 
fortunes  of  Andr6.  To  an  excellent  understanding,  well  improved 
by  education  and  travel,  he  united  a  peculiar  elegance  of  mind  and 
manners,  and  the  advantages  of  a  pleasing  person.  It  is  aaid  he 
possessed  a  pretty  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  and  had  himself  attained 
•ome  proficiency  in  poetry,  munc,  and  painting.  His  knowledge 
Appeared  without  ostentation,  and  embellssbed  by  a  diffidence,  that 
rarely  acoempanies  so  many  talents  and  accompUshments,  which 
left  you  to  suppose  more  than  appeared.  His  eeminenls  were  el* 
evatted  and  inspired  esteem ;  titey  had  a  softness,  that  ooncUiated 
•flRsctaon.  His  elocution  was  handsome,  his  address  easy,  polite, 
and  insinuating.  By  his  merit  he  had  acquired  the  unlimited  <con» 
fkienoe  of  his  general,  and  was  making  c^ipid  progress  in  military 
rank  and  reputaxinn.  But  in  the  height  of  his  career,  iflushed  with 
new  hopes  from'  the  execution  of  a  project,  the  most  beneficial  (e 
his  party,  that  oould  be  devised,  he  is  at  once  precipitated  from 
the  rammit  of  prosperity,  sees  all  ttie  expectations  of  his  ambition 
blasted,  and  himself  rcdned.  The  character  I  have  givea  of  him  as 
drawn  partly  from  what  I  saw  of  him  myaelf,  and  partly  ifrom  in- 
Ibrmatinn.  I  am  arware,  that  a  man  of  real  merit  is  never  seen  in 
so  favorable  a  light  as  through  Vhe  medium  of  adversity.  The 
clouds,  thatt  surround  him,  aro  so  many  shades,  that  set  off  his 
good  qualkies.  Msfortune  cuts  down  little  vanitiea,  that  in  pros* 
perous  times  «erre  as  so  many  spotsm has  virtues,  uid  {^es«  tone 
to  humanity,  that  tnaikes  his  worth  more  amiable.^'—- v4fim.  Regiater 
/»r  1 7«  1 ,  39 — 46  ;  Mankaa^  iv.  277—386 ;  Gordon,  iii.  481—490 ; 
Redman,  ii.  249 — ^253 ;  ffobne*^  ii.  438 ;  Hardk  s  Ptnm.  Gaz./tr 
Orf.'SS,1780;  Ram9ay,u.l96 — 201. 

ANDROS  (Edmuwd),  frovemor  of  Neyr  Enghmd,  had  eome 
command  4n  New  York  in  1 672,  and  in  1674  was  appointed  gov^t* 
nor^fthtet  province.  He  continued  in  this  office  till  l68fi,^exhilMt- ' 
ing  in  tMs  government  but  little  of  that  tyramncd  ^position, 
-which  he  afterwards  displayed.  He  arrived  at  Soston  Dec.  20, 
16WS,^th  a  commission  from  king  James  for  d>e  govemm^itof 
ITew  Gagland^    He  mode  high  prodSMtiont  «f  «Qgard  to  the  jfvkl^k 


good,  directed  the 

custom  of  the  plai 

rates  and  taxes  to 

laws,  not  inconsist 

force.     By  these  i 

had  agitated  the  m 

monster  stood  fort] 

His  administiati 

press  was  restraint 

gational  ministers  ^ 

for  nonconformity. 

was  making  great  i 

ry  willing  to  keep 

It  was  pretended,  t] 

farmers  were  obligt 

fees.    Heprohibitec 

with  sureties  to  be  i 

to  have  been  any  \a.y 

one  episcopal  clerg] 

ed  the  hope  of  rece 

London,  intimating 

be  persuaded  to  cor 

should  be  deemed 

church  of  England. 

taxes  he  thought  pro 

exorbitant  height. 

The  whole  of  his] 
perfectly  disposed  tc 
ures  of  his  weak  an( 
the  spirit  of  the  peo 
ing  sought  in  the  wi 
civil  and  religious  lil 
ed  in  England,  they 
wrested  from  them  i 

with  the  love  of  libert 

defence.     They  had 

tyrannical  administn 

which  had  been  gath 

flame  by  the  report 

guards.    On  the  mc 

tants  of  Boston  took 

try,  and  the  governor 

tive,  and  other  obnoxi 

ed  and  confined.    TJ; 

month  the  joyful  new 

country,  and  quieted 

had  been  done.  After 


i)-: 


AND. 


25 


food)  directed  the  judges  to  administer  justice  according  t6  the  * 
custom  of  the  places  ordered  the  established  rules  with  respect  to 
lates  and  taxes  to  be  observed^  and  declared)  that  all  the  colony 
UwB}  not  inconsistent  with  his  commission,  should  remain  in  full 
force.  By  these  professions  he  calmed  the  apprehensions,  which 
had  agitated  the  minds  of  many  ;  but  it  was  not  long  before  the 
monster  stood  forth  in  his  proper  shape. 

His  administration  was  most  oppressive  and  tyrannical.  The 
press  was  restrained,  exorbitant  taxes  were  levied,  and  the  congre^ 
gational  ministers  were  threatened  to  be  deprived  of  their  support 
for  nonconformity.  Sir  Edmund,  knowing  that  his  royal  master 
was  making  great  progress  towards  despotism  in  England,  was  ve* 
ry  willing  to  keep  equal  pace  in  his  less  important  government. 
It  was  pretended)  that  all  titles  to  land  were  destroyed  ;  and  the 
fanners  were  obliged  to  take  new  patents,  for  which  they  paid  large 
fees.  He  prohibited  marriage,  except  the  parties  enteredinto  bonds 
with  sureties  to  be  forfeited  in  case  there  should  afterwards  appear 
to  have  been  any  lawful  impediment.  There  was  at  this  time  but 
one  episcopal  clergyman  in  the  country  ;  but  sir  Edmund  indulg- 
ed the  hope  of  receiving  a  supply,  and  he  wrote  to  the  bishop  of 
London,  intimating  for  the  encouravrement  of  those,  who  might 
be  persuaded  to  come  to  this  country,  that  in  future  no  marriage 
should  be  deemed  lawful,  unless  celebrated  by  ministers  of  the 
church  of  England.  With  four  or  five  of  his  council  he  laid  what 
taxes  he  thought  proper.  The  fees  of  office  were  raised  to  a  most 
exorbitant  height. 

The  whole  of  his  proceedings  were  such  as  to  show,  that  he  was 
perfectly  disposed  to  follow  all  the  capricious  and  arbitrary  meas- 
ures of  his  weak  and  bigotted  master,  king  James  II.  At  length 
the  spirit  of  the  people  could  no  longer  brook  submission.  Hav- 
ing sought  in  the  wilds  of  America  the  secure  enjoyment  of  that 
civil  and  religious  liberty,  of  which  they  had  been  unjustly  depriv- 
ed in  England,  they  were  not  disposed  to  see  their  dearest  rights 
wrested  from  them  without  a  struggle  to  retain  them.  Animated 
with  the  love  of  liberty,  they  were  also  resolute  and  courageous  in  its 
defence.  They  had  for  several  years  suffered  the  impositions  of  a 
tyrannical  administration,  and  the  dissatisfaction  and  indignation, 
which  had  been  gathering  during  this  period,  were  blown  into  a 
flame  by  the  report  of  an  intended  massacre  by  the  governor's 
guards.  On  the  morning  of  the  18th  of  April  1689  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Boston  took  up  arms,  the  people  poured  in  from  the  coun- 
try, and  the  governor  with  such  of  the  council,  as  had  been  most  ac- 
tive, and  other  obnoxious  persons  about  fifty  in  number,  were  seiz- 
ed and  confined.  The  old  magistrates  were  restored,  and  the  next 
month  the  joyful  news  of  the  revolution  in  England  reached  this 
country,  and  quieted  all  apprehension  of  the  consequences  of  what 
had  been  dope.  After  having  been  kept  at  the  castle  till  Febmarjr 

4 


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APP. 


Cbllowiitgi  %ir  VAnumti  wu  lent  to  England  for  trkl.  Th*  gtmn^ 
court  alx>ut  tho  tamo  time  dispatched  a  committee  of  aevcnl  gcn« 
tiemeu  to  substantiate  the  charges  against  him. 

The  government  was  reduced  to  a  most  perplexing  dilemma. 
If  they  condemned  sir  Edmund's  administration,  the  sentence 
might  Ik;  drawn  into  a  precedent,  and  they  might  seem  to  encour* 
age  ii)»urrcction  and  rebellion  in  future  periods,  when  circumstan* 
cos  did  not  render  so  desperate  an  expedient  necessary.  On  the 
ether  hand,  if  they  should  approve  of  the  administration  of  Andros 
and  conKure  the  proceedings  of  the  colonists,  it  would  imply  a  rep* 
cobation  of  the  very  measure,  which  had  been  pursued  in  bringing 
about  the  rovoludon  in  England.  It  was  therefore  considered  pni* 
dent  to  dismiss  the  business  without  coming  to  a  final  decision. 
The  people  were  accordingly  left  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  their 
freedom  }  and  sir  Edmund,  in  public  estimation  guilty,  escaped 
without  censure. 

In  1 69?  be  was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia,  as  successor  to 
lord  Effingham.  This  even*,  was  very  surprising^  and  it  was  ac> 
counted  for  only  on  the  supposition,  that  the  English  ministry  v'as 
comiiosed  of  torics.  He  is  not  however  represented  as  a  bad  gov> 
cmorof  Virginia.  He  died  in  London  Feb.  L714,  at  a  veiy  ad- 
vanced age. 

His  narrative  of  his  proceedings  in  New  England  was  published 
in  1691. — Nutchituon,\.3SS,UT— ^95  ;ii.  208;  Douglaasf  u. 3 i7^ 
273,  369  ;  HoRnet^x.  418,475  ;  ii.  12,  89  ;  Hardie. 

APPLETON  (Nathaniel,  d.o^,  minister  ol  Cambridge, 
Massachusetts,  waabom  at  Ipswich,  December  9,  1693.  His  fa- 
ther was  the  honorable  John  Appleton,  one  of  tv"  king's  council, 
and  for  twenty  years  judge  of  probate  in  the  coui^ty  of  Essex,  and 
his  mother  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  president  Rogers.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1712.  After  compledng  his  edu* 
cation,  an  opportunity  presented  of  entering  into  commercial  busi- 
ness on  very  advantageous  terma  with  an  uncle  in  Qostonywho  was 
an  opulent  merchant ;  but  he  resolved  to  forego  every  worldly  ad* 
vantage,  that  he  might  promote  the  interest  of  the  Redeemers 
kingdom.  Soon  after  he  began  to  preach  he  was  invited  to  suc- 
ceed the  reverend  Mr.  Brattle  in  the  ministry  at  Cambridge,  and  was 
ordained  October  9,  17 17.  On  this  occasion  Dr.  Increase  Mather 
preached  the  sermon  and  gave  die  charge,  anu  Dr.  Cotton  Mather 
gave  the  right  hand  of  fellowship.  He  was  the  same  year  elected 
a  fellow  of  Harvard  college,  which  office  he  sustained  above  60 
years,  faithfully  consulting  and  essentially  promoting  the  Interests 
of  the  institution.  In  1771  the  university  conferred  on  him  the 
degree  of  doctor  of  divinity,  an  honor,  which  had  bc«n  conferred 
upon  but  one  person  previously  tathis,  and  that  was  the  reverend 
(ncrease  Mather,  about  eighty  years  befiwe..  Degrees  have  since 
become  mure  frequent  and  less  honorable      The  usefttlness  o£ 


APR 


27 


'1 


Or.  Aj^pteton  was  dtminiihed  for  a  few  of  hU  Utt  jreart  through 
the  inftrmities  of  age^  but  did  not  entirely  cease  except  with  his 
life.  He  received  the  reverend  Mr.  HilliMnI  as  his  colleague  in 
1783.  After  a  ministry  of  more  than  sixty  six  years,  he  died  Feb. 
9,  1784,  in  the  ninety  first  year  of  his  age.  This  country  can  fur- 
nish few  instances  of  more  useful  talents,  and  more  exemplary 
piety,  exhibited  for  so  long  a  time  and  with  such  great  success. 
During  his  ministry  two  thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty  eight 
persons  were  baptized,  and  seven  hundred  and  eighty  four  admitted 
members  of  the  church. 

Dr.  Appleton  wus  as  venerable  for  his  piety  as  for  his  years. 
His  wliole  character  was  patriarchal.  In  his  dress,  in  his  manners, 
in  his  conversation,  in  his  ministry,  he  resembled  the  puritan  min- 
isters, who  first  settled  New  England.  He  lived  from  the  close  of 
one  century  to  near  the  close  of  another,  and  he  brought  down  with 
hltn  the  habits  of  former  times.  His  natural  temper  was  cheer- 
fal,  but  his  habitual  deportment  was  grave.  Early  consecrated  to 
God,  and  having  a  fixed  predilection  for  the  ministry,  by  the  imion 
of  good  sense  with  deep  seriousness,  of  enlightened  zeal  with  con- 
summate prudence,  he  was  happily  fitted  for  the  pastoral  office. 

He  preached  with  great  plainness  and  with  primitive  simplicity. 
In  order  to  accommodate  his  discourses  to  the  meanest  capacity 
he  frequently  borrowed  similitudes  from  familiar,  sometimes  from 
vulgar  objects ;  but  his  application  of  them  was  so  pertinent  and 
his  utterance  so  solemn,  as  to  suppress  levity  and  silence  criticisnl. 
Deeply  senuble  of  the  fallen  state  of  man,  he  admired  the  wisdom, 
holiness,  and  mercy,  wMch  are  displayed  in  the  plan  of  rcdemp- 
don  through  .a  gloiions  Sa^rior.  From  the  abondance  of  his  heart, 
filled  with  the  Idve  of  God,  he  spake  with  such  fervor,  as  was  fit> 
ted  to  inspire  his  hearers  with  pious  sentiments  and  affections. 

He  possessed  the  learning  of  his  time.  The  scriptures  he  read 
irt  the  originals.  His  exposition,  preached  in  course  on  the  sab- 
bath, comprehended  the  wh«}e  new  testament,  the  pvophecy  of 
Isaiah,  and  sotvke  of  the  other  piS>phets.  It  was  diiefly  designed  to 
promote  practical  piety  ;  but  on  the  propheti<ial  parts  he  discover- 
ed a  continued  attention,  extent  of  reading,  and  deprth  of  research, 
which  come  to  the  share  of  but  very  few.  In  Ms  preaching  he 
carefully  availed  himseif  of  Special  occurrences,  and  his  rKscours- 
es  on  such  occasions  were  peculiarly  solemn  and  impressiTd. 
With  the  fidelity  and  plainness  tHi  a  christian  minister,  he  admin- 
istered reproofs  and  admonitions,  and  maintained  with  parental  ten- 
derness and  pastoral  authority  the  discipline  of  the  church.  By 
his  desire  a  committee  was  appointed,  and  continued  fot  many 
years,  for  inspecting  the  manwers  of  professing  christians.  So 
great  was  the  ascendency,  which  he  jgfained  over  his  people  by  his 
discretion  and  moderation,  by  his  condescension  and  benevolence, 
by  his  fidelity  and  piety,  that  they  regarded  his  rn^  ist^ls  a%  oi*acu- 
llar.    ' 


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In  controversial  and  difficult  cases  he  was  often  applied  t« 
for  ttdvice  al  ecclchiasticul  councils.  Impartial  yet  pacific,  firm  yet 
coDciliittoryt  he  was  peculiarly  qualified  for  a  counsellor,  and  in 
that  character  he  mrtteriully  contributed  to  the  unity,  the  peace, 
and  order  of  the  churches.  With  the  wisdom  of  the  serpent  he 
happily  united  the  innocence  of  the  duvc.  In  his  reli^i^ous  princi- 
ples he  was  a  Culvinist,  as  were  all  his  predecessors  in  the  minis- 
try, Hooker,  Stone,  Shepard,  Mitchel,  Oakcs,  Gookin,  and  Brat- 
tle. But  towards  those  of  different  principles  he  was  candid  and 
catholic. 

His  own  example  enforced  the  duties,  which  he  enjoined  upon 
others.  He  was  humble,  meek,  and  benevolent.  He  was  ready 
at  all  times  to  relieve  the  distressed,  and  through  life  he  devoted  a 
tenth  part  of  his  whole  income  to  pious  and  charitable  uses,  lie 
was  ever  a  firm  friend  to  the  civil  and  reli;:;ious  liberties  of  man- 
kind, and  was  happy  in  living  to  see  the  establishment  of  peace  and 
independence  in  his  native  land.  He  deserves  honorable  re- 
membrance for  his  exertions  to  send  the  gospel  to  the  Indians. 
Under  his  many  heavy  trials  he  was  submissive  and  patient.  When 
his  infirmities  had  in  u  great  measure  terminated  his  usefulness, 
he  expressed  his  desire  to  depart  and  be  with  Christ.  Ht  at  length 
calmly  resiu:ncd  his  spirit  into  the  hands  of  its  Redeemer. 

His  publications  are  the  following  ;  the  wisdom  of  God  in  the 
redemption  of  man,  1738  ;    a  sermon  at  the  artillery  election, 
1733  ;  on  evangelical  and  saving  repentance,  1741 ;  discourses  on 
Romans  viii.  14,  1743  ;  funeral  sermons  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  president  Leverett,  1724  ;  of  the  honorable  Francis  Foxcroft, 
1728  }  of  president  Wacisworth,  1737  ;  of  reverend  John  Han- 
cock, 1752;  of  the  honorable  Spencer  Phips,  1757;    of  Henry 
Flynt,   esq.    1760;     of  reverend   Dr.   Wigglesworth,   1765;    of 
president  Holyoke,  i769  ;  sermons  at  the  ordination  of  reverend 
Josiah  Cotton,  1728  ;  of  reverend  John  Sergeant,  1735  ;  of  rev- 
erend John  Sparhdwk,  1736;  of  reverend  Matthew  Bridge,  1746; 
of  reverend  O.Peabody  jun.  1750  ;  of  reverend  Stephen  Badger, 
1753;  a  sermon  at  the  general  election,  1742;  at  the  convention 
of  ministers,  1743  ;  two  discourses  on  a  fast  for  public  calamities, 
particularly  for  the  destruction  of  the  court  house,   1748  ;  on  the 
difference  between  a  legal  and  evangelical  justification,  1 749 ;  at 
the   Boston  1  cture,  1763  ;  against  profane   swearing,    1765  ;   a 
thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  conquest  of  Canada,  1 760  ;  for  the  re- 
peal of  the  stamp  act,  1766.— Wo/otm'  history  of  Cambridge  ;  Col- 
lections of  the  hist,  society^  vii.  37,  ."IQ— «63  ;  x.  158 ;    American  he- 
rald^ Feb.  23,  1784  ;  Independent  chronicle^  March  4,  1784. 

ARCHDALE  (Johm),  govemttr  of  Carolina,  was  appoihted  to 
this  office  by  the  proprietors,  after  lord  Ashjey  had  declined  ac- 
cepting it.  He  arrived  in  the  summer  of  1695.  The  settlers  re- 
ceived lum  witli  universal  joy.  The  colony  had  been  in  much  copfv  - 


'I 


ARO. 


29 


lion,  but  order  was  now  restored .  The  assembly  was  csllcdt  and  the 
governor  by  the  discreet  use  ul  hisextcntiive  powers  settled  almost  ev- 
ery public  concern  to  the  M^iistaction  oi  the  people.  The  price  oi  lauds 
and  the  iorm  of  conveyances  were  settled  by  law.  MagUtiutCH 
were  ap.iouited  lor  hearing  all  causes,  and  determining  all  difler- 
cnces  between  the  settlers  and  the  Indians.  Public  roads  were  or- 
dered to  be  made  and  wuter  passages  cut.  The  planting  of  ricr,  which 
ht>s  since  become  the  gieui  souixe  ot  the  opulence  ol  Carolina,  was 
introduced.  A  captain  o'  a  vessel  from  Madagascar  on  his  way  to 
Great  Dritain  anchored  utV  Suiiivan's  island  and  made  a  present  to 
the  governor  of  a  bag  ot  seed  rice,  which  he  had  brought  from  the 
east.  This  rice  the  governor  divided  among  some  of  his  Iriends, 
who  '\greed  to  make  an  experiment.  The  success  equalled  ti.eir 
expectation,  und  tron\  this  small  beginning  arose  the  staple  com- 
modity of  Carolina.  >  •.,  ,.  _. 

He  continued,  it  is  believed,  but  five  or  six  years  in  his  government. 
After  his  return  to  London,  he  published  u  work  entitled,  a  new  de« 
scription  of  that  fertile  and  pleasant  jirovincc  of  Carolina  with  a 
brief  account  of  its  discovery,  settling,  und  the  government  there- 
of to  this  time,  with  several  remarkable  passages  during  my  time> 
1707.     Holmea'  annala^  ii.  25,  26  ;  Hewatty  i.  1 19,  139 — 131. 

ARGAL  (Samuel),  deputy  governor  of  Virginia,  came  to  that 
colony  in  1609  to  trade  and  to  fish  for  sturgeon.  The  trade  was 
in  violation  of  the  laws  ;  but  as  the  wine  and  provisions,  which  he 
brought,  were  much  wanted,  his  conduct  was  connived  at,  and  he 
continued  to  make  voyages  for  his  own  advantage  and  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  colony.  In  1613  he  arrived  at  the  island,  now  called 
Mount  Desart,  in  the  District  of  Maine,  for  the  purpose  of  fishing, 
lind  having  discovered  a  settlement  of  the  French,  which  was  made 
two  years  before,  he  immediately  attacked  it  and  took  most  of  the 
settlers  prisoners.  Gilbert  de  Thet,  a  Jesuit  father,  was  killed  in 
the  engagement.  This  was  the  commencement  of  hostilities  be- 
tween the  French  and  English  colonists  in  America.  Captain  Ar- 
gal  soon  afterwards  sailed  from  Virginia  to  Acadie  and  destroyed 
the  French  settlements  of  St.  Croix  and  Port  Royal.  The  pretext 
for  this  hostile  expedition  in  time  of  peace  w«s  the  encroachment 
of  the  French  on  the  rights  of  the  English,  which  were  founded  on 
the  prior  discovery  of  the  (Jabots.  Argal  on  his  return  subdued 
the  Dutch  settlement  at  Hudson's  river.  In  1614  he  went  to  Eng- 
land and  returned  in  1617  as  deputy  governor.  On  his  anival  he 
found  the  public  buildings  at  James  Town  fallen  to  decay,  the  mar- 
ket place  and  streets  planted  with  tobacco,  and  the  people  of  the 
colony  dispersed  in  places,  which  they  thought  best  adapted  for 
cultivating  that  pernicious  weed.  To  restore  prosperity  to  the 
colony  captain  Argal  introduced  some  severe  regulations.  He 
prohibited  all  trade  or  familiarity  with  the  Indians.     Teaching 


1 

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30 


ARN. 


them  the  u«e  of  arms  wa»  a  crime  to  be  punished  by  death.  He 
ordered,  that  all  goods  should  be  sold  at  an  advance  of  25  pef  cent, 
and  fixed  the  prke  of  tobacco  at  three  shillings  per  pound.  None 
eould  sell  or  buy  it  at  a  different  price  under  the  penalty  of  three 
years'  imprisonment.  No  man  was  permitted  to  fire  a  gun,  be- 
fore a  new  supply  of  ammunition,  except  in  self  defence,  on  pain 
of  a  year's  slavery.  Absence  from  church  on  simdays  or  holidays 
was  punished  by  confinement  for  the  night  and  one  week's  slavery 
to  the  colony,  and  on  a  repetition  of  the  offence  the  punishment  was 
increased. 

The  rigorous  execution  of  these  laws  rendered  him  odious  in 
the  colony,  and  the  report  of  his  tyranny  and  his  depredations  upon 
the  revenues  of  the  company  reaching  England,  it  was  determined 
to  recal  him.  Lord  Delaware  was  directed  to  send  him  home  to 
answer  the  charges  brought  against  him  ;  but  as  his  lordship  did 
not  reach  Virginia,  being  summoned  away  from  life  while  on  his 
passage,  the  letter  to  him  fell  into  the  hands  of  Argal.  Perceiving 
from  it  that  the  fine  harvest,  which  now  occupied  him,  would  be 
soon  ended,  he  redoubled  his  industry.  He  multiplied  his  acts  of 
injustice,  and  before  the  arrival  of  a  new  governor  in  1619  set  sail 
in  a  vessel,  loaded  with  his  effects.  He  was  the  partner  in  trade 
of  the  earl  <rf  Warwick,  and  by  this  connexion  was  enabled  to  de- 
fraud the  company  of  the  restitution,  which  they  had  a  right  to  ex- 
pect. Nothing  more  is  known  of  Argal,  except  that  in  1 620  he 
commanded  a  ship  of  war  in  an  expedition  agsdnst  the  Algerines, 
and  that  in  1623  he  was  knighted  by  king  James. '""" 

His  character,  like  that  of  most,  who  were  concerned  in  the  gov"- 
€mment  of  Virginia,  is  differently  drawn  ;  by  some  he  is  repre- 
sented as  a  good  mariner,  a  man  of  public  spirit,  active,  industrious, 
careful  to  provide  for  the  people,  and  to  keep  them  constantly  env^ 
ployed  ;  and  by  others  he  is  described  as  negligent  of  the  public 
business^  selfish,  rapacious,  passionate,  arbitrary,  and  cruel,  push- 
ing his  unrighteous  gains  in  every  way  of  extortion  and  oppression. 
He  was,  without  question,  a  man  of  talents  and  art,  for  he  so  foil- 
ed and  perplexed  the  company,  that  they  were  never  able  to  bring 
him  to  any  account  or  punishment.— -•fl<r/*no/<'«  Mog.  ii.  5 1—63  ; 
Holmeti*  annatsi'i.  179,  191  ;    Smith  ;  Stith  ;  Hardie  i  Marshali/i. 

56,  lor. 

ARNOLD  (Benedict),  a  major  general  in  the  American  ar- 
lliy,  and  infamous  for  deserUng  the  cause  of  his  country,  was  early 
chosen  captain  of  a  volunteer  company  in  New  Haven,  Connecticut, 
where  he  lived.  After  hearing  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  he  im- 
mediately marched  with  his  company  for  the  American  head  quar- 
ters, and  reached  Cambridge  April  29,  1775.     '     '    ' 

He  immediately  wjuted  on  the  Massachusetts  committee  Of  safe- 
ty and  informed  them  of  the  defenceless  state  of  Ticonderoga. 
The  committee  appointed  luma  colonel,  and  commissioned  him  to 


ARN. 


SI 


Aise  four  hundred  inen»  and  to  take  that  fortress.  He  proceeded 
directly  to  Vermont,  and  when  he  arrived  at  Castleton  was  attend* 
ed  by  one  servant  only.  Here  he  joined  colonel  Allen,  and  on  May 
10th  the  fortress  was  taken. 

In  the  fall  of  1775  he  was  sent  by  the  commander  in  chief  to 
penetrate  through  the  wilderness  of  the  District  of  Maine  into  Ca« 
nada.  On  the  16th  of  September  he  commenced  his  march  with 
about  one  thousand  men,  consisting  of  New  England  infantry,  some 
volunteers,  a  company  of  artillery,  and  three  companies  of  riiiBemen. 
One  division  was  obliged  to  return,  or  it  would  have  perished  by 
hunger.  After  sustaining  almost  incredible  hardships  he  in  six 
weeks  arrived  at  Point  i<evi,  opposite  to  Quebec.  The  appear* 
ance  of  an  army,  emergii^  from  the  wilderness,  threw  the  city  in* 
to  the  greatest  consternation.  In  this  moment  of  surprise  Arnold 
might  probably  have  become  master  of  the  place,  but  the  small 
crafts  and  boats  in  the  river  were  removed  out  of  his  reach. 

It  seems  that  his  approach  was  not  altogether  unexpected.  He 
bad  imprudently,  a  number  of  days  before,  sent  forward  a  letter  u> 
a  friend  by  an  Indian,  who  betrayed  him.  A  delay  of  several  day* 
on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  passing  the  river  was  inevitable,  and 
the  critical  moment  was  lost. 

On  the  i4th  of  November  he  crossed  the  St.  Lawrence  in  the 
night ;  and,  asc^iding  the  precipice,  which  Wolfe  had  cKmbed 
beibi^  him,  formed  his  small  corps  on  the  height  near  the  memo- 
rable plains  of  Abraham.  With  only  about  seven  hundred  men, 
one  third  of  whose  muskets  had  been  rendered  useless  in  the  march 
through  the  wilderness,  success  could  not  be  expected.  After  pa- 
rading some  days  on  the  heights  near  the  town,  and  sending  tw» 
flags  to  summon  the  inhabitants,  he  retired  to  Point  aux  Trembles, 
twenty  miles  above  Quebec,  and  there  waited  the  arrival  of  Montr 
gomery,  who  joined  him  on  the  first  of  December.  The  city  was 
immediately  besieged^  but  the  best  measures  had  been  taken  for 
its  defence.  On  the  morning  of  the  last  day  of  the  year  an  assault 
was  made  on  the  one  side  of  the  city  by  Montgomery,  who  was  kill- 
ed. At  the  same  time  colonel  Arnold,,  at  the  head  of  about  three 
hundred  and  fifty  men,  made  a  desperate  attack  on  the  opposite  side. 
Advancing  with  the  utmost  intrepidity  along  the  St.  Charles  through 
a  narrow  path,  exposed  to  an  incessant  fire  of  grape  shot  and  mus- 
ketry, as  he  approached  the  first  barrier  he  receiA'ed  a  musket  ball 
in  the  leg,  which  shattered  the  bone  ;  and  he  was  carried  off  to  the- 
camp.  Though  the  attack  was  unsuccessful,  the  blockade  of  Que- 
bec was  continued  till  May  1776,  when  the  army,  which  was  in  no- 
condition  to  risk  an  assault,  was  removed  to  a  more  defensible 
position..  Arnold  was  compelled  to  relinquish  one  post  after 
another,  till  the  1 8th  of  June,  when  he  quitted  Canada.  After  this 
period  he  exhibited  great  bravery  in  the  command  of  the  Amcrica» 
flcel-oii  lake  Cbamplain. 


\ 


•'  t  A 


vi 


.) 


M 


1 1 


it 


A 


I  ! 


;.^i  '■ 


i     :!?    P', 


I 


u 


t 


1  ^!l.^  \ 


1«lli'll' 

'  '    1 

,    } 

J 

1 

'  #■':  :' 

1 

I"    ],\ 


:,^1 


I " 


> 

i 


•■11 


ss 


ARN. 


I 


In  August  1777  he  relieved  fort  Schuyler  under  the  counumd 
of  colonel  Gansevoort,  which  was  invested  by  colonel  St.  Leger 
with  an  army  of  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  hundred  men.  In  the 
battle  near  Stillwater,  September  the  nineteenth,  he  conducted  him* 
self  with  his  usual  intrepidity,  being  engaged  incessantly  for  four 
hours.  In  the  .action  of  October  the  seventh,  after  the  British  had 
been  driven  into  the  lines,  Arnold  pressed  forward  and  under  a 
tremendous  fire  assaulted  the  works  throughout  their  whole  extent 
from  right  to  left.  The  intrenchments  were  at  length  forced,  and 
with  a  few  men  he  actually  entered  the  works  ;  but  his  horse  be- 
ing killed,  and  he  himselt  badly  wounded  in  the  leg,  he  found  it  ne^ 
eessary  to  withdraw,  and  as  it  was  now  almost  dark  to  desist  from 
the  attack. 

Being  rendered  unfit  for  active  service  in  consequence  of  his 
wound,  after  the  recovery  of  Philadelphia  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  American  garrison.  When  he  entered  the  city, 
he  made  the  house  of  governor  Penn,  the  best  house  in  the  city, 
his  head  quarters.  This  he  furnished  in  a  very  costly  manner,  and 
lived  far  beyond  his  income.  He  had  wasted  the  plunder,  which 
he  had  seized  at  Montreal  in  his  retreat  from  Canada  ;  and  at  Phi- 
ladelphia he  was  determined  to  make  new  acquisidons.  He  laid 
his  hands  on  every  thing  in  the  city,  which  could  be  considered  as 
the  property  of  those,  who  were  unfriendly  to  the  cause  of  his  couo' 
try.  He  was  charged  with  oppression,  extortion,  and  enormous 
charges  upon  the  public  in  his  accounts,  and  with  applying  the  pub- 
lie  money  and  property  to  his  own  private  use.  Such  was  his  con- 
duct, that  he  drew  upon  himself  the  odium  of  the  inhabitants  not 
only  of  the  city,  but  of  the  province  in  general.  He  was  engaged 
in  trading  speculations  and  had  shares  in  several  privateers,  but  was 
unsuccessful. 

From  the  judgment  of  the  commissioners,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed to  inspect  his  accounts,  and  who  had  rejected  above  half 
the  amount  of  his' demands,  he  appealed  to  congress  ;  {^nd  they  ap- 
pointed a  committee  of  their  own  body  to  examine  and  settle  the 
business.  The  committee  confirmed  the  report  of  the  commis- 
sioners, and  thought  they  had  allowed  him  more,  than  he  had  any 
right  to  expect  or  demand.  By  these  disappointments  he  became 
irritated  and  he  gave  full  scope  to  his  resentment.  His  invectives 
against  congress  were  not  less  violent,  than  those,  which  he  had  be- 
fore thrown  out  against  the  commissioners.  He  was  however  soon 
obliged  to  abide  the  judgment  of  a  court  martial  upon  the  charges, 
exhibited  agjainst  him  by  the  executive  of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  was 
subjected  to  the  mortification  of  receiving;  a  reprimand  from  Wash- 
ington. His  trial  commenced  in  June  1778,  but  such  were  the  de- 
lays occasioned  by  the  movements  of  the  army,  that  it  was  not  con- 
eluded  until  the  26th  of  January  1779.  The  sentence  of  a  repri- 
mand was  approved  by  congress,  and  v.'as  soon  afterwards  carried 
into  execution  .> 


!  ! 


ARN. 


33 


Snch  was  the  humiliation,  to  which  general  Arnold  was  reduc- 
ed in  consequence  of  yielding  to  the  temptations  of  pride  and  van- 
ity,  and  indulging  himself  in  the  pleasures  of  a  snmptuous  table 
and  expensive  equipage. 

From  this  time  probably  his  proud  spirit  revolted  from  the  cause 
of  America.  He  turned  his  eyes  to  West  Point  as  an  acquisition^ 
which  would  give  value  to  treason,  while  its  loss  would  inflict  a 
mortal  wound  on  his  former  friends.  He  addressed  himself  to  the 
delegation  of  New  York,  in  which  state  his  reputation  was  pecul- 
iarly high,  and  a  member  of  congress  from  this  state  recommend- 
ed him  to  Washington  for  the  service,  which  he  desired.  But  this 
request  could  not  be  immediately  complied  with.  The  same  ap- 
plication to  the  commander  in  chief  was  made  not  long  afterwards 
through  general  Schuyler.  Washington  observed,  that  as  there 
tras  a  prospect  of  an  active  campaign  he  should  be  gratified  with 
the  aid  of  general  Arnold  in  the  field,  but  intimated  at  the  same 
time,  that  he  should  receive  the  appointment  requested,  if  it  should 
be  more  pleasing  to  him. 

Arnold  without  discovering  much  solicitude  repaired  to  camp  in 
the  beginning  of  August,  and  renewed  in  person  the  solicitations, 
vfhich  had  been  before  indirectly  made.  He  was  now  offered  the 
command  of  the  left  wing  of  the  army,  which  was  advancing  a- 
gainst  New  York,  but  he  declined  it  under  the  pretext,  that  in  con* 
sequence  of  his  wounds,  he  was  unable  to  perform  the  active  duties 
of  the  field.  Without  a  suspicion  of  his  patriotism  he  was  invest- 
ed with  the  command  of  West  Point.  Previously  to  his  soliciting; 
this  station,  he  had  in  a  letter  to  colonel  Robinson  signified  his 
change  of  principles  and  his  wish  to  restore  himself  to  the  iavor 
of  his  prince  by  some  signal  proof  of  his  repentance.  This  let- 
ter opened  to  him  a  correspondence  with  sir  Henry  Clinton,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  concert  the  means  of  putting  the  impor- 
tant post,  which  he  commandedi  into  the  possession  of  the  Biitish 
general. 

His  plan,  it  is  believed,  was  to  have  drawn  the  greater  part  of 
his  army  without  the  works  under  the  pretext  of  fighting  the 
enemy  in  the  defiles,  and  to  have  left  unguarded  a  designated  pass, 
through  which  the  assidlants  might  securely  approach  and  surprise 
the  fortress.  His  troops  he  intended  to  place,  so  that  they  would 
be  compelled  to  surrender,  or  be  cut  in  pieces.  But  just  as  his 
scheme  was  ripe  for  execution  the  wise  Disposer  of  events,  who 
so  often  and  so  remarkably  inteq)osed  in  favor  of  the  American 
eause,  blasted  his  designs. 

Major  Andr^,  after  his  detection,  was  permitted  to  send  a  mes- 
sage to  Arnold  to  give  him  notice  of  his  danger ;  and  the  traitor 
found  opportunity  to  escape  on  board  the  Vulture  on  the  25th  of 
September,  1780,  a  few  hours  before  the  return  of  Washington, 
who  had  been  absent  on  a  joumej  to  Hartford,  Connecticut.    It  isv 

5 


n 


i<i;i 


i«.mii 


I 


\S. 


t!  ,      ! 


34 


ARN. 


I  i 


m 

in 

i   : 


supposed  however,  that  he  would  not  have  escaped,  had  not  an 
express  to  the  commander  in  chief,  with  an  account  of  the  capture 
of  Andre,  missed  him  by  taking  a  difterent  road  from  the  one, 
which  he  travelled. 

Arnold  on  the  very  day  of  his  escape  wrote  a  letter  to  Washing, 
ton,  declaring  that  the  love  of  his  country  had  governed  him  iti 
his  late  conduct,  and  requesting  him  to  protect  Mrs.  Arnold.     She 
was  conveyed  to  her  husband  at  New  York,  and  his  clothes  and 
baggage,  for  which  he   had  written,  were  transmitted  to  him. 
During  the  exertions,  wliich  were  made  to  rescue  Andr£  from  the 
destruction,  which  threatened  him,  Arnold  had  the  hardihood  to 
interpose.     He  apj^ealed  to  the  humanity  of  the  commander  in 
chief,  and  then  sought  to  intimidate  him  by  stating  the  situation  of 
many  of  the  principal  characters  of  South  Carolina,  who  had  for- 
feited their  lives,  but  had  hitherto  been  spared  through  the  clem- 
ency  of  the  British  general.      This  clemency,  he  said,  could  no 
longer  in  justice  be  extended  to  them,  should  major  Andr6  suffer. 
Arnold  was  made  a  brigadier  general  in  the  British  service  ; 
which  rank  he  preserved  throughout  the  war.      Yet  he  must  have 
been  held  in  contempt  and  detestation  by  the  generous  and  honor- 
able.     It  was  impossible  for  men  of  this  description,  even  when 
acting  with  him,  to  forget  that  he  was  a  traitor,  first  the  slave  of 
his  rage,  then  purchased  with  gold,  and  finally  secured  by  the 
blood  of  one  of  the  most  accomplished  officers  in  the  British 
army.     One  would  suppose,  that  his  mind  could  not  have  been 
much  at  ease  ;  but  he  had  proceeded  so  far  in  vice,  that  perhaps 
his  reflections  gave  him  but  little  trouble.    "  I  am  mistaken,"  says 
Washington  in  a  private  letter,  "  if  at  thi»  time  Arnold  is  under* 
going  the  torments  of  a  mental  hell.    He  wants  feeling.     From 
some  traits  of   his  character,    wliich  have  lately  come  to  my 
knowledge,  he  seems  to  have  been  so  hacknied  in  crime,  so  lost 
to  all  sense  of  honor  and  shame,  that  while  his  faculties  still  enable 
bim  to  continue  his  sordid  pursuits,  there  will  be  no  time  for 
remorse." 

Arnold  found  it  necessary  to  make  some  exertions  to  secure  the 
attachment  of  his  new  friends.  With  the  hope  of  alluring  many 
of  the  discontented  to  his  standard,  he  published  an  address  to 
the  inhabitants  of  America,  in  which  he  endeavoured  to  justify  his 
conduct.  He  had  encountered  the  dangers  of  the  field,  he  said, 
from  apprehension,  that  the  rights  of  his  country  were  in  danger. 
He  had  acquiesced  in  the  declaration  of  independence,  though  he 
thought  it  precipitate.  But  the  rejection  of  the  overtures,  made 
by  Great  Britain  in  1778,  and  the  French  alliance  had  opened  hia 
eyes  to  the  ambitious  views  of  those,  who  would  sacrifice  the 
happiness  of  their  country  to  their  own  aggrandizement,  and  had 
made  him  a  confirmed  loyalist.  He  artfully  mingled  assertions, 
that  the  principal  members  of  congress  held  the  people  in  sove* 
reign  contempt. 


This  was  foIl( 

dressed  "  to  the  t 

have  the  real  int< 

mined  to  be  no 

France."     To  ini 

the  cause*  which  \ 

of  cavalry  and  iuf 

be  upon  the  same 

service  ;  that  he  s 

he  had  ^vitnessed 

should  receive  a  b< 

die  full  value  for  li 

was  the  peace,  lib< 

liberty,"  he  excLi 

of  it  saving  your  ( 

write  what  he  thin] 

your  property,  \m\ 

battle,  and  is  daili 

«  What,"  he  excla 

ows,  orphans,  and  I 

the  continental  arm 

funds  of  your  coui 

applied  them  to  the 

no  longer  continue 

you  have  hitjierto  I 

with  equal  indiffere 

of  others,  is  devour 

their  colors  will  be 

These  proclamati 

all  the  hardships,  s 

remains  the  solitan 

doned  the  side  first" 

upon  his  former  con 

He  was  soon  disp 

sion  in  Virginia.     \ 

in  the  Chesapeak  in 

naval  force,  as  was  si 

extensive  ravages  on 

It  IS  said,  that  while 

American  captain,  w 

cans  would  do  with  h 

officer  replied,  that 

with  the  honors  of  v 

gibbets. 

After  his  recal  fron 
his  native  state  of  Coj 

I  ber  the  sixth  with  ino 


ARN. 


35 


This  was  followed  in  about  a  fortnight  by  a  proclamatibn,  ad- 
dressed "  to  the  oiRcers  and  soldiers  of  the  continental  army,  who 
have  the  real  interest  of  their  country  at  heart,  and  who  are  deter- 
mined to  be  no  longer  the  tools  and  dupes  of  congress  or  of 
France."     To  induce  the  American  officers  and  soldiers  to  desert 
the  cause*  which  they  had  embraced,  he  represented  that  the  corps 
of  cavalry  and  infantry,  which  he  was  authorized  to  raise,  would 
be  upon  the  same  footing  with  the  other  troops  in  the  British 
service  ;  that  he  should  with  pleasure  advance  those,  whose  valor 
he  had  witnessed ;    and  that  the  private  men,  who  joined  him, 
should  receive  a  bounty  of  three  guineas  each,  besides  payment  at 
the  full  value  for  horses,  arms,  and  accoutrements.      His  object 
was  the  peace,  liberty,  and  safety  of  America.    ''  You  are  promised 
liberty,"  he  excUims,  *'  but  is  there  an  individual  hi  the  enjoyment 
of  it  saving  your  oppressors^    Who  among  you  dare   speak  or 
write  what  he  thinks  against  the  tyranny,  which  has  robbed  you  of 
your  property,  imprisons  your  persons,  drags  you  to  the  field  of 
battle,  and  is  daily  deluging  your  country  with  your  blood  ?"— 
«  What,"  he  exclaims  again,  "  is  America  now  but  a  land  of  wid- 
ows, orphans,  and  beggars  ?  As  to  you,  who  have  been  soldiers  in 
the  continental  army,  can  you  at  tliis  day  want  evidence,  that  the 
funds  of  your  country  are  exhausted,  or  tliat  tlie  managers  have 
applied  them  to  their  private  uses  ?  In  either  case  you  surely  can 
no  longer  continue  in  their  service  with  honor  or  advantage.    Yet 
you  have  hitlierto  been  their  supporters  in  that  cruelty,  which 
with  equal  indifference  to  yours  as  well  as  to  the  labor  and  blood 
of  others,  is  devouring  a  country,  that  from  the  moment  you  quit 
their  colors  will  be  redeemed  from  their  tyranny." 

These  proclamations  did  not  produce  the  effect  designed,  and  in 
all  the  hardships,  sufferings,  and  irritations  of  the  war  Arnold 
remains  the  solitary  instance  of  an  American  officer,  who  aban- 
doned the  side  first  embraced  in  the  contest,  and  turned  his  sword 
upon  his  former  companions  in  arms. 

He  was  soon  dispatched  by  sir  Henry  Clinton  to  make  a  diver- 
sion in  Virginia.  With  about  seventeen  hundred  men  he  arrived 
in  the  Chesapeak  in  January  1781,  and  being  supported  by  such  a 
naval  force,  as  was  suited  to  the  nature  of  the  service,  he  committed 
cxtei)sive  ravages  on  the  rivers  and  along  the  unprotected  coasts. 
It  is  said,  that  while  on  tins  expedition  Arnold  inquired  of  an 
American  captain,  whom  he  had  taken  prisoner,  wliat  the  Ameri- 
cans would  do  with  him,  if  he  should  fall  into  their  hands.  The 
officer  replied,  that  they  would  cut  off  his  lame  leg  and  bury  it 
with  the  honors  of  war,  and  hang  tli«  remainder  of  his  body  in 
gibbets. 

After  his  recal  from  Virginiahe  conducted  an  expedition  against 
his  native  state  of  Connecticut.  He  took  fort  Trumbull  Septem- 
ber the  sixth  with  inconsiderable  loss.     On  the  other  side  of  the 


u  j-^ll  ?'|^h  \ 


C.fe 


30 


ASH. 


,  W.1 


hari)orlieutenant  colonel  Eyre,  who  commanded  another  detach, 
ment,  made  an  assault  on  fort  Griswold,  and  with  the  greatest 
difficulty  entered  the  works.  An  officer  of  the  conquering  troops 
asked,  who  commanded.  *'  I  did,"  answered  colonel  Ledyard, 
"  but  you  do  now,"  and  presented  him  his  sword,  wliich  was  in- 
stantly plunged  into  his  own  bosom.  A  merciless  slaughter  com- 
menced upon  the  brave  garrison,  who  had  ceased  to  resist,  until 
the  greater  part  were  either  killed  or  wounded.  After  burning  the 
town  and  the  stores,  which  were  in  it,  and  thus  thickening  the  lau- 
rels,  with  which  his  brow  was  adorned,  Arnold  returned  to  New 
York  in  eight  days. 

From  the  conclusion  of  the  war  till  his  death  general  Arnold  re- 
aided  chiefly  in  England.  He  died  in  Gloucester  place,  London, 
June  14,  1801.  His  character  presents  little  to  be  commended. 
His  daring  courage  may  indeed  excite  admiration  ;  but  it  was  a 
courage  without  reflection  and  without  principle.  He  fought  brave- 
ly for  his  country  atid  he  bled  in  her  cause  ;  but  his  country  owed 
him  no  returns  of  gratitude,  for  his  subsequent  conduct  proved, 
that  he  had  no  honest  regard  to  her  interests,  but  was  governed  by 
selfish  considerations.  His  progress  from  self  indulgence  to  trea- 
son was  easy  and  rapid.  He  was  vain  and  luxurious,  and  to  gratify 
his  gidtly  desires  he  must  resort  to  meanness,  dishonesty,  and  ex- 
tortion. These  vices  brought  with  them  disgrace ;  and  the  con- 
tempt, into  which  he  fell,  awakened  a  spirit  of  revenge,  and  left 
him  to  the  unrestrained  influence  of  his  cupidity  and  passion. 
Thus  from  the  high  fame,  to  which  his  bravery  had  elevated  him, 
he  descended  into  infamy.  Thus  too  he  furnished  new  evidence 
of  the  infatuation  of  the  human  mind  in  attaching  such  value  to  the 
Imputation  of  a  soldier,  which  may  be  obtained  while  the  heart  is 
unsound  and  every  moral  sentiment  is  entirely  depraved.— ./^nnua^ 
register  for  1781",  37—49,73  ;  MarahalPt  life  off  Washingtm^'vi , 
971—290  ;  Warren*a  hiatory  off  the  American  toar  ;  Holmes*  annaliy 
li.  340,  460  ;  S  edman,  i.  138,  336  ;  ii.  247  ;  Gordon^  ii.  3,  128, 
165, 463  ;  iu.  480  ;  Iv.  115,  178  ;  Jmer.  museum^  ix.  144. 

ASHLEY  (Jonathan),  minister  of  Deerfield^  Massachusetts, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1730,  and  was  ordained  in  1738. 
He  died  in  1780  in  the  68th  year  of  his  age.  He  possessed  a 
strong  and  discerning  mind  and  lively  imagination,  and  was  a  pun- 
ICent  and  energetic  preacher.  He  proclaimed  the  doctrines  of 
grace  with  a  pathos,  which  was  the  effect,  not  merely  of  his  assent  to 
tiieir  divine  authority,  but  of  a  deep  sense  and  lively  view  of  their 
importance  and  excellency  .>— He  published  a  sermon  on  visible 
saints,  vindicating  Mr.  Stoddard's  sentiments  respecting^  church 
membership ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  reverend  John  Norton, 
Deerfield,  1741 ;  the  great  duty  of  charity,  a  sermon,  Boston,  1742; 
H  letter  to  William  Cooper,  XJiS^f^Redem,  cafittvct  6th  ed,  ^18. 


BACKUS  (Ci 
Norwich,  Conne 
hood,  but,  as  he  ( 
sisted  him  to  a  Ii 
lege  in  1769.  I 
Dr.  Hart,  of  Pre 
charge  of  the  ch 
his  death,  Dec.  3 
yeurs. 

In  the  last  yeai 
us  was  impressed 
been  immoral  he 
sight  of  God.     E 
fjospel,  particular 
dependence  of  mi 
to  renew  his  hean 
was  brought  to  an 
fied  Redeemer.    ] 
reconciled  unto  G 
Under  the  afflictic 
Father  in  heaven, 
preacher.    He  kr 
with  the  greatest  c 
Redeemer,  and  en 
which  no  man  can 
,  blessed  to  the  eve 
of  peculiar  attenti 
was  eminent  as  a  t 
nence  as  an  instru 
for  the  christian  m 
of  his  theological 
churches.  In  his  h 
The  last  words,  wl 
God  in  the  highest 
In  his  short  jour 
have  looked  round 
myself  as  among  th 
to  maintain  a  chant 
that  amidst  all  my  i 
my  charge.     Since 
sons  clearer  views 
pcndence  on  sovere 
I  hope,  that  now  I 
He  published  a  c 
on  regeneration.— ( 
BACKUS  (IsAA 
chusetts,  was  born 


1';  ,1 


BAG. 


^7 


BAtlKUS  (Chaelbs,  d.  t.%  mi  eminetit  minister,  was  hotn  in 
)}orwtch,  ConnecUcut,  in  1749.  He  lost  his  parents  in  hischild-* 
hood,  but,  as  he  early  discovered  a  love  of  science,  his  friends  as- 
sifltcd  him  to  a  liberal  education.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  col- 
lege in  1769.  His  theological  education  was  under  the  reverend 
Dr.  Hart' of  Preston.  In  1774  he  was  ordained  to  the  pastoral 
charge  of  the  church  in  Somers,  and  he  remained  in  this  town  till 
his  death,  Dec.  30,  1803,  af^er  a  faithful  ministry  of  more  than  29 

years. 

In  the  last  year  of  his  residence  at  college  the  mind  of  Dr.  Back* 
U9  was  impressed  by  divine  truth,  and  although  his  conduct  had  not 
been  immoral  he  was  deeply  convinced  of  his  sinfulness  in  the 
sight  of  God.  He  was  for  a  time  opposed-to  the  doctrines  of  thtf 
gospel,  particularly  to  the  doctrine  of  the  atonement,  and  of  the 
dependence  of  man  upon  the  special  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
to  renew  his  heart.  But  at  length  his  pride  Was  humbled,  and  he 
was  brought  to  an  acquaintance  with  the  way  of  salvation  by  a  cruci-' 
Hed  Redeemer.  From  this  time  he  indulged  the  hope,  that  he  was 
reconciled  unto  God.  He  was  a  humble  and  exemplary  christian. 
Under  the  afflictions  of  life  he  quietly  submitted  to  the  will  of  his 
Father  in  heaven.  He  was  a  plain,  evangelical,  and  impressive 
preacher.  He  knew  the  worth  of  immortal  souls,  and  he  taught 
with  the  greatest  clearness  the  way  of  salvation  through  faith  in  thd 
Redeemer,  and  enforced  upon  his  hearers  that  holiness,  without 
which  no  man  can  jsee  the  Lord.  During  his  ministry,  which  was 
blessed  to  the  everlasting  good  of  many,  there  were  four  seasons 
of  peculiar  attention  to  religion  among  his  people.  Dr.  Backus 
was  eminent  as  a  theologian.  His  retired  situation,  and  his  emi- 
nence as  an  instructor  drew  around  him  many,  who  were  designed' 
for  the  christian  ministry.  Near  fifty  young  men  were  members 
of  his  theological  school,  most  of  whoni  are  now  pastors  in  the' 
churches.  In  his  last  sickness  he  had  much  of  the  divine  presence. 
The  last  words,  which  he  was  heard  to  whisper,  were  "  gloiy  ttf 
God  in  the  highest,  and  on  earth  peace,  good  will  toward  men.** 

In  his  short  journal,  which  he  left  behind  him,  he  says,  <*  as  t 
have  looked  round  on  my  fellow  christians,  I  have  ever  accounted 
myself  as  among  the  chief  of  sinners,  and  have  found  it  much  easier 
to  maintain  a  charitable  hope  for  them  than  for  myself —I  hope 
that  amidst  all  my  wickedness  I  have  not  forgotten  the  weight  of 
my  charge.  Since  I  have  been  in  the  ministry,  I  have  had  at  sea- 
sons clearer  views  of  my  own  corruptions  and  of  my  absolute  de- 
pendence on  sovereign  grace,  than  at  any  former  period  of  my  life. 
I  hope,  that  now  I  know  in  whom  I  have  believed." 

He  published  a  century  sermon,  1801,  and  a  volume  of  sermons 
on  regeneration^— Connec/£cM/  evang.  magazine^  iv. 

BACKUS  (Isaac),  a  distinguished  baptist  minister  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  at  Norwich  in  Connecticut,  January  the  twenii- 


'« ' 


m. 


■i! 


1   I 


ft 


1  i'.' 


;'.! 


1  "*♦! 


■,    V 


mm-  ^'1  'lis  nH'  <i  i 


Wl 


St 


m ,'' 


.'..1 


38 


BAC. 


eth,  1724.  In  1741,  a  year  memorable  for  the  revival  of  religion, 
which  took  place  through  this  country,  hin  attention  was  first 
arrested  by  the  concerns  of  another  world,  and  he  was  brought,  as 
he  believed,  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus.  In 
1746  he  commenced  preaching  the  gospel,  and  April  13,  1748  he 
was  ordained  first  minister  of  a  cdngregational  church  in  Titicut 
precinct,  in  the  town  of  Middleborough,  Massachusetts.  This 
society  was  formed  in  February  1743  in  consequence  of  disputes 
with  regard  to  the  settlement  of  a  minister.  The  members  of  it 
wished  for  a  minister  of  different  sentiments  from  the  man,  who 
was  settled,  and  as  they  could  not  obtain  a  dismission  from  the 
church  by  an  ecclesiastical  council,  at  the  end  of  five  years  they 
withdrew  without  this  sanction,  and  formed  a  church  by  themselves 
in  Febrxiary  1748.  Mr.  Backus  was  soon  ordained  their  minister. 
The  society,  however,  was  not  permitted  now  to  rest  in  peace,  for 
they  were  taxed  with  the  other  inhabitants  of  the  town  for  the 
purpose  of  building  a  new  meeting  house  for  the  first  church. 

In  1749  a  number  of  the  members  of  Mr.  Backus'  church  altered 
their  sentiments  with  regard  to  baptism,  and  obtsdned  an  exemp< 
tion  from  the  congregational  t&\  ;  and  he  at  length  united  with 
them  in  opinion.  He  was  baptized  byimmersion  in  August  1751. 
For  some  years  afterwards  he  held  communion  with  those,  who 
Vere  baptized  in  infancy,  but  perceiving  that  this  implied  an 
acknowledgment,  that  baptism  by  sprinkling  was  valid,  which  he 
could  not  admit,  he  withdrew  from  this  intercourse  with  christians 
of  other  denominations.  A  baptist  church  was  formed  January 
16,  1756,  and  he  was  installed  its  pastor  June  23  of  the  same  year 
by  ministers  from  Boston  and  Rehoboth.  In  this  relation  he 
continued  through  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  November 
20,  1806,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  ministry  and  the  83d  year  of 
his  age.  He  had  been  enabled  to  preach  undl  the  spring  before 
his  death,  when  )ie  expeiienced  a  paralytic  stroke,  which  deprived 
him  of  speech,  and  of  the  use  of  his  limbs. 

Mr.  Backus  was  a  plain,  evangelical  preacher.  His  sermons 
were  stored  with  scripture  truths.  To  his  exertions  the  baptist 
churches  in  America  owe  not  a  little  of  their  present  flourishing 
condition.  He  was  ever  a  zealous  friend  to  the  equal  rights  of 
christians.  When  the  congress  met  at  Philadelphia  in  1774,  he 
was  sent  as  an  agent  from  the  baptist  churches  of  the  Warren 
association  to  suppoit  their  claims  to  the  same  equal  liberties, 
which  ought  to  be  given  to  every  denomination.  On  the  14th  of 
October  he  had  a  conference  with  the  Massachusetts  delegation 
and  others,  at  which  he  contended  only  for  the  same  privileges, 
which  were  given  to  the  churches  in  Boston  ;  and  he  received 
the  promise,  that  the  rights  of  the  baptists  should  be  regarded. 
On  his  return,  as  a  report  had  preceded  him,  that  he  had  been 
attempting  to  break  up  Uie  union  of  the  colonies,  he  addressed 


BAC. 


39 


himself  to  the  convention  of  Massachusetts  Dec.  9,  and  a  Tote 
was  passed,  declaring  his  conduct  to  have  been  correct.  When 
the  convention  of  Massachusetts  in  1779  took  into  consideration 
the  constitution  oi  that  state,  the  subject  of  tlie  extent  of  the  civil 
power  in  regard  to  religion  naturally  presented  itself,  and  in  the 
course  of  debate  the  perfect  correctness  cf  the  baptist  memorial) 
which  was  read  at  Philadelphia,  was  wMiicd  in  question.  In 
consequence  of  which  Mr.  Backus  published  in  the  Chronicle  of 
Dec.  ?,  1 779  a  narrative  of  his  proceedings  as  baptist  agent,  and 
brought  arguments  against  an  article  in  the  bill  of  rights  of  the 
constitution  of  Massachusetts.  He  believed,  that  the  civil  author- 
ity had  no  right  to  require  men  to  support  a  teacher  of  piety, 
morality,  and  religion,  or  to  attend  public  worship ;  that  the  church 
ought  to  have  no  connexion  with  the  state  ;  that  the  kingdom  of 
the  Lord  Jesus  was  not  of  this  world,  and  was  not  dependent  on 
the  kingdoms  of  this  world ;  and  that  the  subject  of  religion 
should  be  left  endrely  to  the  consciences  of  men. 

The  publications  of  Mr.  Backus  are  more  numerous,  than  those 
of  any  other  baptist  writer  in  America.  He  published  a  discourse 
on  the  nature  and  necessity  of  an  internal  call  to  preach  the  ever- 
lasting gospel,  1754;  true  faith  will  produce  good  works,  a  discourse 
on  faith,  with  some  remarks  on  Mr.  Sandeman's  writings,  1767  ; 
a  discourse,  shewing  that  believers  only  are  the  matter  of  Christ's 
visible  church,  that  Christ  instituted  none  but  particular  churches, 
to  be  composed  of  persons  capable  of  giving  an  account  of  the 
work  of  regeneration,  that  the  power  of  approving  and  ordmning 
ministers  belongs  to  the  church,  the  officers  in  ordination  acting 
not  by  inherent  power  but  by  the  appointment  of  the  church,  and 
that  civil  and  ecclesiastical  power  should  be  kept  distinct,  1773  ; 
anumber  of  pieces  in  the  newspapers  on  the  principles  of  toleration^ 
Sec.  and  a  number  of  sermons  and  tracts,  whose  titles  have  not 
been  ascertained.  Some  of  the  principal  ministers  of  the  baptist 
persuasion  requested  him  in  1771  to  write  a  history  of  their 
churches.  He  yielded  to  their  importunity,  and  from  that  period 
devoted  much  time  to  the  examination  of  the  records  of  the  united 
colonies,  which  are  deposited  at  Plymouth,  and  of  the  colonies  of 
Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  und  Connecticut.  After 
having  pursued  his  researches  in  various  directions,  he  published 
in  1777  the  first  volume  of  his  church  history  of  New  England, 
containing  an  account  of  the  religious  affairs  of  the  country  and  of 
the  oppressions  therein,  with  a  particular  history  of  the  baptist 
churches  in  the  five  states  of  New  England.  The  second  volume 
of  this  work  was  published  in  1784,  and  the  third  in  1796.  An 
abridgment  of  the  whole,  brought  down  to  1804,  was  published  in 
that  year,  when  the  author  was  80  years  of  age. 

Little  can  be  said  in  commendation  of  this  church  history  of 
>^ew  England.    It  conta'uis  indeed  a  great  many  facts,  for  which 


■ 

! 

1 

i 

it  i 

'1 

f 

J 

I 

p 

l.^ 

1 

$\p  '•?  ^ 


i';.  ''1^:^ 


^r 


*S5   I 


>i  i 


40 


BAC. 


th«  public  !•  indebted  to  the  patient  industry  of  Ute  writer,  and  it 
muit  be  a  very  valuable  work  to  the  baptists,  as  it  presents  a  minute 
account  of  almost  every  church  of  that  denomination  in  New  Kng. 
land.  But  these  facts  are  combined  without  much  attention  to  the 
eonnexion,  which  ought  to  subsist  between  them,  and  the  author 
shows  himself  too  much  under  the  influence  of  the  seal  of  party. 
Yet  he  seems  to  have  been  a  pious,  good  man.  He  adhered  to  the 
great  religious  principles  of  the  fathers  of  New  England,  and  con- 
tended earnestly  for  what  are  called  the  doctrines  of  the  reformation. 
He  embraced  from  his  heart  the  calvinistic  construction  of  the 
scriptures.  A  few  months  before  his  death  he  wrote  to  a  friend, 
"  when  God  first  called  me  to  preach  the  gospel,  he  said,  my  grace 
is  sufficient  for  thee  ;  and  I  have  ever  found  it  so."— Afcr««a.  ba/itUt 
mitaionary  magazine^  i.  287,  388  ;  Backut*  church hiatorifym.  139.. 
141  ;  Baekua*  abridgment ^  309,  214. 

BACON  (Nathaniel),  an  insurgent  in  Virginia,  was  educate*) 
at  the  Inns  of  court  in  England,  and  after  lus  arrival  in  this  country 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  council.  He  was  a  young  man  of 
fine  accomplishments)  of  an  interesting  countenance,  and  of 
impressive  eloquence.  The  trade  with  the  Indians  in  1676  being 
somewhat  interrupted,  the  people  complained,  and  were  disposed 
to  throw  the  blame  upon  the  government.  These  murmurings 
were  echoed  by  Bacon,  and  while  he  complimented  the  people,  for 
their  discernment  of  the  causes  of  their  troubles,  he  suggested  that 
better  measures  might  be  adopted,  and  that  he  could  open  agwi  the 
avenues  to  trade.  He  proposed  to  lead  them  against  the  Indians.  The 
ears  of  the  multitude  were  soothed  by  his  promises  and  delighted 
with  his  oratory,  and  they  unanimously  elected  him  their  general. 
He  sent  for  a  commission  to  governor  Berkeley,  but  was  ordered  to 
dismiss  his  men  with  the  threat  of  otherwise  being  declared  a  rebel. 
Intoxicated  with  the  command  given  him.  Bacon  soon  afterwards 
marched  to  Janves  Town  at  the  head  of  six  hundred  vohmteers,  and 
presented  himself  at  the  door  of  the  house,  in  which  the  assembly 
was  sitting,  and  offered  his  cisums  for  the  commission,  which  he  de* 
sired.  The  governor  refused  to  consent  to  any  of  his  demands, 
and  bared  his  breast  to  the  insurgents,  telling  them  to  proceed  to 
violence,  if  their  courage  would  permit  them.  But  the  assembly, 
the  members  of  which  were  less  firm,  prepared  a  commission,  con* 
stituting  Bacon  general  of  the  forces,  and  with  much  difficulty  per* 
suaded  the  governor  to  sign  it.  As  soon,  however,  as  the  new  gen* 
eral  had  removed  to  such  a  distance,  as  to  enable  the  assembly  to 
deliberate  in  safety,  the  governor  was  directed  to  issue  a  proclama* 
tion  against  Bacon,  declaring  him  a  rebel,  and  requiring  his  follow* 
ers  to  surrender  him,  and  disperse  themselves.  Instead  of  obeying 
this  order  they  marched  back  to  James  Town,  and  obliged  the  gov- 
ernor to  flee.  Bacon  soon  called  a  convention,  and  it  was  agreed  to 
i*equirc  of  the  people  a  new  oath  of  obedience  to  the  general,  and  un- 


BAI. 


41 


dcr  pretence  of  the  f^overnor's  abdication  he  issued  wiits  for  a  new 
a<iscn)l)ly.  A  civil  war  now  cointncnccd,  and  scvtrral  skiiniishet 
t'v>k  place,  ill  which  u  minibcr  of  persons  were  killed.  One  of 
Bacon's  captains  burned  James  Town,  und  the  country  was  threat- 
ened with  the  greatest  evils ;  when,  in  the  midst  ol'  these  incrc.Hing 
calamities,  Hacon  died  suddenly  in  January  1677.  Peace  und  order 
were  soon  afterwards  restored.  This  rebellion  cost  the  colony  one 
hiiiidred  thousand  potuuls,  and  it  gave  the  colonists  an  instructive 
lesson  on  tli'*  advantages  of  obedience  to  law.— AV/4/i'«  hitt.  of  Fiv 

pniuji 56 62;   Holmea*  annala^'i.   436;   Chtilmrra^  i.  332— 335  j 

Beverly^  105  ;    Wynne,  ii.  223,  223  ;  Mar^fialU  i.  198 — 201. 

BAILY  (John),  an  excellent  minister  in  Boston,  was  born  Feb, 
24,  1644  in  Lancashire,  England,  l-'rom  his  earliest  years  his 
niind  seems  to  have  been  impressed  by  the  truths  of  religion. 
While  he  was  yet  very  young,  his  mother  one  day  persuaded  him 
to  lead  the  devotions  of  the  family.  When  his  father,  who  was  a 
very  dissolute  man,  heard  of  it,  his  heart  was  touched  with  a  sense 
of  his  sin  in  the  neglect  of  this  duty,  and  he  became  afterwards  an 
eminent  christian. 

After  having  been  carefully  instructed  in  classical  learning,  he 
commenced  preaching  the  gospel  alx>ut  the  age  of  22.  He  soon 
went  to  Ireland,  where  by  frequent  labors  he  much  injured  his 
health,  which  was  never  perfectly  restored.  He  spent  about  14 
years  of  his  life  at  Limerick,  and  was  exceedingly  blessed  in  his 
exertions  to  turn  me:,  from  darkness  to  light.  He  was  governed 
by  the  single  desire  of  promoting  the  glory  of  his  master  ux  ad- 
vancing the  interests  of  holiness.  Yet,  while  in  this  plac«  as  well 
as  previously,  he  was  persecuted  by  men,  who  were  contending  for 
form  and  ceremony  in  violation  of  the  precepts  and  the  spirit  of  the 
gospel. 

While  he  was  a  young  man  he  often  travelled  far  by  night  to 
enjoy  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel,  privately  administered  in  dis- 
senting congregations,  and  for  this  presumptuous  offence  he  was 
sometimes  thrown  into  Lancashire  jail. 

As  soon  as  he  began  to  preach,  his  fidelity  was  tried,  and  he  suf- 
fered  imprisonment  because  in  his|conscience  he  could  not  conform 
to  the  established  church. 

While  at  Limerick  a  deanery  was  offered  him,  if  he  would  con- 
form, with  the  promise  of  a  bishopric  upon  the  first  vacancy.  But 
disdaining  worldly  things,  when  they  came  in  competition  with 
duty  to  his  Savior  and  the  purity  of  divine  worship,  he  rejected  the 
offer  in  true  disinterestedness  and  elevation  of  spirit.  But  neither 
this  proof,  that  he  was  intent  on  higher  objects  than  this  world  pre- 
sents, nor  the  blamelessness  of  his  life,  nor  the  strong  hold,  which 
he  had  in  the  affections  of  his  acquaintance,  could  preserve  him 
fromagaip  suffering  the  hardships  of  impii^onment,  while  the  pa- 


\i 


'I 


..»' 


I 


ill-    MitF'' 
J  If 


43 


BAI. 


pitts  in  the  ncif^hborhoocl  enjoyed  liberty  ind  countenance.  When  he 
wan  before  the  judges,  he  said  to  them,  ^  if  I  had  been  drinking,  and 
gaming,  and  carousing  at  a  Uvem  with  mjr  company,  my  lords,  I 
presume  that  would  not  have  procured  my  being  thus  treated  as  an 
offender.  Must  praying  to  God,  and  preaching  of  Christ  with  a 
company  of  christiuns,  who  arc  peaceable  and  inoffensive  and  an 
nerviceable  to  his  majesty  and  the  government  as  any  of  his  sub* 
jects  ;  must  this  be  a  greater  crime  ?"  The  recorder  answered, 
**  we  will  have  you  to  know  it  is  a  greater  crime."  His  flock  of. 
ten  fasted  and  prayed  for  his  release  ;  but  he  was  discharged  on 
this  condition  only,  that  he  should  depart  from  the  country  within 
a  limited  time.  ',>•' 

He  came  to  New  England  about  the  year  )6R3,  and  continued 
near  14  years  his  benevolent  attempts  to  teach  his  fellow  men  the 
way  to  heaven.    He  died  at  Boston  Dec.  16,  1697. 

He  was  a  man  eminent  for  piety,  of  great  sensibility  of  cou* 
science,  and  very  exemplary  in  his  life.  It  was  his  constant  desire 
to  be  patient  and  resigned  under  the  calamities,  which  were  ap. 
pointed  him,  and  to  fix  his  heart  more  upon  things  above.  On  a 
certain  occasion  he  thus  expressed  himself ;  *^  O  that  I  might  not 
be  of  the  number  of  them,  that  live  without  love,  speak  without 
feeling,  and  act  witho\it  life  !  O  that  God  would  make  me  his  hum- 
ble, and  upright,  and  faithful  servant  1"  The  holy  scriptures  were 
very  dear  to  him,  as  they  are  to  every  good  man  ;  and  as  evidence 
of  his  regard  to  the  word  of  God,  we  have  the  following  passage  in 
hk  diary  ;  **  Jan.  tl .  I  finished  the  reading  of  the  bible  in  my 
family  as  formerly.  O,  'tis  a  dear  book  ;  'tis  always  new.  At  the 
l)eginning  of  every-  chapter,  'tis  good  to  say,  Lord,  open  my  eyes, 
that  I  may  see  wonders  out  of  thy  law  !  And  when  we  shut  it  up, 
to  say,  I  have  seen  an  end  of  all  perfection,  but  thy  law  is  exceed* 
ing  broad.  O  how  terrible  are  the  threateningS)  how  precious  arc 
the  promises,  how  serious  are  the  precepts,  how  deep  are  the  pro- 
phecies of  this  book  1" 

His  ministry  was  very  acceptable  in  different  places,  and  he  waft 
a  warm  and  animated  preacher.  But  with  all  his  faithfulness  and 
goodness,  he  saw  many  disconsolate  hours.  He  was  distressed 
with  doubts  respecting  himself,  but  his  apprehensions  only  attach- 
ed him  the  more  closely  to  his  Redeemer.  In  his  diary  not  long 
before  his  death,  he  wrote  thus ;  "  I  see  more  into  the  great  mys- 
tery of  our  justification  by  faith  merely  of  gprace.  There  is  no 
respect  in  it  to  this  or  that ;  but  Jesus  Christ,  having  wrought  out  a 
redemption  for  us,  and  by  his  active  and  passive  obe^ence  procured 
a  sufficient  righteousness,  and  made  a  tender  of  it  in  his  gospel,  it 
becomes  mine  by  my  acceptance  of  it,  and  relying  on  it  sdone  for 
salvation.  And  shall  I  not  accept  of  it  ?  God  forbid.  I  see,  there 
are  two  things^  wherein  I  cannot  easily  exceed,  namely,  in  ascrib- 
lAg  to  the  grace  of  God  its  freeness  and  richness  in  man's  palvg* 


BAL. 


4Z 


ion,  and  in  asicribing  to  the  righteouuiess  of  Chriit  man's  justitica- 

lion." 

In  his  last  sickness  he  suffered  under  a  complication  of  disorders  ; 
but  he  did  not  compUiin.  His  mind  was  iioothcd  in  dwelling  upon 
the  sufferings  of  his  Savior.  At  times  he  was  agitated  with  fears,  tho* 
they  had  not  respect,  at  he  said,  so  much  to  the  end,  as  to  what 
he  might  meet  in  the  way.  His  last  words  were,  speaking  of  Christ, 
»'  0,  what  shall  I  say  ?  He  is  altogether  lovely.  His  glorious  an- 
gels are  come  for  me  !"  He  then  closed  his  eyes,  and  his  spirit 
passed  into  eternity.  He  published  man's  chief  end  to  glorify  God, 
a  sermon  preached  at  Watertown,  \  689. — •Aliddleton'a  biografihia 
evangelica,  iy .  101—105  ;  .A'bncon/brmi«/'«  me-mona/,  i.  33 1—335  ; 
^father* 8  funeral  termon  ;  MagnaUa^vi.  3'4i4— 338. 

BALDWIN  (Ebenezbh),  minister  of  Danbury,  Connecticut, 
vras  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1763,  and  was  tutor  in  that  sem- 
inary from  1766  to  1770.  He  was  ordained  as  successor  of  the 
reverend  Mr.  Warner  and  Mr.  White,  September  19,  1770,  and 
died  suddenly  October  1,  1776,  aged  31  years.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  talents  and  learning,  a  constant  and  unwearied  student,  grave 
in  manners,  and  an  able  supporter  of  the  sownd  doctrines  of  the  gos- 
pel. He  left  a  legacy  of  about  300  pounds  to  his  society,  which  is 
appropriated  to  the  suppoit  of  religion.     Eobbins*  century  sermon. 

BALDWIN  (Abraham),  president  of  the  university  of  Georgia 
and  a  distinguished  statesman,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1773,  and  was  afterwards  tutor  in  that  seminary  from  1775  to  1779. 
When  the  general  system  of  education  through  the  state  of  Geor- 
gia was  adopted  by  the  legislature  in  1785,  he  was  placed  nt  the 
head  of  it.  He  was  a  member  of  the  grand  convention,  which  held 
its  session  from  May  25,  to  September  17,  1T87,  and  framed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  To  that  instrument  his  name 
is  affixed  as  one  of  the  deputies  fi  ni  Georgia.  He  was  afterwards 
a  senator  from  this  state  in  the  councils  of  the  nation.  He  died 
at  Washington  in  the  beginning  of  March  1807. 

BANISTER  (John),  a  botaotist  of  Virginia,  was  an  English- 
man, whp  settled  in  that  province  toward  the  latter  end  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century.  He  de>'oted  himself  to  the  investigation  of  the 
plants  of  that  part  of  America.  He  collected  and  described  plants, 
and  drew  the  figures  of  the  rare  species.  He  become  a  victim  to 
his  favorite  pursuit.  In  one  of  his  excursions  he  fell  from  the  rocks 
and  perished.  His  botanical  friends  did  honor  to  his  menuay  by 
calling  a  plant  of  the  decsmdrous  class  Baiiisteria. — Miller''a  rttros- 
}iecty'\.\A\. 

BARCLAY  (Henry,  d.  d.),  an  episcopal  clergyman  in  New 

York,  was  a  native  of  Albany,  and  received  a  lil)eial  education  at 

Yale  college,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1734.     Soon  after  leaving 

college  he  went  to  England,  where  he  received  orders  in  the  church, 

I  And  was  appointed  missionary  to  the  Mohawk  Indisms.      Having 


1^'' 

1 

1 

iu'l  .  1,   ;r 


i 


Ai 


BAR. 


H 


i  I'j 


served  in  this  capacity  for  some  years  with  but  little  success 
he  was  culled  to  the  city  of  New  York,  and  appointed  rectot 
of  Trinity  churclu  In  this  respectable  station  he  continued  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  in  \7&S.r—Mller*H  retrosfiect^  ii.  356. 

BARD  (John),  a  learned  physician,  was  bom  in  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  Fe*!.  1,  1716.  His  father,  Peter  Bard  Esq,  who  was  a  na- 
tive of  France,  came  to  Maryland  in  1703  as  a  merchant,  whence  he 
soon  after  removed  to  New  Jersey,  in  which  colony  he  was  for  ma- 
ny years  a  member  of  the  council  and  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court. 

Mr.  Bard  received  his  early  education  under  the  care  of  Mr.  An- 
nan of  Philadelphia,  one  of  the  most  eminent  teachers  on  the  con- 
tinent. Having  evinced  a  predilection  for  the  study  of  physic,  he 
was  at  the  age  of  seventeen  or  eighteen  bound  an  apprentice  to  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Kearsely,  with  whom  he  continued  till  1737.  He 
now  engaged  in  business,  and  soon  acquired  a  large  share  of  prac- 
tice, and  became  much  respected.  In  1743  he  was  induced  by  ur- 
gent applications  from  New  York  to  remove  to  that  city  to  supply 
ti»e  loss  of  several  eminent  physicians.  Here  he  continued  till  with- 
in a  few  months  of  his  death.  In  the  year  1795,  when  the  yellow 
fever  had  put  to  flight  a  number  of  physicians,  who  were  in  the 
xneridian  of  life,  the  veteran  Dr*.  Bard,  though  verging  towards  his 
eightieth  year,  remained  at  his  post.  He  did  not  relinquish  his  at- 
tendance upon  his  patients  till  May  1798,  when  he  removed  to  his 
estate  at  Hyde  Park,  near  Poughkeepsie.  Here  he  continued  in  the 
enjoyment  of  perfect  health,  till  he  felt  a  paralytic  stroke, which  in 
n  few  days  occasioned  his  death.  He  died  March  30,  1799,  in  the 
eighty  fourth  year  of  his  age. 

Dr.  Bard  wap  eminent  in  his  profession,  and  his  practice  was  ve- 
ry extensive.  Soon  after  the  close  of  the  war  with  Great  Britain 
upon  the  reestablishment  of  the  medical  society  ofthe  state  of  New 
York,  he  was  elected  its  president,  and  he  was  placed  in  the  chair  for 
six  or  seven  successive  years.  He  possessed  a  singular  ingenuity 
and  quickness  in  discriminating  diseases ;  yet  he  did  not  presump- 
tuously confide  in  his  penetration,  but  was  remarkably  particular  in 
"his  inquiries  into  the  circumstances  of  the  sick.  Ever  desirous  of 
removing  the  disorders,  to  which  the  human  frame  is  subject,  his 
anxiety  and  attention  were  not  diminished,  when  called  to  visit  the 
indi  ;ent,  from  whom  he  could  not  expect  compensation.  His 
conduct  through  his  whole  life  was  marked  by  the  strictest  honor 
and  integrity.  In  conversation  he  was  polite,  affable,  cheerful,  and 
entertaining.  To  his  pupils  he  was  not  only  an  instructor,  but  a  fa- 
ther, 

In  the  early  part  of  his  life  he  devoted  much  attention  to  polite 
learning,  in  which  he  made  !;^reat  proficiency.  He  possessed  a 
correct  and  elegant  taste,  and  wrote  with  uncommon  accuracy  and 
precision  ;  yet  either  the  almost  complete  occupation  of  his  time 


BAR. 


AS 


by  active  duties,  or  his  modesty  and  diffidence  of  his  talents  pre- 
vented him  from  ever  publishing  any  work — Hardie'a  biograjilUcai 
iictionjry. 

BARNARD  (John),  minister  of  MarMehead,  Massachusetts, 
was  born  in  Boston  November  6, 168 1.  His  parents  were  remark- 
able for  their  piety,  and  they  took  particular  care  of  his  education. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1700.  In  the  former  part 
of  his  coilegiul  course  the  sudden  death  of  two  of  his  acquaintance 
impressed  his  mind  and  led  him  to  think  of  his  own  departure  from 
this  world  ;  Ijut  the  impression  was  soon  effaced.  However,  before 
heiettthat  institution  he  was  brought  to  repentance,  and  he  resolved 
to  yield  himseU  to  the  commands  of  God.  In  1702  he  united  him- 
self to  the  north  church  in  Boston  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
reverend  Drs.  Increase  and  Cotton  Mather.  The  same  year  he  be- 
gan to  preach.  In  1705  he  was  invited  to  settle  at  Yarmouth,  hut 
he  declined  accepting  the  invitation.  He  was  employed  for  some 
time  as  an  assistant  to  Dr.  Colman.  * 

Being  fond  of  active  life,  he  was  appointed  by  governor  Dudley 
one  of  the  chaplains,  who  accompanied  the  army  to  Port  Royal  in 
1707  to  reduce  that  fortress.  In  an  attempt  to  take  a  plan  of  the 
fort  a  cannon  ball  was  fired  at  him,  that  covered  him  with  dirt  with- 
out doing  him  any  injury.  It  only  diverted  him  from  his  purpose. 
In  1709  at  the  solicitation  of  captain  John  Wentworth,  afterwards 
liutenant  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  he  sailed  with  him  to  Bar- 
badoes  and  London.  While  he  was  in  this  city  the  affair  of  Dr. 
Sacheverel  took  place,  of  which  he  would  often  speak.  He  became 
acquainted  with  some  of  the  famous  dissenting  ministers,  and  re- 
ceived some  advantageous  offers  of  settlement,  if  he  would  remain 
in  England.  He  might  have  accompanied  lord  Wharton  to  Ireland 
as  his  chaplain,  but  he  refused  to  conform  to  the  articles  of  the  na- 
tional church.  Soon  after  this  he  returned  to  seek  a  settlement  in 
his  own  country. 

The  new  north  church  in  Boston,  was  built  for  him  and  he  preached 
the  dedication  sermon  May  23,  1714,  expecting  soon  to  be  ordained 
according  to  mutual  agreement;  but  a  more  popular  candidate, Mr. 
Webb,  being  invited  at  the  request  of  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  the  peo- 
ple chose  him  for  their  pastor.  Of  this  transaction  he  could  not 
speak  with  calmness  to  the  day  of  his  death.  He  was  ordained 
minister  of  Marblehead  July  18,  1 7 1 6,  as  colleague  with  the  rever- 
end Mr.  Cheever.  In  1762  he  received  the  reverend  Mr.  Whit- 
well  as  his  assistant.  The  last  sermon  which  he  preached,  was  de- 
livered January  8,  1769.  He  died  January  24,  1770,  in  the  eighty 
ninth  year  of  his  age. 

Mr.  Barnard  was  eminent  for  his  learning  and  piety,  and  was  fa- 
mous among  the  divines  of  America.  During  the  latter  part  of 
his  life,  when  he  ret^ned  a  vigor  of  mind  and  zeal  uncommon  at  so 
advanced  an  age,  he  was  regarded  as  tlie  father  of  the  chuvchca. 


jif 'I  f ''1 


4  .    .  ■ : 


I.'  I 


:i: 


It 

k  A 


46 


BAR. 


His  form  was  remarkably  erect,  and  he  never  bent  under  the  infir. 
roitics  of  eighty  eight  years.  His  countenance  was  grand,  his 
mien  majestic,  and  there  was  a  dignity  in  his  whole  deportment. 
His  presence  restrained  the  imprudence  and  folly  of  youth,  and 
when  the  aged  saw  him,  they  arose  and  stood  up.  He  added  a  know- 
ledge  ot  the  Hebrew  to  his  other  theological  attainments  ;  he  was 
v/cll  acquaiiitrd  with  the  mathematics ;  and  he  excelled  in  a  skill 
for  naval  architecture.  Several  draughts  of  his,  the  amusement  of 
leisure  hours,  were  commended  by  master  ship  builders.  When 
he  first  went  to  Marblehead,  and  for  some  years  aftei-ward,  there 
was  not  one  trading  vessel  belonging  to  the  town.  It  was  through 
his  exertions,  that  a  commercial  improvement  soon  took  place. 
Having  taken  great  pains  to  leam  "  the  mystery  of  the  fish  trade," 
he  directed  the  people  to  the  best  use,  which  they  could  maiie  of 
the  advantages  of  their  situation.  A  young  man  was  first  persuad. 
ed  to  send  a  small  cargo  to  Barbadoes,  and  his  success  was  so  en* 
couraging,  that  the  people  were  soon  able  in  their  own  vessels  to 
transport  their  fish  to  the  West  Indies  and  Europe.  In  1767  there 
■were  thirty  or  forty  vessels,  belonging  to  the  town,  employed  in  the 
foreign  trade.  When  Mr.  Barnard  first  went  to  Marblehead, 
there  was  not  in  the  place  so  much  as  one  proper  carpenter,  nor 
mason,  nor  tailor,  nor  butcher. 

By  prudence  in  the  management  of  his  affairs  he  acquired  con- 
•diderable  property,  but  he  gave  tythes  of  all  he  possessed.  His 
charity  was|of  a  kind,  which  is  worthy  of  imitation.  He  was  not  dis- 
posed to  give  much  encouragement  to  common  beggars,  but  he 
sought  out  those  objects  of  benevolent  attention,  who  modest* 
ly  hid  their  wants.  The  poor  were  often  fed  by  him,  and  the 
widow's  heart  was  gladdened,  while  they  knew  not  where  to  return 
thanks,  except  to  the  merciful  Father  of  the  wretched.  In  one 
kind  of  charity  he  was  somewhat  peculiar.  He  generally  support- 
ed at  school  two  boys,  whose  parents  were  unable  to  meet  this  ex- 
pense. By  his  -last  will  he  gave  two  hundred  pounds  to  Harvard 
college.  He  left  no  children.  In  his  sicknecs,  which  terminated  in 
his  death,  he  said  with  tears  flowing  from  his  eyes,  *'  my  very  soul 
bleeds,  when  I  remember  my  sins  j  but  I  trust  I  have  sincerely  re- 
pented, and  that  God  will  accept  me  for  Christ's  sake.  His  right- 
eousness is  my  only  dependance." 

The  publications  of  Mr.  Barnard  are  numerous  and  valuable. 
They  show  his  theological  knowledge,  and  his  talents  as  a  writer. 
His  style  Is  plain,  warm,  and  energetic.  The  doctrines,  which 
he  enforces,  are  the  same,  which  were  embraced  by  the  fathers 
of  New  England.  He  published  a  sermon  upon  the  death 
of  the  reverend  Mr.  Gurwin  of  Salem,  1717  ;  upon  the  death  of 
his  colleague,  the  reverend  Mr.  Cheever,  1724;  two  discourses 
addressed  to  young  persons,  to  which  is  added  a  sermon  upon' the 
earthquake,  1727.J  a  volume  of  sermons  on  the  confirmation  of  the 


BAR. 


4t 


christian  religion,  on  compelling  men  to  come  In,  and  on  the  saints' 
victory  and  rewards,  1727 ;  judgment,  mercy,  and  faith  the  weigh<- 
tier  matters  of  the  law,  a  sermon,  1729  ;  on  the  certainty  of  the 
birth  of  Christ,   1731  ;    election  sermon,  1734;  a  zeal   for  good 
works  excited  and  directed,  a  sermon,  1742  ;    the  imperfection  of 
the  creature  and  the  excellency  of  the  divine  commandment  illus- 
trated in  nine  sermons,  1747  ;  januu  coelestis,  or  the  mystery  of  the 
iruspel  in  <he  salvation  of  a  sinner  opened  and  explained  in  several 
discourses,  1750  ;  a  version  of  the  psalms,  1752  ;  a  proof  of  Je- 
sus Christ's  being  the  ancient  promised  Messiah,  a  Duclleian  lec- 
ture sermon,  and  the  first  one,  that  was  published,  175b  ;  the  true 
divinity  of  Jesus  Christ,  evidenced  in  a  discourse  at  a  public  lecture 
in  Boston,  1761  ;  a  discourse  had  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend 
Mr.  Whitwdll,  a  charge,  and  an  address  to  the  people,  annexed  to- 
Mr.T.Bamard's  ordination  sermon,  1762.  His  version  of  the  psalms, 
which  he  published  when  he  was  about  seventy  years  of  age,  he  fond^ 
ly  hoped  would  be  sung  in  all  the  New  England  churches  ;  but  it 
was  never  used  beyond  the  limits  of  the  town,  in  which  it  was  com- 
posed.    The  labors  of  Watts  had  rendered  it  unnecessaiy.    A  letter 
from  Mr.' Barnard  to  president  Stiles,written  in  1767,  giving  a  sketch 
of  the  eminent  ministers  of  New  England,  is  published  in  the  Mas- 
sachusetts historical  collections.—  WhittuelVa  funeral  sermon  ;  Col- 
lections  of  the  hiHorical  aociettf^  viii.  66—69  ;  x.  157  167  ;  Holmes* 
annals,  ii.  296,    ""' 

BARNARD  ard),  minister  of  Haverhill  Massachusetts^ 

was  the  son  of  .^  icverend  John  Barnard  of  Andover.  He.  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1736,  was  ordained  April  27,  1743, 
and  died  January  39,  1774,  aged  fifty  four  years.  He  was  a  man 
of  disUnction  and  of  worth.  He  published  an  election  sermon, 
1766,  and  a  convention  sermon,  1773.  * 

BARNARD  (Thomas),  minister  in  Salem,  Massachusetts,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1732.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of 
a  church  in  Newbury  January  31,  1739.  He  was  installed  as  min- 
ister of  the  first  church  in  Salem  September  17,' 1755,  and  died  in 
1776,  aged  sixty  two  years.  He  possessed  a  high  reputation.  Hi^ 
son,  the  reverend  Dr.  Barnard,  is  now  minister  in  the  same  town, 
though  not  of  the  same  society. 

He  publised  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Edward 
Barnard,  1743  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Bailey  of 
Portsmouth,  1757 ;  a  sermon  before  the  society  for  encouraging  in- 
dustry, 1757  ;  artillery  election  sermon,  1758  ;  a  sermon  at  the  or- 
dination of  reverend  William  Whitwell,  1762  ;  general  election 
sermon,  1763.— Collections  of  the  historical  society^  vi.  273. 

BARRY  (John),  first  commodore  in  the  American  navy,  died  at 
Philadelphia  in  September  1 803.  He  espoused  with  ardor  the 
cause  of  liberty  early  in  1775,  and  with  boldness  of  enterprise 
supported  the  interests  of  his  country  during  the  war.    He  was 


48 


BAR. 


a  patriot  of  integrity  and  unquestionable  braveiy.  His  naval 
a-^hievements  a  iew  years  befoi*e  his  death  reflect  honor  on  hu 
memory.  The  carnage  of  war  did  not  harden  his  heart  into  cru« 
elty.  He  had  the  art  of  commanding  without  supercilious  haugh* 
tincsSf  or  wanton  severity.  Another  trait  in  his  character  was  a 
punctilious  observance  of  the  duties  of  religion.—- •Gazrf/r  of  tht 
United  States^  Sefit.  20,  1803. 

B  ARTR  AM  (John),  an  eminent  botanist,  was  bom  near  the  vil- 
lagc  of  Darby  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  the  year  1701. 
His  gran'^^ather  of  the  same  name  accompanied  William  Penn  to 
thiscour  ./  i.^  1683.  > 

This  self  taught  genius  early  discovered  on  ardent  desire  for  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge,  especially  of  botanical  knowledge  ;  but 
the  infant  state  of  the  colony  placed  great  obstacles  in  his  way  He 
however  surmounted  them  by  intense  application  and  the  resources 
of  his  own  mind.  By  the  assistance  of  respectable  characters  he 
obtained  the  rudiments  of  the  learned  languages,  which  he  stydied 
with  extraordinary  success.  So  earnest  was  he  in  the  pursuit  of  learn- 
ing, that  he  could  hardly  spare  time  to  eat ;  and  he  rtiight  often  have 
been  found  with  his  victuals  in  one  hand  and  his  book  in  the  other. 
He  acquired  so  much  knowledge  of  medicine  and  surgery,  as  to  ad* 
minister  great  assistance  to  the  indigent  and  distressed  in  his  neigh- 
borhood.  He  cultivated  the  ground  as  the  means  of  supporting  a 
large  family ;  but  while  ploughing  or  sowing  his  fields,  or  mowin,; 
meadows,  he  was  still  pushing  his  inquiries  into  the  operations  of 
nature. 

He  was  the  first  American,  who  conceived  and  carried  into  effect 
the  design  of  a  botanic  garden,  for  the  cultivation  of  American 
plants,  as  well  as  of  exotics.  He  purchased  a  fine  situation  on  the 
banks  of  the  Schuylkill  about  five  miles  from  Philadelphia,  where 
he  lidd  out  with  his  own  hands  a  large  garden.  He  furnished  it 
with  d  variety  of  the  most  curious  and  beautiful  vegetables,  collected 
in  his  excursions  from  Canada  to  Florida.  These  excursions  were 
made  principally  in  autumn,  when  his  presence  at  home  was  least 
demanded  by  his  agricultural  avocations.  His  ardor  in  these  pur< 
suits  was  such,  that  at  the  age  of  seventy  he  made  a  journey  into 
East  Florida  to  explore  its  natural  productions.  His  travels  among 
the  Indians  were  frequently  attended  with  danger  and  difficulty. 
By  his  means  the  gardens  of  Europe  were  enriched  with  elegant 
flowering  shrubs,  with  plants  and  trees,  collected  in  diflerent  parts 
of  our  country  from  the  shore  of  lake  Ontario  to  the  source  of  the 
river  St.  Juan. 

He  made  such  proficiency  in  his  favorite  pursuit,  that  Linnaeus 
pronounced  him  "  the  greatest  natural  botanist  in  the  world." 

His  eminence  in  na!ural  history  attracted  the  esteem  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  in  America  and  Europe,  and  he  corresponded 
with  many  of  them.    By  means  of  the  friendship  of  sir  Hans 


1.  W 


BAS. 


49 


glofiue)  Mr.  Catesby,  Dr.  Hill)  LinnasuS)  and  others  he  was  furnish- 
ed with  books  and  apparatus,  which  he  murh  needed*  and  which 
crreatly  lessened  the  difficulties  of  his  situation.  He  in  return  sent 
tbem  what  was  new  and  curious  in  the  productions  of  America. 

He  was  electedija  member  of  several  of  the  most  eminent  societies 
and  academies  abroad)  and  was  at  length  appointed  American  bot- 
anist to  his  Britannic  majesty,  George  III)  in  which  appointment  he 
continued  till  his  death  in  September  1777)  in  the  seventy  sixth 
^ear  of  his  age. 

Mr.  Bartram  was  an  ingenious  mechanic.  The  stone  house,  in 
which  he  lived)  he  built  himself)  and  several  monuments  of  hia 
s^  remain  in  it.  He  was  often  his  own  mason)  carpenter,  black- 
smith) 8cc.  and  generally  made  his  own  farming  utenuls. 

His  stature  was  rather  above  the  middle  size ;  his  body  was  erect 
and  slender ;  his  complexion  was  sandy ;  his  countenance  was 
cheerful)  thoud^h  there  was  a  solemnity  in  his  air.  Hb  gentle  man- 
ners corresponded  with  his  amiable  disposition.  He  was  modest) 
liberal,  charitable;  a  friend  to  social  order  ;  and  an  advocate  for  the 
abolition  of  slavery.  He  gave  freedom  to  a  young  African)  whom 
he  had  brought  up  ;  but  he  in  g^titudd  to  his  master  continued  in 
bis  service.  Though  temperate)  he  kept  a  plentiful  table  ;  and  an- 
nually on  new  year's  day  he  made  an  entertainment,  consecrated  to 
friendship  and  philosophy. 

He  was  liom  and  educated  in  the  society  of  ft  iends.  The  follow- 
ing distich  was  engraved  by  himself  on  a  stone  in  the  wall  over  the 
front  window  of  his  own  apartment. 

*Tis  God  sJonC)  the  almighty  Lord,  ha,,^^.  ■¥*>  ••'=« 

The  holy  One  by  me  ador'd.  ^ «   fr  i^-^.^im^nli. 

John  Bartram^  1770. 

He  left  several  children.   John)  his  youngest  soU)  succeeded  him 

as  proprietor  of  his  botanic  garden  ;   but  it  is  now  chiefly  ynder 

the  superintendence  of  another  son,  Mr.  William  Bartram,  who 

I  accompanied  his  father  in  many  of  his  botanical  tours,  and  who  is 

well  known  by  Ms  book,  entitled,  travels  through  N.  and  S.  Caroli- 

I  na,  E.  and  W.  Florida,  Sec.  published  in  179 1 . 

Several  of  Mr.  Bartram's  communications  in  zoology  were  pub- 
llished  in  the  philosophical  transactions  between  the  years  1743  and 
]  1749.  He  published  observations  on  the  inhabitants,  climate)  soil) 
iic.  made  in  his  travels  from  Pennsylvama  to  OnondagO)  London) 
1751 ;  description  of  East  Florida)  4tO)  \77 A ^-^Reea*  cydofuedia^ 
[American  edition  ;  Monthly  anthologyyV.iSl ',  AGller*a  retroafiectf 
li.5l5;  ii.  367.  ,^,, 

BASS  (Edward,  d.  d.),  first  bishop  of  Massachusetts)  was  born 
lat  Dorchester  Nov.  23,  1726,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
llege  in  1744.  For  several  years  afterwards  he  was  the  teacher  of 
la  school.  From  1747  to  1751  he  resided  at  Cambridge)  pursuing 
Ibis  theological  studies,  and  occasionally  preaching.    In  1753  at  the 

7 


::l^l  !^.V  u  lit 


S    !    i 


50 


BAY. 


request  of  the  epiiicopal  society  in  Newburyport  he  went  to  Eto* 
land  for  orders*  and  was  ordained  May  34,  by  bishop  Sherlock.  In 
1796  he  was  ummimously  elected  by  the  convention  of  the  protct* 
tant  episcopal  churches  of  Massachusetts  to  the  office  of  Mshop,  and 
was  consecrated  May  7,  1797  by  the  bisho;;^  of  Pennsylvania,  New 
York,  and  Marykind.  Sometime  ufter,  the  e|HscopaI  churches  ia 
Rhode  Island  elected  him  their  bishop,  and  in  1 803  a  convention 
of  the  churches  in  New  Hampshire  put  themsielves  under  his  juriS' 
diction.  He  died  Sep.  10,  1803,  humble  and  resigned.  He  waas 
sound  divine,  a  critical  scholar,  at)  accom^shed  gentleman,  and  an 
exempi-        hrisUanv— Co//fc/fon«  of  the  hittoricai  tociety^  ix.  188. 

BA'l      1a>  (John),  a  friend  to  his  countfy,  and  an  eminent 

clirUtiaii,  Was  bom  Aug.  11,  1738,  on  Bohemia  manor  in  CecU 

count/,  Maryland.    His  father  died  Without  a  will,  and  bebg  the 

^Ide^  son  he  became  entitled  by  the  laws  of  Maryland  to  the  wh<^ 

real  estate.    Such  however  was  his  affetition  for  his  twin  bix>ther, 

younger  than  himself,  that  no-  sooner  had  be  reached  the  age  «[ 

manhood,  than  he  ccmveyed  to  him  half  the  estate,     \fter  receiv* 

ing  an  academical  education  under  the  reVerend  Dr.  Finley,  b« 

was  put  into  the  cOmpting  house  bf  Mr.  John  Rhea,  a  merchant  of 

Philade^hia.    It  was  here,  that  the  seeds  of  grace  began  first  to 

take  root,  and  to  give  promise  of  those  fruits  of  righteousneli, 

which  afterwards  abounded.     He  early  became  a  communic^t  <rf' 

the  presbyterian  church  under  the  charge  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Tei^ent. 

Some  years  after  his  marriage  he  was  cliosen  a  raling  elder,  and  he 

-filled  this  place  with  zeal  and  repittaticm.      Mr.  Whitefield,  while 

on  his  visits  to  America,  became  intimately  ac^uaintcsd  with  Mr. 

Bayard,  and  was  much  attached  to  him.    l''hey  made  several  tours 

together.    On  the  8th  of  January,  1770,  Mr.  Bayard  lost  his  only 

brother,  Dr.  James  A.  Bayard,  ia  man  of  promising  tatents,  of  pru* 

dence  and  dull,  of  a  most  amiable  disposition  and  growing  t^puta- 

tSon.    The  violence  of  his  aonow  at  first  produced  an  illness,  which 

bonfined  him  to  his  bed  for  several  days.    By  degrees  it  subsided 

into  a  tender  melancholy,  which  for  years  after  would  steal  across 

his  mind,  and  tinge  his  hours  of  domestic  intercourse  and  sbfitarjr 

devodon  vrith  pensive  sadness.     When  lus  brother's  widow  died, 

he  adopted  the  children,  and  ec(ucated  thein  as  his  own.      One  (H  \ 

..them  is  Mr.  Bayard,  a  senator  of  the  United  States  from  Delaware. 

At  tlie  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war  he  toolui  decid* 

ed  pan  in  fiivor  of  his  country.    At  the  head  of  the  second  battalion  I 

of  the  Philadelphia  militia  he  marched  to  the  assistance  of  Wash* 

ington  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Trenton.     He  was  a  mem* 

ber  of  the  council  of  safety,  and  for  many  years  speaker  of  the  legis*! 

Jature.      In  1777,  when  there  was  a  report  that  colonel  Bayard*^! 

house  had  been  destroyed  by  the  British  amiy,  and  that  his  servanttj 

who  had  been  entrusted  with  his  personal  property,  had  gone  i 

with  it  to  the  enemy,  Mr.  William  Bell,  who  had  served  hisysp 


IMrenticcaliip  witi 
pounds,  insiAted  i 
This  generous  i 
ibundation.      Re 
ifffnif  and  for  soi 
tions  of  business, 
of  the  old  congrei 
year  he  was  left  < 
Brunswick,  when 
common  pleas,  ai 
j«n.7,  1807,  intt 
At- bis  last  houi 
whom  he  had  sen 
give  turn  the  victo 
.  hrother,  and  one  n 
brother,  I  shall  st 
«  my  dear  childrei 
DO  terrors  to  me. 
exchange  my  hope 
tertained  some  dov 
doubts  were  soon  i 
time  my  hope  of  a( 
atpnemeqt.   '  Out 
proached  nearer  th 
soon  be  with  my  G 
precious  are  the  pr 
soul  in  my  last  mor 
daughters,  holding 
ly  in  his  face,  he  si 
ijis  daughters  he  c 
will  our  preseint  tic 
He  cquld  say  no  m( 
heaven,  expressed  < 
self  to  the  blessed  1 
words,  which  esca 
Lord  Jesus,  Lord  J( 
BAytFY  (Mat 
the  year  1789  at  Jin 
olina,  aged  one  hun 
when  he  was  one  hu 
Hood,  iuid  his  streng 
can  muaeumy  vif.  20i 
BEACH  (John), 
ated  at  Yale  college 
gregati^al  ministei 
acquaintance  mth  tl 
brace  the  episcopal 


h  i 


BAY. 


51 


urenticcHliip  with  colonel  Bayard*  and  accumulated  several  thousand 
pounds,  insiHted  that  his  patron  should  receive  one  halt  of  his  estate. 
TIm*  generous  offer  was  not  accepted,  as  the  report  was  without 
Jiiundation.  Reiterated  afiiictions  induced  a  deep  depression  of 
mfudf  and  for  some  time  he  was  no  longer  relieved  by  the  avoca- 
tions of  business.  In  1785  however  he  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  old  congress,  then  sitting  in  New  York,  but  in  the  following 
year  he  was  left  out  of  the  delegation.  In  1788  he  removed  to  New 
Brunswick,  where  he  was  mayor  ol  the  city,  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas,  and  a  ruling  elder  of  the  church.  Here  he  died 
)^.  7,  1807,  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age.  ' 

iVt.bis  last  hour  he  was  not  left  in  darkness.    That  Redeemer, 
irbom  he  had  served  with  zeal,  was  with  him  to  suj^rt  him  and 
give  him  the  victory.     During  his  last  illness  he  spoke  much  of  his 
Itrother,  and  one  night,  awaking  from  sleep,  exclaimed)  *'  my  dear 
brothcir,  I  shall  soon  be  with  you."     He  addressed  his  two  sons, 
V  my  dear  children,  you  see  me  just  at  the  close  of  life.    Death  has 
DO  terrors  to  roe.    What  now  is  nil  the  world  to  me  ?    I  would  not 
exchange  my  hope  in  Christ  for  ten  thousand  worlds.    I  once  en- 
tertained somu  doubts  of  his  divinity  ;   but,  blessed  be  God,  these 
doubts  were  soon  removed  by  inquiry  and  reflection.      From  that 
time  my  hope  of  acceptance  with  God  has  resied  on  his  merits  and 
atonement.    *  Out  of  (Christ  God  is  a  consuming  fire."    As  he  ap- 
proached nearer  the  grave,  he  said,"  I  shall  sooh  be  at  rest ;  I  shall 
soon  be  with  my  God.    Oh  glorious  hope  !    Blessed  rest  i    How 
precious  are  the  promises  of  the  gos;      !   It  is  the  support  of  my 
soul  in  my  last  moments."    While  e  ^ng  up,  supported  by  his  two 
daughters,  holding  one  of  his  sons  by  the  hand,  and  looking  intent- 
ly in  his  face,  he  said,  "  my  christian  brother !"    Then  turning  to 
I^s  daughters  he  continued,  "  you  are  my  christian  sisters.    Soon 
will  our  present  ties  be  dissolved,  bi^t  more  glorious  bonds        ** 
He  cquld  say  no  morC)  but  his  looks  and  arms,  directed  towards 
heaven,  expressed  every  thing.     He  frequently  commended  him- 
self to  the  blessed  Redeemer,  confident  of  his  love  ;    and  the  last 
words,  which  escaped  from  his  dying  lips,  were,  "  Lord  Jesus, 
Lord  Jesus,  Lord  3esai.**—-Evang.intftiigencery  i.  1—7,  49—57. 

BAYLFY  (Matthias),  remarkable  for  longevity,  died  about 
the  year  1789  at  Janes'  creek^abranchof  the  Pedee,  in  North  Car- 
olina, aged  one  hundred  and  thirty  six  years.  He  was  baptized, 
when  he  was  one  hundred  and  thirty  four.  His  eye  sight  remained 
good,  ^nd  his  strength  was  very  remarkable  till  his  death.— vfmcfn- 
atu  muaeumy  vii.  206. 

BEACH  (John),  an  episcopal  clergyitian  and  writer,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Yale  college  in  172 1,  and  was  for  a  number  of  years  a  con- 
gregatiwal  minister  at  Newtown  in  Connecticut.  Through  his 
acquaintance  mth  the  reverend  Dr.  Johnson  he  was  induced  to  em- 
brace the  episcopal  persuasion.    In  1733  he  went  to  England  for 


I  ? 


P  « 


[•    -i 


l' 


<!, 


ii' 


i-ii 


!  I 


I   1 J     l\\ 


'■  Mil 


I' I, 


I.    »; 


m 


\ii 


J 


ft{ 


BEL. 


h 


^ ;  ]•' 


IL: 


;i  ;<J; 


I 


orders,  and  on  his  return  was  employed  as  an  episcopalian  mission- 
ary at  Reading  in  Connecticut. 

He  published  an  appeal  to  the  unprejudiced  in  answer  to  a  sermon 
of  reverend  Mr.  Dickinson,  1737  ;  also  about  the  year  1745  a  scr* 
mon  on  Romans  vi.  33,  entitled,  a  sermon  shewing  that  eternal  life 
is  God's  free  gift,  bestowed  upon  men  according  to  their  moral  be> 
havior.  In  this  he  opposed  with  much  zeal  some  of  the  calvinistic 
doctrines,  contained  in  the  articles  of  the  church,  which  he  had 
joined.  The  reverend  Jonathan  Dickinson  wrote  remarks  upon  it 
the  following  year  in  his  vindication  of  God's  sovereign  free  grace, 
which  called  forth  a  reply  from  Mr.  Beach,  entitled,  God's  8ove> 
reignty  and  his  universal  love  to  the  souls  ot  men  reconciled,  in  the 
form  of  a  dialogue,  1747.  He  wrote  also  a  reply  to  Mr.  Dickin* 
son's  second  vindication.  Mr.  Beach  was  a  bold  and  distinguished 
advocate  of  those  doctrines,  which  are  denominated  arminian.  What> 
ever  may  be  said  of  his  argument  in  his  dispute  with  Mr.  Dickin. 
son,  he  evidently  yields  to  his  antagoiust  in  gentleness  and  civility 
of  manner. 

Another  controversy,  in  which  Ixir.  Beach  was  engaged,  was  res- 
pecting episcopacy.  He  published  in  1749,  in  answer  to  reverend 
Mr.  Hobart's  first  address,  a  calm  and  dispassionate  vindication  of 
the  professors  of  the  church  of  England,  to  which  Dr.  Johnson  wrote 
a  preface  and  Mr.  Caner  an  appendix.  He  seems  to  have  hadihigh 
notions  of  the  necessity  of  episcopal  ordination.  His  other  publica- 
tions are,  the  duty  of  loving  our  enemies,  17S8  ;  an  inquiry  into 
the  Slate  of  the  dead,  1755  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  reverend 
Dr.  Johnson,  1772.— CAa»rf/er'«  li/e  of  Johnson,  62,  126. 

BELCHER  (Sami'el),  first  miniscer  of  that  parish  in  Newbury, 
Massachusetts,  which  is  called  Newbury  Newtown,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1659.  He  was  ordained  November  30, 1698. 
The  time  \>i  his  death  has  not  been  ascert^ned  ;  but  it  was  after 
the  year~1712.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  a  judicious  divine,  and  a 
holy  and  humble  man.  He  published  an  election  sermon,  1707.P-* 
Coll.  hist,  soc.x.  168. 

BELCH]  I  (.Jonathan),  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Jersey,  was  the  son  of  the  honorable  Andrew  Belcher  of  Cambridge, 
one  of  his  majesty's  council  in  the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
and  was  born  about  the  year  1618.  His  father  took  peculiar  care 
in  regard  to  the  education  of  this  son,  on  whom  the  hopes  of  the 
family  were  fixed.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699. 
While  a  member  of  tliis  institution  his  open  and  pleasant  conversa- 
tion, joined  with  his  manly  and  generous  conduct,  conciliated  the 
esteem  of  all  his  acquaintance.  Nut  long  after  the  termination  of 
his  coUegial  course,  he  visited  Europe,  that  he  might  enrich  his 
mind  by  his  observations  upon  the  various  manners  and  <  haracters 
ofmei^and  might  return,  furnished  with  that  useful  knowledge* 
which  is  gained  by  intercourse  with  the  world.  •}-:', Ai      ; 


BEL. 


53 


Darings  an  •bsence  of  six  yean  from  his  native  country  he  was 
pitiervcd  from  those  follies,  into  which  inexperienced  youth  are 
(itquently  drawU)  and  he  eren  maintained  a  constant  regard  to  that 
holy  religion,  of  which  he  had  early  made  a  profestton.  He  was 
efcry  where  treated  with  the  greatest  respect.  The  acquaintance* 
which  he  formed  with  the  princess  Sophia  and  her  son,  afterwards 
^g  George  II,  laid  the  foundation  of  his  future  honors.  After  his 
ntum  from  his  travels  he  lived  in  Boston  in  the  character  of  a  mer- 
chant with  great  reputation.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  coun- 
ol,  and  the  general  assembly  sent  him  tm  an  agent  of  the  province 
to  the  British  court  in  the  year  1739. 

After  the  death  of  governor  Burnet,  he  was  appointed  by  his 
majesty  to  the  government  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire 
in  1730.  In  this  station  he  continued  eleven  years.  His  style  of 
liring  was  elegant  and  splendid,  and  he  was  distinguished  for  hos- 
pitality. By  the  depreciation  of  the  currency  his  salary  was  much 
diminished  in  value,  but  he  disduined  any  unwarrantable  means  of 
enriching  himself,  though  apparently  just  and  sanctioned  by  his 
predecessors  in  office.  He  had  been  one  of  the  principal  merchants 
of  New  England,  but  he  quitted  his  business  on  his  accession  to  the 
chair  of  the  first  magistrate.  Having  a  high  sense  of  the  dignity 
of  his  commission  he  was  determined  to  .support  it  even  at  the  ex- 
pense of  his  private  fortune.  Frank  and  sincere,  he  was  extreme- 
ly liberal  in  his  censures  both  in  coitversation  and  letters.  This 
imprudence  in  a  public  officer  gained  him  enemies,  who  were  deter- 
mined on  revenge.  He  also  assumed  some  authority,  which  had 
not  been  exercised  before,  though  he  did  not  exceed  his  commis- 
sion. These  causes  of  complaint,  together  with  a  controversy 
respecting  a  fixed  salary,  which  had  been  transmitted  to  him  from 
his  predecessors,  and  his  opposition  to  the  land  bank  company  final- 
ly occasioned  his  retAoval.  His  enemies  were  so  inveterate  and  so 
regardless  of  justice  and  truth,  that  as  they  were  unable  to  find  real 
grounds  for  impeaching  his  integrity,  they  forged  letters  for  the 
purpose  of  his  ruin.  On  being  superseded,  he  repaired  to  court) 
where  he  vindicated  his  character  and  conduct,  and  exposed  the 
base  designs  of  his  enemies.  He  was  restored  to  the  royal  favor, 
and  was  promised  the  first  vacant  government  in  America.  This 
racancy  occurred  in  the  province  of  New  Jersey,  where  he  arrived 
in  1747,  and  where  he  spent  the  remaining  years  of  his  life.  In 
this  province  bis  memory  has  been  held  in  deserved  respect. 

When  he  first  arrived  in  this  province,  he  found  it  in  the  utmost 
I  confusion  by  tumults  and  riotous  disorders,  which  had  for  some 
Itime  prevailed.  This  circumstance,  joined  to  the  unhappy  contro- 
Irersy  between  the  two  branches  of  the  legislature,  rendered  the 
Ifirstpartof  his  administration  peculiarly  difficult ;  but  by  his  firm 
land  prudent  measures,  he  surmounted  the  difficulties  of  histaitua- 
Hion.    He  steadily  pursued  the  interest  of  the  province,  endeavor- 


v;tif 


■^l 


i'i  i  i 


1'* : 


M' 


i 


*n 


^     m 


54, 


fi£L. 


flM 


ing  to  diitinguUh  and  promote  men  of  worth  without  |Mrtiahiy. 
He  enlarged  the  charter  of  Princeton  college,  and  wm  it»  chief  pJt! 
ron  Mid  benefiurtor.  Even  under  the  growing  infirmities  of  uk 
he  apBlied  himself  with  his  accustomed  assiduity  and  diligence  u> 
the  high  duties  of  hb  office.  He  died  at  Elizabeth  Town  Autruit 
31»  !757»  aged  seventy  six  years.  His  body  was  brought  to  Can. 
bridge^  Massachusetts,  where  it  was  entombed. 

Governor  Belcher  possessed  uncommon  gracefulness  of  person 
•nd  dignity  of  deportment.    He  obeyed  the  rovul  instructions  on 
the  one  band  and  exhibited  a  real  regard  to  the  bberties  und  hsppi- 
ness  of  the  people  on  the  other.    He  was  distinguished  by  his  un* 
shaken  integrity,  by  his  teal  for  justice,  and  care  to  have  it  equally 
distributed.    Neither  the  claims  of  interest,  nor  the  solicitations  of 
friends  could  move  him  from  what  appeared  to  be  his  duty.     He 
teems  to  have  possessed,  in  addition  to  his  other  accomplishmenti, 
that  piety,  whose  lustre  is  eternal.      His  religion  was  not  a  mere 
formal  things  which  he  received  from  tradition,  or  professed  in  con* 
fermity  to  the  custom  of  the  country,  in  which  he  lived  ;  it  was  re> 
•1  and  eenuine,  for  it  impressed  his  heart,  and  governed  his  life. 
He  had  such  views  of  the  majesty  and  holiness  of  God,  of  the  strict- 
ness and  purity  of  the  divine  law,  and  of  his  own  unworthiness  and 
iniquity^  as  made  him  disclaim  all  dependence  on  his  own  righteous- 
ness, and  led  him  to  place  his  whole  hope  for  salvation  on  the  mer- 
its of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  who  appeared  to  him  an  all  SMflicient 
tnd  glorious  Savior.    He  expressed  the  humblest  sense  of  his  own 
character  and  the  most  exalted  views  of  the  rich,  free,  and  glorious 
gr^ice)  offered  in  the  gospel  to  sinners.    His  faith  worked  by  love, 
and    produced  the  genuine  fruits  of  obedience.      It   exhibited 
itself  in  a  life  of  piety  and  devotion,  of  meekness  and  humili- 
ty, of  jtUBtice,  truth,  and  benevolence.      He  searched  the  holy 
«cripturei  with  the  greatest  diligence  and  delight.     In  his  family 
he  muntained  the  worship  of  God,  himself  rea(!ing  the  volume 
of  truth,  and  addressing  in  prayer  the  Majesty  of  heaven  and  of 
earth  as  long  as  his  health  and  strength  would  possibly  admit.    In 
the  hours  of  retirement  he  held  intercourse  with  heaven,  carefully 
redeeming  time  from  the  business  of  this  world  to  attend  to  the 
more  important  concerns  of  another.      Though  there  was  nothing 
ostentatious  in  his  religion,  yet  he  was  not  ashamed  to  avow  his  at- 
tachment to  the  gospel  of  Christ,  even  when  he  exposed  himself  to  i 
ridicule  and  censure.     When  the  reverend  Mr.  Whitefield  was  at  j 
Boston  in  the  year  1740,  he  treated  that  eloquent  itinerant  with  the 
^eatest  respect.    He  even  followed  him  as  far  as  Worcester,  and  | 
requested  him  to  continue  his  faithful  instructions  and  pungent  ad- 
dresses to  the  conscience,  desiring  him  toafiare  neither  miniatertmrX 
rulera.    He  was  indeed  deeply  interested  in  the  progress  of  holi-l 
jnen  and  re!i(;ion.   As  he  approached  the  termination  of  his  life,  he] 
often  expressed  his  desires  to  depart,  and  to  enter  tlie  worlil  of  glo-f 


rf/'^Burr^tJ^nen 

tHMis,.:  2'Ui  s 

y^ret  ii.  95,  96,  i 
MgrthaUt  i.  399  ; 
BELCHER  (Jc 
son  of  governor  Bi 
Harvard  college  in 
distinction  at  Uie  b 
ant  governor  of  N( 
chief.  His  last  apj 
took  place  in  Marc 
BELKNAP  (Jbi 
as  a  writer,  was  boi 
rudiments  of  leami 
Mr.  Lovel,  and  was 
Ijihited,  at  this  eari 
such  talents  in  writii 
ing  hopes  of  his  fut 
his  mind  deep  impr 
himself  to  the  study 
church  in  Dover,  N 
passed  near  twenty  ^ 
ofhis  flock,  and  resj 
was  persuaded  by  th 
which  gained  him  a 
from  his  people. 

The  Presbyterian 
movalofthereveren 
ment  from  the  presb 
ed  him  to  become  its 
4,  1787.      Here  he 
the  duties  ofhis  pas 
tare,  and  giving  his 
lent  institution.  Afte 
he  was  suddenly  seii 
1798,  aged  54  years. 
Dr.  Belknap  in  his 
presented  his  though 
might  understand  hii 
troversial  subjects,  dv 
gospel.    Hissermom 
on  human  life  and  ma 
religious  instruction 
eariy  guided  in  the  m 
death  he  was  engaget 
In  the  various  relai 
^^  a  member  of  man 


BEL. 


55 


fy^tmBurr^tJiMeral  ttftnon  t  Nutchinton^  U.  367-— 397  ;  Holmet* 
ipiM^, ::  31i4  i  Smith'*  A*.  /rr«ey,  437, 438  ;  Belknafi't  A*,  ffam/^' 
^ret  ii.  95,  9S,  126^  165—180  i  Whit^ld**  JQUmal  for  1743  ; 
ItttthaU^  i.  299  \  AUnot't  Mu»s.  i.  61. 

BELCHER  (Jomathan),  chief  justice  of  Nova  Scotia,  waa  the 
ion  of  governor  Belcher  of  Maaaachusetta,  and  waa  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1 738.  He  waa  bred  to  the  law  and  gained  somo 
distinction  at  Uie  bar  in  England.  He  was  then  appointed  lieuten- 
ant governor  of  Nova  ScoUa,  where  he  was  also  commander  in 
chief.  His  last  appointment  was  that  of  chief  justice.  His  death 
took  place  in  March  1776. 

BELKNAP  (Jbhemy,  d.  d.),  minister  in  boston,  and  eminent 
as  a  writer,  was  bom  in  Boston  June  4,  1744.  He  received  the 
rudiments  of  learning  in  the  grammar  school  of  the  celebrated 
Mr.  Lovel,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 763.  He  t%' 
b'Mted,  at  this  early  pv^riod,  such  marks  of  genius  and  taste,  and 
such  talents  in  writing  aiid  conversation,  as  to  excite  the  most  pleas- 
ing hopes  of  his  future  usefulness  and  distinction.  Having  upon 
his  mind  deep  impressions  of  the  truths  of  religion,  he  now  applied 
himself  to  the  study  of  theology,  and  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
church  in  Dover,  New  Hampshire,  February  18,  1767.  Here  he 
passed  near  twenty  years  of  his  life  witli  the  esteem  and  affection 
of  his  flock,  and  respected  by  the  first  characters  of  the  state.  He 
was  persuaded  by  them  to  compile  his  history  of  New  Hampshire, 
which  gained  him  a  high  reputation.  In  1786  he  Was  dumissed 
from  his  people. 

The  presbyterian  church  in  Boston,  becomiog  Vacant  by  the  re* 
moval  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Annan,  and  having  changed  its  establish- 
ment from  the  presbyterian  to  the  congregational  form,  soon  invit- 
ed him  to  become  its  pastor.  He  was  accordingly  installed  April 
4, 1787.  Here  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days,  discharging 
the  duties  of  his  pastoral  ofRce,  exploring  various  fields  of  litera- 
ture, and  giving  his  efficient  support  to  every  useful  and  benevo- 
lent institution.  After  being  subject  to  frequent  returns  of  ill  health, 
he  was  suddenly  seised  by  a  paralytic  affection,  and  died  June  SO, 
1798,  aged  54  years. 

Dr.  Belknap  in  his  preaching  did  not  aim  at  splendid  diction,  but 
presented  his  thoughts  in  plain  and  perspicuous  language,  thbt  all 
might  understand  him.  While  he  lived  in  Boston,  he  avoided  con- 
troversial subjects,  dwelling  chiefly  upon  the  practical  views  of  the 
gospel.  His  sermons  were  filled  with  a  rich  variety  of  observations 
on  human  life  and  manners.  He  was  peculiarly  careful  in  giving 
religious  instruction  to  young  children,  that  their  feet  might  be 
early  guided  in  the  way  of  life.  In  the  afternoon  preceding  his 
death  he  was  engaged  in  catechising  the  youth  of  his  society. 

In  the  various  relations  of  life  his  conduct  was  exemplary.  He 
tras  a  member  of  many  literary  and  humane  societies,  whose  inter- 


•41 

If 


n 


. 


:|U 


If 


'• 


!'i 


I  ' 


(•,  '     >■ 


A 


ii^ 


^f 


K 


r'i-ik 


56 


BEL. 


etu  he  ettentUlly  pfxnnotcd.  Wherever  he  could  be  of  any  ler. 
Yice  he  freeljr  devoted  hit  time  and  talenti.  He  wm  one  of  tht 
founders  of  the  MassachuMttH  iiistorical  society,  the  design  of  which 
he  was  induced  to  form  in  consequence  of  his  frequent  disappoint, 
nent  from  the  loss  of  valuable  papers  in  prosecuting  his  historical 
researches.  He  had  been  taught  the  value  of  an  association,  whoH 
duty  it  should  be  to  collect  and  preserve  manuscripts  and  bring  to- 
gether the  materials  for  illustrating  the  history  of  our  country,  and 
he  had  the  happiness  of  seeing  such  an  institution  incorporated  in 
1794. 

As  an  author  Dr.  Belknap  sustains  a  high  reputation.  Before 
the  revolution  he  wrote  much  in  favor  of  freedom  and  his  country, 
and  he  afterwards  gave  to  the  public  many  fruits  of  his  labors  and 
researches.  His  last  and  most  interesting  work,  his  American  bi« 
ography,  he  did  not  live  to  complete.  For  this  work  the  public 
voice  pronounced  him  peculiarly  qualified,  and  it  was  hoped,  that 
he  would  extend  it  through,  the  successive  periods  of  his  country's 
history.  He  was  a  decided  advocate  of  our  republican  forms 
of  government,  and  ever  was  a  warm  friend  of  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States,  which  he  consi'lered  the  bulvrark  of  our  national 
security  and  happiness.  He  was  earnest  in  his  wishes  and  prayers 
for  the  government  of  his  country,  and  in  critical  periods  took  an 
open  and  unequivocal,  and,  as  far  as  professional  and  private  duties 
allowed,  an  active  part. 

The  following  extract  from  some  Ihies,  found  among  his  papers, 
expresses  his  choice  with  regard  to  the  manner  of  his  death,  and  the 
event  corresponded  with  his  wishes. 

When  faith  and  patience,  hope  and  love       .^^:  \-if  >><'  <^««> 

-  -    .'.     Have  made  us  meet  for  heaven  above,    n*-  ^ii'A-tmtr  liMm, 

•     '        How  blest  the  privilege  to  rise,  v;  i^o^.tirymh 

Snatch'd  in  a  moment  to  the  skies  !  o.    ..h.h-:.'i^v 

♦mIv  Unconscious  to  resign  our  breath,    t'is,»}M»^*.!«i«^j.^:ft, 

Nor  taste  the  bitterness  of  death. 

Dr.  Belknap  published  a  sermon  on  military  duty,  preached  at 

Dover,  1773  ;   a  serious  address  to  a  parishioner  upon  the  neglect 

of  public  worship ;  a  sermon  on  Jesus  Christ,  the  only  foundation, 

preached  before  an  association  of  ministers  in  New  Hampshire  ; 

election  sermon,  preached  at  Portsmouth,  1784;  history  of  New 

Hampshire,  the  first  volume  in  1784,  the  second  in  1791,  and  the 

third  in  1792  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Jedidiah 

Morse,  1789  ;  a  discourse  delivered  at  the  request  of  the  historical 

society,  October,  1792,  being  the  completion  of  the  third  century 

from  Columbus'  discovery  of  America ;   dissertations  upon  the 

character  and  resurrection  of  Christ,  1 2mo ;  collection  of  psalnns  and 

hymns,  1795  ;  convention  sermon,  1796  ;  a  sermon  on  theQad<H)aI 

fast,  May  9,  1798  ;  American  biography,  first  volume  in  1794,  the 

5iecond  in  1798  ;  the  foresters.,  an  American  tale^  being  a  sequel  to 


ii£L.  m 

^  liinary  of  John  Bull  the  clothier^  12mo.  He  pubUthed  also  trt* 
f^  «Majrft  upun  th«  ACrican  tradet  upon  civil  uid  rcUt^ioui  libertyi 
^pon  ih«  state  and  settlement  of  thi«  country  in  periodical  i^^pert ; 
ia  the  Columbian  maf^azine  printed  in  Philadelphia  ;  in  the  Boston 
iMgaaiiMf  17t4  ;  in  the  historical  collections  ;  and  in  newspapers. 
Two  of  his  sermons  on  the  institution  and  observation  of  the  sab- 
b«th  were  published  in  \B0\. -^Colleetiont  f^hUtorital  society t  vi.  x 
^sviii ;  Cotumbian  eentinel^  June  95,  1798  ;  Ree9*cyelofmtUa^  Phit, 
fSt.i  MiUer't  retrot/iecty  ii.  143;  i>o/i/afi/Ao«,  i.l— .13;  HartUe't 
biografihy. 

BELLAMONT  (Richaud,  earl  of),  governor  of  New  York, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire,  was  appointed  to  these  ofltcee 
early  in  May  1695,  but  did  notairive  at  New  York  until  May  1698. 
He  had  to  struggle  with  many  difficulties,  for  the  people  were  di- 
fided,  the  treasury  was  unbupplied,  and  the  fortifications  were  out 
of  repair.  Notwithstanding  the  care  of  government,  the  pirates, 
who  in  time  of  peace  made  great  depredations  upon  Spanish  «h;os 
and  settlements  in  America,  were  frequently  in  the  sound,  and  w. re 
supplied  with  provisions  by  the  inhabitants  of  Long  Island.  The 
belief,  that  large  quantities  of  money  were  hid  by  these  pirates  along 
the  coast,  led  to  many  a  fruitless  search  ;  and  thur.  the  natural  err.  - 
dulity  of  the  human  mind  and  the  desire  of  sudden  wealth  were 
suitably  punished. 

The  earl  of  Bellamont  remained  in  the  province  of  New  York 
about  a  year.  He  arrived  at  Bostdn  May  36,  I699<,  and  in  Massa- 
chusetts he  was  received  with  the  greatest  respect,  as  it  was  a  new 
thing  to  see  a  nobleman  at  the  head  of  the  government.  He  in  return 
took  every  method  to  ingratiate  himself  with  the  people.  He  was 
condescending,  affable,  and  courteous  upon  all  occasions.  Though 
a  churchman  he  attended  the  weekly  lecture  in  Boston  with  the  gen> 
eral  court,  who  always  adjourned  for  the  purpose.  For  the  preach- 
ers he  professed  the  greatest  regard.  By  his  wise  conduct  he  ob- 
tained a  larger  sum  as  a  salary  and  as  a  gratuity,  than  any  of  his 
predecessors  or  successors.  Though  he  remuned  but  fourteen 
months,  the  grants  made  him  were  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
seventy  five  pounds  sterling.  His  time  was  much  taken  up  in  se* 
curing  the  pirates  and  their  effects,  to  accomplish  which  wasaprin* 
cipal  reason  of  his  appmntment.  During  his  administratioi>2 .  -.  p- 
tain  Kidd  was  seized,  and  sent  to  England  for  trial.  Soon  alec  i  the 
session  of  the  general  court  in  May  1700,  he  returned  to  New 
York,  where  he  died  March  5,  1701. 

The  eaii  of  Bellamont  had  made  himself  very  popular  in  his  gov- 
emments.  He  was  a  nobleman  of  polite  manners,  a  iriend  to  the 
revolution,  which  excited  so  much  joy  in  New  England,  and  a  fa- 
vorite of  king  William. 

Hutchinson  seems  to  consider  his  regard  to  reli^on  as  pretend- 
ed, and  represents  him  as  preferring  for  hie  associates  m  private 


?    • 


'   \ 


11;      9  I  ,'■■ 


■  ■'! 
ill' 

Hi;:  t;'!t|' 


58 


BEL. 


the  less  fireciae  fiart  of  the  country.  As  the  carl  was  once  going 
fiom  the  lecture  to  his  house  with  a  great  crowd  around  him,  he 
passed  by  one  Bullivant,  an  apothecary,  and  a  man  of  the  liberal 
cast,  who  was  standing  at  his  shoo  dour  loitering.  "  Doctor,"  saij 
the  earl  with  an  audible  voice, "  you  have  lost  a  precious  sermon 
to  day."  Dullivant  whispered  to  one  of  his  companions,  who  stood 
by  him,  "  if  I  could  have  got  as  much  by  being  there,  as  his  lord, 
ship  will,  I  would  have  been  there  too."— Hutchinaony  ii.  87,  log 
112—116,  121  ;  Belknaji'a  M",  Hampahirej  i.30li30^y  309  i  Doug, 
fass,  ii.  248  ;  Hardie. 

BELLAMY  (Joseph,  d.d.),  an  eminent  minister,  was  bom  at 
New  Cheshii  ,  Connecticut,  in  1719,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1735.  It  was  net  long  after  his  removal  from  New  Ha. 
ven,  that  he  became  the  subject  of  those  serious  impressions,  which 
it  is  believed,  issued  in  renovation  of  heart.  From  this  period  he 
consecrated  his  talents  to  the  evangelical  ministry.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  began  to  preach  with  acceptance  and  success.  An  un- 
common blessing  attended  his  ministry  at  Bethlehem  in  the  town 
of  Woodbury  ;  a  large  pi'oportion  of  the  society  appeared  to  be 
awakened  to  a  sense  of  religion  ;  and  they  were  unwilling  to  part 
with  the  man,  by  whose  ministry  they  had  been  conducted  to  a 
knowledge  of  the  truth.  He  was  ordained  to  the  pastoral  office 
over  this  church  in  1740.  In  this  retirement  he  devoted  himself 
with  uncommon  ardor  to  his  studies  and  the  duties  of  his  office  till 
the  memorable  revival,  which  was  most  conspicuous  in  1742.  His 
spirit  of  piety  was  then  blown  into  a  flame  ;  he  could  not  be  con> 
tented  to  confine  his  labors  to  his  small  society.  Taking  care  that 
his  own  pulpit  should  be  vacant  as  little  as  possible,  he  devoted  a 
considerable  part  of  his  time  for  several  years  to  itinerating  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  Connecticut  and  the  neighboring  colonies,  preaching 
the  gospel  daily  to  multitudes,  who  flocked  to  hear  him.  He  was 
instrumental  in  the  conversion  of  many.  When  the  awakening 
declined,  he  returned  to  a  more  constant  attention  to  his  own 
charge.  He  now  began  the  task  of  writing  an  excellent  treatise, 
entitled)  true  religion  delineated,  which  was  published  in  1750.  His 
abilities,  his  ardent  piety,  his  tiieological  knowledge,  his  acquaint- 
ance with  persons  under  all  kinds  of  reli(;ious  impressions  qualified 
him  peculiarly  for  a  work  of  this  kind.  From  this  time  he  became 
more  conspicuous,  and  young  men,  who  were  preparing  for  the 
gospel  ministry,  applied  to  him  as  a  teacher.  In  this  branch  of 
his  work  he  was  eminently  useful  till  the  decline  of  life,  when  he 
relinquished  it.  His  method  of  instruction  was  the  followinff. 
After  ascertaining  the  abilities  and  genius  of  those,  who  applied  to 
him,  he  gave  them  a  number  of  questions  on  the  leading  and  most 
essential  subjects  of  religion  in  the  form  of  a  system,  ^e  then 
direc'ed  them  to  such  books  as  treat  these  subjects  with  the  great- 
est pe/spicuity  and  force  of  argument,  and  usually  spent  his  even- 
ilgs  in  inquiring  into  their  improvements  and  solving  difficulties, 


BEL. 


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lilt  they  had  obtained  a  good  degree  of  understanding  in  the  gen« 
e»l  system.  Alter  this,  he  directed  them  to  write  on  each  of  the 
questions  before  ^iven  them,  reviewing  those  parts  of  the  authors, 
tvhicii  treated  on  the  subject  proposed.  These  dissertations  were 
submitted  to  his  examination.  As  they  advanced  in  ability  to 
tnake  proper  distinctions  he  led  them  to  read  the  most  learned 
and  acute  opposers  of  the  truth,  the  deistical,  arian,  ^ind  socinian 
writers,  and  laid  open  the  falLcy  of  their  most  specious  reason- 
ings. When  the  system  was  completed  he  directed  them  to  write 
on  several  of  the  most  important  points  systematically,  in  the 
form  of  sermons.  He  next  led  them  to  peruse  the  best  ex- 
perimental and  practical  discourses,  and  to  compose  sermons  on 
like  subjectb.  He^revised  and  corrected  their  compositions,  incul- 
cating the  necessity  of  a  heart  truly  devoted  to  Christ,  and  a  life  of 
\7dtching  and  prayer,  discoursing  occasionally  on  the  various  duties^ 
trials,  comforts,  and  motives  of  the  evangelical  work,  that  his  pu« 
nils  might  be,  as  far  as  possible,  '<  scribes  well  instructed  in  the 
kingdom  of  God." 

In  1786  Dr.  Bellamy  was  seized  by  a  paralytic  affection,  from 
which  he  never  recovered.  He  died  March  6, 1790,  in  the  fiftieth 
year  of  his  ministry,  and  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age. 

As  a  preacher,  he  had  perhaps  no  superior,  and  very  few  equals. 
His  voice  was  manly,  his  manner  engaging  and  most  impressive. 
He  had  a  peculiar  faculty  of  arresting  the  attention  ;  he  was  mas- 
ter of  his  subject  and  could  adapt  himself  to  the  meanest  capacity. ' 
When  the  law  was  his  theme,  he  was  awful  and  terrifying  ;  on  the 
contrary,  in  the  most  melting  strains  would  he  describe  the  suffer- 
ings of  Christ  and  his  love  to  sinners,  and  with  most  persuasive 
eloquence  invite  them  to  be  reconciled  to  God.  As  a  pastor,  he 
was  diligent  and  faithful.  He  taught  not  only  publicly  but  from 
house  to  house.  He  was  particularly  attentive  to  the  rising  gen« 
eration.  Besides  the  stated  labors  of  the  Lord's  day  he  frequently 
spent  an  hour  in  the  intervals  of  public  worship  in  catechising  the 
children  of  the  congregation. 

In  a  variety  of  respects  Dr.  Bellamy  shone  with  distinguished 
lustre.  Extensive  science  and  ease  of  communicating  his  ideas 
rendered  him  one  of  the  best  of  instructors.  His  writings  pro- 
cured him  the  esteem  of  the  pious  and  learned  at  home  and  abroad, 
with  many  of  whom  be  maintained  an  epistolary  correspondence .  Iii 
his  preaching  a  mind  rich  in  thought,  a  great  command  of  language, 
and  a  poweriful  voice  rendered  his  extemporary  discourse^  jieculiar- 
ly  acceptable.  He  was  one  of  the  most  able  divines  of  this  country. 
In  his  sentiments  he  accorded  with  president  Edwards,  with  whom 
he  was  intimately  acqutdnted. 

He  published  a  sermon  entitled,  early  piety  recommended  ;  true 
religion  delineated,  1750  ;  three  sermons  on  the  divinity  of  Christ, 
the  millennium,  and  the  wisdom  of  God  in  the  permission  of  sin. 


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1758  ;  dialogues  on  Theron  and  Aspasio  by  Paulinus  ;  essay  on 
the  glory  of  the  gospel ;  a  vindication  of  his  sermon  on  the  wis. 
dom  of  God  in  tiie  permission  of  sin  ;  the  law  a  schoolmaster,  « 
sermon  ;  the  great  evil  of  sin  ;  election  sermon,  1762.  Besides 
these  he  published  several  small  pieces  on  creeds  and  confessions ; 
on  the  covenant  of  grace  ;  on  chui-ch  covenanting  ;  and  in  answer 
to  objections  made  against  his  writings.  The  toilowing  are  the 
titles  of  some  of  these  ;  the  halfway  covenant,  a  dialogue,  1769  ; 
a  second  dialogue  concerning  the  halfway  covenant,  1769;  the 
inconsistency  of  renouncing  the  half  way  covenant  and  retaining 
the  hcilf  way  practice  ;  that  there  is  but  one  covenant,  against  the 
reverend  Moses  Mather.— •^enrrftc/'«  fwieral  termon  ;  Brainerd'a 
/l/f,22,  41,  43,  55. 

BELLINGHAM  (Richard),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was 
tt  native  of  England,  where  he  was  bred  a  lawyer.  He  came  to 
this  bountry  in  1 634,  and  in  the  following  year  was  chosen  deputy 
governor.  In  1641  he  was  elected  governor  in  opposition  to  Mr. 
Winthrop  by  a  majority  of  six  votes ;  but  the  election  did  not  seem 
to  be  agreeable  to  the  general  court.  He  was  rechosen  to  this  of- 
fice in  1654,andafterthedeath  of  governor  Endicot  wasagain  elect- 
ed in  May  1665.  He.contbued  chief  magistrate  of  Massachusetts 
during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  Dec.  7,  1672,  aged 
eighty  years. 

Governor  Bellingham  lived  to  be  the  only  surviving  patentee 
named  in  the  charter.  He  was  severe  against  those,  who  were  call- 
ed sectaries  ;  but  he  was  a  man  of  incorruptible  integrity,  and  it  is 
mentioned  as  rather  a  remarkable  circumstance,  tliat  he  never  took 
a  bribe.  In  the  ecclesiastical  controversy,  which  was  occasioned  in 
Boston  by  the  settlement  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Davenport,  he  was 
an  advocate  of  the  first  church.  Though  a  lawyer,  his  will  was 
drawn  up  in  such  a  manner,  that  the  general  court  were  obliged 
to  make  a  disposition  of  his  property  themselves.— /Tu/rAnMon's 
fiiat.  Mataachuaettay  i.  41,  43,  97,  353,  258.  269  ;  MaVa  Mat.  J^ev) 
England^  i.  390-;  Mather*s  magnalia^  ii.  18  ;  Holmes* annahy  i.  414, 

BENEZET  (Anthony),  a  philanthrophist  of  Philadelphia,  was 
born  at  St.  Quintins,  a  town  in  the  province  of  Picardy,  France,  Jan. 
31,  1713.  About  the  time  of  his  birth  the  persecution  agunst  the 
protestants  was  carried  on  with  relentless  severity,  in  consequence 
of  which  many  thousands  found  it  necessary  to  leave  their  native 
country,  and  seek  a  shelter  in  foreign  lands.  Among  these  were 
his  parents,  who  removed  to  London  in  Feb.  1715,  and  after  re* 
maining  there  up  >vards  of  sixteen  years  came  to  Philadelphia  inNov. 
1731.  During  their  residence  in  Great  Britain  they  had  imbibed 
the  religious  opinions  of  the  society  of  friends,  and  they  were  re- 
ceived into  that  body  immediately  after  their  arrival  in  this  country. 

In  the  early  part  of  his  life  Benezet  was  put  an  apprentice  to  a 
merchant  ;  but  soon  after  his  marriage  in  1722,  when  his  affairs 


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siere  in  a  prosperous  situation,  he  left  the  mercantile  business^  that 
he  might  engage  in  some  pursuit,  which  was  not  so  adapted  to 
excite  or  to  promote  a  worldly  spirit,  and  which  would  afl'ord  him 
more  leisure    for  the  duties  of  religion  and  for  the  exercise  of 
that  benevolent  spirit,  for  which  during  the  course  of  a  long  life  he 
iras  BO  conspicuous.    But  no  employment,  which  accorded  per' 
fectly  with  his  inclination,  presented  itself  till  the  year  1742,  when 
be  accepted  the  appointment  of  instructor  in  the  friends'  English 
school  of  Philadelphia.     The  duties  of  the  honorable,  though  not 
very  lucrative  office  of  a  teacher  of  youth,  he  from  this  period 
continued  to  fulfil  with  unremitting  assiduity  and  delight  and  with 
very  little  intermbsion  till  his  death.     During  the  two  last  years 
of  his  life  his  zeal  to  do  good  induced  him  to  resign  the  school, 
which  he  had  long  superintended,  and  to  engage  in  the  instruction 
of  the  blacks.    In  doing  this  he  did  not  consult  his  worldly  interest, 
but  was  influenced  by  a  regard  to  the  welfare  of  that  miserable 
class  of  beuigs,  whose  minds  had  been  debased  by  servitude.-    He 
wished  to  contribute  something  towards  rendering  them  fit  for  the 
enjoyment  of  that  freedom,  to  wluch  many  of  them  had  been  res- 
tored. 

So  great  was  his  sympathy  with  every  being  capable  of  feeling 
pain,  tliat  he  resolved  towards  the  close  of  his  life  to  eat  no  animal 
food.  This  change  in  his  mode  of  living  is  supposed  to  have  beeu 
the  occasion  of  his  death.  His  active  mind  did  not  yield  to  the 
debility  of  his  body.  He  pe:^>evered  in  his  attendance  upon  his 
school  till  within  a  few  days  of  his  decease.  He  died  May  3,  i  784, 
in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age. 

Sucli  was  the  general  esteem,  in  which  he  was  held,  that  his 
funeral  was  attended  by  persons  of  all  religious  denominations. 
Many  hundred  negroes  followed  their  friend  and  benefactor  to  the 
grave,  and  by  their  tears  they  proved,  that  they  possessed  the^  sen- 
sibility of  men.  An  officer,  who  had  served  in  the  army  during 
the  war  with  Great  Britain,  observed  at  this  time  "  I  would 
rather  be  Anthony  Benezet  in  that  coffin,  than  George  Washington 
yrith  all  his  fame." 

He  exhibited  uncommon  activity  and  industry  in  every  thing, 
which  he  undertook.  He  used  to  say  that  the  highest  act  of  char- 
ity was  to  bear  with  the  unreasonableness  of  mankind.  He  gener- 
ally wore  plush  clothes,  and  gave  as  a  reason  for  it,  that  after  he 
had  worn  them  for  two  or  three  years,  they  made  comfortable  and 
decent  garments  for  the  poor.  So  disposed  was  he  to  make  him- 
self contented  in  every  situation,  that  when  his  memory  began  to 
fail  him,  instead  of  lamenting  the  decay  of  his  powers,  he  said  to  a 
young  friend,  "  this  gives  me  one  great  advantage  over  you,  for 
you  can  find  entertainment  in  reading  a  good  book  only  once  ; 
but  I  enjoy  that  pleasure  as  often  as  I  read  it,  for  it  is  ah.ays  new 
to  me."  Few  men,  since  the  days  of  the  apostles,  ever  lived  :i  more 


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disinterested  life  ;  yet  upon  his  death  bed  he  expressed  his  desire 
to  live  a  little  longer, "  that  he  iniurht  bring  down  self."  The  last 
time  he  ever  walked  across  his  room  was  to  take  from  his  desk  six 
dollars,  which  he  gave  to  a  poor  widow,  whom  he  had  long  assisted 
to  maintain.  In  his  conversation  he  was  affable  and  unreserved  • 
in  his  manners  gentle  and  conciliating.  For  the  acquisition  of 
wealth  he  wanted  neither  abilities  nor  opportunity  ;  but  he  made 
himself  contented  with  a  little,  and  with  a  competency  he  was  Ub< 
eral  beyond  most  of  those,  whom  a  bountiful  providence  had  en* 
cumbered  with  riches.  By  his  will  he  devised  his  estate,  after  the 
decease  of  his  wife,  to  ceitain  trustees  for  the  use  of  the  African 
school. 

During  the  time  the  British  army  was  in  possession  of  PhiladeU 
phia  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  endeavors  to  render  the  situation  of 
the  persons,  who  sufferied  fiom  captivity,  as  easy  as  possible.  He 
knew  no  fear  in  the  presence  of  a  fellow  man,  however  dignified 
by  titles  or  station  ;  and  such  was  the  propriety  and  gentleness  of 
his  manners  in  his  intercourse  with  the  gentlemen,  who  command- 
ed  the  British  and  German  troops,  that  when  he  could  not  obtain 
the  object  of  his  requests)  he  never  failed  to  secure  their  civilities 
and  esteem. 

Though  the  life  of  Mr.  Benezet  was  passed  in  the  instruction  of 
youth,  yet  his  expansive  benevolence  extended  itself  to  a  vrider 
sphere  of  usefulness.  Giving  but  a  small  portion  of  his  time  to 
sleep,  he  employed  his  pen  both  day  and  night  in  writing' books  on 
religious  subjects,  composed  chiefly  with  a  view  to  inculcate  the 
peaceablr  temper  and  doctrines  of  the  gospel  in  opposition  to  the 
spirit  of  war,  and  to  expose  the  flagrant  injust^ice  of  slavery,  and 
fix  the  stamp  of  infamy  on  the  traffic  in  human  blood.  His  writ- 
ings contributed  much  towards  meliorating  the  condition  of  slaves, 
and  undoubtedly  had  influence  on  the  public  mind  in  effecting  the 
complete  prohibition  of  that  trade,  which  until  the  year  1808  was  a 
blot  on  the  American  national  character. 

To  disseminate  his  publications  and  increase  his  usefulness  he 
held  a  corresponSence  with  such  persons  in  various  parts  of  Eu- 
rope and  America,  as  united  with  him  in  the  same  benevolent 
design,  or  would  be  likely  to  promote  the  objects,  which  he  was 
pursuing.  No  ambitious  or  covetous  views  impelled  him  to  his 
exertions,  regarding  all  mankind  as  children  of  one  common 
Father  and  members  of  one  great  family,  he  was  anxious  that  op- 
pression and  tyranny  should  cease,  and  that  men  should  live  together 
in  mutual  kindness  and  affection.  He  himself  respected  and  he 
■wished  others  to  respect  the  sacred  injunction, "  do  unto  others  as 
you  would  t.iut  they  should  do  unto  you." 

On  the  rt  turn  of  peace  in  1783,  apprehending  that  the  revival 
of  commerce  would  be  likely  to  renew  the  African  slave  trade, 
which  during  the  war  had  been  in  some  measure  obstructed,  he 


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uddressed  a  letter  to  the  queen  of  Great  Britain  to  solicit  her  in- 
fluence on  tue  side  of  humanity.  At  the  close  of  this  letter  he 
gayS)  **  i  hope  thou  wilt  kindly  excuse  the  freedom  used  on  this 
occasion  by  itn  ancient  man,  whose  mind  for  more  than  forty  years 
past  has  been  much  separated  from  the  common  course  of  the 
world)  and  long  painfully  exercised  in  the  consideration  of  the 
ipiserieS)  under  which  so  large  a  part  of  mankind,  equally  with  us 
the  objects  of  redeeming  love,  are  sutferuig  the  most  unjust  and 
grievous  oppression,  and  who  sincerely  desires  the  temporal  and 
eternal  felicity  of  the  queen  and  her  royal  consort." 

He  published,  among  other  tracts,  a  caution  to  Great  Britain  and 
her  colonies  in  a  short  representation  of  the  calamitous  statt  of  the 
enslaved  negroes  in  the  British  dominions,  1767;  some  historical 
account  of  Guinea,  with  an  inquiry  into  the  rise  and  progress  of 
the  slave  trade,  1771  ;  observations  on  the  Indian  natives  ot  this 
continent,  1784.^ — Hardie'a  biografihy  ,•  M-vf  and  general  biog.  dic- 
tionary ;  jimerican  museum^  ix.  192—194  ;  Heea*  cyclo/ierdia. 

BERKELEY  (George),  bishop  of  Cloyne  in  Ireland,  and  a  dis- 
tinguished bcnefitctor  of  Yale  college,  was  bom  March  12,  1684 
at  Kilcrin  in  the  county  of  Kilkenny,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
college,  Dublin.  After  publishing  a  number  of  his  works,  which 
gained  him  a  high  reputation,  he  travelled  four  or  five  years  upon 
the  continent.  He  returned  in  1721,  and  a  fortune  was  soon  be- 
queathed him  by  a  lady  of  Dublin,  the  "  Vanessa"  of  Swift.  In 
1724  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery  of  Derry,  worth  eleven  hun- 
dred pounds  per  annum. 

Having  for  some  time  conceived  the  benevolent  project  of  convert- 
ing the  savages  of  America  to  Christianity  by  means  of  a  college 
to  be  erected  in  one  of  the  isles  of  Bermuda,  he  published  a  propos- 
al for  this  purpose  at  London  in   1725,  and  offered  to  resign  his 
own  opulent  preferment,  and  to  dedicate  the  remainder  of  his  life 
to  the  instruction  of  youth  in  America  on  the  subustence  of  a  hun« 
dred  pounds  a  year.     He  obtained  a  grant  of  10,0001.  from  the 
government  of  Great  Britain,  and  immediately  set  sail  for  the  field 
of  bis  labors.     He  arrived  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  in  February 
1729  with  a  view  of  settling  a  correspondence  there  for  supplying 
his  college  with  such  provisions,  as  might  be  wanted  from  the 
northern  colonies.  Here  he  purchased  a  country  seat  and  farm  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Newport,  and  resided  about  two  years  and  a  half. 
His  residence  in  this  country  had  some  influence  on  the  progress 
of  hterature,  paiticularly  in  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut.    The 
presence  and  conversation  of  a  man  so  illustrious  for  talents,  learn- 
ing, virtue,  and  social  attractions  could  not  fail  of  giving  a  spring  to 
the  literary  diligence  and  ambition  of  many,  who  enjoyed  his  ac- 
quaintanr.e. 

Finding  at  length,  that  the  promised  aid  of  the  ministry  towards 
hisnew  college  would  fail  him,  dean  Berkeley  returned  to  England. 


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At  his  dcj.  M  turc  he  distributed  the  books,  trhich^  he  liad  brought 
with  him,  among  the  clei*gy  of  Rhode  Island.  He  embarked  fat 
Boston  in  Srptembrr  i/M.  In  the  following  year  he  published 
his  minute  philosopher,  u  work  of  great  ingenuity  and  merit,  which 
he  wrote,  while  at  Newpo'i.  It  wws  not  long  before  he  sent  as  a 
gift  to  Yak  college  a  deed  of  the  farm,  which  he  held  in  Rhode 
Island  ;  the  rents  of  which  he  directed  to  be  appropriated  to  the 
maintenance  of  the  three  best  classical  scholars,  who  should  reside 
at  co'  cgc  at  '.cast  nine  months  in  a  year  in  each  of  the  {hvtt  ytavA 
between  their  first  and  sficond  degrees.  All  surplusvges  of  n.oi>, 
cy,arising  from  accidental  vacancies,  were  to  be  distributed  a  vlij^ek 
and  Latin  books  to  such  undergraduates,  as  should  njike  lUv,  best 
composition  in  the  Latin  tongue  upon  sucha  moral  thfiie,  a«  s»  oulc 
be  given  them.  He  also  made  a  iiresent  to  the  library  oi  Yaie 
college  of  near  one  thousi^nd  volumes.  When  it  is  considered, 
that  he  was  warmlv  attached  (':i  the  epi&oopal  church,  and  that  hf>, 
«:ame  to  Americu  for  the  eypri;  33  purpobK  of  founding  an  episcopal 
college,  his  munificence  lo  an  institution,  under  the  exclusive  Y,-. 
rection  of  a  different  denomini -.ion,  mxint  be  though?,  worthy  of  i 
high  praise. 

It  was  in  the  year  J  733,  that  he  was  made  bvihop  of  Ckyne,  ai.ci 
from  this  j;crio(I  he  discharged  with  exemplary  faithfulness  the 
episcopal  durks,  ^ ud  prosecuted  his  studies  with  unabating  dili- 
gence. On  v'c  }  4ch  of  January  1753  he  was  suddenly  seized  by  a 
disorder,  caUexl  the  palsy  of  the  heart,  and  insUntly  expired,  being 
neai'  sixvj'  pin»^  years  ol  age. 

Bisiiop  Berkeley,  while  at  Cloyne,  constantly  rose  between  three 
and  four  in  the  morning.  His  favorite  author  was  Plato.  His 
character,  though  marked  by  enthusiasm,  was  singulariy  excellenf 
and  amiable.  He  was  held  by  his  acquaintance  in  the  highest  esti- 
mation. Bishop  Atterbury,  after  being  introduced  to  him,  exclaim- 
ed, "  so  much  understanding,  so  much  knowledge,  so  much  in- 
nocence, and  such  humility  I  did  not  think  had  been  the  portion  of 
any  but  angels,-till  I  saw  this  gentleman."  It  is  well  known,  that 
bishop  Berkeley  rejected  the  commonly  received  notion  of  the  ex- 
istence of  matter,  and  contended,  that  what  are  called  sensible  ma- 
terial objects  are  not  external  but  exist  in  the  mind,  and  are  merely 
impressions  made  upon  our  mind  by  the  immediate  act  of  God. 
These  peculiar  sentiments  he  supported  in  his  work,  entitled,  the 
principles  of  human  knowledge,  17 10,  and  in  the  dialogues  between 
Hylas  and  Philonous,  1713.  Besides  these  works,  and  the  minute 
philosopher,  in  which  he  attacks  the  free  thinker  with  great  inge- 
nuity and  effect,  he  published  also,  arithmetica  absque  algebra  aut 
Euclide  demonstrata,  1707  ;  theory  of  vision,  1709  ;  de  motu, 
1721  ;  an  essay  towards  preventing  the  ruin  of  Great  Britun, 
1721;  the  analyst,  1734  ;  a  defence  of  free  thinking  in  mathe- 
matics, 1735  ;  the  querist,  1735  ;  discourse  addressed  to  magis- 


f  t 


BEU. 


65 


\v 


frates,  1736  ;  on  the  virtues  of  tftr  wuter,  1744  ;  maxims  concern- 
ing patriotism,  IJ  SO.-^Chandler'a  l^/e  qfJohnaon^  AT-'^O  ;  Miller'g 
rctrotfieety  ii,  349  ;  Reet"  cyclofimdia  \  Holmes*  annala^  ii.  193. 

BERKLEY  (William),  governor  of  Virginia,  was  bom  of  an 
incient  family  near  London  and  was  educated  at  Merton  college, 
Oxford,  of  which  he  was  afterwards  a  fellow.  He  was  admitted 
master  of  arts  in  1639.  In  1630  he  travelled  in  different  parts  of 
Europe.  He  succeeded  sir  John  Harvey  in  the  government  of 
Virginia  about  the  year  1639.  This  gentleman  had  conducted  iji 
so  arbitrary  a  manner,  that  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia  seized  him 
?:h1  sent  him  home  a  prisoner.  King  Charles  restored  him,  but 
\<vy  ^on  afterwards  recalled  him,  and  appointed  in  his  stead  n 
;;v)  J  just  and  worthy  man,  sir  William  Berkley.  On  his  arrival  he 
loLnd  the  country  engilgcd  in  an  Indian  war,  which  much  interrupt- 
ed its  prosperity.  The  war  was  occasioned  by  the  encroachments 
of  guvemor  Harvey  in  the  grants  of  land,  which  he  had  given. 
T!>e  natives  had  massacred  about  500  of  the  colonists,  and  were 
stil  carrying  on  the  work  of  destruction.  But  sir  William  with  a 
party  of  horse  surprised  the  aged  Oppecancanough,  and  brought 
liim  prisoner  to  James  Town.  The  Indian  emperor  was  a  man  of 
{Ugnified  sentiments.  One  day,  when  there  was  a  large  crowd  in 
his  room  gazing  at  lum,  he  called  for  the  governor  and  said  to  him, 
t«  if  it  had  been  my  fortune  to  have  taken  sir  William  Berkley  pris" 
oner,  I  should  have  disdained  to  have  made  a  show  of  him  to  my 
people."  About  a  fortnight  after  he  was  taken,  a  brutal  soldier 
shot  him  through  the  back,  of  which  wound  the  old  man  soon  died. 
A  firm  peace  was  soon  afterwards  made  with  the  Indians. 

During  the  civil  war  in  England  governor  Berkley  took  the  side 
of  the  king,  and  Virginia  was  the  last  of  the  possessions  of  England, 
which  acknowledged  the  authority  of  Cromwell.  Severe  laws  were 
made  against  the  puritans,  though  there  were  none  in  the  colony  \ 
commerce  was  interrupted  ;  and  the  people  were  unable  to  supply 
themselves  even  with  tools  for  agriculture .  It  w  as  not  till  1651,  that 
Virginia  was  subdued.  The  parliament  had  sent  a  fleet  to  reduce 
Barbadoes,  and  from  this  place  a  small  squadron  was  detached  un- 
der the  command  of  captain  Dennis.  The  Virginians  by  the  help 
of  some  Dutch  vessels,  which  were  then  in  the  port,  made  such 
resistance,  that  he  was  obliged  to  have  recoin^se  to  other  means 
besides  force.  He  sent  word  to  two  of  the  members  of  the  coimcil, 
that  he  had  on  board  a  valuable  cargo  belonging  to  them,  which 
t^  must  lose,  if  the  protector's  authority  was  not  immediately 
acn.aowledged.  Such  dissensions  now  took  place  in  the  colony, 
that  Sir  William  and  his  friends  wove  obliged  to  sxihmit  on  the 
terms  of  a  general  pardon.  He  Itowever  remained  in  the  country, 
passing  his  time  in  retirement  at  his  own  plantation,  and  observing 
vrith  tatisfiiction,  tltat  the  parliament  9iade  a  moderate  use  of  its 

9 


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success,  and  that  none  of  the  Virginia  royalists  were penccutcd 
tor  their  resisuincc. 

After  the  deuth  of  governor  Matthews,  who  was  appointed  by 
Cromwell,  the  people  applied  to  sir  William  to  resume  the  gov. 
cmment ;  but  he  declined  complying  with  their  request  unless 
they  would  submit  themselves  again  to  the  uuthcrity  of  the  king. 
Upon  their  consenting  to  do  this,  he  resumed  his  former  authority 
in  January  1659  ;  and  king  CharUs  II  was  proclaimed  in  Virgin. 
ia  before  his  restoration  to  the  throne  of  England.      The  death  of 
Cromwell,  in  the  mean  time,  dissipated  from  the  minds  of  the  col- 
onists the  fear  of  the  consequences  of  their  boldness.     After  the 
restoration  governor  Berkley  received  a  new  commission  and  was 
permitted  to  go  to  England  to  pay  his  respects  to  his  majet^ty.  Dur- 
ing his  absence  the  deputy  governor,  whom  he  had  appointed, in 
obedience  to  his  orders  collected  the  laws  into  one  body.    The 
church  of  England  was  made  the  established  religion,  parishes 
were  regulated,  ami,  besides  a  mansion  house  and  glebe,  a  yearly 
stipend  in  tobacco,  to  the  value  of  eighty  pounds,  was  settled  on 
the  minister.    In  1662  governor  Berkley  returned  to  Virginia,  and 
in  the  following  year  the  laws  were  enforced  against  the  dissenters 
from  the  establishment,  by  which  a  number  of  them  were  driven 
from  the  colony.     During  Bacon's  rebellion  he  exhibited  a  suitable 
regard  to  the  dignity  of  his  station,  and  a  firm  resolution  to  support 
his  authority.     Peace  was  afterwards  preserved  not  so  much  by 
the  removal  of  the  grievances,  which  awakened  discontent,  as  by 
the  arrival  of  a  regiment  from  England,  which  remained  a  long 
time  in  the  country 

In  1677  sir  William  was  induced,  on  account  of  his  ill  state  of 
health,  to  return  to  England,  leaving  colonel  Jeffereys  deputy  gov> 
ernoi-.  He  died  soon  after  his  arrival,  and  before  he  had  seen  the 
king,  after  an  administration  of  near  forty  years.  He  was  buried 
at  Twickenham  July  13,  1677,  The  assembly  of  Virginia  declar- 
ed, that  he  had  been  an  excellent  and  well  deserving  governor. 
Th^  following  extract  from  his  answer  in  June  1671  to  inquiries  of 
the  committee  for  the  colonies  is  a  curious  specimen  of  his  loyalty. 
"  We  have  forty  eight  parishes  and  our  \ninisters  are  ^vell  paid, 
and  by  my  consent  should  be  better  if  they  would  pray  oftener  and 
preach  less  ;  but,  as  of  all  other  commodities,  so  of  this,  the  worst 
are  sent  us,  and  we  have  few,  that  we  can  boast  of,  since  the  perse- 
cution in  Cromwell's  tyranny  drove  divers  worthy  men  hither. 
Yet  I  thank  God,  there  are  no  free  schools,  nor  printing  ;  and  I 
hope  -we  shall  not  have  these  hundred  years.  For  learning  has 
brought  disobedience,  and  heresy,  and  sects  into  the  world,  and 
printing  has  divulged  them  and  libels  against  the  best  government." 

He  published  the  lost  lady,  a  tragi-comedy,  1639  ;  a  discourse 
and  view  of  Virginia,  1 663. -^Keith's  hiaiory  of  Firginiay  1 44 — 162; 
Wynne,  ii.  216 — 224  ;  Holmes*  annala^  i.  373  440  ;  Chalmers,  i. 


336, 


n  rt  -r 

oo7 


Wood's  At  hence  Oxoniensesf  ii.  586. 


BERKLEY (N 

crnorsof  Virgin 

of  Botetourt  in  17 

Virginia  in  the  pi 

burg  October  15, 

dcKth  the  governr 

honorable  John  Bl 

until  the  appr  intn 

Horof  New  York. 

Lord  Botetourt  i 

ed  in  Virginia.     I 

and  Mary  college 

annual  contest  am< 

of  the  value  of  five 

en  subject,  and  the 

For  a  long  time  he 

prayers  in  the  colh 

attendance  on  this 

characters.     No  oi 

pcct,  was  ever  prei 

ment.— 'Miller's  re, 

1770, 

BERNARD  (Fi 
the  province  from 
August  2,  1760,  an 
years.    His  admin 
periods  in  Americi 
years  in  a  manner 
part  ofhisadminisi 
the  general  court, 
to  Amherst.     Muc 
but  this  prosperous 
There  had  long  bet 
crown,  aiid  the  defe 
Bernard  was  soon 
strengthening  the  r 
therefore  stood  fort 
cretion  in  appointiui 
that  office  to  colone 
ised  by  Shirley,  pr 
quence  of  this  appoi 
and  by  yielding  him 
hostility  of  James  C 
became  the  leader  o 
tion  of  trade,  and  th« 
first  thing,  which  gr 
the  stamp  act  increa 


nil 


U' 


BER. 


67 


BERKLEY (NoRBoaNE,harond(  3otctourt),oneof  the  Ia»t  gov- 
ernon  of  Virginia,  wliile  a  Briti  ih  colony,  obtained  the  peerage 
of  Botetourt  in  1764.  In  July  1763  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Virginia  in  the  place  of  general  Amherst.  He  died  at  Williams- 
burg October  15^  1770,  in  the  fifty  third  year  of  his  age.  At  his 
deftth  the  government,  in  consequence  of  the  i*csign»tion  of  the 
honorable  John  Blair,  devolved  upon  the  honorable  \Villii.\m  Nelson 
until  the  app»  intment  in  December  of  lord  Dunmore,  then  gover- 
nor of  New  York. 

Lord  Botetourt  seems  to  have  been  highly  and  deservedly  respect- 
ed in  Virginia.  His  exertions  to  promote  the  interests  of  William 
and  Mary  college  were  zealous  and  unremitted.  He  instituted  an 
annual  contest  among  the  students  for  two  elegant  golden  medals 
of  the  value  of  five  guineas  ;  one  for  the  best  latin  oration  on  a  giv- 
en subject,  and  the  ether  for  superiority  in  mathematical  science. 
For  a  long  time  he  sanctioned  by  his  presence  morning  and  evening 
prayers  in  the  college.  No  company,  nor  avocation  prevented  his 
attendance  on  this  service.  He  was  extremely  fond  of  literary 
characters.  No  one  of  this  class,  who  had  the  least  clums  to  res- 
pect, was  ever  presented  to  him  without  receiving  his  encourage- 
jaent.— 'Miller's  rctroafitcf,  ii.  378  i  Boaton  gazette,  JVbvember  M^ 
1770. 

BERNARD  (Francis),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  arrived  in 
the  province  from  New  Jersey  as  successor  to  governor  Pownall, 
August  2,  1760,  and  continued  at  the  head  of  thfc  government  nine 
years.  His  administration  was  during  one  of  the  most  interesting 
periods  in  American  history.  He  had  governed  New  Jersey  two 
years  in  a  manner  very  accepttible  to  that  province,  and  the  first 
part  of  his  administration  in  Massachtisetls  was  very  agreeable  to 
the  general  court.  Soon  after  his  arrival  Canada  was  surrendered 
to  Amherst.  Much  harmony  prevailed  for  two  or  three  years, 
but  this  prosperous  and  happy  commencement  did  not  continue. 
There  had  long  been  two  parties  in  the  state,  the  advocates  for  the 
crown,  aiid  the  defenders  of  the  rights  of  the  people.  Governor 
Bernard  was  soon  classed  with  those,  who  were  desirous  of 
strengthening  the  royal  authority  in  America  ;  the  sons  of  liberty 
therefore  stood  forth  uniformly  in  opposition  to  him.  His  indis- 
cretion in  appointing  Mr.  Hutchinson  chief  justice  instead  of  giving 
that  office  to  colonel  Otis  of  Barnstable,  to  whom  it  had  been  prom- 
ised by  Shirley,  proved  very  injurious  to  his  cause.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  appointment  he  lost  the  influence  of  colonel  Otis, 
and  by  yielding  himself  to  Mr.  Hutchinson,  he  drew  upon  him  the 
hostility  of  James  Otis,  the  son,  a  man  of  great  talents,  who  soon 
became  the  leader  on  the  popular  side.  The  laws  for  the  regular 
tion  of  trade,  and  the  severities  of  the  officers  of  customs  was  the 
first  thing,  which  greatly  agitated  the  public  mind  ;  and  afterwards 
the  stamp  net  increased  the  energy  of  resistance  to  the  scheme*  of 


m-  ^ 


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68 


BEV. 


>  •  if 


iiiiij 


If: 


tyranny.  Governor  Dernard  poMCRscd  no  talent  for  conciliating;  |,(, 
wan  for  accomplishing  ministcriul  puri)oscs  by  force  ;  anfl  the  spirit 
of  freedom  gathered  Htrength  from  the  open  manner,  in  which  he 
attempted  to  crush  it.  Mis  speech  to  the  general  court  after  the 
repeal  of  the  stamp  act  was  by  no  means  calculated  to  assuage  the 
angry  pas  ions,  which  had  lately  been  excited.  He  was  the  piin- 
cipal  means  of  bringing  the  troops  to  Boston,  that  he  might  over- 
awe the  people  ;  and  it  was  owing  to  him,  that  they  were  contin- 
ued  in  the  town.  Tliis  measure  had  been  proposed  by  him  and 
Mr.  Hutchinson  long  before  it  was  executed.  While  he  professed 
himself  a  friend  to  the  province,  he  was  endeavoring  to  undermine 
its  constitution,  and  to  obtain  an  essential  alteration  in  the  charter 
by  transferring  from  the  general  court  to  the  crown  the  right  of 
electing  the  council.  His  cbnduct,  though  it  drew  upon  him  the 
indignation  of  the  province,  was  so  pleasing  to  the  ministry,  that  he 
was  created  a  baronet  March  20,  1769.  Sir  Francis  had  too  little 
command  of  his  temper.  He  could  not  conceal  his  resentments, 
and  he  could  not  restrtun  his  censures.  One  of  his  last  public 
measures  was  to  prorogue  the  general  court  in  July,  in  conse- 
quence of  their  refusing  to  make  provision  for  the  support  of  tiie 
troops.  The  general  court  however,  before  they  were  prorog* 
ued,  embraced  the  opportunity  of  drawing  up  a  petition  to  his  ma- 
jesty for  the  removal  of  the  governor.  It  was  found  necessary  tc 
recal  him,  and  he  embarked  August  1,  1769,  leaving  Mr.  Hutchin* 
son,  the  lieutenant  governor,  commander  in  chief.  There  were 
few,  ^vho  lamented  his  departure.  He  died  in  England  June 
1779. 

Ifamanof  greater  address  and  wisdom  had  occupied  the  place 
of  sir  Francis,  it  is  very  probable  our  revolution  would  not  have 
taken  place  so  soon.  But  his  arbitrary  principles,  and  his  zeal  for 
the  authority  of  the  crown  enkindled  the  spirit  of  tjie  people,  while 
his  representations  to  the  ministry  excited  them  to  those  measures, 
which  hastened  the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  the  mother 
country. 

From  the  letters  of  governor  Bernard,  which  were  obtained  and 
transmitted  to  this  country  by  some  secret  friend,  it  appears  that 
he  had  very  little  regard  to  the  interests  of  liberty.  His  select 
letters  on  the  trade  and  government  of  America,  written  in  Boston 
from  1763  to  1768,  were  published  in  London  in  1774.  His  other 
Setters,  written  home  in  conlidence,  were  published  in  1768  and 
\7 69. -^A^not*8  history  of  Maaaachuaetta,  i.  73 — 222;  Gordon^  i. 
139,272—274  ;  Marahall^  ii.  96,  114  ;  Holmea*  annalaf  ii.  283, 
891  ;  Mama*  A*.  England ^  241. 

BEVERLY  (R.),  a  native  of  Virginia,  published  a  history  of  that 
colony  at  London  in  1705  in  four  parts,  embracing  the  first  set- 
tlement of  Virginia  and  the  government  thereof  to  the  time,  when 
ft  v^  written  ;  the  qatural  productions  and  conveniences  bf  thi  i 


i 


I       I 


BLA. 


69 


country)  Mtited  to  trade  amlimprovement  ;  the  native  Indians*  their 
i^ligiun)  Uws,  and  custnniH  ;  and  Uic  state  o^  the  country  as  to  the 
policy  of  the  govcrment  and  the  improvemi  s  of  the  land.  An« 
other  edition  was  published  with  Gribeim  »  cuts*  8vo,  17.23. 
This  work  in  the  historical  narration  is  as  concise  and  unsatisfacto- 
jy,  as  the  history  of  Stith  is  prolix  and  tedious.  ^ 

BLAIR  (Jamks),  first  president  of  William  and  Mary  college^ 
Virginia,  and  a  learned  divine,  was  born  and  educated  in  Scotland, 
where  he  obtained  a  benefice  in  the  episcopal  church.  On  account 
of  the  unsettled  state  of  religion,  which  then  existed  in  that  kingdom  f 
he  quitted  his  preferments  and  went  into  England  near  the  end  of 
the  reign  of  Charles  II.  The  bishop  of  London  prevailed  on  him 
to  go  to  Virginia,  as  a  missionary,  about  the  year  1685  ;  and  in 
(hat  colony  by  his  exemplary  conduct  and  unwearied  lal^rs  in  the 
vork  of  the  ministry  he  much  promoted  religion,  and  gained  to 
himself  esteem  and  reputation.  In  1689  he  was  appointed  by  the 
bishop  ecclesiastical  commissary,  the  highest  oflice  in  the  church, 
which  could  be  given  him  in  the  province.  This  appointment 
however  did  not  induce  him  to  relincjuish  the  pastoral  office}  for  it 
was  his  delight  to  preach  the  gospel  of  salvation.  t     -^  v. 

Perceiving  that  the  want  of  schools  aud  seminaries  for  literary 
and  religious  instruction  would  in  a  great  degree  defeat  the  exer-^ 
tions,  which  were  making,  in  order  to  propagate  the  gospel,  he 
formed  the  design  of  establishing  a  college  at  Williamsburg. 
For  this  purpose  he  solicited  benefactions  in  this  country,  and  by 
direction  of  the  assembly  made  a  voyage  to  England  in  1691  to  ob> 
tjun  the  patronage  of  the  government.  A  charter  was  procured 
in  this  year  with  liberal  endowments,  and  he  was  named  in  it  as  the 
first  president  ;  but  it  does  not  appear,  that  he  entered  on  )he  du- 
ties of  hisofHee  before  the  year  1729,  from  which  period  till  1742  he 
discharged  them  with  faithfulness.  The  college  however  did  not 
flourish  very  greatly  during  his  presidency,  nor  for  many  years  af- 
terwards. The  wealthy  farmers  were  in  the  habit  of  sending  their 
sons  to  Europe  for  their  education.  After  a  life  of  near  sixty  years 
in  the  ministry,  he  died  in  a  good  old  age  August  1, 1743,  and  went 
to  enjoy  the  glory,  for  which  he  was  destined. 

Mr.  Blair  was  for  some  time  president  of  the  council  of  the  col^ 
ony,  and  rector  of  Williamsburg.  He  was  a  faithful  laborer  in 
the  vineyard  of  his  Master,  and  an  ornament  to  his  profession  and 
to  the  several  offices,  which  he  sustained. 

He  published,  our  Savior's  divine  sermon  on  the  mount  explain- 
ed and  the  practice  of  it  recommended  in  divers  sermons  and  dis> 
courses,  4  vol.  8vo,  London,  1742.  This  wotk  is  spoken  of  with 
high  approbation  by  Dr.  Doddridge,  and  by  Dr.  Williams  in  his 
christian  preacher.— ^/wfrod.  to  the  above  noork  ;  Miller*a  retrosfiecty 
ii.  335.  336,  ;  J^evo  and  gen.  biQ,e^.  diet.  ;  Biirnct*s  hi^t,  owti  timen^ 
ii.  1 19,  120,  folio  ;  Keith^  168. 


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BLAIR  (8.«MUin.)t  a  Icaniecl  minister  Ui  Pennnylvinin,  wis  « 
rtftUve  of  Irel:ui<i.  He  came  to  America  very  eariy  in  I'tle, » *>w  ^^ 
oiic  of  Mr.  Tenticnt's  pupih  in  his  aciuiemy  at  Neshamir^v    Ahont 
the  year  1745  he  him«eiro|K'ned  an  academy  at  Kojf'smarit;-  f>*iicr 
cminty ,  with  particular  reference  to  the  study  of  throlof;y  as  a  itcience. 
He  also  took  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  church  in  thiH  place  ',  Ijut 
such  was  his  zeal  to  do  ^ood,  that  he  did  not  confine  himself  to  hit 
own  society,  but  often  dispensed  the  precious  truths  of  heaven  to 
destitute  congregations.    He  died,  it  is  believed,  in  1751,  and  his 
brother  in  a  few  years  succeeded  him  in  the  care  of  the  church. 
Mr.  Blair  was  one  of  the  most  learned  and  able,  as  well  as  pious, 
Excellent,  and  venerable  men  of  his  day.     He  was  a  profound  di« 
tine  and  a  most  solemn  and  impressive  preacher.    To  his  pupils 
he  was  himself  an  excellent  model  of  pulpit  eloquence.    In  his 
Ufe  he  gave  them  an  admirable  example  of  christian  meekness,  of 
aiinisterial  diligence,  of  candor,  and  ratholicism,  without  a  derelic* 
don  of  principle.     He  was  eminently  serviceable  to  the  part  of  the 
tfouhtry,  where  he  lived,  not  only  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  but 
S8  a  teacher  of  human  knowledge.    From  his  academy,  that  school 
of  the  prophets,  as  it  was  frequently  called,  there  issued  forth  ma* 
ny  excellent  pupils,  who  did  honor  to  their  instructor  both  as  schol- 
ftrs  and  christian  ministers.     Among  the  distinguished  characters, 
who  received  their  classical  and  theological  education  at  this  sf  m> 
inary,  were  the  reverend  Samuel  Davies,  reverend  Dr.  Rodgert  of 
New  York,  and  the  reverend  Messrs.  Alexander  Cummings,  James 
Finley,  Hugh  Henry,  and  a  number  of  other  respectable  clergy. 
ftian.     The  former  of  these  pupils,  after  being  informed  of  his 
dickness,  wrote  respecting  him  to  a  friend  the  following  lines. 
O,  had  you  not  the  mournful  news  divulg'd. 
My  mind  had  still  the  pleasing  dream  indulg'd  ; 
Still  fancied  Blair  with  health  and  vigor  bless'd^ 
With  some  grand  purpose  lab'ring  in  his  breast j 
In  studious  thought  pursuing  truth  divine, 
Till  th^  full  demonstration  round  him  shine  ; 
Or  from  the  sacred  desk  proclaiming  loud 
His  master's  message  to  the  attentive  crowds 
While  heavenly  truth  witli  bright  conviction  glaresi 
And  coward  error  shrinks  and  dioappears, 
While  quick  riemorse  the  hardy  sinner  feels. 
And  Calvary's  balm  the  bleeding  conscience  heals. 
^  It  is  not  known  that  he  published  any  thing  excepting  a  narrative 
df  a  revival  of  religion  in  several  parts  of  Pennsyl .  ania,  1744.— 
Miller'a  rciroafiecij  ii.  343  ;  Massa.  missionary  magazine,  iii.  362  ; 
JOavifs*  Hfe. 

BLAIR  (John),  an  eminent  minister  in  Pennsylvania,  was  or- 
dained to  the  pastoral  charge  of  three  congregations  in  Cumber- 


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71 


Uiid  county  Maarty  &»  \7V2.  TIichc  were  frontier  settlement* • 
iipote^l  todcprcdutiousin  the  Indian  wart,  und  he  was  obliged  to 
remove.  He  accepted  a  call  fri)in  Fo^^'s  manor  in  Chester  county 
Ib  175T.  This  congregation  had  bcuu  favored  with  the  ministry 
of  his  brother,  the  reverend  Samuel  iilair  ;  aud  here  he  continued 
about  nine  years,  besides  dlHchar^iu»;  the  duties  of  the  ministry, 
luperintenUing  also  a  flourishing  (jrammar  school,  and  preparing 
many  young  men  for  the  ministry.  When  the  presidency  of  New 
Jersey  college  became  vacant,  he  was  chosen  professor  of  divinity 
tndlwd  for  some  lime  the  charge  of  tlut  cicminury  before  the  urriv- 
al  of  Dr.  Withe rsi)oon.  After  this  event  he  settled  at  Wallkill  in 
tho  state  of  New  York.  Here  he  Luored  a  while  with  his  usual 
faithfulness,  and  finished  his  earthly  course  Dec.  8,  1771,  aged 
gbout  fifty  one  years. 

He  was  a  judicious  and  persuasive  preacher,  and  through  hi» 
exertions  sinners  were  converted  und  tlie  children  of  God  ed> 
ified.  Fully  convinced  of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  he  addressed 
immortal  souls  with  that  warmth  and  power,  which  left  a  witness 
in  every  bosom*  Though  he  sometimes  wrote  his  sermons  in  full, 
yet  his  common  mode  of  preaching  was  by  short  notes,  comprising 
the  general  outlines.  His  labors  were  too  abundant  to  admit  of 
more ;  and  no  more  was  necessary  to  a  mind  so  richly  stored,  and 
90  constantly  impressed  with  the  ^rcut  truths  of  religion. 

For  his  large  family  he  had  amassed  no  fortune,  but  he  lefit  them  , 
what  is  infinitely  better,  a  religious  education,  a  holy  example,  and 
prayers,  which  have  been  remarkably  answered. 

His  disposition  was  uncommonly  patient,  placid,  benevolent,  dis- 
interested, and  cheerful.  He  was  too  mild  to  indulge  bitterness  or 
severity)  and  he  thought  tliat  truth  required  little  else  thap  to  be 
Curly  stated  and  properly  imdcrstood.  Those,  who  could  not  rel* 
ish  the  savor  of  his  piety,  loved  him  as  an  amiable  and  revered  him 
as  a  great  man.  Though  no  bigot,  he  firmly  believed  that  the 
prcsbyterian  form  of  government  is  the  most  scriptural,  and  the 
mo3t  favorable  to  religion  and  happiness. 

In  his  last  sickness  he  imparted  his  advice  to  the  congregation, 
and  represented  to  his  family  the  necessity  of  an  interest  in  Christ. 
A  few  nights  before  he  died  he  said, ''  directly  I  am  going  to  glory. 
My  master  calls  me  ;  I  must  be  gone."  He  published  a  few  oc- 
casional sermons  and  tracts  in  defence  of  important  truths.-^£van- 
[gelicalintelligencerf  i.  241 — 244. 

BLAIR  (John),  one  of  tlie  associate  judges  of  tho  supreroc 
leoart  of  the  United  States,  died  at  Williamsburg  in  Virginia  Au- 
jljust  31,  1800,  in  the  sixty  ninth  year  of  his  age. 

He  was  a  judge  of  the  court  of  appeals  in  Virginia  in  1787,  at 
I  which  time  the  legislature  of  that  state,  finding  th^  judiciary  sys- 
Item  inconvenient,  established  circuit  courts,  the  duties  of  wluch 
I  they  directed  the  judges  of  the  court  of  appeals  to  performu 


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BLA. 


These  judges,  among  whose  names  are  those  of  BM'r,  Pendleton, 
and  Wythe,  remonstrated  and  declared  the  act  unconstitutiona) 
In  the  same  year,  1787,  he  was  a  member  of  the  general  conven* 
tion,  which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States.  To  that 
instrument  the  names  of  Blair  and  Madison  are  affixed  as  the 
deputies  from  Virginia.  In  September  1 789,  when  the  govern- 
ment,  which  he  had  assisted  in  establishing,  had  commenced  its 
operation,  he  was  appointed  by  Washington  an  associate  ]udge  of 
the  supreme  court,  of  which  John  Jay  was  chief  justice. 

Judge  Blair  was  an  amiable,  accomplished,  and  truly  virtuous 
man.  He  discharged  with  ability  and  integrity  the  duties  of  a 
number  of  the  highest  and  most  important  public  trusts  ;  and  in 
these  as  well  as  in  the  several  relations  of  private  life  his  conduct 
was  so  upright  and  so  blameless,  that  he  seldom  or  never  lost  a 
friend  or  made  him  an  enemy.  Even  calumny,  which  assailed 
Washington,  shrunk  from  his  friend,  the  unassuming  and  pious 
Blair.  Through  life  he  in  a  remarkable  manner  experienced  the 
truth  of  our  Savior'it  declaration,  "  blessed  are  the  meek,  for  they 
shall  inherit  the  earth  ;"  and  at  death  he  illustrated  the  force  of 
the  exclamation,  "  let  me  die  the  death  of  the  righteous,  and  let 
jny  last  end  be  like  his."— C/ay/wo/c*»  daily  advertisery  Phiiadeljthia^ 
Sefi.  12,  1800  ;  Marshall's  life  of  Washington^  v.  216. 

BLAKE  (James),  a  preacher,  was  a  native  of  Dorchester,  Mas< 
sachusetts,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  the  year  1769 
While  a  member  of  the  university  he  was  distinguished  by  the 
sweetness  of  his  temper,  the  purity  of  his  morals,  and  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  conduct.  He  conciliated  the  love  of  his  fellow 
istudcnts,  and  the  high  approbation  of  his  instructors.  After  pur- 
suing  for  some  time  his  theological  studies  under  the  care  of  the 
Teverend  Mr.  Smith  of  Weymouth,  he  began  with  reluctance  at  a 
very  early  period  the  important  work  of  the  ministry.  He  died 
November  r7,  1771,  being  near  twenty  one  years  of  age. 

A  small  volume  of  his  sermons,  which  was  published  by  his 
friends  after  lus  death,  displays  a  strength  of  mind  and  a  knowledge 
t)f  theoretical  and  practical  divinity  very  uncommon  in  a  person  so 
young.  His  sermons  also  indicate  a  warmth  of  pious  feeling  hon- 
orable to  his  character. — Preface  to  his  sermons  ;  Collections  hist. 
toe.  1^  189. 

BLAND  (TlicHARD),apolitical  writer  of  Virginia,  was  a  principal 
member  of  the  house  of  burgesses  at  the  close  of  the  year  1770. 
He  published  in  1766  an  inquiry  into  the  rights  of  the  British  col- 
onies, in  answer  to  a  pamphlet  published  in  London  in  the  pre- 
ceding year,  entitled,  regulations  lately  made  concerning  the 
colonies,  and  taxes  imposed  on  them  considered.  This  was  one 
of  the  three  productions  of  Virginia  during  the  controversy  with 
Great  Britain  ;  the  otlier  writers  were  Arthur  Lee^  and  Jefferson,  I 
—^eJprr^oi}*a  notes,  guerjf  ■x\i\\.       •  '  ■" 


BLAND  (T 
native  of  Virgii 
family  in  that  st 
upon  the  comr 
practice,  and  too 
soon  rose  to  tl 
regiment  of  draj 
himself  by  brilli 
command  of  the 
ginia,  and  contini 
he  was  elected  to 
three  years,  the 
expiration  of  this 
chosen  a  member 
of  the  constitutio: 
his  country,  and  v 
don.    But  when  i 
voice  of  the  majoi 
which  he  lived,  h 
died  at  New  York 
gress,  in  the  forty 
When  the  subj 
debated  in  March  1 
tion,  differing  in  re 
In  his  speech  he  e? 
amended,  though  h 
Lis  dread  of  silent 
concern.    He  was  1 
in  his  intercourse  y 
Though  a  legislatoi 
■^Gazette  of  the  Ui 
BLEECKER  (A 
New  York,  was  the  t 
October  1752.     Fix 
In  1769  she  was  m? 
I  number  of  years  in  i 
beautiful  solitary  vil 
proach  of  the  enem) 
treat  and  interruptec 
gloom  over  her  mi 
Ithoughnot  unacquai 
ble  to  support  the  w 
revisited  New  York  ii 
jfeviving  the  impress! 

Ifriends,  andthedesol 
I  her  sight,  overwHelm 

m  died  November  2 


BLA. 


BLAND  (Thkodoric),  a  worthy  patriot  and  statesman,  was  a 
native  of  Virginia,  and  descended  from  an  ancient  and  respectable 
family  in  that  state.  He  was  bred  to  the  science  of  physic,  but 
upon  the  commencement  of  the  American  war  he  quitted  the 
prdctice,  and  took  an  active  part  in  the  cause  of  his  country.  He 
soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  had  the  command  of  a 
regiment  of  dragoons.  While  in  the  army  he  frequently  signalized 
himself  by  brilliant  actions.  In  1779  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  convention  troops  at  Albemarle  barracks  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  continued  in  that  situation  till  some  time  in  1780,  when 
he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress.  He  continued  in  that  body 
three  years,  the  time  allowed  by  the  confederation.  After  the 
expiration  of  this  term  he  agsdn  returned  to  Virginia,  and  was 
chosen  a  member  of  the  state  legislature.  He  opposed  the  adoption 
of  the  constitution,  believing  it  to  be  repugnant  to  the  interests  of 
his  country,  and  was  in  the  minority,  that  voted  against  its  ratifica- 
tion. But  when  it  was  at  length  adopted,  he  submitted  to  the 
voice  of  the  majority.  He  was  chosen  to  represent  the  district,  in 
which  he  lived,  in  the  first  congress  under  the  constitution.  He 
died  at  New  York  June  1,  1790,  while  attending  a  session  of  con- 
gress, in  the  forty  ninth  year  of  his  age. 

When  the  subject  of  the  assumption  of  the  state  debts  was 
debated  in  March  1790,  he  made  a  speech  in  favor  of  the  assump- 
tion, differing  in  respect  to  this  measure  from  all  his  colleagues. 
In  his  speech  he  expressed  his  attachment  to  the  constitution  as 
amended,  though  he  wished  for  more  amendments,  and  declared 
bis  dread  of  silent  majorities  on  questions  of  great  and  general 
concern.  He  was  honest,  open,  candid  ;  and  his  conduct  was  such 
in  his  intercourse  with  mankind,  as  to  secure  universal  respect. 
Though  a  legislator,  he  was  not  destitute  of  a  genius  for  poetry. 
^Gazette  of  the  United  States/or  Jfiril  17,  and  June  5,  1790. 

BLEECKER  (Ann  Eliza),  a  lady  of  some  literary  celebrity  in 
New  York,  was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Brandt  Schuyler,  and  was  bom  ia 
October  1752.  From  early  life  she  was  passionately  fond  of  Iiooks . 
In  1769  she  was  married  to  John  I.  Bleecker  Esq,  and  she  lived  a 
number  of  years  in  great  tranquillity  and  happiness  atTomhanic,  a 
beautiful  solitary  village  eighteen  miles  above  Albany.    The  ap- 

,  proach  of  the  enemy  from  Canada  in  1777  drove  her  from  her  re- 
treat and  interrupted  her  enjoyment ;  domestic;  afiUctions  cast  u 
gloom  over  her  mind ;  and  possessing  an  excessive  sensibility, 
though  not  unacquainted  with  religious  consolations,  she  was  una- 
ble to  support  the  weight  of  her  troubles.  After  the  peace  she 
revisited  New  York  in  the  hope  of  seeing  her  old  acquaintance  and 
reviving  the  impressions  of  past  days  ;  but  the  dispersion  of  her 
friends,  and  the  desolation,  which  every  where  presented  itself  to 

her  sight,  overwhelmed  her.    She  returned  to  her  cottage,  where 

(»!ie  died  Novembev  S3,  1783. 

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She  was  the  friend  of  the  aged  and  infirm,  and  her  kindness  and 
benevolence  to  the  poor  of  the  village^  where  she  lived,  caused  her 
deatli  to  be  deeply  lamented.  After  her  death,  some  of  her  writ- 
ings  were  collected  and  published  in  1793  under  the  title  of  the 
posthumous  works  of  Ann  Eliza  Bleecker  in  prose  and  vcise.  To 
this  work  are  prefixed  memoirs  of  her  life,  written  by  her  daugh- 
ter, Margaretta  V.  Faugercs.  There  is  also  added  to  the  volume  a 
collection  of  Mrs.  Faugeres*  essays.— /fcrJj/'*  biogra/iMcal  diction- 
ary. 

BLINMAN  (RicHABo),  first  minister  of  New  London,  Con- 
necticut, was  a  native  of  Great  Britain,  and  was  minister  at  Cheps- 
tow  in  Monmouthshire.  On  his  arrival  in  this  country  in  1642  it 
was  his  intention  to  settle  with  his  friends,  who  accompanied  him, 
at  Green's  harbor  near  Plymouth.  But  some  difficulty  arising  in 
that  place,  he  removed  to  cape  Ann,  which  the  general  court  in 
the  year  above  mentioned  established  a  plantation  and  called 
Gloucester.  He  removed  to  New  London  in  1648.  Here  he 
continued  in  the  ministry  about  ten  years,  and  was  then  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Gershom  Bulkley.  In  1658  he  removed  to  New  Haven, 
and  after  a  short  stay  in  that  town  returned  to  England.  Havini,' 
lived  to  a  good  old  age,  he  happily  concluded  at  the  city  of  Bristol 
a  life  spent  in  doing  good. 

A  short  time  before  his  death  he  published  in  answer  to  Mr. 
Daovers  a  book  entitled,  an  essay  tending  to  issue  the  controversy 
about  infant  baptism,  8vo,  \&7 A-. —.Mather's  magnalia,  iii.  213; 
Minconformiat'a  memorial^  iii.  177;  Collections  hiat.  soc.  ix.  31*; 
lltnthrofi'a  journal^  244  ;  Trumbull's  Connecticut^  i.  293,  310, 
314,  522, 

.  BLOWERS  (Thomas),  minister  in  Beverly,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  at  Cambridge  August  1 ,  1 677.  His  mother  was  the  sister 
of  the  honorable  Andrew  Belcher.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1695,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in 
Beverly  October  29,  1701.  He  died  June  17,  1729,  in  the  fifty 
second  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  and  an  excellent 
minister  j  of  sincere  and  ardent  piety  ;  of  great  meekness  and 
sweetness  of  temper  ;  of  uncommon  stability  in  his  principles  and 
steadinc-.d  in  his  conduct.  He  was  a  vigilant,  prudent  pastor,  and 
j^  close,  pathetic  preacher.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  reverend  Joseph  Green  of  Salem  village,  1715. — Aew  England 
weekly  journal  June  23,  1729  ;  Foxcroft'afun.  sermon. 

BOGARDUS  (EvERARDUs),  the  first  minister  of  the  reformed 
Dutch  church  in  New  York,  came  early  to  this  country,  though 
the  exact  time  of  his  arrival  is  not  known.  The  records  of  this 
church  begin  with  tlie  year  1 639.  He  was  ordained  and  sent  forth, 
it  is  believed,  by  the  classis  of  Amsterdam,  which  had  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  the  superintendence  of  the  Dutch  church  in  New  \ 
Netherlands,  or  the  province  of  New  York.     The  tradition. is,  that 


\\\  I 


:  f  ■!  i 


BOL. 


75 


Mr.  Bogardus  became  blind  and  returned  to  Holland  some  time 
before  the  surrender  of  the  colony  to  the  British  in  1664.  Ho 
was  succeeded  by  John  ahd  Samuel  Megapolensis.— CAn«/ton'« 
;»fl^czm<',  JVew  Yorky  i.  368. 

BOLLAN  (William),  an  agent  for  the  province  of  Massachu- 
setts in  Great  Britain,  was  sent  about  the  year  1746  to  solicit  a 
reimbursement  of  the  expenses  in  the  expedition  against  cape 
Breton  in  1745.  He  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  public 
affairs  of  the  province,  and  his  address  and  assiduity  were  craispic- 
uous.  He  remained  for  many  years  in  this  station.  In  1762  he 
tras  dismissed,  and  Mr.  Jasper  Mauduitwas  appointed  in  his  place. 
The  reasons  for  this  dismission  were  dissatisfaction  with  his  con- 
duct in  making  some  deductions  from  the  money,  which  was 
granted  in  1759,  as  a  reimbursement  to  the  province,  and  in  neg- 
lecting to  correspond  M'ith  tlic  general  court.  The  desire  of 
avoiding  expense  by  appointing  a  person  resident  in  England  and 
the  circumstance,  that  Mr.  Bollan  was  attached  to  the  episcopal 
church  might  also  have  conspired  to  introduce  into  bis  phce  a 
man  less  distinguished  for  talents  and  legal  information.  Mr. 
Bollan  however  was  some  years  afterwards  made  agent  of  the 
council.     He  died  in  England  in  177G. 

He  published  a  number  of  political  tracts,  among  which  are  the 
following  ;  coloniae  Anglicanoe  illustratfE,  1742  ;  the  ancient  right 
of  the  English  nation  to  the  American  fishery  examined  and  stated, 
1764;  the  mutual  interests  of  Great  Britain  and  the  American 
colonies  considered,  1765  ;  freedom  of  speech  and  writing  upon 
public  affairs  considered,  1766  ;  the  importance  of  the  colonies  in 
North  America,  and  the  interest  of  Great  Britain  with  regard  to 
them  considered,  1766  ;  epistle  from  Timoleon,  1768  ;  continued 
corruption  of  standing  armies,  1768  ;  the  free  Briton's  memorial^ 
in  defence  of  the  right  of  election,  1769  ;  a  supplemental  memo- 
rial, on  the  origin  of  parliaments  &c.  1770  ;  a  petition  to  the  king 
in  council  January  26,  1774,  with  illustrations  intended  to  promote 
the  harmony  of  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  This  petit  oa  he 
offered  as  agent  for  the  council  of  the  province  of  Massachusetts, 
,-Ifutchinson'a  history  of  Massachusetts^  ii.  436  ;  M:not'a  cov-tinw 
<rft"on,  ii.  109,  110.  ■         •    4  " 

BOND  (Thomas),  an  eminent  physician  of  Philadelphia,  was 
selected  in  1763  or  1764  to  give  clinical  lectures  in  live  medical 
school  of  that  city  on  the  cases  of  disease  in  the  Pennsylvania 
hospital.  He  was  at  this  time  an  old  practitioner.  He  drew  up 
about  the  year  1750  some  useful  memoirs,  which  were  published 
in  the  medical  observations  and  inquiries,  vols.  i.  and  ii.  London.r*^ 
Miller's  retrospect .^  i.  312  ;  Ramsay**  reoiew  of  medicine,  37. 

BORDLEY  (John  Beale),  a  writer  on  agriculture,  died  at 
Philadelphia  January  26,  1804,  in  the  seventy  seventh  year  ot  his 
age.    In  the  former  part  of  his  life  i;e  was  an  inhabitant  of  Mary- 


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BOS. 


land.  He  was  of  the  profession  of  the  law,  but  less  known  at  ihe 
bar,  than  in  the  nriagistracy  and  on  the  bench,  the  duties  of  which  sta- 
lions  he  discharged  with  uprightness  and  ability.  He  had  also,  while 
this  country  was  subject  to  the  authority  of  Great  Britidn,  a  seat 
at  the  executive  council  of  the  province  of  Maryland.  But  he 
was  not  allured  by  this  office  from  his  duty  to  his  country.  Ho 
found  our  revolution  necessary  to  onr  freedom}  and  he  rejoiced  in 
its  accomplishment. 

His  habitual  and  most  pleasing  employment  was  husbandry, 
which  he  practised  extensively  upon  liis  own  estate  on  Wye  island 
in  the  bay  of  Chesapeak.  As  he  readily  tried  every  suggested 
improvement,  and  adopted  such  as  were  confirmed  by  his  experi. 
ments,  and  as  he  added  to  his  example  frequent  essays  upon  agri. 
cultural  subjects,  he  was  greatly  instrumental  in  diffusing  the  best 
knowledge  of  the  best  of  alf  arts. 

He  ^Tas  cheerful  in  his  temper,  and  was  respected  and  beloved. 
In  rfiigion  he  was  of  the  most  liberal  or  free  system  within  the  pale 
of  revelation.  In  his  political  principles  he  was  attached  to  that  re- 
publican form  of  government,  in  which  the  public  authority  is  found- 
ed  on  the  people,  but  guarded  against  the  sudden  fluctuations  of  their 
will. 

Besides  his  occasional  pieces  on  agriculture,  Mr.  Bordley  pub- 
lished a  work  entitled,  essays  and  notes  on  husbandry  and  rura^  af- 
fairs with  plates,  Philadelphia,  1799. — Gazette  qf  the  U.  S,  for  Feb. 
r,  1804. 

BOSTWICK  (David),  an  eminent  minister  in  New  York, 
was  of  Scotch  extraction,  and  was  born  about  the  year  1 720.  Af- 
ter he  began  to  preach,  he  Avas  first  settled  at  Jamtdca  on  Long 
Island,  where  he  continued  till  1756,  when  he  was  translated  to  the 
prcsbyterian  society  of  New  York  by  a  synodical  decree.  The 
persons,  composing  his  congregation,  were  about  twelve  or  four- 
teen hundred.  In  this  charge  he  continued  till  November  12, 1763, 
when  he  died  in  the  forty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  His  remains 
were  deposited  in  the  front  aisle  of  his  church. 

He  was  of  a  mild,  catholic  disposition,  of  great  piety  and  zeal, 
and  he  confined  himself  entirely  to  the  proper  business  of  his  of- 
fice. He  abhorred  the  frequent  mixture  of  divinity  and  politics, 
and  much  more  the  turpitude  of  making  the  former  subservient  to 
the  latter.  His  thoughts  were  occupied  by  things,  which  arc 
above,  and  he  wished  to  withdraw  the  minds  of  his  people  more 
from  the  concerns  of  this  world.  He  was  deeply  grieved,  when 
some  of  his  flock  became,  not  fervent  christians,  but  furious  politi- 
cians. He  preached  the  gospel,  and  as  his  life  corresponded  with 
his  preaching,  he  was  respected  by  good  men  of  all  denominations. 
His  doctrines  he  derived  from  the  scriptures,  and  he  understood 
them  in  accordance  with  the  public  confessions  of  the  reforitied 
churches. 


BOS. 


77 


{{e  possessed  those  gifts,  which  rendered  him  popular.  His  dis- 
courses were  inethodical,sound)'and  pathetic,  rich  in  sentiment,  and 
oroamented  in  diction.  With  a  strong,  commanding  voice  his 
prtxiuDciation  was  clear,  distinct,  and  deliberate.  He  preached 
without  notes  with  great  ease  and  fluency  ;  but  he  alvrays  stuctied 
bis  sermons  with  great  care.  With  a  lively  imagination  and  a 
heart  deeply  aiTected  by  the  truths  of  religion,  he  was  enabled  to 
address  his  hearers  with  solemnity  and  energy.  Few  men  could 
describe  the  hideous  deformity  of  sin,  the  misery  of  man's  apostasy 
from  God,  the  wonders  of  redeeming  love,  and  the  glory  and  richer 
of  divine  grace  in  so  distinct  and  affecting  a  manner.  He  knew 
the  worth  of  the  soul  and  the  deceitfulness  of  the  human  heart,  ^nd 
he  preached  with  plainness,  more  intent  to  impress  sinners  with 
their  gmlt  and  to  teach  them  the  truths  of  God,  than  to  attract  their 
attention  to  himself.  Though  he  was  remarkable  for  his  gentle- 
ness and  prudence,  yet  in  preaching  the  gospel  he  feared  no  man. 
He  knew  whose  ser^'ant  he  was,  and  with  all  boldness  and  impar- 
tiality he  delivered  his  message,  procliuming  the  terrors  of  the  di- 
vine law  to  every  transgressor,  however  elevated,  and  displaying 
the  mild  glories  of  the  gospel  for  the  comfort  and  refreshment  of 
every  penitent  believer. 

A  few  months  before  his  death  his  mind  was  greatly  distressed 
by  apprehensions  respecting  the  interests  of  his  family,  when  he 
should  be  taken  from  them.  But  God  was  pleased  to  give  him 
such  views  of  his  power  and  goodness,  and  such  cheerful  reliance 
upon  the  wisdom  and  rectitude  of  his  government,  as  restored  to  him 
peace  and  calmness.  He  was  willing  to  cast  himself  and  all,  that 
vas  dear  to  him,  upon  the  providence  of  his  heavenly  Father.  In 
this  temper  he  continued  to  his  last  moment,  when  he  placidly  re- 
signed his  soul  into  the  hands  of  his  Savior.  Such  is  the  compo- 
sure and  serenity,  frequently  imparted  to  christians  in  the  solemn 
hour  of  dissolution. 

He  published  a  sermon,  preached  at  Philadelphia  before  a  synod- 
leal  meeting  May  35,  1758,  entitled,  self  disclaimed  and  Christ  ex- 
alted. It  was  reprinted  in  England  in  1 776,  and  received  the  warm, 
recommendation  of  Mr.  Gilbert  Tennent.  It  is  a  sermon  for  min- 
isters, penetrating  into  the  subtle  workings  and  base  motives  of  the 
human  heart,  and  presenting  the  most  serious  truths,  in  a  manner  very 
perspicuous  and  affec^'onate.  He  published  also  an  account  of  the 
life,  cliaracter,  and  death  of  president  Davies  prefixed  to  Davies' 
sermon  on  the  death  of  George  II,  1761.  After  his  decease  there 
was  published  from  his  manuscripts  a  fair  and  radonal  vindication 
of  the  right  of  infants  to  the  ordinance  of  baptism,  being  the  sub- 
stance of  several  discourses  from  Acts  ii.  59.  It  is  an  able  produc- 
I  tion.— iWrfrf/e^on'j?  biog.  evang.  iv.  4)4— -418  ;  J^eio  and  gen.  bicg. 
\ikt.  ;  Smith*a  Mw  York,  193;  Preface  to  liofttivick'a  vrnfflratiori. 


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BOUQUET(Henrt),  a  brave  officer,  was  appuinted  lieutenant 
colonel  in  the  British  army  in  1756.  In  the  year  1763  he  was 
sent  by  general  Amherst  from  Canada  with  military  stores  and  pro. 
visions  for  the  relief  of  fort  Pitt.  While  on  his  way  he  was  attack- 
ed by  a  powerful  body  of  Indians  on  the  5th  and  6th  of  August,  but 
by  a  skilful  manoeuvre,  supported  by  the  determined  bravery  of 
his  troops,  he  defeated  them,  and  reached  the  fort  in  four  days  from 
the  action.  In  the  following  year  he  was  sent  from  Canada  on  an 
expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians,  and  in  October  he  reduced  a 
body  of  the  Shawanese,  Delawares,and  other  Indians  to  the  nccessi. 
ty  of  making  terms  of  peace  at  Tuscarawas.  He  died  at  Pensacola 
in  February  1766,  being  then  a  brigadier  general. 

Thomas  Hutchins  published  at  Philadelphia  in  1765  an  historical 
account  of  the  expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians  in  1764,  with  a 
map  and  plate8.---^nniiff/  register  /or  1763,  27 — 31  ;  /br  1754 
181  ;/or  1766,  62.  ' 

BOURNE  (Richard),  a  missionary  among  the  Indians  at 
Marshpee,  was  one  of  the  first  emigrants  from  England,  who  set- 
tled at  Sandwich.  Being  a  religious  man,  he  officiated  publicly  on 
the  Lord's  day  until  a  minister,  Mr.  Smith,  ^vas  settled  ;  he  then 
turned  his  attention  to  the  Indians  at  the  southward  and  eastward, 
and  resolved  to  bring  them  to  an  acquaintance  with  the  gospel. 
He  went  to  Marshpee,  not  many  miles  to  the  south.  The  first  ac< 
count  of  him  is  in  1658,  when  he  was  in  that  town,  assisting  in  the 
settlement  of  a  boundary  between  the  Indians  and  the  proprietors 
of  Barnstable.  Having  obtained  a  compcteni  knowledge  of  the  In. 
4ian  language  he  entered  on  the  missionary  service  with  activity 
and  ardor.  On  the  1 7th  of  August  1 670  he  was  ordained  pastor  of 
an  Indian  church  at  Marshpee,  constituted  by  his  own  disciples  and 
converts  ;  which  solemnity  was  performed  by  the  famous  Eliot  and 
Cotton.  He  died  at  Sa^idwich  about  the  year  1 685,  leaving  no  suc- 
cessor in  the  ministry  but  an  Indian,  named  Simon  Popmonet. 

Mr.  Bourne  is  deserving  of  honorable  remembrance  not  only  for 
his  zealous  exertions  to  raske  known  to  the  Indians  the  glad  tidings  of 
salvation ;  but  for  his  regard  to  their  temporal  interests.  He  wisely 
considered,  that  it  would  be  in  vain  to  attempt  to  propagate  christian 
knowledge  among  them,  unless  they  had  a  territory,  where  they 
might  remain  in  peace,  and  have  a  fixed  habitation.  He  therefore, 
at  his  own  expense,  not  long  after  the  year  1 660,  obtained  a  deed 
of  Marshpee  from  Quachatisset  and  others  to  the  south  sea  Indians, 
as  his  people  were  called.  This  territory,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr. 
Hawley,  was  perfectly  adapted  for  an  Indian  town  ;  being  situated 
on  the  sound,  in  sight  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  cut  into  necks  of  land, 
and  well  watered. 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Bourne,  his  son,  Shearjashub  Bourne  Esq. 
succeeded  him  in  the  Marshpee  inheritance,  where  he  lived  till  his 
death  about  1720.  He  procured  from  the  court  at  Plymouth  a  ratifica- 


uon  of  the  Indian 

by  any  white  per 

Indian')  nut  even 

the  son  promote 

i>Dt9ofthe  abori;: 

A  letter  of  Mr. 

outh  county    an 

Mither'a  magnali 

218;  iii.  188 — IE 

i.  166. 

BOURNE  (Jo 
Ezra  Bourne  Esq 
Bourne  Esq,  and 
of  the  Indians.  £ 
mon  pleas,  and  di 
of  his  age. 

His  son,  Joseph 

1722  and  was  orda 

net  November  26, 

plai  «.ng  much  of  t 

of  the  neglect  of 

He  was  succeeded 

still  took  an  interes 

engaged,  and  mucl 

Mr.  Hawley.     Mr. 

190—191.  1 

BOURS  (Peteb 

tlve  of  Newport,  an 

After  his  settlemem 

the  duties  of  his  offi 

gospel  with  fervenc 

by  his  life.      He  d 

His  dying  words  \ 

VindtweWa  sermon  o\ 

BOWDOIN  (J^ 

a  philosopher  and  sti 

and  wwi  the  son  of  \ 

father  was  a  native  o 

ofNanteshefledam 

first  to  Ireland,  and  a 

ed  at  Falmouth,  now 
there  about  two  yean 
blc,  that  the  day  aftei 
were  cut  off  by  the  Ii 
was  small  ;  but  by  hi 
!  length  acquired  an  in 


BOU. 


79 


tion  of  the  Indian  decUs,  so  that  no  parcel  of  the  lands  could  be  bought 
I  gjjy  white  person  or  persons  without  the  consent  of  all  the  said 
IndliinS)  not  even  with  the  consent  of  the  general  court.  Thus  did 
the  son  promote  the  designs  of  the  father,  watching  over  the  inter- 
ests of  the  aborigines. 

A  letter  of  Mr.  Bourne,  giving  an  account  of  the  Indians  in  Plym- 
outh county  and  upon  the  cape  is  preserved  in  Gookin.—- 
Hfgther't  ma^alioy  in.  199  ;  Collection*  hi»t.  aoc.'x.  172,  196->I99, 
218;  iii.  188—190;  viii.  170  ;  Gookin  ;  Morton^  192  ;  Hulchiruon, 

I  166- 
BOURNE  (Joseph),  missiqnary  to  the  Indians,  was  the  son  of 

Ezra  Bourne  Esq.  of  Murshpee,  who  was  the  son  of  Shearjashub 
Bourne  Esq,  and  who  succeeded  his  father  in  the  superintendence 
of  the  Indians.  Ezra  Bourne  was  chief  justice  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas,  and  died  in  September  1764  in  the  eighty  eighth  year 
of  his  age. 

His  son,  Joseph  Bourne,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1722  and  was  ordained  at  Marshpee  as  successor  to  Simon  Popmo- 
net  November  26, 1729.  He  resigned  his  mission  in  1743,  com- 
plai  *ng  much  of  the  ill  treatment,  which  the  Indians  received,  and 
of  the  neglect  of  the  commissioners  with  regard  to  his  support. 
He  was  succeeded  by  an  Indian,  named  Solomon  Briant ;  but  he 
sUll  took  an  interest  in  the  cause,  in  which  he  was  once  particularly 
engaged,  and  much  encouraged  and  assisted  the  late  nussionary> 
Mr.  Hawley.  Mr.  Bourne  died  in  \7 67. •^Collectiona  hist.  aoc.  iii. 
190—191. 

BOURS  (Peter),  episcopal  minister  in  Marblehead,  was  a  mi- 
tive  of  Newport,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1747. 
After  his  settlement  at  Marblehead,  he  discharged  with  faithfulness 
the  duties  of  his  office  nine  years,  enforcing  the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel  with  fervency,  and  illustrating  the  truth  of  what  he  taught 
by  his  life.  He  died  February  24,  1762,  aged  thirty  six  years. 
His  dying  words  were  "  O  Lamb  of  God,  receive  my  spirit."^ 
Whitv)eU*»  sermon  on  the  death  (^f  Barnard. 

BOWDOIN  (James,  ll.  n.),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
a  philosopher  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Boston  August  18,  1727, 
and  wtts  the  son  of  William  Bowdoin,  an  eminent  merchant.  His 
father  was  a  native  of  France,  and  after  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  Nantes  he  fled  among  the  persecuted  protestants  of  that  country 
lirsi  to  Ireland,  and  afterwards  to  New  England  in  1 688.  He  land- 
ed at  Falmouth,  now  Portland,  in  Casco  bay,  and  after  continuing 
there  about  two  years  removed  to  Boston  in  1690.  It  is  remarka- 
ble, that  the  day  after  his  removal  all  the  inhabitants  of  Casco  bay 
were  cut  off  by  the  Indians.  He  was  a  stranger,  and  his  property 
was  small  ;  but  by  his  enterprise  and  persevering  industry  he  at 
length  acquired  an  immense  estate. 


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Mr.  Bowdoin  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1745.  D^f. 
Ing  hiB  icsUlcnce  ut  the  university  he  was  distinguished  by  his  i^J. 
niusand  unwearied  application  to  his  studies,  while  his  modesty,  po. 
iitene8S,and  benevolence  gave  his  friends  assurance,  that  his  talents 
would  not  be  prostituted,  nor  his  future  eminence  employed  foi  ih,; 
promotion  of  unworthy  ends.  When  he  arrived  at  the  age  ol 
twenty  one  years,  he  came  in  possession  of  an  ample  fortune,  ie^ 
him  by  his  father,  who  died  September  4,  1747.  He  was  now  ii; 
a  situation  the  most  threatening  to  his  literary  and  moral  improve- 
ment, for  one  great  motive,  which  impels  men  to  exertion,  could 
have  no  iufluencc  upon  him,  and  his  *great  wealth  put  it  completely 
in  his  power  to  gratify  the  giddy  desires  of  youth.  But  his  lifc 
had  hitherto  been  regular,  and  he  now  with  the  maturity  of  wisdom 
adopted  a  system,  which  was  most  rational,  pleasing,  and  useful 
He  determined  to  combine  with  the  enjoyments  of  domestic  and 
social  life  a  course  of  study,  which  should  enlarge  and  perfect  the 
powers  of  his  mind.  At  the  age  of  twenty  two  years  he  married  a 
daughter  of  John  Erving  Esq,  and  commenced  a  system  of  literary 
and  scientific  research,  to  which  he  adhered  through  life. 

In  the  year  1753  the  citizens  of  Boston  elected  him  one  of  their 
representatives  in  the  general  court,  where  his  learning  and  elo- 
quence soon  rendered  him  conspicuous.  He  continued  in  this  sta- 
tion until  1756,  when  he  was  chosen  into  the  council,  in  which  body 
he  was  long  known  and  respected.  ^A^ith  uniform  ability  and  pa. 
triotism  he  advocated  the  cause  of  Yii  country.  In  the  disputes, 
which  lidd  the  foundation  of  the  Amcriurui  revolution,  his  writings 
and  exertions  were  eminently  useful.  Governors  Bernard  and 
Hutchinson  were  constrained  to  confess,  in  their  confidential  letters 
to  the  British  ministry,  the  weight  of  his  opposition  to  their  meas* 
ures.  In  1769  Bernard  negatived  him,  when  he  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council,  in  consequence  of  which  the  inhabitants  of 
Boston  ag^n  elected  him  their  representative  in  1770.  Hutchin« 
son,  who  in  this  year  succeeded  to  the  governor's  chair,  permitted 
him  to  take  a  seat  at  the  council  board,  because^  stud  he  in  his 
official  letters^ "  his  opposition  to  <^ur  measures  will  be  less  injuri' 
ous  in  the  council,  than  in  the  house  of  representatives."  In  the 
year  1775,  a  year  most  critical  and  important  to  America,  he  was 
chosen  president  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts,  and  he  continued 
in  that  ofHce  the  greater  part  of  the  time  till  the  adoption  of  the 
state  constitution  in  1780.  He  was  president  of  the  convention, 
which  formed  it ;  and  some  of  its  impoitant  articles  are  the  result 
of  his  knowledge  of  government. 

In  the  year  1785,  after  the  resignation  of  Hancock,  he  was  chos* 
en  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  he  was  reelected  the  following 
year.  In  this  office  his  wisdom,  firmness,  and  inflexibly  integrity 
were  conspicuous.  He  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  government 
at  the  most  unfortunate  period  after  the  revolution.   The  sudden  in* 


BOW. 


81 


':''i^ 


k 


«flX  of  foreign  luxuries  had  exhausted  the  country  of  its  specie,  while 
ibe  heavy  taxes  of  the  war  yet  burthened  the  people.  This  htate  of 
.uffcring  awakened  discontent,  and  the  spirit  of  tlisorder  was  cher- 
ubed  by  unlicensed  conventions,  who  arranged  lhein-.elves  against 
the  legislature.  One  great  subject  of  complaint  was  the  adniinis- 
u-atioH  of  justice.  Agaiust  lawyers  and  courts  the  strongest  rc- 
y«tment»  were  manifested.  In  many  instances  the  judges  were 
reftiained  by  mobs  from  proceeding  hi  the  execution  of  their  duty. 
\iuni  insurgents  became  more  audacious  from  the  lenient  meas- 
iiieii  of  the  government  and  were  organizing  themselves  for  the 
subversion  of  the  constitution,  it  became  necessary  to  suppress  by 
force  the  spirit  of  insurrection.  Governor  Bowdoin  accordingly 
ordered  into  service  upwaixls  of  four  thousand  of  the  militia,  who 
were  placed  under  the  command  of  the  veterai^  general  Lincoln. 
As  the  public  treasury  did  not  afford  the  means  of  putting  the 
troops  in  motion,  a  number  of  the  citizens  of  Boston  with  the  gov- 
ernor at  the  head  of  the  list  subscribed  in  a  few  hours  a  sufficient 
sum  to  carry  on  the  proposed  expedition.  This  decisive  step  res- 
cued the  government  from  the  contempt,  into  which  it  was  sink- 
ing* and  was  the  means  of  saving  the  commonwealth.  The  dan- 
gerous insurrection  of  Shays  was  thus  completely  quelled. 

In  the  year  1787  governor  Bowdoin  was  succeeded  by  HancoCk» 
in  consequence  probably  of  the  exertions  of  the  discontented,  who 
might  hope  for  greater  clemency  from  another  chief  magistrate. 
He  died  in  Boston,  after  a  distressing  sickness  of  three  months, 
November  6,  1790,  in  the  sixty  fourth  year  of  hig  age. 

Governor  Bowdoin  was  aleamed  man,  and  a  constant  and  gen- 
erous friend  of  literature.  He  subscribed  liberally  for  the  restor- 
ation of  the  library  of  Harvard  college  in  the  year  1764,  when  it 
was  consumed  by  fire.  He  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  corporation 
in  the  year  1779,  but  the  pressure  of  more  important  jduties  induc- 
ed him  to  resign  this  office  in  1784.  He  ever  felt  however  an  af- 
fectionate regard  for  the  interests  of  the  college,  and  bequeathed  it 
four  hundred  pounds,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  applied  to  the 
distribution  of  premiums  among  the  students  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  useful  and  polite  literature.  The  American  academy  of 
arts  and  sciences,  incoi'porated  at  Boston  May  4,  1780,  at  a  time 
when  our  country  was  in  tlie  deepest  distress^,  was  formed  under 
liis  influence,  and  was  an  object  of  his  constant  attention.  He  was 
chosen  its  first  president,  and  he  continued  in  that  office  till  his 
death.  He  was  esteemed  by  its  members  as  tlve  pride  and  orna- 
ment of  their  institution.  To  this  body  he  bequeathed  one  hun- 
dred pounds  and  his  valuable  library,  consisting  of  upwards  of  twelve 
iiundred  volumes  upon  every  branch  of  science  and  in  al'r.oftt  every 
language.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  and  the  president  of 
the  Massachusetts  bank,  and  of  the  humane  society  of  Massachu- 
setts.    The  literary  character  of  Governor  Bowdoin  gained  him 

11 


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those  honors,  which  are  usually  conferred  on  n*;n  (Urvinguished  for 
their  literary  uttainments.  He  ^fU9  constituted  doctor  of  luws  br 
the  univemity  <)t'  Edinburgh,  and  was  elected  a  member  or  the  roy. 
ul  societies  of  London  and  Dul)lin. 

He  was  det  ply  convinced  of  the  truth  and  excellence  of  chris. 
tianity,  and  it  had  a  constant  effect  \i\wn  his  lile.  He  was  for 
more  than  thirty  years  an  exemplary  member  of  the  church  in 
Brattle  street  >  the  poor  of  which  congre)|^tion  he  bequeathed  a 
hundred  pou>  His  charities  were  abundant      ]lc  respected 

the  injunctiouii  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  wh'ch.  he  professed. 
He  knew  the  pleasures  and  advantages  of  family  devotion,  and  he 
tonscientiously  observed  the  chrii^tian  sabbath,  presenting  himseir 
habitually  in  the  holy  temple,  that  he  might  be  instructed  in  relig. 
iout  dutv,  and  might  unite  with  the  worshippers  of  God.  In  his 
dying  addresses  to  his  family  and  servants  he  recommended  the 
christian  religion  to  them  as  of  transcendent  importance,  and  as- 
sured them,  that  it  was  the  only  foundation  of  peace  and  happiness 
in  life  and  death.  As  the  hour  of  his  departure  approached,  he 
expressed  his  satisfaction  in  the  thought  of  going  to  the  full  enjoy, 
mcnt  of  God  and  his  Redeemer. 

Governor  Bowdoin  published  a  philosophical  discourse,  publicly 
addressed  to  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences  in  Boston 
November  8,  1780,  when  he  was  inducted  into  the  office  of  presi* 
dent.    This  is  prefixed  to  the  first  volume  of  the  memoirs  of  the 
Mcadcmy.    In  this  work  he  also  published  several  other  produc. 
tions,  which  manifest  no  common  taste  and  talents  in  astronomical 
inquiries.    The  following  are  the  titles  of  them  ;  observations  up- 
on an  hypothesis  for  solving  the  phenomena  of  light,  with  inciden. 
tal  observations  tending  to  shew  the  heterogeneousness  of  light, 
and  of  th*.  electric  fluid,  by  their  union  with  each  other  ;  observa* 
tions  or  Ti^^rht  and  the  waste  of  matter  in  the  sun  and  fixed  stars 
occasin  'CiH  by  the  constant  efllux  of  light  from  them  ;  observations 
tending;  bj  prove  by  phenomena  and  scripture  the  existence  of  an 
orb,  which  i^urrounds  the  whole  material  system,  and  which  may 
be  necessary  to  preserve  it  from  the  ruin,  to  which,  without  such  a 
counterbalance,it  seems  liable  by  that.universal  principle  in  matter, 
gravitation.    He  supposes,  that  the  blue  expanse  of  the  sky  is  a 
real  concave  body  encompassing  nil  visible  nature,  that  the  milky 
way  and  the  lucid  spots  in  the  heavens  are  gaps  in  this  orb,  through 
which  the  light  of  exterior  orbs  reaches  us,  and  that  thus  an  inti- 
mation may  be  given  of  orbs  on  orbs  and  systems  on  systems  innu 
merable  and  inconceivably  grand. — Thacher*a  funeral  aermon; 
LoweU*»  eulogy  ;  Ma»sa.  magazine^  iii.  5— «8,  304,  305,  372  ;  Utd- 
veraala9ylumji.75~-'76',  MiUer*8  retros/tecti  ii,  ffardie  i  Minora 
ftiat.  inttirrection  ;  Marahally  v.  121. 

BOYD  (William),  minister  of  Lamington  in  New  Jersey,  was 
descended  from  Scottish  ancestors,  who  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania. 


BOY. 


^; 


iJewas  bom  in  Franklin  county,  1758.    Ai  tW  aK^of  AAoMi  he, 
««s  deprived  of  his  father,  but  alwut  the  mm^O  tjiroc  it  piffMCiLUie 
Kather  of  mercies  to  exprcHS  to  him  his  QoDif^^Mpn  in  iMnung^himL. 
,V:ai  darkness  to  ligtit.     His  collegium  edwcHVPi)  Wmh  t}ompl»Ud  «l! 
fiincetonin  1778  under  the  presidcuf-yiuf.lPt'i.  >\'itJ)t:i'«pi4Qn>:.t  Af- 
;cr  pursuing  the  study  of  tlieology  uii4^r  41m}  c^lT^pf.^UP•  AlUst>n 
of  Baltimore,  he  commenced  preaf^ltingtthoigiwpeh:;  iwdxiiruA  hkn/ 
popularity,  that  invitations  lo  settjif icr<^iNdf;d  lupoti  luim.  ,  Jtlis  tat<i 
cDtswsuld  have  procured  liini  u,popAl^(iM(|i^:^tita)i>f  but  dostltute^ 
of  ambitioi   he  was  afraid  of  hiua.^f.     )t  iWMrbi»yiUpRen«  Mw6i 
to  live  a  lilc  of  piety,  and  to  prcttQhm  tb«  ^lottoUc  >fli»ai{ncrii  a^ 
he  was  apprehensive,  that  in  a,(:iAy  he|>9j|»QuM  bffeinftcted  bjOtbfai 
corruption  of  those  around  himiClU^:  lUwncJCife  preXerpwlrt-Eetirir 
ed  situation,  and  accepted  the  .«»U,fQ4  I^fv^vt^gtii^v   ilirre  h^  coat' 
tinued  till  his  death,  May  15,  ,lQ03.,it||lH  ,<lii^»fl«e  Mi*a'^  oli  ,th«  vubf'^ 
sumptivc  kind.     Being  asked  if,  b«  WM#i ^titling  be  'vim\df 

he  replied,  that  he  had  been  s«Mf^H^i))tp  tbtie  "'»-  heV' 

ing  in  a  state  of  grace,  and  that  1^  FM><«MtUik4i  bacn^ 

renewed  by  the  Spirit  of  God,  »»ft<l:»vas  t)hferofWfti>v .  uHUtta. 

hiiu, knowing  that  his  own  timu  «Wl  Wftjf  wpbieW*,;  Aii^n  fiuthliar 
the  Redeemer  gave  him  hopo/eiedjlj|numt)h-c7.  .noij  .  >  i  .ur.  o m 
Mr.  Uoyd  was  a  man  of  unffigo^jJiMm^yM^l^aMe  ali  tbetaraw 
lious  relations  of  life,  and  reiQArH^liU/^fprcj^udQifJra  and  ftiodeir&tioiK; 
in  all  his  de[)ortmeQt.  He  MHMcAtitf'Qiicb^je^iptkftiUalivexoeUtinoeLt 
Deeply  penetrated  himself  with  {^,l90it»«n(ifl  (hentQtul  .^pnivity  vSt 
the  human  heart  and  of  the  iiuUiiilitytrPfimajiltntiporfiMtinc  •o^ '<khfmgT 

acceptable  to  God  without  the(diliflilti»«J$)0/^|hf!}ifA)t''^i^^^^  *"*! 
deavored  to  impress  these  truili^^^n  if^^TtA'p.'p.Vrti:  dwbit .upon'  ^v 
necessity  of  a  divine  atonement)  iQq)0C>f^^iia-it[ittiiB'edesindD  ini 
order  to  justification,  upon  thodiphes  j«fl(UvJk^  jgltoqKf^jtiOfLlther  avf 
couragemcnts  of  the  gospel  toil[h#ihuitnMC|(i»t)dtuOQOtritBJ)upianJliiid> 
dangers  of  self  deception  and  Kho^jfeb^j  fofiilgeftiKif  ftbe  iri«ked<! 
He  was  remarkable  for  a  natural>|»0lJill^J)llld'^flc)i)a^u%,.tiSex{if0»f 
sion.  For  a  few  years  he  wrot€Sr^i»>dMriiwfttt^  and>f}Oinipiltfcd:<tfaibn> 
to  memory,  but  for  the  remaind«DiQf/;hhbIi&iJb«ri4o{ieBd|ed9ci(Aic(r' 
having  digested  his  subject,  uponcjAe^^R A^ktft^vwtei.>njAiinai«i 
etrating  eye,  natural  gestures,  a  9Mrie«tu«i|d:tOQit)it)aodinga^ce$)afMlb 
im  irreproachable  character  gave  tiv»lgbtja|n4Mlthotoit9i±B3hisiironiar/ 
But  his  labors,  like  those  of  manf  «nyb!f|{i|^}Qd  -nten/^w^ttrBitttndvi 

I  irtth  only  a  gradual  increase  of  thc-thu)^iJe9mA>itiiBdotadbib:)qep!d^ 
He  was  formed  no  less  for  society^  itbimibv: the!  plili(>tt,-!iurUngi^ 

Ifiiendly  disposition,  being  animatesd/ if)>/(ion>«T»atidn9AocbnniiOJi 
dating  himself  to  the  tempers  of  othet^f/JkUd  iqioftUsgixandeaiqen^ 

I  sion  with  dign\ty.---Evang.utteiligeitc(it%Aia)/fjh909ii\  oilJ  ■jv.jr.o'iq 
BOYLSTON  (Zabdi£L,  f.  h.  s;.)^ri4tnj4tninbotf'VhFBici»iivAv4M0l 

Ifirst  introduced  the  inoculation  of  thej^iDjdiiipoxi  ifk  AfoSriclS, ^Sd 

I  bom  at  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  intb^yiibftp  li<fk9iQ«  -jiiflcu:  S'^ooQ 


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private  education)  he  studied  physic  under  the  cnrc  of  Dr.  Cutler, 
an  eminent  ])hysician  and  surgeon  of  Boston,  and  in  a  few  years 
arrived  at  great  distinction  in  his  profession,  and  accumulated  a 
handsome  fortune.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  skill,  his  humanity, 
and  his  close  attention  to  his  patients. 

In  the  year  172 1  the  small  pox  prevailed  in  Boston,  and  while  it 
was  fatal,  like  the  plague,  it  carried  with   it  the  utmost  terror. 
This  calamity  had  not  visited  the  town  since  the  year  1703,  in 
which  year  as  well  as  in  the  year  1693  it  had  proved  destructive  to 
the  lives  of  many,  though  it  was  much  less  mortal,  than  when  it 
appeared  in  the  year  1678.     On  its  reappearance,  the  reverend 
Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  who  had  read  in  a  volume  of  the  philosophical 
transactions,put  into  his  hands  by  Dr.Douglass,  two  communications 
from  the  east,  the  one  from  Timonius  at  Constandnople  and  the 
other  from  Pylarinus,  the  Venetian  consul  at  Smyrna,  giving  an 
account  of  the  practice  of  inoculation  for  the  small  pox,  conceived 
tlie  idea  of  introducing  this  practice  in  Boston.    He  accordingly, 
on  the  sixth  of  June,  addressed  a  letter  to  the  physicians  of  Boston, 
enclosing  an  abridgment  of  the  communications  in  the  philosoph* 
ical  transactions,  and  requesting  them  to  meet  and  take  the  subject 
into  consideration.     As  this  request  was  treated  with  neglect,  he 
wrote  to  Dr.  Boylston  separately  oh  the  twenty  fourth  of  June,  and 
sent  him  all  the  information,  which  he  had  collected,  in  the  hope 
that  he  would  be  persuaded  to  embrace  a  new  and  favorable  means 
for  the  preservation  of  human  life.     Dr.  Boylston  happily  was  a 
man  of  benevolence  and  courage.    When  there  was  before  him  a 
promising  opportunity  for  diminishing  the  evils  of  human  life,  he 
was  not  afraid  to  struggle  with  prejudice,  nor  unwilling  to  encoun* 
ter  abuse.     The  practice  would  be  entirely  new  in  America,  and  it 
was  not  known,  that  it  had  been  introduced  into  Europe.    Yet  he 
determined  to  venture  upon  it.  He  first  inoculated,  June  the  twenty 
sixth,  his  son  Th«mas  of  the  age  of  six  years  and  two  of  his  ser- 
vants.   Encouraged  by  the  success  of  this  experiment  he  be^an  to 
enlarge  his  practice.    The  other  physicians  gave  their  unanimous 
opinion  against  inoculation,  as  it  would  infuse  a  malignity  into  the 
blood)  and  the  selectmen  orf  Boston  forbid  it  in  July.    But  these 
discouragements  did  not  quench  the  zeal  and  benevolence,  which 
were  now  excited.    They  might  have  done  it,  and  prejudice  might 
have  triumphed  over  an  enlightened  practice,  if  the  clergy  had  not 
stepped  in  to  aid  the  project.     Six  venerable  ministers  of  Boston 
gave  their  whole  influence  in  its  favor,  and  the  weight  of  their  char- 
acter,  the  confidence,  which  was  reposed  in  their  wisdom,  and  the 
deep  reverence,  inspired  by  their  piety,' were  hardly  sufficient  to 
preserve  the  growing  light  from  extinction.    They  were  abused, 
but  they  triumphed.     During  the  year  1731  and  the  beginning  of 
1 733  Dr.  Boylston  inoculated  two  hundred  ;md  forty  seven  persons  in 
Boston  and  the  neighboring  towns.    Thirty  nine  were  inoculated  by 


BOY. 


85 


ether  physicians,  making  in  the  whole  two  hundred  and  eighty  six, 
of  whom  only  six  died.    During  the  same  period,  of  fire  thousand 
seren  hundred  and  fifty  nine  persons,  who  hisd  the  small  pox  in  the 
natural  way,  eight  hundred  and  forty  four  died.    The  utility  of  the 
practice  was  now  established  beyond  dispute,  and  its  success  en- 
couraged its  more  general  introduction  in  England,  in  which  coun> 
try  it  had  been  tried  upon  but  a  few  persons,  most  or  all  of  whom 
were  convicts.    In  the  prosecution  of  his  good  work  Or.  Boylston 
was  obliged  to  meet  not  only  the  most  virulent,  but  the  most  dan- 
gerous opposition.    Dr.  Douglass,  a  Scotchman,  violent  in  his  prej- 
udices, and  bitter  and  outrageous  in  his  conduct,  bent  his  whole 
force  to  annihilate  the  practice,  which  had  been  introduced.    One 
argument,  which  he  brought  against  it,  was  that  it  was  a  crime, 
wMch  came  under  the  description  of  poisoning  and  spreading  in^ 
fection,  which  were  made  penal  by  the  laws  of  Engkmd.    In  the 
pamphlets,  which  were  published  in  1721  and  1722,  various  kinds 
of  reasoning  are  found.    The  following  extracts  will  give  some 
idea  of  the  spirit  of  them.    **  To  spread  abroad  a  mortal  contagion, 
what  is  it  but  to  cast  abroad  arrows  and  death  ?    If  a  man  should 
wilfully  throw  a  bomb  into  a  town,  bum  a  house,  or  kill  a  man, 
ought  he  not  to  die  ?— -I  do  not  see  how  wc  can  be  excused  from 
great  impiety  herein,  when  ministers  and  people,  with  loud  and 
strong  cries,  made  supplications  to  almighty  God  to  avert  the  judg- 
ment of  the  small  pox,  and  at  the  same  time  some  iiave  l)eeu  carry- 
ing about  instruments  of  inoculation  and  bottles  of  the*  poisonous 
humor  to  infect  all,  who  were  willing  to  submit  to  it,  whereby  we 
might  as  naturally  expect  the  infection  to  spread,  as  a  man  to 
break  his  bones  by  casting  himself  headlong  from  the  highest  pinna- 
cle.   Can  any  man  infect  a  family  in  the  town  in  the  morning,  and 
pray  to  God  in  the  evening,  that  the  distemper  may  not  spread  V* 
It  was  contended,  that,  as  the  small  pox  was  a  judgment  from  God 
for  the  sins  of  the  people,  to  endeavor  to  avert  the  stroke  would 
but  provoke  him  the  more ;  that  inoculation  was  encroachment  up- 
on the  prerogatives  of  Jehovah,  whose  right  it  was  to  wound  and 
to  smite  ;  and  that  as  there  was  an  appcunted  time  to  man  upon 
earth,  it  would  be  useless   to  attempt  to  stay  the  approach  of 
death. 

The  people  became  so  exasperated,  that  it  wns  unsafe  for  Dr. 
Boylston  to  travel  in  the  evening.  Biit  his  cool  and  determined 
spirit,  supported  by  his  trust  in  God,  enabled  hira  to  persevere* 
As  he  believed  himself  to  be  in  the  way  of  his  duty,  he  did  not 
tremble  at  the  apprehension  of  the  evils,  which  might  come  upon 
him.  When  his  fiunily  were  alarmed  for  his  safety,  he  expressed 
to  them  his  resignation  to  the  will  of  heaven.  To  such  a  height 
was  the  popular  fury  raised,t2ut  a  lighted  granado  was  in  the  night 
thrown  into  the  chamber  of  Mr.  Walter,  minister  of  Roxbury,  who 
had  been  privately  inoculated  in  the  house  of  his  unrle,  Dr.  Math- 


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er  of  Boeton.    The  »l»eU  however  was  not  filled  with  powder,  but 
with  a  noixtui-e  of  brimstone  with  bitumioous  matter. 

Had  Dr.  Boylston  gone  at  this  time  to  England,  he  might  have 
accamuiated  an  immense  fortune  bjr  his  skill  in  treating  the  small 
pox.  He  did  not  however  visit  that  country  till  1725,  when  inocu> 
lation  was  common.  He  was  then  received  with  the  most  flatter* 
ing  attention.  He  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  royal  society,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  intimacy  and  friendship  of  some  of  the  most 
dutiaguished  characters  of  the  nation.  Of  these  he  used  to  men- 
tion with  great  respect  and  affection  the  reverend  Dr.  Watts*  with 
whom  he  corresponded.  After  his  return  to  his  native  country  he 
continued  at  the  head  of  his  profession,  and  engaged .  in  a  number 
o£  literary  pursuits.  His  communications  to  the  royal  society 
were  ingenious  and  useful. 

.  After  a  long  period  of  eminence  and  skill  in  his  profession,  his 
age  and  infirmity  induced  him  to  retire  to  his  patrim<Miial  estate  in 
Brookline,  where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He  had 
the  pleasure  of  seeing  inoculation  universally  practised,  and  of 
knowing,  that  he  was  Umself  considered  as  one  of  the  benefiictors 
of  mankind.  He  died  March  1, 1766,  in  the  eighty  seventh  year  of 
his  age.  The  inscription  upon  his  tomb  represents^  that  through  a 
life  of  extensive  beneficence  be  was  alwaya  faithful  to  his  word, 
just  in  his  dealings,  affable  in  his  manners,  and  that  after  a  long 
sickness,  in  which  he  was  exemplary  for  his  patience  and  resigna- 
tion to  his  Maker,  he  quitted  this  mortal  life  in  a  just  expectation 
of  a  blessed  immortality. 

Dr.  Boylston  published,  some  account  of  what  is  said  of  inoculat- 
ing or  transplanting  the  small  pox  by  the  learned  Dr.  Emanuel 
Timonius  and  Jacobus  Pylarinus,  1721  ;  an  historical  account  of 
the  small  pox  inoculated  in  New  England,  with  some  account  of 
the  nature  of  the  infection,  and  some  short  directions  to  the  inexpe- 
rienced, dedicated  to  the  princess  of  Wales,  London,  1736  ;  and 
several  communications  in  the  philoso*^  ?)  transactions^— rMi«M<* 
ehu9ett*  magazine^  December  1789,776-  3  ;  Fieree*^  century  di*- 
course  ;  Holmea*  annahy  ii.  103  ;  Boylaion'a  /tut.  account ;  Huich-^ 
tnoortt  ii.  273—276  ;  Jdamt*  JV.  England,  195.  ^fr/oiy^  -u  ,d"T:  > 
BO\LSTON  (Nicholas),  a  l)ene&ctor  of  Harvard  college, 
died  in  Boston  August  18.  i  771,  in  the  fifty  sixth  year  of  his  age. 
His  portrait^  which  is  an  admirable  painting,  is  in  the  philosoi^y 
chamber  of  the  college.  He  hsd  been  an  eminent  merchant,  and 
was  about  to  retire  fcom  business  to  enjov  the  fruit  of  bis  industry, 
when  he  was  removed  from  the  earth.  He  was  honest  in  his  deiJ- 
ings,  and  remarkable  for  his  sincerity,  having  a  peculiar  abhorrence 
of  all  dissimulation.  He  bequeathed  to  the  university  atCambridflrtt 
fifteen  hundred  pounds  for  laying  the  &undation  of  a  professorship 
of  rhetoric  and  oratory.  This  sum  was  paid  into  the  college  treas- 
ury by  his  executors  February  1 1 ,1 772  ;  and  the  fund  became  accu- ' 


BOY.  m 

ifiuloted  to  tWMity  three  thousand  and  two  hundred  doUart  beiore 
any  appropriation  was  made.  The  honorable  John  Qumcy  Adama, 
son  of  presideM  Adams,  and  then  a  senator  of  the  United  States, 
was  installed  the  first  professor  June  12,  1806,  with  the  title  of 
w  tlie  fioylston  profiissor  of  rhetoric  and  oratory  in  Harvard  col- 
lege."—-Ab/wtM*  a«ia/«,  ii.  301. 

BOYLSTON  (JoHif),  a  merchant  of  Boston,  was  the  second 
son  of  Dr.  Zabdiel  Boylston.  He  resided  for  the  last  years  of  his 
life  in  England,  and  died  at  Bath  January  17,  1795,  aged  eighty 
years.    He  left  a  large  estate, bequeathing  much  to  his  native  town. 

BRACKETT  (Joshua,  m.  n.),  president  of  the  New  Hamp- 
shire  medical  society,  was  bom  in  Greenland,  New  Hampshire, 
in  May  1733,  and  waa  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1753.  He 
afterwards  pursued  the  studv  of  theology,  and  commenced  a  preach> 
er ;  but  a  regard  to  his  health  induced  him  soon  to  engage  in  the 
8t\idy  of  physic.  After  a  life  of  patriotism  and  usefulness  he  died 
at  Portsmouth  July  17, 1803,  in  the  sixty  ninth  year  of  his  age,  in 
foil  belief  of  the  restoration  of  all  things. 

He  was  much  distinguished  for  his  activity  and  zeal  in  the  cause 
of  American  independence.  He  was  one  of  the  committee  of  safe- 
ty during  the  revolutionary-  war.  A  friend  to  medical  science,  he 
exerted  himself  to  establish  the  medical  society  in  New  Hampshire, 
and  gave  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  volumes  as  the  foundation  of 
its  library.  He  made  minutes  of  important  cases  occurring  in  hia 
practice.  He  was  a  man  of  integrity,  mildness,  and  benevolence 
Such  was  his  regard  to  the  poor,  that  he  never  made  a  charge* 
where  he  supposed  the  payment  would  occasion  the  smallest  incon- 
venience. His  heart  could  sympathise  in  the  distresses  of  others. 
^^Medieal  reftoritwnji  eecond  hexade^  i.  3 1 1—3 14. 

Bradbury  (Theophilus),  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of 
MasiMchusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1757.  His 
eariy  days  were  devoted  with  diligence  and  success  to  the  profes- 
donofthelaW.  He  resigned  the  emoluments,  arising  from  his 
practice,  for  the  appointment  of  a  judge,  in  which  station  he  was 
intelligent  and  faithfiil  in  executing  the  laws.  A  sudden  attack  of 
disease  at  length  rendered  him  incapable  of  dischar^g  the  duties 
of  his  office.  He  died  September  6,  1803,  aged  sixty  three  years. 
-^Columbian  eentinel,  September  1 1,  1803. 

BRADpOCK  (Edward),  major  general  and  commander  in 
chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America,  arrived  in  Virginia  with  two 
regiments  from  Ireland  in  February  1755.  The  plan  of  military  ope- 
rtktions  having  been  settled  in  April  by  a  convention  of  the  several 
governors  at  Alexandria,  he  undertook  to  conduct  in  person  the  ex- 
pedition against  fort  du  Quesne.  Meeting  with  much  delay  from 
the  necessity  of  opening  roads,  the  general  determined  to  advance 
with  rapidity  at  the  head  t>f  twelve  hundred  men,  leaving  the  heavy 
1|agg:age  to  the  care  of  colonel  Dunbar,  who  was  to  follow  by  slow 


88 


BRA. 


and  easy  marches.  He  reached  the  MonongaheU  on  the  eighth  ot 
July.  The  succeeding  day  he  expected  to  invest  the  fort.  He 
accordingly  made  his  dispositions  in  the  morning.  He  was  advised 
to  advance  the  provincial  companies  in  the  front  for  the  purpose  of 
scouring  the  woods,  and  discovering  any  ambuscade,  which  might 
be  formed  lor  him.  But  he  held  both  his  enemy  and  the  provincials 
in  too  much  contempt  to  follow  this  salutary  counsel.  Three  hun- 
dred British  regulars  composed  his  van,  which  was  suddenly 
attacked,  at  the  distance  of  about  seven  miles  from  the  fort,  by  an 
inviuble  enemy,  concealed  by  the  high  grass.  The  whole  army 
was  soon  thrown  into  confusion.  The  brave  general  exerted  his 
utmost  powers  to  form  his  broken  troops  under  a  galling  fire  upon 
the  very  ground,  where  they  were  first  attacked  ;  but  his  efforts 
were  fruitless.  With  such  an  enemy,  in  such  a  situation,  it  was 
necessary  to  have  advanced  or  retreated.  All  his  officers  on  horse- 
back, excepting  his  aid,  the  late  general  Washington,  were  killed, 
and  after  losing  three  horses  he  received  a  mortal  wound.  The  de- 
feated army  fled  precipitately  to  the  camp  of  Dunbar,  near  forty 
•miles  distant,  where  Braddock,  who  was  brought  off  the  ground  in 
a  tumbril,  expired  of  his  wounds.  Sixty  four  out  of  eighty  five 
officers,  and  about  half  the  privates  were  killed  and  wounoed,  mak- 
ing in  the  whole  a  loss  of  about  seven  hundred  men.  This  disas- 
ter resulted  from  the  contempt  of  good  advice.-— Mir«Aa//,  i.  384, 
390—393  ;  ii.  14—19  ;  Holmea*  anna/«,  ii.  307  ;  Collection*  hist, 
90C.  vii.  39—94  ;   fVynnct  ii.  37 — 43. 

BRADFORD  (William),  second  governor  of  Plymouth  colo- 
ny, arid  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  New  England,  was  bom  ut  An- 
sterfield,  a  village  in  the  north  of  England,  in  1588.  He  was 
educated  in  the  practice  of  agriculture.  His  paternal  inheritance 
was  considerable ;  but  he  baud  no  better  education,  than  such  as 
usually  falls  to  the  share  of  the  cliildren  of  husbandmen.  At  the 
age  of  twelve  years  his  mind  was  seriously  impressed  by  divine 
truth  in  reading  the  scriptures,  and  an  illness  of  long  continuance 
conspired  to  preserve  him  from  the  follies  of  youth.  His  good 
impressions  were  confirmed  by  attending  upon  the  ministry  of 
Mr.  Richard  Clifton.  As  be  advanced  in  years  he  was  stigma- 
tized as  a  separatist ;  but  such  was  his  firmness,  that  he  cheerfiil- 
ly  bore  the  frowns  of  his  relatives  and  the  scoffs  of  his  neighbors, 
and  connected  himself  ^ith  the  church,  over  which  Mr.  Clifton  and 
Mr.  Robinson  presided,  fearless  of  the  persecution,  which  he  fore- 
saw this  act  would  draw  upon  him.  Believing  that  many  practices 
of  the  established  church  of  England  were  repugnant  to  the  direc- 
tions of  the  word  of  God,  he  was  fully  resolved  to  prefer  the  purity 
of  christian  worslup  to  any  temporal  advantages,  which  ^ight 
arise  from  bending  his  conscience  to  the  opinions  of  others. 

In  the  autumn  of  1607,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  he 
Avas  one  of  the  company  of  dissenters,  who  made  an  attempt  to  ge 


/ 


BRA. 


89 


orer  to  Holland)  where  a  commercial  tpirit  had  established  a  free 
toleration  of  religious  opinious  ;  but  the  roster  of  the  vessel  be- 
tnyed  them}  and  they  were  thrown  jjfMt  prison  at  Boston  in  Lin- 
colnshire. In  the  spring  of  the  next  year  he  made  anrther  unsuc- 
cessful attempt.  At  length  he  effected  his  favorite  object  and 
joined  his  brethren  at  Amsterdam.  Here  he  put  himself  an  ap- 
prentice  to  a  French  protestant*  who  taught  him  the  art  of  silk  dy- 
ing. When  he  reached  the  age  of  twenty  one  yearS)  and  came  m 
possession  of  his  estate  in  England,  he  converted  it  into  moneyi 
and  engaged  in  commerce,  in  which  he  was  not  successful. 

Mr.  Bradford,  after  a  residence  of  about  ten  years  in  Holland* 
engaged  with  zeal  in  the  plan  of  removal  to  America,  which  was 
formed  by  the  English  church  at  Leyden  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Robinson.  He  accordingly  embarked  for  England  July  32,  1630, 
and  on  the  sixth  of  September  set  sail  from  Plymouth  with  the 
first  company.  While  the  ship  in  November  lay  in  the  harbor  of 
cape  Cod,  he  was  one  of  the  foremost  in  the  several  hazardous  at- 
tempts to  find  a  proper  place  for  the  seat  of  the  colony.  Before  a 
suitable  spot  was  agreed  upon,  his  wife  fell  into  the  sea,  and  was 
^wned.  Soon  after  the  death  of  governor  Carver  at  Plymouth) 
which  took  place  April  5,  1621,  Mr.  Bradford  was  elected  gover- 
nor in  his  place.  He  was  at  this  time  in  the  tliirty  third  year  of 
Ids  age,  and  was  most  conspicuous  for  wisdom,  fortitude,  piety,  aiid 
benevolence.  The  people  appointed  Isaac  AJlerton  his  assistant, 
not  because  they  could  repose  less  confidence  in  him,  than  in  Carver, 
who  had  been  idone  in  the  command,  but  chiefly  on  account  of  his 
precarious  health.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  his  administration  was 
to  send  an  embassy  to  Masassoit  for  the  purpose  of  confirming  the 
league  with  the  Indian  sachem,  of  procuring  seed  com  for  the  next 
planting  season,  and  of  exploring  the  country.  It  was  well  for  the 
colony,  that  the  friendship  of  Masassoit  was  thus  secured,  for  his 
influence  was  extensive.  In  consequence  of  his  regard  for  the 
new  settlers  nine  sachems  in  September  went  to  Plymouth,  and 
acknowledged  themselves  loyal  subjects  of  king  James.  In  the 
same  month  a  party  was  sent  out  to  explore  the  bay  of  Massachu- 
setts. They  landed  imder  a  cliff,  supposed  to  be  Copp's  hill  in 
Boston,  where  they  were  received  with  kindness  by  Obbadne- 
wa,  who  gave  them  a  promise  of  his  assistance  against  the  squaw 
sachem.  On  their  return  they  carried  with  them  so  good  a  report 
of  the  country,  that  the  people  lamented  that  they  had  established 
themselves  at  Plymouth  i  but  it  was  not  now  in  Uieir  power  to  re- 
move. \ 

In  the  beginning  of  1622  the  cplony  began  to  experience  a  dis- 
tressing fiimine,  occauoned  by  t^e  arrival  of  new  settlers,  who 
came  unfurnished  witlt  provisions.  In  the  height  of  their  distress 
a  threatening  message  was  received  from  Canonicus,  sachem  of 
Narraganset,  expressed  by  the  present  of  a  bundle  of  arrows^  bound 

13 


*:   i   -A  %m  tr-.  ■• 


Si  •■ 


m .-  f ' 


!    ')    I 


I  ?    ': 


\ 


I,.     ^!l'\^'\\ 


If;  y.'  :  A 


W  •    M 


I  I 


I 


■l 


:/t 


90 


BHA. 


I 


with  the  skin  of  a  serpent.  The  ^t nor  sent  b«ek  th«  ildb  Ill64 
with  powder  and  ball.  ThU  prompt  and^genlout  reply  terminated 
the  correBnnn'!;nce.  The  N«Mgansett  were  to  terrifledy  that  they 
evr.  returned  the  serpent**  Ikin  Without  Intpeothig  Ha  contents. 
It  was  howeter  judged  necessary  tb  Ibrtify  the  town  ( and  tfils  work 
was  performed  by  the  people)  while  they  Were  suflRirkig  f  ho  ««« 
tremity  of  famine.  Forsonie  time  they  subiiMed  entirely  upon 
fish.  In  this  exigency  governor  Bradford  found  the  advantage  of 
hia  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Indians.  He  made  sevtriA  etc^. 
sions  among  themi  and  procured  corn  and  beans^  making  a  &ir 
purchase  by  means  of  goodS)  which  Were  brought  by  two  shipa  in 
August,  and  received  by  the  planters  in  exchange  for  beaver.  The 
whole  quantity  of  dorn  and  beans,  thus  purchased,  amounted  to 
twenty  eight  hogsheads.  But  still  more  iniportant  benefits  feOen  re« 
suited  from  the  disposition  of  governor  Bradford  to  preserve  the 
friendship  of  the  natives,  during  the  iilhess  of  Masasaoit  in  the 
spHng  of  1 693^  Mr.  WittStoW  was  sent  to  him  with  cordials,  whieh 
contributed  to  his  recovery^  In  return  for  this  beneVoleitt  atten- 
tion the  grateful-  sachem  disclosed  a  dangerous  conspitaey)  then  hi 
agiution  amortg  the  Indiah»,  for  the  purpose  of  totally  exdirpathi^ 
the  English.  This  plot  did  not  originate  in  taVage  malignity^  but 
was  occasioned  by  the  injustko  and  indiscretion  of  some  Mttlers  in 
the  bay  of  Massachusetts.  As  the  most  efTectual  metuis  of  sup- 
pressing the  conspiracy,  MatessOit  advised,  that  the  chief  conspihl* 
tors,  whom  he  named)  should  be  seized  and  piit  td  death.  This 
melancholy  Work  waa  accordingly  performed  by  captain  Standilh^ 
and  the  colony  was  relieved  from  apprehtsnbion.  When  the  re^ 
port  of  this  transaction  Was:  carried  to  Holland,  Mr.  RoMnson  in 
his  next  letter  to  the  governor  expi'essed  his  deep  concern  at  the 
event.  "  O  that  you  had  converted  some,"  sud  he^  **  btffere  you 
had  killed  any  !'* 

The  scarcity,  which  had  been  experienced  by  the  plantOM^  Was 
in  part  owihg  to  the  impolicy  of  labbring  in  common  and  pttltittj^ 
the  fruit  of  their  labor  into  the  public  store.  To  stiMufate  industry 
by  the  prospect  of  individual  acquiution>  and  thus  t6  prbitiote  thfe 
general  good  by  removing  the  restrunts  upon  selfishtMSA  it  WM 
ai^eed  in  the  spring  of  1623,  thai  every  fkmily  shotttd  plaM  for 
themselves  on  such  ^undj  as  shoidd  be  assigned  them  by  lot. 
Adter  this  agreement  the  governor  was  not  agaiA  Obfiged  to  tralRc 
with  the  Indians  in  ordor  to  procuro  tiie  means  of  subsietence  for 
the  colony. 

The  original  government  of  Plymouth  was  founded  entirely  tip- 
on  miitual  compact,  entered  into  by  the  phuiter^  before  they  land- 
6Ai  and  wa»  intended  to  cominue  no  longer,  than  till  they  couKi  ob- 
tain leg^l  authority  from  their  sovereign.  The  fitvt  patent  Was 
obt^ned  for  the  colony  ih  the  ndme  of  John  Peirce ;  but  anotiier 
patent  of  larger  extent  was  obtldned  of  the  touncil  for  New  Cng- 


•m,: 


BRA. 


91 


laad  Jnuarjr  13|  1630f  in  the  name  of  WUtiam  Bradford,  hit  heir*, 
Maoci«tet»  uid  AMigns^  which  confirmed  the  title  of  the  colonists  to 
A  large  tract  of  hind,  and  rave  them  power  to  make  all  'laws,  not 
repugnant  to  the  law*  of  England.  In  the  year  1640,  when  the 
number  of  people  waa  increaaed,  and  new  townthipa  were  erected, 
the  general  court  requested  governor  Bradford  to  aurrender  the  pa- 
tantlnto  their  luuida.  With  thia  request  he  cheerfully  complied, 
mserting  for  himself  no  more  than  his  proportion,  aa  settled  by  a 
pmnoua  agreement.  After  this  surrender  the  patent  was  imme- 
diately delivered  agun  into  his  custody.  For  several  of  the  first 
years  after  the  firat  settlement  of  Plymouth  the  legislative,  execu> 
dre,  and  iudieial  business  .was  performed  by  the  whole  body  of 
freemen  m  assembly.  In  1634  the  governor  and  assistants,  the 
number  of  whom  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Bradford  had  been  increased 
to  five  in  1624  and  to  seven  in  1633,  were  constituted  a  judicial 
court,  and  afterwards  the  supreme  judicature.  Petty  offences  were 
tried  by  the  select  naen  of  each  town  with  liberty  of  appeal  to  the 
next  court  of  aasistants.  The  first  assembly  of  representatives 
was  held  in  1639,  when  two  deputies  were  sent  from  each  town, 
excepting  Plymouth,  which  sent  lour.  In  1649  this  inequality  was 
done  away. 

Such  was  the  reputation  of  Mr.  Bradiford,  acquired  by  his  piety, 
wisdom,  and  integrity,  that  he  was  annually  chosen  governor,  as 
long  as  he  lived,  excepting  in  the  years  1633,  1636,  and  1644, 
when  Mr.  Winslow  was  appointed,  and  the  years  1634  and  163t, 
when  Mr.  Prince  was  elected  chief  magistrate.    At  these  times  it 
was  by  his  own  request,  that  the  people  did  not  reelect  him.    Gov- 
eraor  Winthrop  mentions  the  election  of  Mr.  Winslow  in  163S, 
and  adds,  **  Mr.  Bradford  having  been  governor  about  ten  years, 
and  now  6y  imfiortumty  got  off."    What  a  lesson  for  the  ambitious, 
who  bend  their  whole  influence  to  gain  and  secure  the  high  offices 
of  state  !    Mr.  Bradford  strongly  recomnoended  a  rotation  in  the 
election  of  governor.    **  If  this  appcantment,"  he  pleaded, "  was 
any  honor  or  benefit,  others  beside  himself  should  partake  of  it ; 
if  it  was  a  burden,  others  beside  himself  should  help  to  bear  it." 
But  the  pec^le  were  so  much  attached  to  him,  that  for  tairtv  years 
they  placed  him  at  the  head  oi  the  government,  and  :v  the  five 
years,  when  others  were  cliosen,  he  was  first  in  the  list  of  Msistants, 
which  gave  him  the  rank  of  deputy  governor.    After  an  infirm 
and  declining  state  of  health  for  a  number  of  months,  he  w^s  sud- 
denly seised  by  an  acute  disease  May  7,  1657.    In  the  night  hb 
mind  was  so  enraptured  by  contemplations  upon  religious  truth  and 
the  hopes  of  futurity,  tliat  he  said  to  his  friends  in  the  morning, 
"  the  good  Spirit  of  God  has  given  me  a  pledge  of  my  happiness 
in  anotiier  world,  and  the  first  fruits  of  eternal  glory."    The  next 
day.  May  9, 1657,  he  was  removed  from  the  present  state  of  exist- 
ence, in  the  sixty  ninth  year -of  his  xui^e,  greatly  lamented  by  the 
people  not  only  in  Plymouth,  but  in  the  neighboring  colonies. 


I  - 

P 


1  il'v   *1  *'  ••      ■ 


i,;  1  / 


BRA. 


;• 


Governor  Braclfordt  though  not  &yorcd  with  aleuned  educatioii, 
poBtetied  a  strong  mind,  a  sound  judgment,  and  a  good  memory. 
In  the  office  of  chief  magistrate  he  was  prudent,  temperate,  and 
firm.  He  would  suffer  no  person  to  trample  on  the  laws,  or  to 
disturb  the  peace  of  the  colony.  Some  young  men,  who  were  un> 
wilting  to  comply  with  the  order  for  laboring  on  the  public  account, 
excused  themselves  on  a  Christmas  day  under  pretence,  that  it  was 
against  their  conscience  to  work.  But  not  long  afterwards  finding 
them  at  play  in  the  street,  he  commanded  the  instruments  of  their 
game  to  be  taken  from  thcm,and  told  them,that  it  was  against  his  con- 
science to  suffer  them  to  play,  while  others  were  at  work,  and  that  if 
they  had  any  religious  regani  to  the  day  they  should  show  it  in  the 
exercise  of  devotion  at  home.  This  gentle  reproof  had  the  desired 
effect.  On  other  occauons  his  conduct  was  equally  moderate  and 
determined.  Suspecting  John  Lyford,  who  had  imposed  himself 
upon  the  colony  as  a  minister,  of  factious  designs,  and  observing 
that  he  had  put  a  great  number  of  letters  on  board  a  ship  for  Eng> 
land,  the  governor  in  a  boat  followed  the  ship  to  sea,  and  examined 
the  letters.  As  satis&ctory  evidence  against  Lyford  was  thus  ob- 
tained, a  convenient  time  was  afterwards  taken  for  bringing  him  to 
trial,  and  he  was  banished. 

Though  he  never  enjoyed  great  literary  advantages,  governor 
Bradford  was  much  inclined  to  Uterary  pursuits.  He  was  fitmiliar 
with  the  French  and  Dutch  languages,  and  attained  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  Latin  and  Greek ;  but  he  more  assiduously  studied 
the  Hebrew,  because,  as  he  said, "  he  would  Hee  with  hb  own  eyes  the 
ancient  oracles  of  God  in  their  native  beauty ."  He  had  read  much 
of  history  and  philosophy,  but  theology  was  his  favorite  study. 
Dr.  Mather  represents  him  as  an  irrefragable  disputant,  especially 
against  the  anal  aptists.  Yet  he  was  by  no  means  severe  or  intoler- 
ant. He  wished  rather  to  convince  the  erroneous,  than  to  suppress 
their  opinions  by  violence.  His  disposition  was  gentle  and  conde- 
scending. Though  he  was  attached  to  the  aisciplinc  of  the  con- 
gregational churches  ;  yet  he  was  not  a  rigid  separatist.  He  per- 
ceived, that  the  reformed  churches  differed  among  themselves  in 
the  modes  of  discipline,  and  he  did  not  look  for  a  perfect  uniform- 
ity. His  life  was  exemplary  and  useful.  He  was  watchiful  agunst 
sin,  a  man  of  prayer,  and  conspicuous  for  holiness.  His  son  Wil- 
liam, born  in  1 624,  was  deputy  governor  of  the  colony  after  his 
father's  death,  and  died  at  Plymouth  at  the  age  of  eighty.  Several 
of  his  descendants  were  members  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts, 
and  one  of  the  not  was  deputy  governor  of  Rhode  Island  and  a  sena- 
tor in  the  congress  of  the  United  States. 

I  Governor  Bradford  wrote  a  history  of  Plymouth  people  i^nd  col- 
ony, beginning  with  the  first  formation  of  tlie  church  in  1603  and 
ending  with  1 646.  It  was  conttdned  in  a  folio  volume  of  270  pages. 
Morton's  memorial  is  an  abridgment  of  it.    Piince  and  Hutchin- 


♦ 


BRA. 


«9 


ton  hid  the  um  of  it*  mA  the  mmuKript  wu  deported  whh  Mr. 
Prince's  valtuible  collection  of  pttpera  in  the  librai^  of  the  old  ■oiilh 
church  in  Boeton.     Intlie  yeiir  1775  it  ehared  the  &te  of  miiny 
other  manuecriptt  in  this  plMce.     It  wm  dettroyed  or  curried  ewev 
by  the  berberiant  of  the  briti»h  armyt  who  converted  the  old  eouth 
church  into  a  riding  ichool.     He  had  also  a  large  book  of  copies  of 
letters>  relative  to  ihe  aifuirs  of  the  colony,  which  is  lost.    A  frag- 
nient  of  it  however,  found  in  a  grocer's  shop  at  Halifax,  has  been 
published  by  the  Massachusetts  historical  society,  to  which  is  sub- 
joined a  descriptive  and  historical  account  of  New  England  in  verse. 
If  this  producoon  is  somewhat  deficient  in  the  beauties  of  poetry, 
it  has  the  more  substantial  graces  of  piety  and  truth.    He  publish- 
ed some  pieces  for  the  confutation  of  the  errors  of  the  times,  par- 
dcularly  of  the  anabaptists.— ^r/ibu0'«  Amer,  biog.  ii.  317— iSSl  ; 
Mather**  magnoHat  ii.  S-i-S  }  Morton* »  memorial^  156—351 ;  Har' 
tfrVt  tiog.  diet.  ;  J^eaCt  M  Engtand^  i.  99,  316  ;  Prince* •  annait, 
fer^.  vi,  ix,  V:t  ;   Winthrofit  47  {    JUotmet'  annait^  i.  310,  370; 
Collect.  hi»t  toe.  iii.  37,  77. 

BRADFORD  (Wii.LiAM),an  eminent  printer,  came  to  America 
about  the  year  1680,  and  landed  where  Philadelphia  now  stands,  be- 
fore the  city  was  laid  out,  or  a  house  built.  He  lived  the  greater 
part  of  his  life  in  New  York,  and  was  printer  to  the  government  of 
that  province  upwards  of  fifty  years.  He  died  at  New  York  May 
33,  1753,  in  the  ninety  fourth  year  of  his  age,  having  ever  been  a 
stranger  to  uckness.  He  fell  intothe  grave  merely  from  the  decay 
of  the  powers  of  life.  While  he  was  remarkable  for  industry  he  was 
also  conspicuous  for  temperance.  Though  he  attended  with  dili- 
gence to  his  own  concerns,  he  \(as  in  a  peculiar  manner  the  friend 
of  the  poor./— /*enn«y/v<mta  gazette^  May  38,  1753. 

BRADFORD  (William),  an  eminent  printer  and  friend  of  his 
country,  ^ed  at  Philadelphia,  September  35,  17*91,  in  the  seventy 
third  year  of  his  age.  In  the  war  with  Great  Britain  he  eariy  es- 
poused the  cause  of  his  country,  and  was  colonel  of  a  regiment.  He 
was  many  years  editor  of  the  Pennsylvania  journal,  and  being  a 
printer,  as  were  his  ancestors  for  three  generations,  like  them  he 
devoted  his  press  to  the  interests  of  liberty  .^—l^mVffd  Statet  gazette^ 
October  I,  1791  ;  Boaton  centinelj  October  8,  1791. 

BRADFORD  (Willi  AM),attomey  general  of  the  United  States, 
was  bom  in  Philadelphia  September  14, 1755,and  was  early  placed 
under  the  care  of  a  rei>pectable  clergyman  a  few  miles  from  the  city. 
His  father  had  formed  the  plan  of  bringing  him  up  in  the  Insurance 
office,  which  he  then  conducted ;  but  so  strongly  was  the  love  of 
learning  implanted  in  the  mind  of  his  son,  that  neither  persuasions, 
nor  offers  of  pecuiuary  advantage  could  prevtdl  with  him  to  abandon 
the  hopes  of  a  liberal  education.  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton 
college  in  1773.  During  his  residence  at  this  seminary  be  waa 
greatiy  beloved  by  his  fellow  students,  while  he  ronfirmed  the  ex- 


■,it 


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H  BRA. 

ptcttdoni  of  hit  frieikU  and  Um  Saenhf  of  the  college  bf  ghriag  re* 
peeled  evidence  of  Mniiu  aad  taete.  At  the  public  coromencemeet 
BO  had  one  of  the  mghett  Iranors  of  the  ch«s  conferred  upon  him. 
After  continuing  at  Princeton  till  the  year  following*  during  which 
time  he  had  an  opportunity  of  attencUng  tlie  excellent  lectnretan 
theology  of  the  reverend  Or.  Witherspoon,  luid  derived  from  this 
tneiul  teacher  much  information  and  general  knowledge)  he  return, 
ed  to  the  acenes  of  his  youth*  and  spent  aeveral  months  under  the 
instruction  of  his  first  preceptor,  who  strove  to  prepare  him  lor  fq. 
ture  usefulness  in  life. 

He  now  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  under  the  honorable 
Edward  Shippen*  esquire,  one  of  the  council  of  the  supreme  court 
of  Pennsylvania  and  afterwards  chief  justice  of  the  state,  and 
he  prosecuted  his  studies  with  unwearied  application.  In  tlie  spring 
of  1776  he  was  called  upon  by  the  pccutiar  circumstances  of  the 
times  to  exert  himself  in  defence  i>f  the  dearest  rights  of  human 
nature,  and  to  join  the  standard  of  his  country  in  oppositim  to  the 
oppressive  exaaions  of  Great  Britain.    When  the  militia  wer^call. 
ed  out  to  form  the  flying  camp,  he  waa  chosen  major  of  brigade  to 
general  Roberdeau,  and  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  eccepted  a 
company  in  colonel  Hampton's  regiment  of  regular  troops.    He 
was  soon  promoted  to  the  station  of  deputy  muster  master  general, 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  ctdonel,  in  which  office  he  continued 
About  two  years  till  his  want  of  health,  being  of  a  delicate  constitu* 
tioD,  obliged  him  to  resign  his  commission  and  return  home.    He 
now  recommenced  the  study  of  the  law,  and  in  September  1 770 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsylvania,  where 
his  rising  character  soon  procured  him  an  unusual  share  of  buainesi. 
In  August  1 780,  only  one  year  after  he  was  licensed,  by  the  recon)> 
mendation  of  the  bar  and  the  particular  regard  of  his  excellency, 
Joseph  Reed,  esquiro,  president  of  the  state,  he  was  appointed  attor. 
Bey  general  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  1784  he  married  the  daughter  of  Elias  Boudinot  of  New  Jer- 
sey, counsellor  at  law,  with  whom  he  lived  till  his  death  in  the  ex* 
•rcise  of  every  domestic  virtue,  that  adorns  human  nature .  On  the  re- 
formation of  the  courts  of  justice  under  the  new  constitution  of  Penp. 
sylvania,he  was  solicited  to  accept  the  office  of  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
court,  which  with  much  hesitation  he  accepted,  and  was  commis* 
sioned  by  his  excellency,  governor  Mifflin,  August  33,  1791.  In 
this  station  his  inde&tigable  industry,  unshaken  integrity,  and  cor- 
rect judgment  enabled  him  to  give  general  satisfaction.  Here  he 
had  determined  to  spend  a  considerable  part  of  his  life ;  but  on  die 
promotion  of  Mr.  Edmund  Randdph  to  the  office. of  secretary  of 
state,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  he  was  urged  by  various  public 
considerations  to  accept  the  office  of  attorney  general  of  the  United 
States,  now  left  vacant.  He  accordingly  received  the  appointment 
January  38,  1794.    But  be  continued  only  a  short  time  in  this  sta* 


f^ 


I 


BRA. 


95 


^,  to  which  Im  wm  elected  by  WMhingtmi.  Ha  died  At^oil 
)S,  1795)  in  the  fortieth  year  of  his  agOf  and  wm  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Lee  of  Virginia.  According  to  hit  expresH  desire  he  wee  buried 
by  the  tide  of  his  parents  in  the  burial  ground  of  tlie  second  presby  • 
terian  church  in  PhiUidclphk. 

Mr.  Bradford  possessed  a  mild  and  amiable  tempertand  hia  gen* 
teel  and  unassuming  manners  were  united  with  geiniust  eloquence^ 
and  taste.  As  a  public  speaker  he  waa  persuasive  and  conYincingi 
He  understood  mankind  well,  and  knew  how  to  place  his  argumenta 
in  the  most  stt  iking  pcrfnt  of  light.  His  language  was  pure  and  scn<< 
tentlous  \  and  he  so  managed  mostof  hisibrensic  disputes, as  scarcely 
ever  to  displease  his  opponents,  while  he  gave  the  utmoat  satiafac- 
tion  to  his  ciientn.  He  possessed  great  firmness  of  opinion, yet  wae 
itmarkable  for  his  modesty  and  caution  in  delivering  his  sentiments. 
Coinbtoing  a  quick  and  retentive  memory  and  an  excellent  judge- 
ment with  great  equanimity  and  steadiness  in  his  conduct  and  a 
pleasing  deportment,  ho  conciliated  respect  and  affection.  Toward! 
his  country  he  felt  the  sincerest  attachment,  and  her  interests  he 
pieferred  to  every  selfish  consideration.  His  charities  were  secret, 
biit  extensive )  and  none  in  distress  were  ever  known  to  leave  him 
with  diikontent.  It  is  mentioned  as  a  proof  of  his  benevolence,  that 
he  adopted  ami  educated  as  his  own  son  an  orphan  child  of  his  eit'> 
cellency,  Joseph  Reed,  esquire.  His  friendships  were  few,  but  verv 
affbctionate ;  and  those,  who  aided  him  in  his  first  setting  out  ut 
Ili^,  were  uever  ungratefully  forgotten.  Though  engaged  cofk^^ 
sttntly  in  public  business  ;  yet  the  concerns  of  this  world  did  not 
laake  him  regardless  of  tlie  more  important  concerns  of  religion. 
He  firmly  believed  the  christian  system,  for  he  had  given  it  a  thoroug^i 
examination.  By  its  incomparable  rules  he  regulated  his  whole 
conduct,  and  on  its  promises  ne  founded  all  his  hopes  of  iUtare  hap^ 
pinesa. 

In  the  earlier  periods  of  his  life  he  was  not  unacquainted 
vAA  tilt  Walks  of  poetry,  and  some  of  his  poetical  productions 
in  imitation  of  the  pastorals  of  Shcnstone  were  published  in  the 
Ptdhidelphia  magazines.  They  were  at  the  time  held  in  high  estima- 
ddn.  He  published  in  1793  an  inquiry  how  far.  the  punishment  of 
death  is  necessary  in  Pennsylvania,  with  notes  and  illustrations ;  to^ 
fhich  ift  added  ah  account  of  the  gaol  and  penitentiary  house  of 
Philadelphia^  by  €aleb  Lownes.  This  work  was  written  by  Mr. 
Bradford  at  (he  request  of  governor  Mifflin,  and  was  intended  fbr 
the  \M  of  the  liegislature  in  the  nature  of  a  report,  they  having  the 
lubject  at  large,  under  their  consideration.  Furnishing  a  proof  of 
th«  good  senic  and  philanthropy  of  the  author,  it  gained  him  great 
credit.  It  bad  much  influence  in  melioititlng  the  criminal  lawa  and 
hastenihg  the  almost  entire  abolition  of  capital  punishment!  not  only 
ki  Pennsylvania,  but  in  several  other  states,  where  the  iiderests  of 
humanity  have  srt  last  previdlcd  over  ancient  atid  inveterate  pi^ju^ 


4  ' 


i'l 


i.  t 


96 


fiRA. 


fi;; 


;i!i 


^11 


dices^— /{«r«*  cyclofiadia^  American  edition  /  Hardie*a  biograpMcat: 
dictionary  ;  Marahail,  v.  489,  639  ;  Gazette  qf  the  United  Statet^ 
jfugwt  24,  1795. 

BRADSTREET(Siiiom),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  the 
son  of  a  nonconformist  minister  in  England,  and  was  bom  at  Horblin 
in  Lincolnshire  in  March  1603.  His  father  died  when  he  was  at 
the  age  of  fourteen.  But  he  was  soon  afterwards  taken  into  the 
religious  family  of  the  earl  of  Lincoln,  in  which  he  continued  about 
eight  years  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Thomas  Dudley,  and  among 
other  offices  sustained  that  of  steward.  He  lived  a  year  at  Emanuel 
college,  Cambridge,  pursuing  his  studies  amidst  many  interrup* 
tions.  He  then  returned  to  the  earl's ;  but  soon  accepted  the  place 
of  steward  in  the  family  of  the  countess  of  Warwick.  Here  he  contin- 
ued till  he  married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Dudley,  and  was  persuaded  to 
engage  in  the  project  of  making  a  settlement  in  Massachusetts.  He 
was  in  March  1630  chosen  assistant  of  the  colony,  which  was  about 
to  be  established,  and  arrived  at  Salem  in  the  summer  of  the  same 
year.  He  was  at  the  first  court,  which  was  held  at  Charlestown  on 
the  twenty  third  of  August.  He  was  afterwards  secretary  and  agent 
of  Massachusetts,  and  comihissioner  of  the  united  colonies.  He 
was  sent  with  Mr.  Norton  in  1663  to  congratulate  king  Charles  up- 
on  his  restoration,  and  as  agent  of  the  colony  to  promote  its  interests. 
From  1673  to  1679  he  was  deputy  governor.  In  this  last  year  he 
succeeded  Mr.  Leveret  as  governor,  and  remuned  in  this  office  till 
May  1686,  when  the  charter  was  dissolved,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Dudley 
comnii'nced  his  administration  as  president  of  New  England.  In 
May  1689,  after  the  imprisonment  of  Andros,  he  was  replaced  in 
the  office  of  governor,  which  station  he  held  till  the  arrival  of  rir 
William  Phips  in  May  1693  with  a  charter,  which  deprived  the 
people  of  the  right  of  electing  their  chief  magistrate.  He  died  at 
Salem  March  27,  1 697,  aged  ninety  four  years.  He  had  been  fifty 
years  an  assistant  of  the  colony. 

Governor  Bradstreet,  though  he  possessed  no  vigorous,  nor  splen- 
did talents,  yet  by  his  integrity,  prudence,  moderation,  and  piety, 
acquired  the  confidence  of  all  classes  of  people.  When  king 
Charles  demanded  a  surrender  of  the  charter,  he  was  in  favor  of 
complying ;  and  the  event  proved  the  correctness  of  his  opinion. 
He  thought  it  would  be  mOre  pn*dent  for  the  colonists  to  submit  to 
a  power,  which  they  could  not  resist,  than  to  have  judgment  given 
against  the  charter,  and  thus  their  privileges  be  entirely  cut  off  If 
his  moderation  in  regard  to  religious  affairs,  particularly  towards  the 
anabaptists  and  the  quakers,  was  not  so  conspicuous,  it  was  not  a  &ult 
'peculiar  to  him.  His  first  wife,  the  daughter  of  govemof  ^homas 
Dudley,  was  a  woman  of  distinguished  genius  and  learning,  and 
author  of  a  volume  of  poems.— Mi^A«r'«  magnalia^  ii.  19,  20 ; 
Hutchinaon^  i.  18,  319,  333;  ii.  13,  105  ;  Holmes*  anna/«,  ii.'38; 
JiTeaVa  Miv  England^'i.ZSO'y  ii.  186;  Prtnce,  301, 312  ;  Collection* 
historical  aociety^  i.  239  ;  vi.  271,  288. 


BRA. 


97 


ttRADSTREET  (Simon),  minister  of  Charlestown,  Massachtt- 
letU,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1693,  and  was  ordained, 
w  successor  of  Mr.  Morton,  October  26, 1698.  He  received  Mr. 
Abbot  as  his  colleague  in  1734.  After  a  ministry  of  more  than 
forty  years,  he  died  December  31,  1741,  aged  seventy  two  years. 

He  was  a  very  learned  man,  of  a  strong  mind,  tenacious  memory, 
and  lively  imagination.  Lieutenant  governor  Tailer  introduced 
him  to  governor  Burnet,  who  was  himself  a  fine  scholar,  bv  saying, 
bere  is  a  man,  who  can  whistle  Greek  ;  and  the  governor  afterwards 
spoke  of  him  as  one  of  the  first  literary  characters  and  beat  preach- 
ers, whom  he  had  met  with  in  America.  Mr.  Bradstreet  was 
subject  ta  hypochondriacal  complaints,  which  made  him  afrud  to 
preach  in  the  pulpit  some  years  before  he  died.  He  delivered  his 
sermons  in  the  deacon's  seat,  without  notes,  and  they  were  in  gen- 
eral melancholy  effusions  upon  the  wretched  state  of  mankind  and 
the  vanity  of  the  world.  He  possessed  such  a  catholic  spirit,  that 
some  of  the  more  zealous  brethren  accused  him  of  arminianism  ; 
but  the  only  evidence  of  this  \iras  his  fondness  for  Tillotson's  ser- 
mons, and  his  being  rather  a  practical,  than  a  doctrinal  preacher. 
He  seldom  appeared  with  a  coat,  but  always  wore  a  plud  gown, 
•nd  was  generally  seen  with  a  pipe  in  his  mouth.  One  of  his  sons 
was  minister  of  Marblehead.  A  latin  epitaph,  written  by  Mr. 
Bradstreet  upon  his  predecessor,  Mr.  Morton,  has  been  preserved 
by  the  Massachusetts  historical  socitiy ^^CoUectiont  Mat.  aocietyj 
VUI,  75. 

BRADSTREET  (Simom),  minister  of  Marblehead,  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1728.  He  was  orduned  successor  of  Mr.  Holyoke  Jan- 
uary 4,  1738.  His  death  took  place  October  5,  1771,  Mr.  Isaac 
Stpry,  who  married  his  daughter,  having  been  his  colleague  four  or 
five  months.  He  was  an  excellent  scholar,  a  most  worthy  and 
pious  christian,  and  fsdthful  pastor ;  laboring  to  bring  his  hearers 
to  the  love  of  God,  the  reception  of  the  Savior,  and*  the  practice  of 
holiness^— Co//^crton«  M^t.  *oc.  viii.  75,  76. 

BRADSTREET  (John),  a  major  general  in  America  appealed 
by  the  king  of  Great  Britain,  was  in  1746  lieutenant  governor  of 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland.  He  #as  afterwards  distin^ished  for 
bis  military  services.  It  was  thought  of  the  highest  importance  in 
the  year  1756  to  keep  open  the  communication  with  fort  Oswego 
on  lake  Ontario.  General  Shirley  accordingly  enlisted  forty  com- 
panies of  boat  men,  each  consisting  of  fifty  men,  for  transporting 
stores  to  the  fort  from  Schenectady,  and  placed  them  under  the 
command  of  Bradstreet,  who  was  an  active  and  vigilant  officer,  and 
inured  to  the  hardships,  to.  which  that  service  exposed  him.  In 
the  beg^ning  of  the  spring  of  this  year  a  smidl  blockaded  post 
with  twenty  five  men,  at  the  carrying  place*  was  cut  off.  It  be- 
came neceisary  to  pass  through  the  country  with  large  squadron^; 

13 


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!     I 


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.lil 


9HA. 


of  boaU,  OH  ihe  tutmj  infested  the  passage  through  the  Onondaga 
~    ~     On  his  return  from  Oswego  on  the  third  of  July  17S6  coU 


nver. 


•n«l  Bradstreetf  who  was  apprehensive  of  being  ambushed)  ordered 
the  several  divisions  to  proceed  as  near  each  oUier  as  posuble.  He 
was  at  the  head  of  about  three  hundred  boatmen  in  the  first  divis. 
ion*  when  at  the  distance  of  about  nine  miles  from  the  fort  the  ene- 
my roee  from  their  ambuscade  and  attacked  him.  He  instantly 
landed  upon  a  small  island  and  with  but  six  men  maintained  bis 
position  till  he  was  reinforced.  A  general  engagement  ensued,  in 
which  Bradstreet  with  great  gallantry  rushed  upon  a  more  nume- 
rous enemy)  and  entirely  routed  them*  killing  and  woundng  about 
two  hundred  men.  His  own  loss  was  about  thirty.  He  arrived  at 
Schenectady  on  the  eleventh  of  July.  In  the  yeap  1758  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  co.Timand  of  three  thousand  men  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  fort  FrontenaC)  which  was  planned  by  himself.  He 
embarked  at  Oswego  on  lake  Ontario  and  on  the  evening  of  the 
fwenty  fifth  of  August  landed  within  a  mile  of  the  fort.  On 
the  twenty  seventh  it  was  surrendered  to  him.  Forty  pieces 
of  cannon  and  a  vast  quantity  of  provisions  and  merchandise,  with 
one  hundred  and  ten  prisoners,  fell  into  his  hands.  The'fivt  and 
nine  armed  vessels-  and  such  stores,  as  could  not  be  removed,  were 
destroyed.  In  August  1 764  he  advanced  with  a  considerable  fi)rce 
toward  the  Indian  country,  and  at  Presque  Isle  compelled  the  Dej. 
awares,  Shawanese,  and  other  Indians  to  terms  of  peace.-  He  was 
appointed  major  general  in  May  1772.  After  rendering  ImpoN 
tant  services  to  his  country,  he  died  at  New  York  October  21, 
1 774^— fTynw,  ii.  59 — 61,  86—88;  Jnnual  register  for  1764, 
181  ;  HolmnlannaU^n,  229  ;  Marshall^  i.  437,438^;  Collections 
Hist.  aoc.  y\\.  150,  155. 

BRAINERD  (David),  an  eminent  preacher  and  missionary 
to  the  Indians,  was  bom  at  Haddam,  Connecticut,  April  30,  1718. 
He  lost  both  his  parents,  while  but  a  youth.  As  his  mind  was  ear- 
ly impressed  by  the  truths  of  religion,  he  took  delight  in  reading 
those  books,  which  communicated  religious  instrucUon ;  he  called 
upon  the  name  of  God  in  secret  prayer ;  he  studied  the  scriptures 
with  g^at  diligence;  and  he  associated  with  several  young  persons 
for  mutual  encouragement  and  assistance  in  the  paths  %i  wisdom. 
But  in  alt  this  he  afterwards  considered  himself  as  self  righteous, 
as  completely  destitute  of  true  piety,  as  governed  by  the  fear  of 
future  puiushment  and  not  by  the  love  of  Gqd,  as  depending  for 
salvation  upon  his  good  feelings- and  his  strict  Kfe,  vrithout  a  per- 
ception of  the  necessity  and  the  value  of  the  mediation  of  Christ. 
At  this  time  he  would  indeed  acknowledge,  that  he  desenred  nothing 
for  his  best  works,  for  the  theory  of  salvation  was  familiar  tp  him  ; 
but  while  he  made  the  acknowledgment,  he  did  not  feetyrhxX  it  im- 
plied. He  stillapcretly  relied  upon  the  warmth  of  his  afrec.tions^ 
upon  his  sincerity,  upon  some  quality  in  himself  as  the  ground  of 


BRA. 


•99 


vcceptance  with  God*  instead  of  relying  upon  tiie  Lord  Jesus, 
.through  whom  alone  there  is  access  to  the  Father.  At  length  he 
was  brought  ur  ^er  a  deep  sense  of  his  sinfulness,  and  he  perceiv> 
«d,  that  the  f  .6  nothing  good  in  him.  This  conviction  w'as  not 
a  sudden  peri  oation  of  mind  ;  it  was  a  permanent  impression, 
made  by  the  vierrof  his  own  chantcter,-when  compared  ^th  that 
My  law  of  God,  which  he  was  bound  to  obey.  But  the  discov- 
ery was  unwelcome  and  irritating.  He  could  not  readily  aban- 
don! the  hope,  which  rested  upon  his  religious  exercises.  He  waa 
reluctant  to  admit,  that  the  pnncipie,  whence  all  lus  actions  pro^ 
needed,  was  entirely  corrupt.  He  was  opposedto  the  strictness  of 
Ae  divine  law,  which  extended  to  the  heart  as  well  us  to  the  life, 
fle  murmured  against  the  doctrines,  that  feith  was  indispensably 
necessary  to  salvation,  and  that  faith-was  completely  the  gift  of  God. 
fle  was  irritated  in  not  lincHng  any  way  pointed  out,  which  would 
lead  him  to  the  Savior,  in  not  finding  any  means  prescribed,  by 
which  an  unrenewed  man  could  of  his  own  strength  obtain  that, 
which  the  highest  angel  could  not  give.  He  was  unwilling  to  be- 
lieve, that  he  was  dead -in  trespasses  and  in  sins.  But  these  un- 
pleasant truths  were  fastened  upon  his  mind,  and  they  could  not  be 
shaken  off.  It  pleased  God  to  disclose  to  him  his  true  character 
and  condition  and  to  quell  the  tumult  of  his  soul.    He  saw  that  his 

.  schemes  to  save  himself  were  entirely  vain,  and  must  forever  be  in- 
effectual ;  he  perceived,  that  it  was  self  interest,  which  had  before 
led  him  to  pray,  and  that  he  had  never  once  prayed  from  any 
respect  to  the  glory  of  God ;  he  felt,  that  he  was  lost.  In  this  state 
of  mind,  while  he  was  walking  in  a  solitary  place  in -the  evening  of 
July  12,  1739,  meditating  upon  religious -subjects,  hisiiiindwas 

/illuminated  with  completely  new  views  of  the  divine  perfections  ; 
he  perceived  a  glory  in  the  character  of  God  and  in  the  way  of  sal- 
vation by  the  crucified  Son  of  the  Most  High,  which  was  never  be- 
fore discerned ;  and  he  was  led  to  depend  upon  Jesus  -Christ  for 
righteousness,  and  to  seek  the  glory  of  God  as  his  principal  object. 
In  September  1739  he  was  admitted  a  member  of  Yale  college, 
but  he  was  expelled  in  February  1743.  The  circumstances,  which 
led  to  this  expulsion,  were  these.  There  had  been  great  attention 
to  religion  in  the  college,  and  Mr.  fimnerd,  whose  feelings  were 
naturally  warm,  «nd  whose  whole  soul  was  interested  in  the  prog^ 
ress  of  the  gospel,  was  misled  by  an  intemperate  zeal,  and  was 
guilty  of  indiscretions,  which  at  that  tim«  were  not  nnfrequent.  In 
a  conversation  with  some  of  bis  associates  he  expressed  his  belief^ 
that  one'  of  the  tutors  was  destitute  of  religion.  Being  in  part 
overheard,  his  associates  were  compelled  by  the  rector  to  declare, 
respecting  whom  he  was- speaking-;  and  he  was  required  to  mdke 
a  public  confession  in  the  half.  Brainerd  thought,  that  it  was  un- 
just to  extort  from  his  friends  what  he  had  uttered  in  conversation, 
and  that  the  punishment  was  too  severe.     As  he  refused  to  malw 


11 


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A  til 


i.; 


ii; 


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VI 


iii'-^'t'* 


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-^ifc-**l^, 


100 


BRA. 


the  confession,  nnd  as  he  had  been  |^ty  of  gobg  to  a  separate 
meeting  after  prohibition  by  the  authority  of  college,  he  was  ex. 
polled.  The  expulsion  yras  perhaps  necessary,  as  things  existed ; 
but  in  the  circumstances,  which  led  to  it,  there  appears  a  strong 
dispositicui  to  hunt  up  offences  i^inst  the  new  Ughts,as  those,  who 
were  attached  to  the  preaching  of  Mr.  Whitefield  and  Tenncnt, 
were  then  called.  It  was  not  so  «trange,  that  a  young  man  should 
have  been  indiscreet,  as  that  he  should  confess  himself  to  have 
been  so.  Mr.  Brsdnerd  afterwards  perceived,  that  he  had  been  un- 
charitable and  had  done  wrong,  and  with  sincerity  and  humility  he 
acknowledged  his  error  and  exhibited  a  truly  christian  spirit ;  but 
he  was  never  restored  and  never  obt^ed  his  degree.  Though  he 
felt  no  resentment,  and  ever  lamented  his  own  conduct,  yet  he  al> 
ways  considered  himself  as  abused  in  the  mam^ementof  this  affair. 

In  the  sprmg  of  1742  he  went  to  Ripton  to  pursue  the  study  of 
divinity  under  the  care  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Mills,  and  at  the  end 
of  July  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  association  of  ministers, 
Tjrhich  met  at  Danbury,  after  they  had  made  inquiries  respecting 
his  leammg,  and  his  acquaintance  with  experimental  religion. 
Soon  after  he  began  his  theological  studies,  he  was  very  desirous 
of  preaching  the  gospel  to  the  heathen  and  frequently  prayed  for 
them.  In  November,  after  he  was  licensed,  he  was  invited  to  go  to 
New  York,  and  was  examined  by  the  correspondents  of  the  socie< 
ty  for  propagating  christian  knowledge,  and  wasappmnted  by  them 
a  mis»onary  to  the  Indianf. 

He  arrived  on  the  first  of  April  1743  at  Kannameek,  an  Indian 
village  in  the  woods  between  Stockbridge,  in  the  state  of  Massachu* 
setts,  and  Albany,  at  the  distance  of  about  twenty  miles  from  the 
former  place  and  fifteen  miles  from  Kinderhook.  He  now  began 
his  labors  at  the  age  of  twenty  five,  and  continued  in  this  place 
about  a  year.  At  first  he  lived  in  a  wigwafn  among  the  Indians } 
but  he  afterward  built  himself  a  cabin,  that  he  might  be  alone, 
when  not  employ<|d  in  preaching  and  instructing  the  savages.  He 
lodged  upon  a  bundle  of  straw,  and  his  food  was  principsdly  boiled 
com,  hasty  pudding,  and  samp.  With  a  feeble  body,  and  fre- 
quent  illness,  and  great  depression  of  mind,  he  was  obliged  to  en- 
counter many  discouragements,  and  to  submit  to  hardsUps,  which 
would  be  almost  insupportable  by  a  much  stronger  constitution,, 
But  he  persisted  in  Ms  benevolent  labors,  animated  by  the  .hope, 
that  he  should  prove  the  means  of  illuminating  some  darkened 
mind  with  the  truth,  as  it  is  in  Jesus.  Besideshis  exertions,  vrhich 
had  immediate  reference  to  the  instruction  of  the  savages,  he  stud- 
led  much,  and  employed  much  time  in  the  delightful  emploj^ment 
of  cQ^mmuning  in  the  wilderness  v^ith  that  mercifiil  Being,  vi^ho  is 
present  in  all  places,  and  who  is  the^  support  and  the  joy  of  all 
christians.  When  tiie  Indians  at  Kaunameek  had  agreed  to  re- 
Haypye  to  Su>ck]>ridge  and  pl^ce  th^mse^vea  under  the  mstniction 


BRA. 


101 


«f  the  rererend  Mr.  Sergeant*  Mr.  Brainerd  left  them  and  be^t 
bis  attention  towards  the  Delaware  Indians. 

He  was  ordained  at  Newark  in  New  Jersey  by  a  presbyteiy  June 
13, 1744)  on  which  occasion  the  reverend  Mr.  Pemberton  of  New 
York  preached  a  sermon.  He  soon  afterwards  went  to  the  new 
field  of  his  labors,  near  the  forks  of  tho  Delaware  in  Pennsylvaniai 
and  continued  there  a  year  ;  in  the  course  of  which  he  made  two 
visits  to  the  Indians  on  Susquehannah  river.  He  again  buiii  him  a 
cabin  for  retirement,  but  here  he  had  the  happiness  to  find  some 
white  people,  with  whom  he  maintained  family  prayer.  After  the 
hardships  of  a  year's  continuance  in  this  place  with  but  little  en* 
couragement  from  the  effect  of  his  exertions,  he  visited  the  In* 
dians  at  Crosweeksung,  near  Freehold  in  New  Jersey.  In  this 
village  he  was  favored  with  remarkable  success.  The  Spirit  of 
God  seemed  to  bring  home  effectually  to  the  hearts  of  theignorant 
heathens  the  truths,  which  he  delivered  to  them  with  affectum  and 
zeal.  His  Indian  interpreter,  who  had  been  converted  by  his 
preaching,  cooperated  cheerfully  in  the  good  work.  It  was  not  un* 
common  for  the  whole  congregation  to  be  in  tears,  or  to  be  crying 
out  under  a  sense  of  sin.  In  less  than  a  year  Mr.  Brainerd  bi^ 
tiaed  seventy  seven  persons,  of  whom  thirty  eight  were  aduItS| 
that  gave  satis&ctory  evidence  of  having  been  renovated  by  the 
power  of  Gpd ;  and  he  beheld  with  unspeakable  pleasure  between 
twenty  and  thirty  of  his  converts  seated  round  the  table  of  the 
Lord.  The  IncUans  were  at  the  time  entirely  reformed  in  their 
lives.  They  were  very  humble  and  devout,  and  united  in  christ- 
ian affection.  The  sudden  change,  which  was  produced,  was  consid- 
ered by  Mr.  Brainerd  as  the  unquestionable  effect  of  divine  influx 
(BDce.  How  far  this  opinion  was  justified  by  the  holy  and  spotless 
lives  of  his  Indian  converts  is  not  known.  It  is  possible,  that  but  few 
of  them  were  truly  religious,  and  that  the  grater  part  were  acted 
upon  by  the  power  of  sympathy.  But  whatever  may  be  the  fiactveith 
regard  to  his  real  success,  his  persevering  benevolence  clums  the 
highest  commendation,  and  without  doubt  will  be  rewarded  at  that 
great  day,  when  every  man  will  reap  according  as  he  has  sowed* 

In  the  summer  of  1746  Mr.  Brainerd  visited  the  Indians  on  the 
Susquehanna^,  and  on  his  return  in  September  found  himself  worn 
out  by  the  hardships  of  his  journey.  His  health  was  so  much 
impaired,  that  he  was  able  to  preach  but  little  more.  Being  advis- 
ed in  the  spring  of  1747'.  to  travel  in  New  England,  he  went  as  fiu* 
as  Boston,  and  returned  in  July  to  Northampton,  where  in  the  fam- 
ily of  Jonathan  Edwards  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He 
gradually  declined  till  October  9,  1747,  when,  after  suffering  inex- 
pressible agony,  he  entered  upon  that  rest,  which  remainethfor  the 
faithfiil  servants  of  God,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  his  age.  j^ 

Mr.  Bnunerd  was  a  man  of  vigorous  powers  of  mind.  While 
he  wa^  favored  with  a  quick  discernment  and  ready  inventign,with 


102 


BRA. 


I'' 


s'l 


a  strong  memory  and  natural  eloquence,  he  also  possessed  in  aa 
uncommon  degree  the  penetration,  the  closeness  and  force  of 
thought,  and  the  soundness  of  judgment,  which  distinguish  the 
man  of  talents  from  him,  who  subsists  entirely  upon  the  learning 
of  others.  His  knowledge  was  extensive,  and  he  added  to  his  other 
attainments  an  intimate  acquaintance  vfith  human  nature, gainednot 
only  by  observing  others,  but  by  carefully  noticing  the  operations 
ofhis  own  mind.  As  he  was  of  a  sociable  disposition,  and  could 
adapt  himself  with  great  ease  to  the  different  capacities,  tempers, 
and  circumstances  of  men,  he  was  remarkably  fitted  to  communi* 
cate  instracUon.  He  was  very  free,  and  entertaining,  aftd  useful 
in  his  ordinary  discourse  ;  and  he  was  also  an  able  disputant.  As 
a  preacher  he  was  perspicuous  and  instrucUve,  forcible,  close,  and 
pathetic.  He  abhorred  an  affected  boisterousness  in  the  pulpit, 
and  yet  he  could  not  tolerate  a  cold  delivery,  when  the  subject  of 
discourse  was  such,  as  should  warm  the  heart,  and  produce  an 
eai-nestness  of  manner. 

His  knowledge  of  theology  was  uncommonly  extensive  and  ac- 
curate. President  Edwards,  whose  opinion  of  Mr.  Bmnerd  was 
founded  upon  an  intimate  acquaintance  with,  him,  says,  that "  he 
never  knew  his  equal,  of  his  age  and  standing,  for  clear,  accurate 
notions^of  the  nature  and  essence  of  true  religion,  and  its  distinct- 
ions from  its  various  false  appearances."  Mr.  Brainerd  had  no 
charity  for  the  religion  of  those,  who  indulging  the  hope,  that  they 
were  mtcrested  in  the  divine  mercy,  settled  down  in  a  state  of  se- 
curity and  negligence.  He  believed,  that  the  good  man  would  be 
continually  making  progress  towards  perfection,  and  that  conver- 
sion was  not  merely  a  great  change  in  the  views  of  the  mind  and 
the  affections  of  the  heart,  produced  by  the  Spirit  of  God  ;  but 
that  It  was  the  beginning  of  a  course  of  holiness,  which  through 
the  divine  agency  would  be  pursued  through  life.  From  the  ar- 
dor, with  which  he  engaged  in  missionary  labors,  some  may  be  ted 
to  conclude,  that  his  mind  was  open  to  the  influence  of  fanaticism. 
During  his  residence  at  college,  his  spirit  was  indeed  somewhat  ting- 
ed with  the  zeal  of  bitterness  ;  but  it  was  not  long  before  he  was 
restored  to  true  benevolence  and  the  pure  love  of  the  truth.  From 
this  time  he  detested  enthusiasm  in  all  its  forms.  He  reprobated 
all  dependence  upon  impulses,  or  improssions  on  the  imagination, 
or  the  sudden  suggestion  of  texts  of  scripture.  He  withstood  every 
doctrine,  which  seemed  toTerge  towards  antinomianism,  particularly 
the  sentiments  of  those,  who  thought  that  faith  consists  in  believ- 
ing, that  Christ  died  ibr  them  in  particular,  and  who  founded  their 
love  of  God,  not  upon  the  excellence  of  his  diaracter,  but  upon  the 
provious  impression,  that  they  were  the  objects  of  his  favor,  and 
should  assuredly  be  saved.  He  rebuffed  the  pride  and  presump- 
don  of  laymen,  wl^o  thrust  themselves  forth  as  public  teachers 
and  decried  human  learning  and  a  learned  ministry  ;  he  detested 


BRA. 


103 


tbespivit)  which  generally  influenced  the  scparatUts  through  the 
country  ;  and.he  was  entirely  opposed  to  tiiat  religion^  which  was 
fond  of  n<use  and  sUoW)  and  deii^ltted  to  publish  its  experiences 
and  privileges.    Very  different  trom  the  above  was  the  religion^ 
which  Mr.  firunerd  approved,  and  which  he  displayed  in  his  own 
life.    In  his  character  were  combined  the  most  ardent  and  puro 
love  to  God  and  the  most  unaffected  benevolence  to  man,  an  alien- 
ation  from  the  vain  and  perishable  pursuits  oi  the  world,  the  most 
humbling  and  constant  sense  of  his  own  iniquity,  which  was  a  great- 
er burden  to  him  than  all  his  afflictions,  great  brokenness  of  heart 
before  God  for  the  coldness  of  his  love  and  the  imperfection  of  his 
christian  virtues,  the  n^ost  earnest  breathings  of  soul  after  holiness* 
real  delight  in  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  sweet  complacence  in  all 
his  disciples,  incessant  desires  and  importunate  prayers  that  men 
might  be  brought  to  the  knowledge  and  the  obedience  of  the  truth » 
and  thut  thus  God  might  be  glorified  and  the  kingdom  of  Christ 
advanced,  great  resignation  to  the  will  of  his  heavenly  Fathtr,  an 
entire  distrust  of  his  own  heart  ond  a  universal  dependence  upon 
God,  the  absolute  renunciation  of  every  thing  for  his  Redeemer* 
the  most  clear  and  abiding  views  of  the  things  of  the  eternal  world, 
8  continual  warfare  against  sin,  and  the  most  unwearied  exertion  of 
all  his  powers  in  the  service  and  in  obedience  to  the  commands  of  the 
Most  High.  He  believed  that  the  essence  of  true  religion  consists  in 
the  conformity  of  the  soul  to  God,  in  acting  above  all  selfish  views 
for  his  glory,  desiring  to  please  and  honor  him  in  all  things,  and 
that  from  a  view  of  his  excellency,  and  worthiness  in  himself  to  be 
Wed,  adored,  and  obeyed  by  all  intelligent  creatures.    When' this 
^vine  temper  was  wrought  in  the  soul  by 'the  special  influences 
of  the  Holy  Spirit,  discovering  the  glory  of  God  in  the  face  of 
Jesus  Christ,  he  believed,  that  the  Author  of  all  good  could  not 
but  delight  in  his  own  image,  and  would  most  certainly  complete 
his  own  work,  which  he  had  begun  in  the  human  heart.  I 

The  religion  of  Mr.  Brainerd  did  not  consist  in  speculation  ; 
but  he  carried  his  own  principles  iiUo  practice.  Resisting  the  so- 
tidtations  of  selfishness,  he  consecrated  his  powers  to  the  high  "^^ 
benevolent  objects,  enjoined  in  the  scriptu^'es.  It  was  lus  who(o 
ma  to  promote  in  the  most  effectual  manner  the  glory  of  his  Re- 
deemer. After  the  termination  of  a  year's  fruitless  mission  at 
Kaunameek,  where  he  had  suffered  the  greatest  hardships,  he  was 
invited  to  become  the  minister  of  East  Hampton,  one  of  the  best  par- 
ishes on  Long  Island ;  but  though  he  was  not  insensible  to  the 
pleasures  of  a  quiet  and  fixed  abode,  among  christian  friends,  in 
the  midst  of  abundance  ;  yet,  without  the  desire  of  fame,  he  pre- 
ferred  the  dangers  and  sufferings  of  a  new  mission  among  savages. 
He  loved  his  Savior,  and  wished  to  make  known  his  precious  name 
among  the  heathen. 

In  his  last  illness  and  during  the  approaches  of  death  Mr.  Br.vin- 


n'^m^ 


104 


BRA. 


H 


erd  WM  remariuibljr  redgned  md  compoMcl;    Re  tpoke  of  tint 
tHIIingneu  to  die^  which  originates  in  tne  desire  of  etcajrfng  pidQ, 
and  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  plearare  or  distinction  in  heaten,  as 
very  ienoUe.    The  hetTen,  which  he  seemed  to  andctpate,  con* 
^ed  in  the  lore  and  the  sendee  of  God.  **  It  is  impossible,''  sidd  he, 
<*  for  any  rational  creature  to  be  liappy  witliout  acang  all  for  God.  I 
kmg  to  be  in  heaven,  praisbg  and  glorifying  1dm  with  the  holy  so. 
gelsi^— There  b  nothing  in  the  world  wtuidi  living  for,  but  ddng 
ffood  and  finishing  God's  work  ;  doing  the  work,  which  Christ  did. 
I  see  nothing  else  in  the  world,  that  can  yield  any  satisfiicdim,  be- 
^des  living  to  God,  pleasing  him,  and  doing  hb  whirie  win.    My 
greatest  comfort  and  joy  has  been  to  do  something  for  promoting 
the  interests  of  religion,  and  for  the  salvation  of  ^e  souls  of  par* 
ticular  persons."     When  he  was  about  to  be  separated  forever 
from  the  earth,  his  desires  seemed  to  be  as  eager  as  ever  for  the 
progress  of  tl>e  gospel.    He  spoke  much  of  tilie  prosperity  of  Zi> 
on,  of  the  infinite  importance  of  the  work,  which  was  committed 
io  the  ministers  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  of  the  necessity,  which  was 
imposed  upon  them,  to  be  constant  and  earnest  in  prayer  to  God 
for  the  success  of  their  exertions.    A  little  while  before  his  death 
he  raid  to  Mr.  Edwards,  **  my  thoughts  have  been  much  employed 
on  the  old,  dear  theme,  the  prosperity  of  God's  church  on  earth. 
As  I  waked  out  of  sleep,  I  was  led  to  cry  for  the  pouring  out  df 
God's  Spirit,  and  the  advancement  of  Christ's  kingdom^  which 
the  dear  Redeemer  did  and  suflRered  so  much  for  ;  it  is  this  espec* 
ially,  which  makes  me  long  for  it."     He  lelt  at  this  time  a  pecul- 
iar concern  for  hi^  own  congregation  of  christian  Indians.    Eterni- 
ty was  before  him  with  all  its  tremendous  interests.    *<  'Tis  sweet 
to  me,"  said  he,  **  to  think  of  eternity.     But  Oh,  what  shall  I  say 
to  the  fetemity  of  the  wicked  !     I  cannot  mention  it,  nor  tjbink  of 
it.    The  thought  is  to6  dreadful !"    In  answer  to  the  inqidiy,  how 
he  did,  he  said,  **  I  am  almost  in  eternity  ;  I  long  to  be  there.    Mjr 
w6rk  is  done.    I  have  done  with  all  my  friends.     All  the  world  is 
n6w  nothing  to  me.  Oh,  to  be  in  heaven,  to  praise  and  glorify  God 
with  his  holy  angels  !"  At  length,  after  the  trial  of  his  patience  by 
the  most  excruciating  sufferings,  his  spirit  was  released  from,  its 
tabernacle  of  day,  and  entered  those  manuons,  which  the  Lord  Je* 
sua  hath  prepared  for  all  his  faithful  disciples. 

The  exertions  of  Mr.  Brainerd^inthe  christian  cause  vrpre  of 
short  continuance,  but  they  were  inlense,  aiid  incessant,  and  effect- 
ual. One  must  be  either  a  very  good  or  a  very  bad  man,  who  can 
read  his  life  without  blushing  for  himself.  If  ardent  i4ety  and  en- 
larged benevolence,  if  the  supreme  love  of  God  and  the  inextin- 
guishable desire  of  promoting  his  glory  in  the  salvation  of  im- 
jnortal  souls,  if  j^rsevcring  resolution  in  the  midst  of  the  most 
pressing  discouragements,  if  cheerful  self  denial  and  unremitted 
labor,  if  hurrulity  and  zeal  for  godliness,  united  with  conspicuoufi 


BRA. 


lOS 


•  jlenttf  render  a  ntm  worthjr  of  rtmcrabranoe  ;  the  name  of  Brai- 
fiDtd  will  not  soon  be  forgotten. 

He  publithed  a  narrative  of  his  labors  tt  Kaunanieek)  annexed 
to  Mr.  Pemberton's  sermon  at  his  ordination  ;  and  his  journal)  or 
m  account  of  the  rise  and  progress  of  a  remarkable  work  of  grace 
amongst  a  number  of  Indians  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvaniat  with 
some  general  remarks,  1746.  This  workt  which  is  very  interest* 
Hig)  and  which  displays  the  piety  and  talents  of  the  author,  wus  pub* 
lishcd  by  the  commissioners  of  the  society  in  Scotland,  with  a  pref- 
ace by  them,  and  an  attestation  by  the  reverend  William  Tennent 
and  the  reverend  Mr.  Mc'Knight.  His  life,  written  by  president 
Edwards,  is  compiled  chiefly  from  his  own  diary.  Annexed  to  it 
Mre  some  of  his  letters  and  other  writings.  It  is  a  bqok,  which  is 
well  calculated  to  enkindle  a  flame  of  benevolence  and  piety  in  the 
\irediitj—Brainerd*»  ttfe  ;  hit  journal ;  Edxoardu*  funeral  aermon  j 
Middieton'a  biogrufthia  evangeiicoy  iv.  263<«-364  ;  jUaembly'a  mis- 
tionary  magazine ^  ii.  449 452. 

BRANDT  colonel,  a  famous  Indian  chief,  was  educated  under 
the  care  of  tiie  reverend  Dr.  Wheelock,  first  president  of  Dart- 
Biouth  college.  In  the  War  of  the  American  revolution  he  attached 
himself  to  the  British  cause.  In  1778  he,  with  colonel  John  Butler, 
beaded  a  party  of  one  thousand  one  hundred  men,  nine  hundred 
of  whom  were  Indiaits,  and  broke  up  the  settlements  on  the  Sus- 
quehannah.  Wyonung,  cm  the  eastern  branch  of  that  river,  was  de- 
stroyed with  circumstanced  of  horrid  treachery  and  cruelty.  Near 
two  hundred  of  the  whites  were  killed  in  one  engagement.  In  July 
I7r9  he  attacked  the  Minisink  settlement  in  New  York,  and  did 
Atich  misclrieC.  After  the  war  he  resided  in  upper  Canada.  He 
was  a  half  blooded  Indian,  chief  of  the  Mohawk  tribe,  cruel  and' fe- 
rocious. It  is  sad«  that  he  was  once  under  the  necessity  of  killing 
Mie  of  his  sous  in  order  to  preserve  his  own  life.  He  died  in  up- 
per Canada  in  the  year  1807. 

He  translated  into  the  Mohalvk  language  the  gospel  of  St.  Mark 
and  the  liturgy  of  the  English  church.  This  transla^n  was  pub- 
lidied  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians.  John  Norton,  chief  of  the  six 
nations,  has  translated  also  into  the  Mohawk  language  the  gospel 
of  John,  and  intends  to  proceed  with  Matthew  and  Luke.— <//o/me«' 
annuh,  ii.  432  ;  Panofiliet,  iii.  333,  334. 

BRATTLE  (Thomas),  a  respectable  merchant  of  Boston, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  c(^lege  in  1 676  and  was  afterwards  treas- 
arer'  of  that  institution  <  He  vras  a  principal  founder  of  the  church 
in  BnaitUe  street,  of  which  the  reverend  Dr.  Colman  was  the  first 
Attni«(ey<  His  death  took  place  May  18, 1713,  in  the  fifty  sixth 
yea>  of  bis  age.  He  was  the  brother  of  the  reverend  William 
Brattle.  Se^ieral  of  his  communications  on  astronomical  subjects 
were  pobUshed  in  the  philosophical  txvetmxXwM^^^H^lme^  anwiUf 
H,  79  i  GfflMan\i  lifef  4S.. 

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106 


BRA. 


BRATTLE  (William),  minister  of  Cambridge,  Masnchuftetlk 
was  born  in  Boston  about  the  year  1672,  and  was  graduated  at  Hu* 
vard  coUei;e  in  1680.  He  was  afterwards  for  several  years  u  tutor 
and  a  fellow  of  that  seminary.  He  exerted  himself  to  form  hit 
pupils  to  virtue  and  the  fear  of  God,  punishing  vice  with  the  au. 
thority  of  a  master,  and  cherishing  every  virtuous  disposition  with 
parental  goodness.  When  the  small  pox  prevailed  in  the  college 
he  was  not  driven  away  in  terror  ;  but  with  benevolent  courage 
remained  at  his  post,  and  visited  the  sick«  both  that  he  might  ad* 
minister  to  them  relief,  and  might  impress  upon  them  those  truths, 
which  were  necessary  to  their  salvation.  As  he  had  never  expe* 
rienced  the  disease,  he  now  took  it  in  the  natural  way  ;  for  the 
practice  of  inoculation  had  not  been  introduced  into  America.  But 
the  course  of  the  disorder  was  mild  and  he  was  soon  restored  to  his 
usual  health.  »   . 

He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  in  Cambridge,  as  succes* 
.sorofthc  reverend  Mr.  Gookin,  November  35,  1696,  and  afters 
useful  ministry  of  twenty  years  died  February  15,  1717,  in  the 
fifty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  Wds  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Dr. 
Appleton.  His  funeral  was  attended  on  the  twentieth  of  February, 
a  day  memorable  for  the  great  snow,  which  then  commenced,  and 
which  detained  for  several  days  av.  Cambridge  the  magistrates  and 
ministers,  who  were  assembled  on  the  occasion.  The  snow  was 
six  feet  deep  in  some  parts  of  the  streets  of  Boston. 

Mr.  Brattle  was  a  very  religious,  good  man,  an  able  divine,  an4 
an  excellent  scholar.     Such  was  his  reputation  for  science,  that  he 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society.  He  was  polite  and  affable, 
compassionate  and  charitable.  Having  a  large  estate,  he  distributed 
of  his  abundance  with  a  liberal  hand  ;  but  his  charities  were  secret 
and  silent.  His  pacific  spirit  and  his  moderation  were  so  conspicuous, 
^s  to  secure  to  him  the  respect  of  all  denominations.     So  remark- 
able was  his  patience  under  injuries,  and  such  a  use  did  he  make 
of  the  troubles  of  life,  that  he  was  heard  to  observe,  that  he  knew 
not  how  he  could  have  spared  any  of  his  trials.     Uniting  courage 
with  his  humility,  he  was  neither  bribed  by  the  favor,  nor  overawed 
by  the  displeasure  of  any  man.     He  was  a  man  of  great  learning 
and  abilities,  and  at  once  a  philosopher  and  a  divine.     But  he 
placed  neither  learning  nor    relij^ion    in    unprofitable    specula- 
tions, but  in  such  solid  and  substantial  truth,  as  improves  the  mind 
and  is  beneficial  to  the  world.    The  promotion  of  religion,  learning, 
virtue,  and  peace  every  where  within  his  reach  was  the  great  ob- 
ject, in  which  he  was  constantly  employed.    As  he  possessed  great 
penetration  and  a  sound  judgment,  his  counsel  was  often  sought  and 
highly  respected.     Such  was  his  regard  to  the  interests  of  litera- 
ture, that  he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college  two  hundred  and  fifty 
pounds,  besides  a  much  greater  sum  in  other  charitable  and  pious 
te'gacies.    With  regard  to  his  manner  of  presiching)  Dr.  Cqlm&u^ 


BRA. 


107 


eomptring  Kim  and  the  reterend  Mr.  Pembertont  who  died  about 
the  Mune  umei  obiervea  }  "  they  performed  the  public  exercisea  in 
the  houae  of  God  with  a  great  deal  of  aolemnityi  tiiough  in  a 
manner  aomewhat  different ;  fur  Mr.  Brattle  waa  all  calin»  and 
softi  and  melting  ;  but  Mr.  Pemberton  waa  all  flumei  and  Mal>  and 
earoeatneaa."  The  death  of  this  good  man*  after  a  langwahing 
diseaae*  was  peaceful  and  serene. 

He  published  a  system  of  logiC)  entitled) "  compendium  logics 
secundum  principia  D.  Renati  Cartesii  plerumque  effonnatum  et 
catechisttce  propositum."  It  waa  held  in  liigh  estimation,  and 
lon^;^  recited  at  Harvard  college.  Ai>  edition  ot  it  waa  publiahed 
in  the  year  \7S^^—mHotme»*  hitt.  Cambridge  i  Collections  hitt.  toe. 
Tii.  33,  55—59 }  x.  168  ;  Holmet* annalti  ii.  94 ;  Motion  nevft  letter^ 
yo.67l. 

BRATTLE  (William),  a  man  of  extraordinary  talenta  and 
character,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  William  Brattle,  and  waa 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1733.  He  was  a  representative 
of  Cambridge  in  the  general  court,  and  waa  long  a  member  of  the 
council.  He  studied  theology  and  preached  with  acceptance.  Hia 
eminence  as  a  lawyer  drew  around  him  an  abundance  of  clienta. 
As  a  physician  his  practice  was  extensive  and  celebrated.  He  Waa 
also  a  military  man,  and  obtained  the  appointment  of  major 
general  of  the  militia.  While  he  secured  tlve  favor  of  the  gover- 
nor of  the  state,  he  also  ingratiated  himself  with  the  people.  In 
his  conduct  there  were  many  eccentricities.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  American  revolution  mi  unhappy  sympathy  in  the 
plans  of  general  Gage  induced  him  to  retire  into  Boston,  from 
which  place  he  accompanied  the  troops  to  Halifax,  where  he  died 
in  October  1776.  His  son,  the  late  Thomas  Brattle,  esquire,  of 
Cambridge,  died  Feb.  7,  \%0\.-^Collection9  hist.  aoc.  vii.  58. 

BREARLEY  (David),  chief  justice  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey, 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  college  in  1781.  He  was  a  member 
•f  the  convention  in  1787  for  framing  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  his  name  is  affixed  to  that  charter  of  our  libetr 
ties.  In  1789  he  was  appointed  by  Washington  a  judge  of  the 
federal  court  for  the  district  of  New  Jersey.  His  death  took  place 
in  August  1 790  at  his  seat  near  Trenton.  Robert  Morris  was  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him  as  district  judge. 

BRECK  (Robert),  minister  of  Marlborough,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  Dorchester  in  1682,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1700.  He  waa  ordained  October  25,  1704.  After. a 
ministry  of  twenty  six  years,  he  departed  this  life  January  6,  if  31, 
in  the  forty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  eminent  for  his  ac> 
quaintance  with  the  Hebrew  language.  He  published  an  election  ser- 
mon, 1728  ;  the  danger  of  falling  away,  after  a  profession  made, 
1738  ;  and  a  sermon  on  a  sacramental  occasion,  1738.— >Co//rc/z9nv 
fiistorical society f'm.  184  j  %.  17Q,  .       „, 


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BRECK  (^obkiit)»  minister  of  Spnn|iffle1d»  Mttimchuaetto, 
wu  the  noil  o(  tiic  rcveremt  Mr.  Dreck  ot  Murlboroupfht  and  wia 

fritduuted  at  Harvard  colle^u  in  1730.      He  was  ordained  January 
7  1736.      After  a  niiniiitry  ol  forty  ciglit  years  he  died  April  33, 
1784,  in  the  boventy  first  year  ol  his  u^e.  '  > 

His  superior  intellectual  |K>wers  were  enlarged  by  mi  extensive 
•cquaintaiicu  with  men  and  iHioks.  Ho  accustomed  himself  to  a 
close  manner  of  tiiinking  and  rc.»sonin)(.  By  diligent  sifpplication 
he  acquired  a  rich  fund  of  the  most  useful  knuwleci^e.  His  dis> 
position  was  remarkably  cheerful  and  pleasant,  and  his  cnnversuiion 
was  entertaining  and  instructive,  sometimes  enlivened  by  humor, 
but  always  consistent  with  the  sobriety  of  the  christian  and  the  dig. 
nity  of  the  minister.  He  was  eusy  of  access,  hospitable,  compss. 
sionjte  and  benevolent.  His  sense  of  human  weakness  and  de* 
pravity  led  him  to  admire  the  gracious  provision  of  the  gospel,-  ' 
he  deiighted  to  dwell  upon  it  in  his  public  discourses. 

His  religious  sentiments  he  formed  on  a  careful  examiiWiiun  oi 
the  scriptures.  Steady  to  his  own  principles,  he  was  yi  i  caiitild : 
wards  those*  who  diffiered  from  him.  In  his  las-  illn^  vs  ha  spoke 
ia  the  humblest  terms  af  himself,  but  professed  an  £iUAt\i  reliance 
on  divine  mercy  through  the  Mediator,  and  \\z  resigned  hinis(.!f 
to  death  with  the  dignity  of  a  christian.  He  publised  a  century 
sermon,  preached  at  Springfield,  which  contains  an  historical  ac> 
count  of  the  town.r^Lathrofi,*§  funeral  termon, 

BRECKENRIDGE  (John),  attorney  general  of  the  United 
States,  died  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  December  14,  1806.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  senate  in  the  plac;e  of  Mr.  Humphrey 
Marshall,  and  took  his  seat  in  1801.  In  January  1803  he  submit* 
ted  in  the  senate  a  resolution  to  repeal  an  act  of  tho  preceding  Bes< 
sbn  respecting  the  judiciary  establishment  of  the  United  States, 
hy  which  slxteeri  new  circuit  judges  had  been  created..  It  was  this 
tesolution,  which  called  forth  the  most  astonishing  powers  of  ai^u* 
ment  and  eloquence.  In  1803  Mr.  Breckenridge  distinguished 
himself  by  supiraiting  resolutions  in  relation  to  Spanish  affairs  of  I 
a  milder  complexion,  than  those  advocated  by  Mr.  Ross.  After 
the  reugnation  of  Mr.  Lincoln  of  Massachusetts,  he  was  appomted  | 
j^ttomey  general  in  his  place. 

BREWSTER  (William),  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Plymouth 
eolony,  and  a  ruling  elder  of  the  church,  was  born  in  Engkuid  in 
Ihe  year  1560,  and  was  educated   r  tVn   university  of  Cambridge,] 
where  his  mind  was  impressed  bw  ■■■'..    ens  truth,  nnd  he  Tva^  re- 
newed by  the  Spirit  of  God.     Al       ■  :     vting  hi.  education,  he  I 
entered  into  the  service  of  Wiluani  Davison,  ambassador  of  queen  I 
Elizabeth  in  Holland.     This  gentleman,  who  was  friendly  to  relig4 
ion,  possessed  the  highest  regard  for  Mr.  Brewster,  and  reposed! 
in  him  the  utmost  confidence.     He  esteemed  him  as  a  son.*    Mr.| 
Brewster  in  return  proved  himsetfoot  unworthy  «f  th^  friendsbid 


BRE. 


10» 


"j" 
■9i 


#hich  he  bad  experienced  i  Cm  when  DeTiteai  who  hed  been  ap- 
poiated  Mcreury  of  sutct  incurred  the  affected  ditpkasure  of  Um 
queen  for  dniwingt  in  compliance  with  her  orders,  the  warrant  for 
the  execution  of  Mar)-,  he  did  not  ibrwke  lut  patron.  He  reraain- 
td  with  hinit  and  gaye  iiiin  what  ataistance  it  waa  in  hia  power  to 
aflordt  under  the  troubU**,  with  which  it  waa  the  policy  of  Elisabeth 
to  overwhelm  the  inuo<  .'  secmtury  m  the  year  1587.  When  he 
could  no  longer  serve  him,  he  retired  to  the  north  of  England, among 
hit  old  friends. 

His  attention  was  now  chiefly  occupied  by  the  interests  of  re)i> 
gion*  His  life  was  exemplary,  und  it  seemed  to  be  his  great  object 
to  promote  the  highest  good  of  those  around  him.  He  endeavored 
to  excite  their  zeal  for  holiness,  and  to  encourage  them  in  the  prac* 
tic  e  of  the  christian  virtues.  As  he  possessed  considerable  property, 
he  readily  and  abundantly  contributed  towards  the  support  of  the 
i^ospel.  He  exerted  himself  to  procure  futhful  preachers  ibr  the 
parishes  in  the  neighborhood.  By  degrees  he  became  di»gutted 
I  with  the  impositions  of  the  prelatical  party,  and  their  severity  t<^ 
wards  men  of  a  moderate  and  peaceable  disposition.  As  he  discover- 
ed much  corruption  in  the  constitution,  forms,  ceremonies,  and  dio> 
cipline  of  the  established  church,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  with- 
draw from  its  communion,  and  to  establish  with  others  a  separate 
society.  This  new  church,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  a^d  Mr. 
Clifton  and  Mr.  Robinson,  met  on  the  Lord's  days  at  Mr.  Brew- 
ster's house,  where  they  were  entertained  at  his  expense,  as  lonfr 
as  they  could  assemble  without  interruption.  When  at  length  the 
resentment  of  the  hierarchy  obliged  them  to  seek  refuge  in  a  for^ 
eign  country,  he  was  the  most  forward  to  assist  in  the  removaL  He 
was  seized  with  Mr.  Bradford  in  the  attempt  to  go  over  to  HoUand 
in  1607,  and  was  imprisoned  at  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire.  He  wan 
the  greatest  sufferer  of  the  company,  because  he  had  the  moat  prop- 
erty. Having  with  much  difficulty  and  expense  obtained  his  Hber* 
ty,  he  first  assisted  the  poor  of  the  society  in  their  embarkation,  and 
then  followed  them  to  Holland. 

He  had  a  large  family  and  numerous  dependents  ;  and  his  estate 
was  exhausted^  As  his  education  had  not  fitted  him  for  inecfaa»> 
ical  or  mercantile  employments,  he  was  now  pressed  with  hanl- 
ships.  In  this  exigency  he  found  a  resource  in  his  learning  and 
obiUties.  He  openeda  school  at  Leyden  for  instructing  the  ycmth 
of  the  city  and  of  the  university  in  the  Englbh  tongue  ;  and  being 
fiamiiiar  with  the  Latin,  witb  wbicli  they  were  also  acquainted,  he 
fcund  no  impediment  from  the  want  of  alanguage  comaoon  to  ^tl. 
By  means  of  a  grammar,  which  he  formed  himaelfjhesoon  assisted 
them  to  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  English.  By  the  help  of  some 
fiiends  he  also  set  up  a  printing  press,  and  published  several  booiks 
against  the  hierarchy,  which  could  not  obUun  a  license  for  pi^iiioa- 
titn  i9  England. 


*l  ii' : 

i4 

i\ 


110 


fiRE. 


w 


'«l 


Such  was  his  reputadon  Id  the  church  at  Leyden»  tliat  he  was 
chosen  a  raling  elder,  and  he  accompanied  the  members  of  it,  who 
came  to  New  England  in  1 620.  He  suffered  with  them  all  the 
hardships,  attending  their  settlement  in  the  wilderness.  He  partook 
with  them  of  labor,  hunger,  and  watching  ;  and  his  bible  and  his 
eword  were  equally  familiar  to  him.  As  the  church  at  Plymouth 
was  for  several  years  destitute  of  a  minister,  Mr.  Brewster,  who 
was  venerable  for  his  character  and  years,  frequently  officiated  as  a 
preacher,  though  he  could  never  be  persuaded  to  administer  the  sa- 
craments. According  to  the  principles  of  the  church,  the  ruling 
elder,  in  the  absence  of  the  teaching  elder  or  pastor,  was  permitted 
to  dispense  the  word.  No  regular  minister  was  procured  before  the 
year  1639,  when  Mr.  Ralph  Smith  was  settled.  Previously  to  this 
period,  the  principal  care  of  the  church  rested  upon  Mr.  Brewster, 
who  preached  twice  every  Lord's  day  ;  and  afterwards  he  occasion- 
ally exercised  for  the  good  of  the  church  his  talents  in  teaching. 
He  died  in  the  peace  and  hope  of  the  christian  April  1 6,.  1 644,  in 
the  eighty  fourth  year  of  his  age. 

Through  his  whole  life  he  was  remarkably  temperate.  He  drank 
nothing  but  watei>  until  within  the  last  five  or  six  years*  During 
the  famine,  which  was  experienced  in  the  colony,  he  was  resigned 
and  cheerful.  When  nothing  but  oysters  and  clams  were  set  on 
his  table,  he  would  give  thanks  with  his  family,  that  they  were  per^ 
mitted  "  to  suck  of  the  abundance  of  the  seas,  and  of  the  treasures 
hid  in  the  sand."  He  was  social  and' pleasant  in  conversation,  of 
a  humble  and  modest  spirit,  yet  when  occasion  required,  coura- 
geous in  administering  reproof,  though  with  such  tenderness,  as 
usually  to  give  no  offence.  He  was  conspicuous  for  his  compas- 
sion towards  the  distressed  ;  and  if  they  were  suffering  for  con- 
science sake,  he  judged  them,  of  all  others,  most  deserving  of 
pity  and  relief.  He  had  a  peculiar  abhorrence  of  pride.  In  the 
government  of  the  church  he  was  careful  to  preserve  order  and 
the  purity  of  doctrine  and  communion,  and  to  suppress  contention. 
He  was  eminent  for  piety.  In  his  public  prayers  he  was  full  and 
comprehensive,  making  confession  of  sin  with  deep  humility,  and 
supplicating  with  fervor  the  divine  mercy  through  the  merits  of 
Jesus  Christ.  Yet  he  avoided  a  tedious  prolixity,  lest  he  should 
damp  the  spirit  of  devotion.  In  his  discourses  he  was  clear  and 
distinguishing,  as  well  as  pathetic  ;  and  it  pleased  God  to  give 
him  uncommon  success,  so  that  many  were  converted  by  his  min- 
istry. At  his  dcAth  he  left  what  was  called  an  excellent  library. 
It  was  valued  at  forty  three  pounds  in  silver,  and  a  catalogue  of  the 
books  is  preserved  in  the  colony  records. 

The  church  at  Plymouth,  of  which  Mr.  Brewster  was  ruling 
elder,  was  peculiar  for  the  liberty  of"  prophesying,"  or  preaching, 
which  was  allowed  even  to  such  private  menribers,  as  were  "  gift- 
ed."    Whpn  governor  Winthrop  visited  Plymouth  in  1633,  in  the 


V 


\^. 


BRI. 


Ill 


afternoon's  exercise  of  the  Lord's  day  a  question,  according  to 
custom,  vras  propounded,  upon  which  a  number  of  the  congrega- 
tion expressed  their  opinions,  and  the  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
))eing  requested,  '*  spoke  to  it"  with  the  rest.  '*  The  preachment* 
of  the  gifted  brethren,"  says  Dr.  Mather,  "  produced  those  dis- 
couragements  to  the  ministers,  that  almost  all  left  the  colony,  ap- 
prehending themselves  driven  away  by  the  neglect  and  contemptf 
with  which  the  people  on  this  occasion  treated  them."  This 
church  admitted  none  to  its  communion  without  either  a  written 
or  oral  declaration  of  their  faith  and  religious  experiences.  The 
scriptures  were  not  read  in  public,  nor  was  the  psalm  before  sing- 
ing  till  in  compassion  to  a  brother,  who  could  not  read,  one  of  the 
elders  or  deacons  was  permitted  to  read  it  line  by  line,  after  it 
had  been  previously  expounded  by  the  minister.  No  children 
were  baptized,  unless  one  of  the  parents  was  in  full  communion, 
and  baptized  children  were  considered  as  subjects  of  ecclesiastical 
discipline.  While  in  Holland  the  Lord's  supper  was  administered 
every  sabbath  ;  but  it  was  omitted  in  America  till  a  minister  was 
obtained,  and  then  it  was  administered  only  once  in  a  monthiP— 
Belknaji*a  Jmer.  biog.  ii.  252 — 266  ;  dllect.  Mat.  »oc.  iv.  108,  1 13 
—117;  Morton^  153;  JWa/*#  Mv>  England^  i.  231  ;  Wmthrofif 
44 ;  Magnolia^  i.  14  ;  Prince^  89. 

BRIANT  (Solomon),  minister  of  the  church  at^Marshpee  in 
Barnstable,  Massachusetts,  was  ordained  not  long  after  the  re- 
signation of  Mr.  Bourne  in  1742.  He  was  an  Indian,  and  he  preach* 
ed  to  his  brethren  in  the  Indian  dialect.  He  was  a  sensible  man 
and  good  minister.  After  his  death,  which  took  place  May  8, 1775» 
when  he  was  about  eighty  years  of  age,  he  was  succeeded  by  the 
reverend  Mr.  Hawley.— Co/<'ec/ion«  hiat,  aocietijy  iii,  191. 

BRIDGE  (Thomas),  minister  of  the  first  church  in  Boston, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1675,  and  was  ordained  col- 
league with  the  reverend  Mr.  Wadsworth  May  10,  1705.  He  died 
suddenly  of  an  apoplexy  September  26,  17 15,  aged  fifty  eight  years. 
He  was  eminent  for  his  christian  viitues.  Wliilc  he  was  upright 
in  his  dealings,  and  incapable  of  fraud  and  deceit,  he  was  also  meek 
and  mild;  his  heart  was  kind  ;  and  he  was  humble  and  devout.  He 
was  habitually  serious.  Though  his  talents  were  not  conspicuous, 
yet  his  thoughts  were  always  expressed  in  suitable  and  manly  lan- 
guage. In  prayer  he  was  eminent.  His  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  scriptures,  and  the  devotional  frame  of  his  mind  rendered 
his  supplications  to  the  throne  of  grace  very  solemn  and  interesting. 
While  he  was  himself  exceedingly  desirousof  doing  g-ood,  free  from 
every  particle  of  envy,  he  sincerely  rejoiced  in  the  usefulness  and 
respectability  of  others.  He  was  not  desirous  of  honor,  and  so 
iiumblc  was  the  opinion,  which  he  had  formed  of  himself,  that  the 
I  expression  of  his  humility  sometimes  put  to  the  blush  those,  who 
were  younger  and  more  desirous  of  distinction.      He  was  diligent 


I. 


h 


J    a 


•'}   it 


112 


BRL 


■  mi't 


si 


m 


).! 


in  study)  bnt  his  bible  was  hb  library.  To  this  book  he  deToted 
his  attentioiit  and  he  became  well  acquainted  with  its  importwt 
truths.  Such  was  his  moderation,  so  greatly  was  he  desirous  of 
peace,  that  it  was  thought  he  was  sometimes  silent  when  he  ought 
to  have  spoken,  and  that  he  yielded  too  much  to  others. 

He  published  an  artillery  election  sermon,  1705,  and  a  sermon 
OD  choosing  good  town  officers,  \7 \Of^Colman*9  fimeral  termoti} 
CoUectiont  hiatorical  tociety^  iii.  257. 

BRIGHT  (Francis),  first  minister  in  Charlestown,  Massachu* 
detts,  was  a  pupil  of  the  famous  Mr.  Davenport.  He  arrived  at 
Naumkeag,  or  Salem,  in  June  1629,  in  company  with  Mr.  Skelton 
and  Mr.  Higginson.  Disagreeing  in  judgment  with  his  two  breth- 
ren, he  removed  to  Charlestown.  Aner  tarrying  here  a  little  more 
lAian  a  year  and  finding,  that  the  people  were  disposed  to  carry  the 
reformation  to  a  greater  length,  than  he  thought  was  necessary, 
he  returned  to  England  in  1630.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wil« 
won^-^Morat  and  Pafiah*a  JV.  England^  74  ;  Morton.,  82  ;  Prince, 
184, 188. 

BRIMSMEAD  (William),  first  minister  of  Marlborough, 
Massachusetts,  was  educated  at  Harvard  college,  but  never  receiv* 
ed  a  degree.  He  with  others  of  his  class,  being  displeased  with  a 
vote  of  the  corporation,  requiring  the  students  to  reside  four  years  at 
Cambridge  instead  of  three,  left  the  institution  in  1647.  He  was 
first  employed  as  a  preacher  at  Plymouth,  and  afterwards  went  to 
Marlboro^h,  where  he  preached  so  early  as  September  20,  1660, 
though  he  was  not  orduned  till  October  3,  1666.  He  died  July  3, 
1701,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Breck.  He  was  nev- 
er married.  He  is  represented  as  a  well  accomplished  servant  of 
Christ.  Tradition  says,  that  he  uniformly  refused  baptism  to  chil* 
dren,  who  were  bom  on  the  sabbath.  He  published  the  election 
sermon^  166:1.— Co//erft'on»  Mat,  aociety^  iv.  47,  133;  ix.  179; 
X.  80. 

BROCK  (John),  minister  of  Reading,  Massachusetts,  was 
bom  in  Elngland  in  1 630,  and  was  distinguished  for  early  piety. 
He  came  to  this  country  about  the  year  1637.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college' in  1646,  and  after  residing  there  two  years 
lon(;er,  engaged  in  preaching  the  gospel,  first  at  Rowley,  and  then 
at  the  isle  o(  Shoals.  He  continued  at  this  last  place  till  1 662, 
when  he  removed  to  Reading,  as  successor  of  the  reverend*  Mr. 
Hough,  though  he  was  not  u.dained  before  November  13,  1668. 
Here  he  ministered  in  holy  things  till  his  death  June  1 8,  1 688,  in 
the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  rev* 
erend  Mr.  Pierpont. 

Mr.  Brock  was  an  eminent  christian,  and  a  la1)orious,  faithful 
minister,  preaching  not  only  on  tlie  sabbath,  hut  frequently  on  oth* 
er  days.  He  established  lectures  for  young  persons,  and  for  the 
loembers  of  the  church.  He  often  made  pastoral  visits,  and  they  were 


rendered  very  i 
io  remarkable  I 
[he  celebrated  IN 
upon  earth."    h 
remarkable  stoi 
trhich  he  frequ 
ingp  heard.     Wt 
people  to  enter  i 
besides  the  sabbs 
one  of  these  day 
ed  him  to  put  ofl 
for  a  number  of  i 
emplojrment.  H( 
priety  of  their  req 
opportunity  form 
their  worldly  ths 
thus ;  "  if  you  ai 
I  go  away,  I  say  un 
will  tarry  and  won 
I  Tou,  that  you  may 
only  five  remaine 
the  meeting,  with 
four  fishes ;  while 
vent  out  and  caug 
I  readily  attended  ^ 
A  poor  man,  wl 
I  persons,  who  attei 
I  a  storm,  and  lamei 
]iim,«<gohome,  h( 
you  will  have  youi 
I  swer  to  earnest  pr 
Iras  brought  up  fro 
lonit  without  desig 
I  dances  between  th 
Brock  caused  Mr. 
lever  knew  any  ma 
Ivant  Brock.**.— iW; 
In>/y,  vii.  251 — 25 
\Kmon  at  the  ordin 
BROMFIELD 
I  MS  bom  in  Novel 
Iterof  thereveren( 
Instructions  and  th< 
Ithe  reverend  Mr.  V 
jiinpressed  by  relif 
bright,  and  boly.*^ 
liacorruptiWc  intcg 


BRO. 


113 


vendered  very  useful  by  his  happy  talents  in  conversation.  He  was 
io  remarkable  for  holiness  and  devotioU}  that  it  was  said  of  him  by 
ibe  celebrated  Mr.  Mitchel,  "  he  dwells  as  near  heaven,  as  any  imn 
upon  earth."  He  was  full  of  faith  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  Several 
ttniarkable  stories  are  related  of  the  efficacy  of  his  prayer*)  in 
which  he  frequently  had  a  particular  faith,  or  an  assurance  of  be- 
ing heard.  When  he  lived  at  the  isle  of  Shoals,  he  persuaded  the 
people  to  enter  into  an  agreement  to  spend  one  day  in  every  month, 
besides  the  sabbaths,  in  the  worship  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  On 
one  of  these  days  the  fishermen,  who  composed  his  society,  desir- 
ed iiim  to  put  off  the  meeting^,  as  the  roughness  of  the  weather  had 
for  a  number  of  days  prevented  them  from  attending  to  their  usual 
employment.  He  endeavored  in  vain  to  convince  them  of  the  impro- 
priety of  their  request.  As  most  of  them  were  determined  to  seize  the 
opportunity  for  making  up  their  lost  time,  and  were  more  interested  iif 
their  worldly  than  in  their  spiritual  concerns,  he  addressed  them 
thus ;  "  if  you  are  resolved  to  neglect  your  duty  to  God,  and  will 
go  away,  I  say  unto  you,  catch  fish  if  you  can  ;  but  as  for  you,  Who 
vill  tarry  and  worship  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  1  will  pray  unto  him  for 
Tou,  that  you  may  catch  fish  till  you  are  weary."  Of  thirty  five  men 
onijr  five  remained  with  the  minister.  The  thirty,  who  went  from 
the  meeting,  with  all  their  skill  caught  through  the  whole  day  but 
I  four  fishes  ;  while  the  five,  who  attended  divine  service,  afterwards 
I  vent  out  and  caught  five  hundred.  From  this  time  the  fishermen 
readily  attended  ^1  the  meetings,  which  Mr.  Brock  appointed. 

A  poor  man,  who  had  been  very  useful  with  his  boat  in  carrying 
j  persons,  who  attended  public  worship,  over  a  river,  lost  his  boat  in 
a  storm,  and  lamented  lus  loss  to  his  minister.      Mr.  Brock  said  to 
him, ''go  home,  honest  man,  I  will  mention  the  matter  to  the  Lord; 
you  will  have  your  boat  agtun  tomorrow."      The  next  day,  in  an- 
sver  to  earnest  prayer,  the  poor  man  recovered  his  boat,  which 
vas  brought  up  from  the  bottom  by  the  anchor  of  a  vessel,  cast  up- 
on it  without  design.     A  number  of  such  remarkable  correspon- 
jdences  between  the  events  of  providence  and  the  prayers  of  Mr. 
Brock  caused  Mr.  John  Allen  of  Dedham  to  say  of  him,  <*  I  scarce 
ever  knew  any  man  so  fiimiliar  with  the  great  God,  as  his  dear  ser- 
Ivant  Brock.*'--'Mather*»  magnalia^iy.  141—143;  Collect,  Mst.  «o- 
nf^,  vii.  25 1—254  ;  Stont^a  funeral  sermon  on  Prentiss  ;    Fitch's 
\iermon  at  the  ordination  of  Tucke. 

BROMFIELD  (Edward),  an  eminent  merchant  in  Boston, 
I  vas  bom  in  November  1695.  His  mother  was  the  eldest  daugh- 
Iterof  the  reverend  Mr.  Danforth  of  Roxbury.  By  means  of  her 
linstructions  and  the  instructions  of  his  grandmother,  a  daughter  of 
lihe  reverend  Mr.  Wilson  of  Boston,  his  mind  in  early  life  was  deeply 
jinpressed  by  religious  truth.  His  whole  life  was  conscientious, 
upright,  and  holy.  He  filled  several  important  trusts,  and  with 
jkorruptibte  integrity  sought  the  public  good.     He  was  a  rep- 


m^k 


'If h-    }y 


>■  \ 


fif  ;I  '«• 


i  ^♦l 


m  ^ 


iri 


;  ,<■ 


,  Hi 


II. 


.'  .n 


114 


BRO. 


5  ■) 


rcsentative  of  his  native  town  in  the  general  court  from  the  yew 
1739  to  1743  ;  and  he  would  have  been  continued,  as  colleague 
with  his  brother  in  law,  the  honorable  Thomas  Custhin^t  buthepre. 
ferred  the  humbler  station  of  overseer  of  the  poor,  in  which  office 
he  remained  twenty  one  years  successively.  He  died  April  lo, 
1766)  in  the  sixty  first  year  of  his  age.  He  was  eminent  for  hia 
christian  virtues.  In  his  intercourse  with  others  he  was  open, 
friendly,  pleasant,  and  remarkable  for  candor.  Attached  to  the  an< 
cient  pt'inciples  of  New  En^lund,  he  loved  the  most  zealous  and 
awakening  ministers  ;  he  worshii)ped  the  Most  High  in  his  fami* 
ly  ;  he  partook  of  the  supper  of  his  Lord  und  Master  with  the 
humblest  reverence  and  the  most  ardent  gratitude  and  love.  In 
his  last  sickness  so  deep  was  the  sense  of  his  unworthiness  and  guilt, 
that  he  enjoyed  little  composure  till  just  before  his  death,  when  hi^ 
apprehensions  were  in  a  great  measure  removed.  In  his  most  des> 
ponding  moments  he  ever  justified  the  ways  of  Godw— J°rince'«/tt« 
neral  sermon  ;  Boston  gazette.,  Afiril  19,  1756. 

BRO  MFIELD  (  Bd  ward),  a  young  man  of  uncommon  genius,  wu 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  in  Boston  in  1723.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1742.  He  lived  but  a  short  time 
to  display  his  virtues  and  his  talents,  for  he  died  August  18,  1746, 
aged  twenty  three  years.  From  his  childhood  he  was  T'ery  amia- 
ble and  modest.  As  he  grew  up,  the  powers  of  his  mind  were  uiit 
folded,  and  he  discovered  remarkable  ingenuity  and  penetration* 
which  were  strengthened  and  increased,  as  he  became  acquainted 
with  mathematical  science.  •  His  genius  first  appeared  in  the  use 
of  the  pen,  by  which  with  admirable  exactness  he  sketched  the  ob. 
jects  of  nature.  He  made  himself  so  familiar  with  Weston's  short 
hand,  that  he  was  able  to  take  down  every  word  of  the  professor's 
lectures  at  the  college,  and  the  sermons,  which  were  delivered 
from  the  pulpit..  He  was  skilful  in  projecting  maps.  As  he  was 
well  skilled  in  music,  he  for  exercise  and  recreation  made  with  his 
own  hands  an  excellent  organ,  with  two  rows  of  keys  and  several 
hundred  pipes.  The  workmanship  exceeucd  any  thing  of  the  kind^ 
which  had  been  imported  from  England.  He  took  peculiar  pleas- 
ure in  pursuits,  which  related  to  natural  philosophy,  for  he  wished 
to  behold  the  wisdom  of  God  in  his  works.  He  made  great  im- 
provement in  the  microscopes,  which  were  then  used,  most  accu. 
lately  grinding  the  finest  glasses,  and  multiplying  to  an  astonishing  j 
degree  the  powers  of  optical  instruments.  He  met  with  no  me- 
chanism, which  he  did  not  readily  improve.  But  these  were  only  | 
the  amusements  of  Mr.  Bromfieid.  He  was  engaged  in  the  pur< 
suit  of  higher  and  more  interesting  objects,  than  those,  which  had  I 
reference  only  to  this  earth  and  could  occupy  the  mind  but  a  few 
days.  Though  from  childhood  he  possessed  the  virtues,  which  en- 
deared him  to  his  acqu^ntance  ;  yet  it  was  not  before  he  reached 
the  a^e  of  seventeen,  tliat  he  was  converted  by  the  influence  of  the 


BRa 


115 


(iivine  Spirit  from  his  natural  state  of  selfishness  and  iniquity  to  the 
luprenie  love  of  his  Maker,  h  rum  this  period  the  truths  ot  reve- 
lation claimed  his  intense  study,  and  it  was  his  constant  aim  to  con* 
form  his  liie  to  the  requisitions  ot  the  gospel.  Nothing  interested 
him  so  much,  as  the  character  of  Jesus  Christ  and  the  wonders  of 
redemption,  which  he  hoped  would  excite  his  aumiration  in  the  fu- 
ture world,  and  constitute  his  everlasting  blessedness.  He  left  be- 
hind him  anumberof  munuscripts,  which  contained  his  pious  med- 
iutions,  and  marked  his  progress  towards  perfection.  Though  his 
body  was  feeble,  his  soul  was  indefatigable.  In  his  eyes  there  was 
an  expression  of  intellect,  which  could  not  be  mistaken.  Had  his 
lii'c  been  spared,  his  name  might  have  been  an  honor  to  his  coun- 
try, and  philosophy  might  have  been  dignified  by  a  connexion  with 
genuine  religion.— /*nnce'«  account  oj  Bronifield  ;  Panoplitty  ii. 
193—197. 

BROOKS  (Eleazar),  a  brigadier  general  in  the. lat^  war,  was 
born  in  Concord,  Massachusetts,  in  1726.  "Without  the  advantages 
of  education  he  acquired  a  valuable  fund  of  knowledge.  It  was 
his  practice  in  early  life  to  read  the  most  approved  books,  and  then 
to  converse  with  the  most  intelligent  men  respecting  them.  In 
1774  he  was  chosen  a  representative  to  the  general  court  and  con- 
tinued twenty  seven  years  in  public  life,  being  successively  a  rep- 
resentative, a  member  of  the  senate,  and  of  the  council.  He  took  a 
decided  part  in  the  American  revolution.  At  the  head  of  a  regi- 
ment he  was  engaged  in  the  battle  at  White  Plains  in  1776,  and 
in  the  second  action  near  Stillwater  October  7,  1777,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  cool,  determined  bravery.  From  the 
year  1801  he  secluded  himself  in  the  tranquil  scenes  of  domestic  life  j( 
He  died  at  Lincoln,  Massachusetts,  November  9, 1806,  aged  eighty 
years. 

General  Brooks  possessed  an  uncommonly  strong  and  penetra- 
ting mind,  and  his  judgment  as  a  statesman  was  treated  with  re- 
spect. He  was  diligent  and  industrious,  slow  in  concerting,  but 
expeditious  in  performing  his  plans.  He  was  a  firm  believer  in  the 
doctrines  of  Christianity  and  in  his  advanced  years  accepted  the  of- 
fice of  deacon  in  the  church  at  Lincoln.  This  office  he  ranked 
above  all  others,  which  he  had  sustained  in  life.— S/eorw«*  fun.  ser- 
mon ;  Columbian  centinel,  Mtvember  22 y  1806;  iWarsAc//,  iii.  384. 
BROWN  (Nicholas),  an  erninent  merchant  of  Rhode  Island^ 
died  at  Providence  May  29,  179 1,  in  the  sixty  second  year  his  age. 
From  early  youth  his  attention  had  been  directed  to  mercantile 
pursuits,  and  by  the  divine  blessing  upon  his  diligence  and  upright- 
ness he  acquired  a  very  ample  fortune.  But  although  he  was  rich 
he  did  not  make  an  idol  of  his  wealth.  His  heart  was  liberal,  and 
he  listened  to  every  call  of  humanity  or  science.  The  interests  of 
government,  of  learning,  of  religion  were  clear  to  him.  He  loved 
his  country,  and  rejoiced  in  her  freedom.     The  public  buildings  in 


riff  Mil 


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116 


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Providence)  sacred  to  religion  and  science,  are  monuments  of  his 
liberality.  He  was  an  early  and  constant  patron  of  the  college. 
In  his  religious  principles  he  was  a  baptist,  and  he  was  a  lover  of 
good  men  of  all  denominations.  He  was  not  ashamed  of  the  gos- 
pel, nor  of  the  poorest  of  the  true  disciples  of  the  Redeemer.  His 
general  knowledge  and  the  fruitfulness  of  his  invention  furnished 
him  with  inexhaustible  funds  of  entertaining  conversation.-.6/{V/. 
■malign  funeral  sermon  j  Providence  gazette. 

BROWN  (Andrew),  editor  of  the  Philadelphia  gazette,  was 
bom  in  Ireland  about  the  year  1744.  He  came  to  America  in  1773 
as  a  soldier  in  a  British  regiment ;  but  he  quitted  the  service  and 
settled  in  Massachusetts.     He  engaged  in  the  American  cause  at 
tlie  commencement  of  the  war,  and  displayed  great  courage  in  the 
battles  of  Lexington  and  Bunker's  hill.     He  was  also  a  useful  offi- 
cer in  the  northern  army  under  general  Gates.      At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  established  an  academy  for  young  ladies  in  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  on  a  very  liberal  and  extensive  plan.    He  afterwards 
removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  pursued  the  same  object ;  but 
as  hb  employment  did  not  well  accord  with  a  very  irritable  temper, 
he  relinquished  it.    He  now  established  the  Federal  gazette,  the  first 
number  of  which  was  published  October  1, 178S.     The  prebent  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States  had  not  then  commenced,  and  his  paper 
was  the  channel,  through  which  some  of  the  most  intelligent  friends  of 
the  constitution  addressed  the  public.    He  pursued  his  task  with  inde- 
fatigable industry ;  but  difficulties  pressed  upon  him,and  he  seemed  to 
have  little  prospect  of  deriving  much  pecuniary  advantage  from  his 
paper,  before  the  city  was  visited  with  the  yellow  fever  in  179S. 
As  he  remained  in  Philadelphia  during  the  ravages  of  the  pesti- 
lence, and  continued  his  gazette,  when  the  other  daily  papers  were 
suspended,  he  derived  from  this  circumstance  an  increase  of  pat- 
ronage, which  at  length  rewarded  his  labors.    His  exertions  were 
not  relaxed  through  his  success ;  but,  changing  the  name  of  his 
paper  to  that  of  the  Philadelphia  gazette,  and  resolving,  that  it 
should  not  be  devoted  exclusively  to  any  political  sect,  but  should 
be  open  to  discussions  from  every  side,  he  made  it  a  correct  vehi- 
cle of  important  intelligence.      The  profits  of  his  establishment 
were  now  great,  and  he  was  in  the  midst  of  prosperity,  when  it 
pleased  God  to  overwhelm  him  with  ruin.     His  house  took  fire  by 
means  of  his  office,  which  was  in  one  part  of  it,  January  27,  1797, 
and  in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  rescue  his  family  from  the  flames, 
he  was  so  much  burned  that  he  survived  but  a  few  days.     His  wife 
and  three  children  were  the  next  day  committed  to  a  common 
grave,  and  the  next  Saturday,  February  4,  1797,  his  spirit  followed 
tSiem  into , another  world.     The  only  survivor  of  the  family  was  a 
son,  bom  in  Ireland  of  a  former  wife,  who  became  one  of  the  pro- 
prietors of  the  gazette,  after  the  death  of  his  father.-^/^rcf/eV  biq- 
graphical  dictionary  ;  Monthly  magazine  for  1797,  71,  72. 


BRO. 


117 


BROWN  (MosKs),  a  braye  officer  in  the  navy  of  the  United 
States,  died  in  December  1803,  aged  sixty  two  years.  During  the 
last  forty  eigiit  years  of  his  life  he  followed  the  profession  of  a  mar- 
iner. In  the  revolutionary  war  his  reputation  gained  him  the  com* 
mand  of  several  ol  the  largest  private  armed  ships  frbm  New  Eng- 
land. In  these  stations  he  was  zealous,  brave,  and  successful.  He 
was  engaged  in  several  severe  battles  with  the  enemy,  and  distin- 
guished  himseli  particularly  in  one  with  a  ship  of  superior  force. 
When  the  small  American  navy  was  establishing  a  number  of 
years  after  the  war,  the  merchants  of  Newburyport  built  a  ship  by 
subscription  for  the  government,  and  obtained  the  command  of  her 
for  captain  Brown.  His  advanced  age  had  not  impaired  his  skill, 
nor  deprived  him  of  his  zeal  and  activity.  While  he  commanded 
the  Merrimac  he  was  as  enterprising  and  successful  as  formerly. 
When  the  reduction  of  the  navy  took  place,  he  was  dismissed  from 
office  ;  but  his  finances  did  not  allow  him  to  retire  from  business, 
and  he  followed  till  his  death  his  accustomed  diyocAtionf—JVitwEng' 
land  repertory,  Jan.  14,  1804. 

BROWNE  (Arthur),  an  episcopal  clergyman  at  Portsmouth, 
New  Hampshire,  was  a  native  of  Drogheda  in  Ireland,  and  was  th» 
son  of  the  reverend  John  Browne.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity  tol" 
lege  in  Dublin,  and  received  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  July  39, 
1729.  Being  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  London  for  a  society  in 
Providence,  Rhode  Island,  he  went  to  that  place,  and  remuned 
there  till  the  year  1736,  when  he  removed  to  Portsmouth.  He 
was  the  first  encumbent  of  the  church,  which  was  consecrated  in 
1734,  and  \a  now  called  saint  John's  church.  He  received  a  salary 
as  missionary  from  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign 
parts,  and  continued  in  this  station  till  his  death  in  1773,  having 
just  entered  the  seventy  fourth  year  of  his  age.  He  is  represented 
as  havint>;  been  conspicuous  for  a  benevolent  disposition,  good  ora> 
tory,  and  excellent  preaching.  His  son,  Marmaduke  Browne,  was 
bom  in  Providence,  and  after  being  educated  at  Trinity  college,  Dub- 
lin, and  ordained  by  the  bishop  of  London,  settled  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  where  he  died  about  the  year  1771.        ■'  'o  '"i        '• 

Mr.  Browne  of  Portsmouth  published  a  sermon  on  the  day  ap- 
pointed for  the  execution  of  Penelope  Kenny,  1739  ;  a  sermon  on 
the  rebellion  in  Scotland,  1746 ;  a  sermon  to  the  free  masons,  1748  ; 
a  fast  sermon,  1757  ;  a  sermon  on  the  doctrine  of  election,  1757. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  written  also  remarks  on  Dr.  Mayhew's  in- 
cidental reflections,  \763.-—jilden*a  account  of  religious  societies  in 
Portsmouth  ;  Coll.  hist.  aoc.  x.  57,  58,  70. 

BROWNE  (Arthur,  l  l.  d.),  king's  professor  of  Greek  in 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  an  eminent  political  character  in  Ire« 
land,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Mar^naduke  Browne,  rector  of 
Trinity  church,  Newport,  Rhode  Island.    He  enjoyed  in  early  life 
the  advantages  of  a  school,  established  in  Newport  by  dean  Bevkc  • 


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BRY. 


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lejr»  and  itas  distinguished  by  his  talents,  industry,  and  strong  de«ire 
oi'  improving  his  education  in  some  European  university.  To 
gratify  this  desire  nis  fattier  went  to  Ireland  to  make  provision  lor 
entering  his  son  at  Trinity  college  ;  but  after  having  eflected  his 
object,  he  died  soon  after  his  return,  in  consequence  ot  his  suffer- 
ings during  a  tedious  voyage  of  three  months.  This  melancholy 
event  frustrated  the  hopes  of  young  Urowne,  who,  despairing  of  the 
advantagesof  an  £urope<inediication,entered Harvard  college  in  1771, 
He  remained  however  but  a  short  time  at  Cambridge ;  for  some  friends 
of  his  £sther  and  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel  in  tbreign 
parts  soon  afforded  him  such  patronage,  that  he  entbarkcd  for  Ire- 
land,  where  he  was  educated  according  to  his  desire.  He  continu- 
ed during  the  remainder  of  his  life  connected  with  Trinity  college, 
and  was  the  idol  of  the  students.  For  a  length  of  time  he  held  the 
vicar  generalship  of  the  diocese  of  Kildare,  and  practised  in  the 
courts  as  an  eminent  barrister.  He  was  also  professor  of  civil  law 
in  the  university,  and  its  representative  in  the  Irish  house  of  com- 
jnons.    He  died  in  the  year  1 805. 

Dr.  Browne  was  blessed  with  great  powers  of  mind,  which  he 
improved  by  incessant  study  and  by  intercourse  with  the  most  dis- 
tinguished scholars  and  the  most  able  and  virtuous  statesmen  of  his 
day.  From  every  field,  where  improvement  might  be  found,  he 
reaped  a  noble  portion.  His  political  life  was  marked  by  his  zeal- 
ous eftbrts  to  protect  the  liberty  of  the  subjects  against  the  encroach- 
ments of  power  and  oppression.  He  was  an  associate  of  the  oppo- 
sition, and  supported  their  leading  measures.  He  was  always  a 
championof  the  people.  Shortly  after  the  union  of  Ireland  with 
Great  Britain,  he  was  appointed  prime  sergeant.  He  published  a 
compendious  view  of  civil  law,  being  the  substance  of  a  course  of 
lectures  read  in  the  university  of  Dublin,  together  with  a  sketch  of 
the  practice  of  the  ecclesiastical  courts,  and  some  useful  directions 
&r  the  clergy ;  Hussen  O'Dil,  or  beauty  and  the  heart,  an  allegoric- 
al poem,  translated  from  the  Persian  language  ;  and  miscellaneous 
sketches,  in  2  volumes,  8vo.  This  last  work  is  written  after  the 
manner  of  Montaa^ne. -^Monthly  anthology^  ii.  559—563. 

BRYAN  (George),  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, was  a  native  of  Dublin  in  Ireland,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  an 
ancient  and  respectable  family.  He  came  to  this  country  in  early 
life,  and  lived  forty  years  in  Philadelphia.  At  first  he  en^xaged  ex- 
tensively ^n  commercial  business ;  but  it  pleased  the  wise  Disposer 
of  events  to  defeat  his  plans,  and  reduce  him  to  a  state  of  compara- 
tive poverty.  He  afterwards  lived  more  in  accordance  with  ancient 
simplicity.  He  was  lui  active  and  intelligent  man.  Previously  to 
the  revolution  he  was  introduced  into  public  employments.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  congress,  which  met  in  1765  for  the  purpose 
of  petitioning  and  remonstrating  against  the  arbitary  measuries  of 
Great  Britain.    \r  the  warj  which  fo)ipwed}  he  took  an  open  and 


BUC. 


119 


active  part.  After  the  declftration  of  independence  he  was  vice 
president  of  the  supreme  executive  council  of  Pennsylvania*  and  on 
the  death  of  president  Wharton  in  May  1778  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  government.  When  his  ofiicey  by  the  limitation  of  the 
constitution,  expired  in  the  autumn  of  1779,  he  was  «lr  *ed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  legislature.  Here,  amidst  the  tumult  of  v  and  inva- 
sion, when  evei7  one  was  trembling  for  himself,  his  mind  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  claims  of  humanity  and  charity.  He  at  this  time  plan- 
ned and  completed  an  act  for  the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery,  which 
is  an  imperishable  monument  to  his  memory.  He  thus  furnished, 
evidence,  that  in  opposing  the  exactions  of  a  foreign  power  he  was 
opposing  tyranny,  and  was  really  attached  to  the  cause  of  liberty. 
After  this  period  he  was  appointed  a  judge  ol  the  supreme  court, 
in  which  station  he  continued  during  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
1784  he  was  elected  one  of  the  council  of  censors,  and  was  one  of 
its  principal  members  till  his  death,  which  took  place  at  Philadel- 
phia January  38,  1791. 

Besides  the  ofBces  already  mentioned,  judge  Bryan  filled  a  variety 
of  public,  literary,  and  charitable  employments.  Formed  for  a  close 
application  to  study,  animated  with  an  ardent  thirst  for  knowledge, 
and  blessed  with  a  memory  of  wonderful  tenacity,  and  a  clear^  pene- 
trating, and  decisive  judgment,  he  availed  tiimself  of  the  labors  and 
acquisitions  of  others,  and  brought  honor  to  the  stations,  which  he 
occupied.  To  his  other  attainments  he  added  the  virtues  of  the 
christian.  He  was  distinguished  by  his  benevolence  and  sympathy 
with  the  distressed,  by  an  unaffected  humility  and  modesty,  by  his 
readiness  to  forgive  injuries,  and  by  the  inflexible  integrity  of  his 
conduct.  He  was  superior  to  the  frowns  and  blandishments  of  the 
world.  Thus  eminently  qualified  for  the  various  public  offices,  in 
which  he  was  placed,  he  was  faithful  and  humble  in  discharging  their 
duties,  and  he  filled  them  with  dignity  and  reputation  in  the  worst 
of  times,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  torrent  of  unmerited  obloquy  and  op- 
position^  Such  was  his  disinterestedness,  and  his  zeal  for  the 
good  of  others,  that  his  own  interest  seemed  to  be  overlooked.  In 
^e  administn^tion  of  justice  he  was  impartial  and  incorruptible. 
He  was  an  ornament  to  the  profession  of  Christianity,  which  he 
made,  the  delight  of  his  connexions,  and  a  public  blessing  to  the 
state.  By  his  death  religion  lost  an  amiable  example,  and  science 
a  steady  friend.^— £wm.^'»  fun.  sermon  ;  .American  mtueuntj  ix.  8 1 
—.83 ;  Dunlafi*»  jimerican  adver titer. 

BUCKINGHAM  (Thomas),  minister  of  the  second  church  in 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  wa^  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1690. 
The  time  of  his  settlement  has  not  been  ascerta'uied.  He  died  No- 
vember 1 9, 1 73 1,  aged  sixty  two  years.  He  was  one  of  the  most  em- 
inent ministers  in  Connecticut,  and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  pil- 
lars of  the  church.  His  superior  abilities  were  under  the  direction 
of  g^ood  principles.    His  conversation  was  such  as  was.  becoming  a 


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minister  of  ChrltC.  In  hii  life  he  imitated  hit  blesied  Master,  and  be*. 
ing  cxemplarjT  in  piety,  having  a  pleasant  temper,  obliging  and  en- 
gaging manners,  and  many  amiable  virtues,  he  concilutcd  respect 
and  esteem.  So  well  was  he  qualified  for  his  ministerial  work,  that 
he  would  have  been  highly  prized  by  every  orthodox,  judicious 
congregation  in  the  land. 

He  published  a  sermon  preached  at  the  election  in  Connecticut 
in  1728,  entitled  Moses  and  Aaron.  The  following  passages  from 
this  sermoh  will  give  some  view  of  his  sentiments,  and  of  the  times. 
"  By  the  Spirit  the  elect  are  brought  to  possess  the  good,  which  Je- 
sus Christ  hath  purchased  for  them.  By  him  they  are  convinced, 
awakened,  humbled,  converted,  sanctified,  led,  and  comforted."-^ 
**  If  we  look  back  upon  the  last  year,  how  many  appearances 
and  indications  of  his  anger  were  there  to  be  observed  therein  ;  the 
unusual  illuminations  of  the  heavens  by  repeated  and  almost  dis- 
continued flashes  of  lightning,  with  dreadful  peals  of  thunder  attend- 
ing, the  scorching  heat  and  drought  of  the  summer,  the  pinching 
cold  and  length  of  the  winter,  stormy  winds  and  tempests,  the  death 
of  useful  men,  and  the  groaning  and  trembling  of  the  earth  under 
our  feet.*"-*^  Have  you  not  heard  some,  who  have  risen  from  among 
you,  speaking  perverse  things,  blasphemuig  tiie  constitution  and 
order  of  your  churches,  denying  the  validity  of  your  ordinations, 
and  condemning  your  ministerisd  acts  as  so  maiiy  usurpations,  who 
unchurch  the  htit  and  greatest  part  of  christians,  and  leave  you  with 
the  best  of  your  flocks  to  uncovenanted  mercies,  that  is  in  a  state  of 
heathenism,  without  God  and  Christ  and  hope  in  the  worid.  And 
this  merely  forAe  sake  of  a  non-agreement  with  them  in  a  few  un- 
scripturel  rites  and  nddon&V'—Edwardt^  election  aermanlin  1732; 
TrunUnM*9  CormecHcut^  i.  498,  51?- 

BUELL  (Samuel,  d.  d.),  an  «^minent  presbyterian  minister  on 
Lbng  Island,  was  bom  at  Coventry  in  Connecticut,  September  1, 
1716.  In  the  seventeenth  year  of  his  age,  it  pleased  hCs  merciful 
Fathifer  in  heaven  to  renew  his  heart  and  teach  him  those  truths, 
which  are  neceiisary  to  salvation.  He  Was  impremed  with  a  sense 
of  his  entire  destitution  of  love  to  God,  oi  the  incompetency  of  any 
works,  which  he  could  perform,  to  justify  him,  of  the  necessity  of  a 
Savior,  and  of  his  absolute  dependence  on  divine  mercy  and  influ- 
ence. From  the  depression  of  mind  occasioned  by  a  full  conviction 
of  his  sin,  and  a  clear  perception  of  his  danger,  he  was  relieved  by  a 
view  of  the  wonderful  plan  of  redemption  by  Jesus  Christ,  and  the 
gladness  of  his  heait  now  was  proportionate  to  the  thickness  of  the 
gloom,  which  before  hung  over  his  mind. 

This  change  in  his  character  produced  a  change  in  his  plans  of 
life.  His  fether  was  a  rich  farmer,  and  he  had  been  destined  to  ag- 
ricultural pursuits  ;  but  the  belief,  that  it  was  his  duty  to  engage  in 
labors,  which  would  most  advance  the  interests  of  religion,  and  'to 
extend  his  usefulness  as  much  as  possible,  induced  him  to  relinquish 


"1 


BUE. 


121 


the  cmploymenUof  husbamlrj  uid  to  attend  to  the  culti  ■.  ation  oC  ht 
0iiod.     He  was  graduated  at  Vale  college  in  1741.  Ue  in  thi 

leminary  his  application  to  his  studies  was  intense,  and  Iua  profici«i 
cy  was  such  as  rewarded  his  toils.  It  was  here  tliat  he  first  became 
icquainted  with  David  Brainerdi  with  whom  he  was  very  intimate, 
till  death  separated  them.  Their  friendship  was  the  union  of 
hearts,  attached  to  the  same  Redeemer,  having  the  same  exalted 
iie\rs,  and  animated  by  the  same  spirit. 

It  was  his  intention  to  have  spent  a  number  of  years  with  Mr. 
Edwards  of  Northampton  in  theological  studies,  but  the  extensive 
revival  of  religion  at  this  period  rendering  the  zealous  preaching  of 
the  truth  peculiarly  important,  he  immediately  commenced  those 
benevolent  labors,  which  occupied  and  delighted  him  through  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  After  being  licensed  he  preached  about  two 
vears  in  different  parts  of  New  England,  and  such  was  the  pathos 
and  energy  of  his  manner,  that  almost  every  assembly  was  melted 
into  tears.  In  November  1 743  he  was  ordained  as  an  itinerant  preach- 
er, in  which  capacity  he  was  indefatigable  and  very  successful.  He 
was  the  instrument  of  doing  much  good,  of  impressing  the  thought- 
^»8,  of  reforming  the  vicious,  and  of  imparting  to  the  selfish  and 
tlbrldly  the  genuine  principles  of  benevolence  and  godliness.  Car- 
rying with  him  testimonials  from  respectable  ministers,  he  was  ad- 
mitted into  many  pulpits,  from  which  other  itinerants  were  exclud- 
ed. While  he  disapproved  of  the  imprudence  of  some  in  those 
days,  when  religious  truth  was  brought  home  remarkably  to  the 
heart,  he  no  less  reprehended  the  unreasonable  opposition  of  others 
to  the  work  of  God.  During  this  period  his  health  was  much  im- 
paired, and  a  severe  fit  of  sickness  brought  him  to  the  very  entrance 
«f  the  grave  ;  but  it  pleased  God,  who  holds  the  lives  of  all  in  his 
band,  to  restore  his  health  and  prolong  his  usefulness  for  yet  many 
years. 

He  was  led  to  East  Hampton  on  Long  Island  by  a  direction  of 
providence  in  some  respects  extraordinary,  and  was  installed  pastor 
of  the  church  in  that  place  September  19,  1746.  In  this  retire- 
ment he  devoted  himself  with  great  ardor  to  his  studies.  Though 
he  always  had  a  high  opinion  of  the  special  aid  of  the  Spirit  of  God 
in  preaching,  yet  he  duly  estimated  the  importance  of  diligent  ap- 
plication of  mind  to  the  duties  of  the  ministry.  '  For  a  number  of 
I  years  he  wrote  all  his  sermons  and  preached  them  without  notes. 
He  was  long  engaged  in  writing  a  work  on  the  prophecies,  but  the 
I  publication  of  Newton's  dissertations  induced  him  to  relinquish  it. 
He  sought  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  not  that  he  might  have  the 
honor  of  being  reputed  a  learned  man,  but  that  he  might  increase 
his  power  of  usefulness  ;  and  keeping  his  great  object,  that  of  doing 
good,  constantly  in  view,  he  never  suffered  the  pleasures  of  literary- 
and  theological  research  to  detain  him  from  the  field  of  more  ac- 
I  live  exertion.     He  could  not  shut  himself  up  in  his  study,  whilir; 


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BUE. 


'  ii'j 


Immortal  souls  in  his  own  congrtgationor  in  the  neighborhood  wttt 
destitute  of  instruction  and  were  ready  to  hear  the  words  of  eterwd 
life.  He  frequently  preached  two  or  three  times  in  the  course  of 
the  week  in  addition  to  his  stated  labors  on  the  sabbath  For  a  num* 
her  of  the  first  years  of  his  ministry,  he  seemed  to  labor  without  ef< 
feet.  His  people  paid  but  little  attention  to  the  concerns  of  relif^ 
ion.  But  in  1764  he  witnessed  an  astonishing  change.  Almoit 
every  individual  in  the  town  was  deeply  impressed,  and  the  inter- 
csts  of  eternity  received  that  attention,  which  their  transcendent  im« 
portance  demands.  He  had  the  happiness  at  one  time  of  admit* 
ting  into  his  church  ninety  nine  persons,  who,  he  believed,  had 
been  renewed,  and  enlightened  with  correct  views  of  the  gospel, 
and  inspired  with  benevolent  principles  of  conduct.  In  the  yean 
1785  and  179 1  also  he  was  favored,  through  the  influence  of  the  Ho< 
ly  Spirit  on  the  hearts  of  his  hearers,  with  great  success.  After 
a  life  of  eminent  usefulness  he  died  July  19}  1798,  in  the  eighty 
second  year  of  his  age. 

Dr.  Buell  presents  a  remarkable  instance  of  disinterested  exer. 
tion  for  the  good  of  others.  When  Long  Island  fell  into  the  hanch 
of  the  British  in  1776,  he  remained  with  his  people,  anddidmi*'!) 
towaids  relieving  their  distresses.  As  there  was  at  tliis  period  m 
one  minister  within  forty  miles  able  to  preach,  the  care  of  all  the 
churches  fell  upon  him.  His  natural  disposition  inclined  him  to 
do  with  his  might  whatever  his  h&nd  found  to  do.  He  was  an  ex* 
ample  of  all  the  christian  virtues.  He  was  attached  to  literature 
'tod  science,  and  was  the  father  and  patron  of  Clinton  academy  in 
Ebst  Hampton.  His  house  was  the  mansion  of  hospitality.  Pos* 
"sessihg  a  large  fund  of  instructive  and  entertaining  anecdote,  M: 
conipany  was  pleasing  to  persons  of  every  age.  In  no  respect  wai 
he  more  distinguished,  than  for  a  spirit  of  devotibn.  He  was  fully 
convinced  of  the  necessity  and  efficacy  of  prayer,  and  amid  the  pros* 
perOiiB  and  afflictive  scenes,  through  which  he  passed,  it  was  his  de* 
Tight  io  hold  intercourse  with  his  Father  in  heaven.  He  followed 
t#o'#ive8  uid  eight  children  to  the  grave.  On  these  solemn  and 
affecting  occasions,  sudh  was  the  resignation  and  support  imparted 
to  him,  that  he  iisuklly  preached  himself. 

To  his  uncdmmon  and  long  continued  health,  the  strict  rules  of  I 
temperance,  which  he '  observed,  vithout  doubt  much  contributed. 
The  day  he  Was  eighty  years  old  he  rode  fourteen  miles  to  preach 
the  gospel  and  returned  in  the  evening.    In  his  last  hours  his  midd 
ivas  in  perfect  peace.    He  had  no  desire  to  remain  longer  absent 
from  his  Savior.    He  observed,'as  the  hour  of  his  departure  ap* 
|)roached,  that  he  Mi  all  his  earthly^  connexions  to  be  dissolved. 
The  world,  into  which  he  was   just  entering,  absorbed  allhiij 
thoughts  ;  so  that  he  was  unwilling  to  suffer  any  interruption  of  his  I 
incM.  cheering  contemj^ations  from  the  last  attention  of  his  friends.! 
While  they  were  endeavoring  to  prolong  the  dying  fiame,  he  wouldl 


BUL. 


U^. 


put  them  Mide  with  oq/t  hand)  while  the  other  was  raised  towards 
hesven,  where  hi/i  eyes  and  his  soul  were  fixed.  In  this  huppjr  state 
of  mind  be  expired. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  the  revival  of  religion  among  hispco> 
pie  ill  176'^  and  fourteen  occasional  tliscourscst  which  evince  the 
figorot  his  mind  and  the  ardor  of  his  piety.  Among  them  are  iune> 
ral  sermons  on  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Conklingt  1782,  and  on  an  only 
ion,  named  Samuel*  who  died  of  the  small  pox  in  1787.— "Con.  cv<^w. 
mg.  ii.  I  *7— ^ 1 5 1 »   179—1 82  ;  Dqgfi^ett'tjuneral  sermon. 

fiULKLEY  (Pxtkr),  first  minister  of  Concord,  MoasAchu* 
^ttsi  was  bora  at  VVoodhill  in  Bedfordshire,  England,  January  31, 
1J83.  He  was  educated  at  St.  John's  in  Cambridge  and  was  I'elloV 
of  the  college.  He  had  a  gentleman's  estate  left  him  by  his  father, 
the  reverend  Dr.  I^ulkley  of  Woodhill,  whom  he  succeeded  in  the 
miuistry.  For  twenty  one  years  he  continued  his  faithful  lubor^ 
without  interruption  ;  but  at  length,  being  silenced  for  nonconform* 
ity  to  some  of  the  ceremonies  uf  the  English  church,  he  came  to 
New  England  in  1635,  that  he  might  enjoy  liberty  of  conscience. 
Alter  residing  some  time  at  Cambrid^^e,  he  began  the  settlement^ 
of  Concord  in  1636  with  anumberofplanters,  who  hud  accompanied 
him  from  England.  He  formed  the  twelfth  church,  which  had 
been  established  in  the  colony,  and  in  1637  was  constituted  its  teachr 
er  and  Mr.  Jones  its  pabtor.  He  died  in  this  town  March  9,  16S9, 
in  the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age.  ^e  was  succeeded  by  his 
ion  Edward. 

Mr.  Bulkley  was  remark^le  for  his  benevolence.  He  expcnde4 
a  Isrg^  estate  by  giving  farms  to  his  ^prvunts,  whom  he  employed 
in  husbandry.  It  was  his  custom,  when  a  servant  had  lived  with  hiift 
a  certain  number  qf  yeai;>s,  to  dismiss  him,  giving  him  a  piece  of  laniji 
for  a  farm,  and  to  take  another  in  his  place.  He  was  (amiii^ 
ap(l  pleasant  in  his  manners,  though  wliilc  subject  to  bodily  pw^^ 
he  was  somewhat  irrital^ie,  and  in  preaching  was  at  time9  coc^^er- 
|,ed  as  severe.  So  strict  was  his  own  virtue,  tliat  he  could  not  s^p^vre 
some  follies,  which  were  thought  too  .inconsiderable  to  be  nptice^ 
In  consequence  of  his  pressing  importunately  some  charitably 
fprk,  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  ^e  ruling  elder,  an  unhappy  divi^,- 
ion  was  produced  in  the  church  ;  but  it  was  healed  by  tlie  advice  of 
g  council  and  the  abdication  of  the  elder.  By  means  of  this  troub- 
lesome affair,  Mr.  Bulkley  would  say,  that  he  kn^w  more  of  Gq|d) 
more  of  hiniself,  and  more  of  luen.  He  was  an  excellent  achola^;, 
and  was  distinguished  for  the  holiness  of  his  life  and  his  diUgec(t 
attention  to  the  duties  of  the  ministry.  He  gave  a  considerably 
part  of  his  library  to  Hanrard  college.  He  was  v^ry  contentious 
in  his  observation  of  the  sabbath.  He  was  averse  to  novelty  pr<t|^- 
parel,  and  his  h^r  \yas  always  cut  close.  Such  was  his  ^cal  to  do 
good,  that  he  seldom  \eft  any  company,  without  making  sonic  ai^ri« 
Q^s  remark)  calculated  to  impress  the  mind.      Whep  tl)Jrough  io« 


:u  i\ 

iriij!! 

11 

,1  , 


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1      i 

1    : 

1^  ■ 

'  .f  :■ 

124 


BUL. 


firmity  he  was  iinable  to  teach  from  house  to  house,  he  added  to  his 
usuai  labor  on  the  Lord's  day  that  of  catechising  and  exhorting  the 
youth  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  assembly.  Such  was  his  rep- 
utation among  the  ministers  of  New  England,  that  he  was  appoint* 
ed  one  of  the  moderators  of  the  synod  o£  1637.  Mr  Hooker  was 
the  other.  13y  two  wives  the  number  of  his  children  was  fifteen  ; 
and  three  of  his  sons  were  educated  for  the  ministry. 

He  published  a  work  entitled,  the  gospel  covenant  or  the  covenant 
of  grace  opened,  Scci  London,  1646,  4to,  pp.  383.  This  book  was 
so  much  esteemed,  thtit  it  passed  through  several  editions.  It  is 
composed  of  sermons  preached  at  Concord  upon  Zechariah  ix.  11, 
"  the  blood  of  the  covenant."  Speaking  of  this  work,  Mr.  Shep. 
ard  of  Cambridge  says, "  the  church  of  God  is  bound  to  bless  God 
for  the  holy,  judicious,  and  learned  labors  of  this  aged,  and  experi. 
enced,  and  precious  servant  of  Jesus  Christ."  Mr.  Bulkley  also 
wrote  Latin  poetry,  some  specimens  of  which  are  preserved  by 
Dr.  Mather  in  his  history  of  New  England ^—A/a/Aer'«  ma.pialia, 
iii.  96— 98  ;  J\/eal*»  M-w  England,  i.  321  ;  M)nconformiat*a  memorial, 
last  ed.  ii. 200  ;  Holmes*  annala^i.  375  ;  Colkctiona  hist.  aoc.  x.  168; 
Rifiley*a  dedication  aennon, 

BULKLEY  (John),  one  of  the  first  graduates  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, was  the  son  of  the  preceding.  He  took  his  degree  of  A.M. 
in  1.642.  He  afterwards  went  to  England,  and  settled  at  Foi-d- 
ham,  where  he  continued  for  several  years  with  good  acceptance 
and  usefiilness.  After  his  ejectment  in  1662  he  went  to  Wapping 
in  the  suburbs  of  London,  where  he  practised  physic  several  years 
with  success.  He  was  eminent  in  learning  and  equally  so  in  piety. 
Though  he  was  not  often  in  his  pulpit  after  his  ejectment,  he  might 
tVuly  be  sud  to  preach  every  day  in  the  week.  His  whole  life  was 
a  continued  sermon.  He  seldom  visited  his  patients  without  read* 
ing  a  lecture  of  divinity  to  them,  and  praying  with  them.  He  was 
remarkable  for  the  sweetness  of  his  temper,  and  his  great  integrity 
and  charitableness  ;  but  what  gave  a  lustre  to  all  his  other  virtues 
was  his  deep  humility.  He  died  near  the  tower  in  London  in  1 689  in 
the  seventieth  year  of  his  age,  with  unusual  tranquillity  and  resig- 
nation ii—JV&«con/bj-7«/«^'«  memorial^  hat  edition^  ii.  200  ;  Jamea*  fu- 
neral aermov. 

BULKLEV  (Grrshom),  an  eminent  minister  in  Connecticut, 
was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Pieter  Bulkley  of  Concord,  Massachu- 
setts, and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1655.  Aliout  the 
year  1658  he  succeeded  Mr.  Blinman  as  minister  of  New  Lon- 
don. Here  he  continued  till  about  the  year  1666,  when  he  became 
pastor  of  the  church  in  Wethersiield  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Russell, 
who  had  removed  to  Hadlcy.  He  was  succeeded  at  New  London 
by  Mr.  Bradstreet.  Many  years  before  his  death  he  resigned  the 
ministry  at  Wethersfield  on  account  of  his  infirmities,  and  Mr. 
Rowlandson  of  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  was  received  as  minister. 
Mr.  Bulkley  died  in  1713  aged  seventy  eight  years. 


fiUL. 


125 


He  watt  a  man  of  distinciion  in  his  day^  and  vras  particularly  em- 
inent tor  hi&  skill  in  chemistry.  1<  rom  an  inscription  upon  hia 
grave  stonC)  it  appears  that  he  was  regarded  as  a  man  of  rare  abiU 
ities  and  extraordinary  industry,  excellent  in  leai'ning,  master  of 
many  languages,  exquisite  in  his  skill  in  divinity,  physic,  and  law, 
and  of  a  most  exemplary  and  christian  life. — IrumbullU  Connect. 
i.  310,  324,  483,  519;   Collection*  hi»t.  tocietyj  x.  155. 

fiULKLEY  (John),  first  minister  of  Colchester,  Connecticut, 
was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Gershom  fiuikley.  His  mother  was 
the  daughter  of  president  Chauncy.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1699,  and  was  ordained  December  20,  1703.  His  death 
took  place  in  June  1731. 

Mr.  Bulkley  was  very  distinguished  as  a  scholar.  While  a 
member  of  college  he  and  Mr.  Dummer,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
same  class,  were  considered  as  preeminent  in  genius  and  talents. 
The  palm  was  given  to  the  latter  for  quickness,  brilliancy,  and  wit ; 
but  Mr.  Bulkley  was  regarded  as  his  superior  in  solidity  of  judg» 
ment  and  strength  of  argument.  He  carried  his  researches  into  the 
various  departments  of  the  law,  of  medicine,  and  theology.  His 
son,  John  Bulkley,  who  was  also  eminent  for  his  learning,  possessed 
a  high  reputation  as  a  physician  and  lawyer,  and  when  very  young 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Connecticut. 

Mr.  Bulkley  was  classed  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Chauncy  in  1768 
among  the  three,  most  eminent  for  strength  of  genius  and  powers 
of  mind,  which  New  England  had  produced.  The  lother  two  were 
Mr.  Jeremiah  Dummer  and  Mr.  Thomas  Walter.  He  published  an 
election  sermon  in  1713,  entitled,  the  necessity  of  religion  in  soci- 
eties. In  1724  he  published  an  inquiry  into  the  right  of  the  abo- 
riginal natives  to  the  lands  in  America.  Tliis  curious  treatise  has 
within  a  few  years  been  reprinted  in  the  collections  of  the  historical 
society  of  Massachusetts.  The  author  contends,  that  the  Indians 
had  no  just  claims  to  any  lands,  but  such  as  they  had  subdued  and 
improved  by  their  own  labor,  and  that  the  English  had  a  perfect  right 
to  occupy  all  other  lands  without  compensation  to  the  natives.  He 
published  one  other  tract,  entitled,  an  impartial  account  of  a  late  de- 
bate at  Lyme  upon  the  following  points  ;  whether  it  be  the  will  of 
God,  that  the  infants  of  visible  believers  should  be  baptised  ;  wheth* 
er  sprinkling  be  lawful  and  sufficient ;  and  whether  the  present  way 
of  maintaining  ministers  by  a  public  rate  or  tax  be  lawful,  1 729.  In 
this  he  gives  some  account  of  the  rise  of  the  antipedobaptist  persua- 
sion.—7VMni3«//*«  Connecticut^  i.  520;  Collections  hiat.  socAv.  159  j 
X.  155  ;  General  liiat.  qf  Connecticut^  173.  '*  ' 

BULL  (William,  m.  d.),  a  physician,  eminent  for  literature 
and  medical  science,  was  the  son  of  the  honorable  William  Bull, 
who  was  appointed  lieutenant  governor  of  South  Carolina  in  1738 
and  died  in  March  1755,  aged  seventy  two  years.  Mr.  Bull,  the 
son,  was  the  first  native  of  South  Carolina,  and  probably  the  first 
American^  who  obtained  a  t'egree  in  medicine.     He  was  a  pupil  of 


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BUR. 


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Boerhcuiv«»  aid  in  1724  defended  a  thesis  de  colica  piptoniua  before 
tiie  university  of  Leyden.  He.  is  quoted  by  Van  Swieten  as  hia 
lellaw  atttdentvith.  the  title  of  the  leainied  Dr.  BuUf  Aiter  his  re* 
turn  tot  this  country,  his  services  in  civil  life  were  required  by  hi^ 
fellow  citizens.  In  175 1  he  was  a  member  of  the.  council ;  in  176^ 
he  was  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives?  and  in  1764  he  wa^ 
lieutenant  governor  of  South  Carolina.  He  was  many  years  in 
this  office)  and  conmiandsr  in  chief.  When,  the  British  troops 
left  South  Carolina  in  1782  he  accompanied^  them  to  England^  where 
he  resided  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  in  tiondon  July  4, 
1791,  in  the  eighty  secood  year  of  his  age.— •/^a;ra«a^'«  review  of 
medicine,  42,  43  ;  MUer'a  retroa/iect,  i.  317  ;  ii.  363  ;  Qentlemm'^ 
am^ttziW,  XXV.  236. 

BURGOYNE  (John),  aBritiah  Ueuteiutnt  general  in  America, 
was  the  natural  son  of  lord  Bingley.  He  entered  early  into  the  army, 
^dia  1762  had  the  command  of  a  body  of  troops  sent  to.  Portugal 
ffur  the  defence  of  that  kingdon  against  the  Spaniards.  After  bis 
jretumto  England  he  became  a  po'ivy  counsellor,  and  was  chosen  a 
member  of  parliament.  In  the  American  war  he  was  sent  to  Cana- 
da in  1775.  In  the  year  1777  he  was  entrusted  with  the  command 
pf  the  northern  army,  which  should  rather  have  been  given  to  sir 
Guy  Carleton,  who  was  much  better  acquainted  with  the  situation 
of  the  country.  It  was  the  object  of  the  campaign  of  1777  to  open 
•  communication  between  New  York  and  Cana^,  and  thus  to  sever 
New  England  from  the  other  states.  Burgoyne  first  proposed  to  poa> 
■esA  himself  of  the  fi>rtress  of  Ticonderoga.  With  an  army  of  about 
fiaur  thousand  chosen  British  troops  and  three  thousand  Germans 
he  lefit  St.  John's  on  the  sixteei^th  of  June,  and  proceeded  up  lake 
Champlsdn,  and  landed  near  Crown  Point,  where  he  met  the  Indians 
«D/A  gave  them  a  war  feast.  He  made  a  speech  to  them,  calculated 
to  secure  their  friendly  cooperation,  but  designed  also  to  mitigate 
Hheir  native  ferocity.  He  endeavored  to  impress  on  them  the  dis- 
tinction between  enemies  in  the  field  and  helpless,  unarmed  ioht^b- 
Hants,  and  promised  rewards  for  prisoners,  but  noixe  for  scalps. 
The  attempt  to  lay  some  restraint  upon  the  mode  of  warfare  adopted 
by  the  savages  is  honorable  to  the  humanity  of  Burgoyne  ;  but  it 
may  not  be  easy  to  justify  the  connexion  with  an  ally,  upon  whom  it 
was  well  known  no  effectual  restraints  could  be  laid.  He  also  pub- 
lished on  the  twenty  ninth  of  June  a  manifesto,  intended  to  alarm 
the  people  of  the  country,  through  which  he  was  to  march,  and  con- 
cluded it  with  saying,  ^  I  trust  I  shall  stand  acquitted  in  the  eyes  of 
God  and  man  in  denouncing  and  executing  the  vengeance  of  the 
dtate  against  the  wilful  outcasts.  The  messengers  of  justice  and 
of  wrath  await  them  in  the  field,  and  devastation,  famine,  and  every 
concomitant  horror,  that  a  reluctant  but  indispensable  prosecution 
of  military  duty  must  occasion,  will  bar  the  way  to  their  return." 

On  the  first  of  July  he  proceeded  to  invest  Ticonderoga,  whert 


BUR. 


127 


gi^ncfral  8t.  Clair  was  stationed  with  about  three  thbuaand  effcctire 
rank  and  file)  many  o    whom  were  without  bayonets.    The  Works 
irere  extensive  Mid  incomplete,  and  required  ten  thousand  men  for 
their  defence.      The  British  army  was  larger,  than  had  been  ex> 
pected.    When  the  investment  was  almost  complete,  general  St. 
Clair  called  a  council  of  war,  and  the  immediate  evacuation  of  the 
fort  was  unanimously  advised.     Preparations  for  the  retreat  wene 
accordingly  made  in  the  night  of  the  fifth  of  July.     Burgoyne  the 
next  morning  enjgaged  in  the  pursuit,  and  with  the  grand  division  of 
the  army  in  gun  boats  and  two  frigates  proceeded  to  the  falls  of 
Skeensborough ;  but  meeting  with  opposiuon  in  this  place  from  the 
works,  which  had  been  constructed,  he  rietumed  to  South  Bay, 
where  he  landed.    He  followed  the  Americans  however  from 
Skeensborough  to  fort  Edward  on  the  Hudson  river,  where,  after 
cwiducting  Ins-army  with  incredible  labor  and  fatigue  through  the 
wilderness,  he  arrived  on  the  thirtieth  of  July.    Had  he  returned 
to  Tieonderoga,  and  embarked  on  lake  George,  he  might  easily  have 
proceeded  to  fort  George,  whence  there  was  ^  Waggon  Toad  to  fort 
Edward.    But  he  disliked  the  appearance  of  a  retrograde  m^tioBBi 
though  it  would  have  brought  him  to  the  place  of  his  destination 
much  sooner  and  with  much  less  difficulty.    On  his  approach  gen* 
eral  Schuyler,  who  had  been  joined  by  St.  Cfaur,  passed  over  to  the 
west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  and  retreated  to  Saratoga.    Colonel  St. 
Leger  had  been  destined  to  reach  Albany  from  Canada  by  a  differ- 
ent route.     He  was  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence  to  lake  Ontario,  add 
thence  to  proceed  down  the  Mohawk,    He  had  accordingly  reachdl 
the  head  of  this  river,  and  was  investing  fort  Schuylertfarmerly  call- 
ed fort  Stanwix,when  intelligence  of  his  operations  was  brought  to 
Burgoyne,  who  perceived  theimportanceof  a  rapid  movement  down 
the  Hudson  in  order  to  aid  him  in  his  project,  and  to  effect  the  junc- 
tion of  the  troops.   But  this  intention  could  not  be  executed  whhout 
the  aid  of  ox  teams,  carriages,  and  provisions.    To,  procure  tL  "m  he 
detached  lieutenant  colonel  Baum  with  about  «ix  hundred  men  to 
Bennington,  a  place  about  twenty  four  miles  to  the  eastward  of  Hud- 
son's river,  where  large  supplies  were  deposited  for  the  northeiti 
Amc  rican  army .     But  Baum  was  defeated^  bX  W^loon  creek,  about 
seven  miles  from  Bennington,  on  the  sixteenth  of  August,  and  col- 
onel Breyman,  who  had  advanced  to  his  assistance  vrith  about  five 
hundred  men,  was  obliged  to  retreat.    This  was  the  first  check, 
which  the  northern  army  received.    This  disaster  was  followed  in 
a  few  days  by  another  ;  for  St.  Leger,  being  deserted  by  his  Indiaa 
allies,  who  were  alarmed  by  the  approach  of  general  Arnold  and  by 
a  repdrtof  the  defeat  of  Burgoyne,  was  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  of 
fort  Schuyler  in  such  haste,  that  the  artillery  with  great  part  of  the 
baggage,  ammunition,  and  provisions  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Americans.     As  he  returned  immediately  to  Csoiada,  Burgoyne 
was  cut  off  from  the  hope  of  being  strengthened  by  a  junctbnj.and 


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the  American  forces  were  enabled  to  concentrate  themselves  in  or> 
der  to  oppose  him.     General  Gates  arrived  to  supersede  Schuyler 
and  to  take  the  command  of  the  northern  American  army  on  the 
nineteenth  of  August)  and  his  presenee^  with  the  recent  events,  pro- 
cured a  vast  accession  of  militia,  and  inspired  them  with  the  hope 
of  capturing  the  whole  British  army.     Burgoyne  was  prevented 
from  commencing  his  march  by  the  necessity  of  transporting  pro- 
visions  from  fort  George,  and  every  moment's  delay  increased  tho 
difficulty  of  proceeding.     Having  thrown  a  bridge  of  boats  over 
the  Hudson,  he  crossed  that  river  on  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth 
of  September,  and  encamped  on  the  heights  and  plains  of  Saratoga. 
Gates  immediately  advanced  towards  him,  and  encamped  three 
miles  above  Stillwater.     Burgoyne  was  not  averse  to  a  battle.    He 
accordingly  approached,  and  on  the  nineteenth  a  severe  engage- 
menttook  place.    The  action  commenced  at  about  three  o'clock  and 
lasted  till  night,  when  the  Americans  under  the  command  of  Arnold 
retired  to  their  camp.  The  loss  on  the  part  of  the  Americans  in  killed 
and  wounded  was  between  three  and  four  hundred.  The  loss  of  the 
British  was  about  six  hundred.     Burgoyne  now  found,  that  the  ene- 
my, which  he  had  to  meet,  was  able  to  sustain  an  attack  in  open  plains 
with  the  intrepidity  and  the  spirit  of  veterans.      As  he  had  given 
up  all  communication  with  the  lakes,  he  now  felt  the  necessity  of  a 
diversion  in  his  favor  by  the  British  army  at  New  York.  He  accord" 
ingly  wrote  upon  this  subject  in  the  most  pressing  manner  to  sir 
William  Howe  and  general  Clinton ;  but  no  effectual  aid  was  af' 
forded.    He  was  also  at  this  time  deserted  by  his  Indian  allies,  who 
had  been  disappointed  in  their  hopes  of  plunder,  and  whose  enthu- 
siasm was  chilled.    These  hordes  of  the  wilderness,  of  whom  in  his 
proclamation  he  boasted,  that  '*  he  had  but  to  lift  his  arm  and  beck- 
on by  a  stretch  thereof,"  and  they  would  execute  his  vengeance, 
were  now  "  deaf  t&  every  consideration  of  honor,  and  unmoved  by 
any  representation  made  to  them  of  the  distress,  in  which  their  se- 
cession would  involve  him."     Difficulties  thickened  around  him. 
His  army  was  reduced  to  about  live  thousand  men,  and  they  were 
limited  to  half  the  usual  allowance  of  provisions.     As  the  stock  of 
forage  was  entirely  exhausted,  his  horses  were  perishing  in  great 
numbers.       The  American  army  was  so  much  augmented,  as  to 
render  him  diffident  of  making  good  his  retreat. 

In  this  exigency  he  resolved  to  examine  the  possibility  of  advanc- 
ing, or  of  dislodging  the  Americans,  and  removing  them  to  a  great- 
er distance,  so  as  to  favor  his  retreat,  if  he  should  be  under  the 
necessity  of  resorting  to  that  melancholy  expedient.  For  this  pur- 
pose he  detached  a  body  of  fifteen  hundred  men,  which  he  headed 
(himself,  attended  by  generals  Philips,  Reidesel,  and  Frazer.  This 
detachment,  on  the  seventh  of  October,  had  scarcely  formed  with- 
in less  than  half  a  mile  of  the  American  intrenchments,  when, a  fu- 
rious attack  was  made  on  its  left,  by  the- direction  of  Gates,  who  bad 


H. 


BUR. 


129 


perceived  the  movements  of  the  British.    Ai^old  sooti  premised 
hard  ^n  the  right  under  Burgoyne,  which  with  the  loss  of  the  field 
pieces  and  ^^reat  pail  of  the  artillery  corps  retreated  to  the  camp. 
The  Americans  followed  and  assaulted  the  works  throughout  their 
ffhole  extent  from  right  to  left.     The  works  were  actually  forced 
towards  the  close  of  the  day,  and  colonel  Brooks^  who  had  dislodged 
the  German  reserve,  occupied  the  ground,  which  he  had  gained. 
In  this  action  Burgoyne  lost  a  number  of  his  best  officers,  among 
irhoirt  were  general  Frazcr  and  colonel  Breyman,  many  private^ 
killed,  and  two  hundred  taken  priionei's,  with  nine  pieces  of  brass 
artillery  and  the  encampment  and  equipage  of  the  German  brigade. 
After  the  disasters  of  the  day  he  took  advantage  of  the  night  to 
change  his  position,  and  to  secure  himself  in  the  strong  camp  on  the 
liei^hts.     Apprehensive  however  of  being  enclosed  on  all  sides, 
he  the  next  evening  commenced  his  retreat  to  Saratoga,  where  he 
arrived  on  the  morning  of  the  tenth.    In  his' march  alLthe  dwelling 
houses  on  his  route  were  reduced  to  ashes.  This  movement  had  been 
foreseen,  and  a  force  was  already  stationed  in  his  rear  to  be  ready  to 
cutoffhis  retreat.  No  means  of  extricating  himself  from  difficulty  was 
notr  left  him,  but  to  abandon  his  baggage  and  artillery,  and  by  ford-* 
lag  the  Hudson  to  escape  to  fort  George  through  roads  impassable 
\jj  waggons.    Of  this  last  resource  he  was  deprived  by  the  precau- 
tion of  Gates,  who  had  posted  strong  parties  at  the  foi-ds,  so  that 
tbey  could  not  be  passed  without  aitillery.     In  tkis  dilemma,  when 
his  army  was  reduced  to  about  three  thousand  five  hundred  fighting 
I  men,  and  there  was  no  means  of  procuring  a  supply  of  provisions, 
I  which  were  almost  exhausted,  he  called  a  council  of  war,  and  it  was 
luDanimouBly  agreed  to  enter  into  a  convention  with  general  Gates. 
■The  troops  of  Burgoyne  were  at  first  required  to  ground  their  arms 
1  their  encampments  and  yield  themselves  prisoners  of  war  ;  but 
[this  demand  was  immediately  rejected,  and  th&  American  general 
I  not  think  it  necessary  to  insist  upon  the  rigorous  terms  propos* 
Id.  Th6  convention  was  signed  on  the  seventeenth  of  October,  and 
Itlie  British  army  on  the  same  day  marched  out  of  their  encamp* 
Inent  with  all  the  honors  of  war.  It  was  stipulated,  that  they  should 
|be  permitted  to  embark  for  England,  and  should  not  serve  against 
;  United  States  during  the  war.    The  whole  number  ot  prisoners 
I  live  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  two.      Burgoync's  army 
1  July  consisted  of  upwards  of  nine  thousand  men.    The  army  of 
Gates,  including  twenty^  five  hundred  sick,  amounted  to  thirteen 
lliousand  and  two  hundred.  m.' s<:,w*>f;i;.vjui:.»^ 

The  army  of  Burgoyne  was  <!scorted  to  Cambridge,  in  Massa- 
iuselts,  where  it  was  kept  till  November  of  the  following  year, 
[then  congress  directed  its  removal  to  Charlolteville  in  Virginia. 
)  detention  of  the  troops  was  through  fear,  that  the  convention 
!  be  broken,  and  until  a  ratification  of  it  by  the  court  of  Great 
Vh\n,    Burgoyne  himself  had  obtained  permission  to  repair  to 

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England  on  parolei  where  he  arrived  in  May  1778.  He  met  •  very 
cool  reception,  and  wasdemedadmi&aion  to  the  presence  of  lua  8ove> 
reign.  He  was  even  ordered  immediately  to  repair  to  America 
as  a  prisoner  ;  but  the  ill  state  of  his  health  prevented  his  compli* 
ancc.  At  length  he  was  permitted  to  vindicate  his  character  ;  aooik 
after  which  he  reigned  his  emoluments  from  government  to  the 
amount  of  upwards  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1781,  when  a  majority  of  parUa. 
raent  seemed  resolved  to  persist  in  the  war,  he  joined  the  opposition, 
and  advocated  a  motion  for  the  discontinuance  of  the  fruitless 
contest.  He  knew  that  it  was  impossible  to  conquer  America. 
"  Passion,  prejudice,  and  interest,"  said  he,  '^  may  operate  suddenly 
and  partially  ;  but  when  we  see  one  principle  pervading  the  whole 
continent,  the  Americans  resolutely  encountering  difficulty  and 
death  for  a  course  of  years,  it  must  be  a  strong  vanity  and  presump. 
tion  in  our  own  minds,  which  can  only  lead  us  to  imagine,  that  they 
are  not  in  the  right."  From  the  peace  till  his  death  he  lived  as  a 
private  gentleman,  devoted  to  pleasure  and  the  muses.  His  death 
was  occasioned  by  a  fit  of  the  gout  August  4, 1792.  He  published 
the  maid  of  the  oaks,  an  entertainment ;  bon  ton }  and  the  heiress,  a 
comedy,  which  wei'e  once  very  popular,  and  are  considered  as  res- 
pectable dramatic  compositions.— Grfn^/enum**  magazine  ;  Stedmaiif 
i.  318-~357  ;  MarshallyUi.  231— 291,  393  ;  airdie*9and,Wat. 
kina*  biog.  diet  ;  WarrerCa  hiat.  Amer.  wary  ii.  1— «58  ;  Holme**  an- 
naU,  ii.  383—391  ;  Ramsayy  ii.  27—56  ;  Gordon,  ii.  476—490,538 
— 578  ;  Annual regiater for  1777,  141 — 176; /w  1778,195— 200; 
C;oU./dat.aoc,i\.  104 — 124. 

BURNET  (William),  governor  of  several  of  the  American 
colonies,  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  celebrated  bishop  Burnet,  and 
was  bom  at  the  Hague  in  March  1688.  He  was  named  William 
after  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who  stood  his  godfather.  Previously 
to  his  coming  to  this  country,  he  possessed  a  considerable  fortune ; 
but  it  had  been  wrecked  in  the  south  sea  scheme,  which  reduced  ma* 
ny  opulent  families  to  indigence.  In  the  year  1720  he  was  appointed 
governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  m  the  place  of  Robert 
Hunter,  esquire,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Burnet  as  comptroller  gene- 
ral of  the  accounts  of  the  customs,  a  place  worth  twelve  hundred 
pounds  per  annum.  He  arrived  at  New  York  and  took  upon  him  the 
government  of  that  province  September  17,  1720.  He  continued  in 
this  station  till  his  removal  in  1728.  None  of  his  predecessors  had 
such  extensive  and  just  views  of  the  Indian  affairs,  and  of  the  dan- 
gerous neighborhood  of  the  French,  whose  advances  he  was  fully 
determined  to  check.  He  penetrated  into  their  policy,  being  con- 
vinced from  their  possessing  the  main  passes,  from  their  care  to  con- 
ciliate the  natives,  and  from  the  increase  of  their  settiements  in 
Louisiana,  that  the  British  colonies  had  much  to  fear  from  their  arts 
and  power.    In  his  first  speech  to  the  assembly  he  expressed  hh 


BUR. 


131 


ipprehemions  and«ndeaTored  to  awaken  the  suspicion  of  the  mem- 
ben.    Agreeably  to  his  desire  an  act  was  passed  at  the  first  session, 
prohibiting  the  sale  oi  such  goods  to  the  French,  as  were  suitable 
{gr  the  Indian  trade.    This  was  a  wise  and  necessary    measure ; 
jor  by  means  of  goods,  procured  from  Albany  and  transported  to 
Canada  by  the  Mohawk  and  lake  Ontario,  the  French  were  enabled 
to  divert  the  fur  trade  from  the  Hudson  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
to  seduce  the  fidelity  of  the  Indian  allies.    But  wise  and  necessary, 
as  this  measure  was,  a  clamor  was  raised  agahist  it  by  those,  whose 
interests  were  affected.    The  governor  however  was  not  prevented 
{'rom  pursuing  his  plans  for  the  public  welfare.  He  perceived  the  im- 
portiioce  of  obtaining  the  command  of  lake  Ontario  in  order  to  frus* 
trate  the  project  of  Uie  French  for  establishing  a  chain  of  forts  from 
Canada  to  Louisiana,  so  as  to  confine  the  English  colonies  to  narrow 
limits  along  the  sea  coast.  For  this  purpose  he  began  theenecticm  of 
itrading  house  atOswegoin  the  country  of  theSeneca  Indians  in  1739. 
In  this  year  there  was  a  congroas  at  Albany  of  the  seveitd  governors 
and  commissionei's  on  the  renewal  of  the  ancient  friendship  with 
the  Indians ;  and  governor  Burnet  persuaded  them  to  send  a  mes' 
sage  to  the  eastern  Indians,  threatening  them  with  war,  unless  they 
concluded  a  peace  with  the  English,  who  had  been  much  harassed 
hj  their  frequent  irruptions. 

Another  circumstance,  in  additian  to  the  act  above  mentioned,  in- 
creased the  disaffection  of  the  people  to  the  governor.  As  he  sus* 
tained  the  office  .of  chancellor,  he  paid  great  attention  to  its  duties. 
Though  he  was  not  a  lawyer,  he  in  general  transacted  the  business 
wluch  was  brought  before  him,  with  correctness  and  ability.  He 
had  however  one  (idling,  which  disqualified  him  for  a  station,  which 
sometimes  required  a  paUent  application  of  mind.  His  decisions 
were  precipitate.  He  used  to  say  of  himself, "  I  act  first,  and  think 
afterward."  As  some  cases  were  brought  before  him,  >in  which 
die  path  of  justice  was  not  so  plain  as  to  be  i7istantly  seen,  and  asthe 
establishmentof  the  court  itself  without  the  coitsent  of  the  assemMy 
tras  considered  as  a  grievance,  Mr.  Burnet  saw  a  strong  party  rise 
I  agunst  lum.  His  services  were  overlooked'and  Ms  removal  became 
necessarj .  Such  was  ids  diunterested  zeal'in  prosecuting  his  plan 
1  of  opposition  to  the  French,  that  after  they  had  built  a  large  storc- 
hoose  and  repaired  the  fort  ?.t  Niagara  in  1726,  he  in  the  followhig 
year,  at  his  own  expense,  buik  a  fort  at  Oswego  for  the  protection 
of  the  post  and  trade.  This  was  a  measure  of  the  highest  impcnv 
tance  to  the  colonies.  "^ 

In  the  government  of  New  Jersey,  which  he  enjoyed  atthe-satne 

I  lime  vnth  that  of  New  York,  no  events  of  magnitude  or  interest 

I  took  place.    In  the  session  of  the  assembly,  in  the  year  1731,  a 

Ml!  was  introduced,  which  waa  supposed  to  have  originated  with 

the  governor,  entitled,  "  an  act  against  denying  the  divinity  of  om* 

Savior  Jesus  Christ,  the  doctrine  of  the  blessed  Trinity,  the  truth 


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132 


BUR. 


i    t  J'  «'  I   ■{  y 


of  the  holy  scripturC)  and  spreading  atheistical  books }"  but  it  was 
rejected. 

Mr.  Burnet  was  succeeded  in  his  governments  by  John  Mont- 
gomcriet  esquire,  to  whom  he  delivered  the  great  seal  of  the  prov. 
ince  of  New  York  April  1 5,  1738.  He  left  New  York  with  reluc- 
tance, for  by  his  marriage  with  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Vanhorne  he 
had  become  connected  with  a  numerous  family,  and  he  had  formed 
a  strict  intimacy  and  friendship  with  several  gentlemen  of  learning 
and  worth. 

Being  appointed  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire, 
he  reached  Boston  July  13,  1723,  and  was  received  with  unusiuii 
pomp.  In  his  speech  to  the  assembly  July  34,  he  made  kno^n  his 
instructions  to  insist  upon  a  fixed  salary,  and  expressed  his  inten- 
tion firmly  to  adhere  to  them.  Thus  the  controversy,  which  hadbeen 
agitated  duriqg  the  administration  of  his  predecessor  Shutc,  was 
revived,  On  the  one  hand  it  was  contended,' that  if  the  support  of 
the  governor  depended  upon  an  annual  grant,  he  would  be  laid 
under  constraint,  and  would  not  act  with  the  necessary  independ. 
ence  and  regard  to  the  rights  of  tlie  king.  On  the  other  hand  it 
was  asserted,  that  the  charter  gave  the  assembly  a  full  right  to  raise 
and  appropriate  all  monies  for  tUe  support  of  government,  and  that 
an  honorable  support  would  always  be  afforded  to  a  worthy  chief 
magistrate,  without  rendering  him  completely  independent  of  tho 
people,  whose  interests  he  is  bound  to  promote,  The  governor 
pursued  the  cbntroversy  with  spirit,  but  without  success  ;  and  the 
opposition  had  an  evident  effect  upon  his  spirits.  A  violent  cold, 
occasioned  by  the  oversetting  of  his  carriage  upon  the  causeway »; 
Cambridge,  when  the  tide  was  high,  was  followed  by  a  fever,  which 
terminated  his  life  September  7,  1739.  |le  )vas  succeeded  by  Mr, 
Belcher, 

Governor  Burnet  was  |i  man  of  superior  talents,  and  in  many  re- 
spects of  an  amiable  claaracter.  His  acquaintance  with  books  and 
Hs  free  and  easy  ms^nner  of  communicating  his  sentiments  made 
bim  the  delight  of  men  of  letters.  His  library  was  one  of  the  richest 
private  collections  in  America.  His  right  of  precedence  in  a|l 
tympanies  rei^dered  him  the  more  excusable  in  itidulging  his  natu* 
ral  disposition  by  occupying  a  large  share  in  the  conversation.  To 
the  ladies  he  made  himself  peculiarly  agreeable. 

In  bis  conduct  as  governor  he  discovered  nothing  of  an  avaricious 
spirit,  though  in  order  to  procure  supplies  for  his  family  h?  exceeded 
the  bounds  of  the  law  in  demanding  fees  of  masters  of  vessels. 
JSis  controversy  with  the  assembly  respected  not  the  amount  of  his 
salary,  but  only  the  manner,  in  which  it  should  be  secured  to  him. 
In  his  disposal  of  public  offices  he  was  sometimes  generous,  though 
he  usually  preferred  those,  who  would  favor  his  cause,  and  displao 
§d  some,  ^ho opposed  him.  He  removed  from  his  posts  Mr.  Lynde, 
{( fpemh^r  of  the  hoi^^  whose  integrity  9iad  talents  were  unque^t- 


BUK. 


133 


iooedi  merely  because  he  would  not  vote  for  a  compliance  with  the 
iostructions  given  to  the  governor.  By  this  measure  he  lost  many 
of  his  friends.  It  is  however  highly  to  the  honor  of  Mr.  Burnet) 
that  an  immoral  or  unfair  character  was  in  his  view  a  complete  ex- 
clusion from  office  ;  and  upon  this  principle  only  he  once  gave  his 
negative  to  the  election  of  a  member  of  the  council. 

With  regard  to  his  religion,  he  firmly  believed  the  truth  of  Christ- 
ianity, but  he  seems  ...  to  have  possessed  all  the  seriousness,  which 
would  have  been  honorable  to  his  chai'octcr,  nor  that  constant  sense 
of  obligation  to  the  Giver  of  all  good,  which  the  christian  should 
feel.  Being  invited  to  dine  with  an  aged  gentleman,  who  had  been 
a  senator  under  the  old  charter,  and  who  retained  the  custom  of  say- 
ing grace  sitting,  he  was  asked,  whether  it  would  be  more  agreeable 
to  his  excellency,  that  grace  should  be  said  sitting  or  standing.  The 
governor  replied,  ''  standing  or  sitting,  any  way  or  no  way,  just  as 
you  please."  Another  anecdote  is  the  following.  One  of  the  com- 
mittee, who  went  from  Boston  to  meet  him  on  the  borders  of  Rhode 
Island,  was  the  facetious  colonel  Taller.  Burnet  complained  of  the 
long  graces,  which  were  said  bv  clergymen  on  the  road,  and  asked 
when  they  would  shorten.  Tailer  answered,  <<  the  graces  will  in- 
crease in  length  till  you  come  to  Boston ;  after  that  they  will  short- 
en till  you  come  to  your  government  of  New  Hampstiire,  where 
vour  excellency  will  find  no  grace  at  all,"  The  governor,  though 
the  son  of  a  bishop,  was  not  remarkable  for  his  exact  attendance 
upon  public  worhip.  Mr.  Hutchinson,  one  of  his  successors,  who 
had  a  keener  sense  of  what  was  discreet,  if  not  of  what  was  right* 
thinks  that  he  should  have  conformed  more  to  the  customs  and  prej- 
udices of  New  England.  But  he  had  no  talent  at  dissimulation,  and 
his  character  presented  itself  fully  to  view.  He  did  not  appear 
better  thm  he  really  was.  He  sometimes  wore  a  cloth  coat,  lined 
with  velvet ;  it  was  said  to  be  expressive  of  his  character.  By  a 
clause  in  his  last  will  he  ordered  his  body  to  be  buried  in  the  nearest 
church  yard  or  burying  ground,  as  he  had  no  attachment  to  partic- 
ular modes  and  forms* 

He  published  some  astronomical  observations  in  the  transactions 
of  the  royal  society,  and  an  essay  on  scripture  prophecy,  wherein 
it  is  endeavored  to  explain  the  three  periods  contained  in  the  twelftli 
chapter  of  Daniel,  w^th  arguments  to  prove,  that  the  first  period  ex- 
pired in  iri^.  This  was  published  in  1734,  4to,  pp.  167./— ^Smith*8 
fdst.M".  Yorkt  151~-173,  ed.  in  4to;  Hutchinson^  ii.  S.*}^ — 366; 
Belkna/i'g  JV.  ffamfiahirey  li.  93--p95  ;  Manhalty  i.  390—299,  306  ; 
Bardie* 8  bio^,  diet.;  Caiman's  H/e,  J 96;  Johnson's  ti/cy  41,  43  ; 
ypnoty\.  61, 

BURR  (JoNATPAN^,  minister  of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  at  Redgrave  m  Suffolk,  England,  about  the  year  1604. 
He  gave  early  indications  of  an  inquisitive,  studious,  and  pious 
mind,     While  h^  was  much  attached  to  books,  the  bible  waspe- 


134 


BUR. 


mi; 


¥     < 


|l     ft'! 


'M 


culUrljr  his  delight,  and  by  means  of  its  instructions,  which  were  d. 
miliar  to  him  from  childhood,  he  was  made  wise  to  salvation.  Hence 
he  was  conscientious  in  secret  prayer  ;  his  whole  deportment  was 
guarded  and  serious ;  and  his  sabbaths  were  entirely  occupied  in  the 
exercises  becoming  a  day  of  holy  rest.  His  pious  parents  observed 
>with  satisfaction  the  promising  disposition  of  their  son ;  and  being 
desirous  to  consecrate  him  to  the  service  of  God  and  his  church 
determined  to  bestow  upon  him  a  learned  education.  He  was  accord- 
ingly sent  to  the  univertrity,  where  he  conUnued  three  or  four  years, 
when  the  course  of  his  academical  studies  was  interrupted  by  tlr 
death  of  his  &ther.  Being  compelled  by  this  melancholy  event  to  retire 
into  the  country,  he  undertook  the  instruction  of  a  school ;  but  he 
still  pursued,  with  unabated  ardor,  his  dcidgn  of  accompUsMng 
himself  in  the  various  branches  of  knowledge.  The  awful  provi. 
deuce  of  God,  he  would  remark,  by  which  he  was  precluded  from 
those  employments  and  honors  in  the  university,  of  which  he  was 
very  fond,  produced  an  effect,  for  which  he  had  reason  to  admire 
the  divine  wisdbm.  It  promoted  in  him  a  humility  and  seriousness, 
which  rendered  him  more  fit  for  the  great  work  of  turning  many 
to  righteousness. 

After  haWng  preached  for  some  time  at  Hominger,  near  Bury  in 
Suffolk,  he  was  called  to  take  the  charge  of  a  congregation  at  Reck- 
ingshal  in  the  same  county.  Here  he  approved  himself  a  fai^hfnl 
minister  of  the  gospel.  By  an  explicit  and  solemn  covenant  he 
obligated  himself  to  the  most  conscientious  discharge  of  the  bigb 
<duties,  devolved  upon  him.  He  often  *  and  earnestly  prayed,  that 
whatever  he  preached  to  others,  he  might  preach  from  his  own  ex- 
perience. Yet  he  not  unfrequently  lamented  to  his  friends,  **  alas ! 
I  preach  not  what  I  am,  but  what  I  ought  to  be.** 
''  Being  silenced  in  England  with  many  others  for  relating  the  im- 
positions  of  the  prelatical  party,  and  i^prehen^ng,  that  csdamities 
were  in  store  for  the  nation,  he  came  to  New  England  in  1039, 
willing  to  forego  all  worldly  advantages,  that  he  might  enjoy  the 
ordinances  of  the  gospel  in  their  purity.  He  was  admitted  a  mem- 
ber of  the  church  in  Dorchester  under  the  pastoral  care  of  Mr. 
Richard  Mather  on  the  twenty  first  of  December.  He  was  in  a 
flhotrt  time  invited  to  settle  as  a  colleague  with  Mr.  Mather  in  the 
n&mstry ;  but  beforo  accepting  the  invitation  a  misunderstanding 
arose,  which  made  it  necessary  to  ask  the  advice  of  the  neighboring 
churches.  A  council  was  accordingly  called  February  8, 1 640,  con- 
^sdng  of  governor  Winthrop  and  another  magistrate  and  ten  min- 
isters. Four  days  were  spent  in  examining  and  discussing  the  af- 
&ir.  It  appeared,  that  Mr.  Burr  had  been  suspected  of  some  er- 
rors, and  behig  directed  to  give  his  opinions  in  writing  tr  Illr.  Ma^ 
ther,  the  latter  had  reported  the  exceptionable  expressions  and  the 
erroneous  sentiments  to  the  church,  without  tdluding  to  the,  quali- 
fications} wliich  they  might  receive  from  other  parts  of  the  wridng. 


H 


1 


BUR. 


135 


I'tiese  errors  Mr.  ButT  disclaimed.      The  council  in  their  result 
declared,  that  both  these  good  men  had  cause  to  be  humbled  ibr  their 
billngs,  and  advised  them  to  set  apart  a  day  for  reconciliation.    This 
«ss  accordingly  done.    The  spirit  of  niceluicss  uud  love  triumph- 
ed, the  mutual  a£fection  of  the  ministers  wias  restored, and  the  peace 
of  tiie  church  was  happily  reestablished.    Mr.  Ourr,  whose  faith 
bad  been  somewhat  shaken,    by    means  of  the  discussion  was 
confirmed  in  the  truth,  and  he  humbled  himself  with  many  tears. 
He  and  his  family  were  in  this^ycar  taken  sick  with  the  small  pox» 
which,  as  inoculation  was  not  practised,  was  a  very  dangerous  dis- 
order ;  but  he  happily  recovered.      On  this  occasion  he  renewed 
the  dedication  of  himself  to  God,  resolving  to  act  only  for  his  glory 
and  the  good  of  his  brethren,  and  not  to  be  governed  by  selfish- 
ness  ;  to  live  in  humility  and  with  a  sense  of  his  complete  depend- 
ence upon  divine  grace  ;  to  be  watchful  over  his  own  hcart,lest  his 
reliance  should  be  transferred  from  the  Creator  to  the  creature  ; 
to  be  mindful,  that  God  heareth  prayer ;  and  to  bend  his  exertions^ 
with  more  diligence  for  the  promotion  of  pious  affections  in  lum- 
self  and  in  his  family.    He  lived  afterwards  answerably  to  these 
holy  resolutions.    The  most  experienced  christians  in  the  country 
found  his  ministry,  and  his  whole  deportment  breathing  much  of 
the  spirit  of  a  better  world.    The  eminent  Mr.  Hooker,  once  hear^ 
iog  him  preach,  remarked, "  surely  this  man  will  not  be  long  out 
of  heaven,  for  he  preaches,  as  if  he  were  there  already."    He  died 
after  a  short  sickness  August  9,  1641,  aged  thirty  seven  years. 

Mr.  Burr  was  esteemed  both  in  Englarid  and  in  this  country  for 
i)\i  {uety  and  learning.    His  modesty  and  self  diffidenee  were  un- 
commonly great.    He  could  with  difficulty  imagine,  that  perform- 
ances such  as  his  could  be  productive  of  any  good.     Yet  he  was 
sometimes  most  happily  disappointed.  Having  been  by  much  impor- 
tunity prevailed  on  to  preach  at  a  distance  fr«m  home,  he  returned, 
making  the  most  humiliating  reflections  on  his  sermon.  "  It  must 
surely  be  of  God,"  sud  he,  *'  if  any  good  is  done  by  so  unworthy  an 
instrument."     Yet  this  sermon  was  instrumental  in  the  conversion 
of  a  person  of  eminence,  who  heard  it,  and  whose  future  life  m^i-> 
fcsted,  that  he  was  a  christian  indeed.    It  was  his  custom  on  the 
sabbath,  aiiter  his  public  labors,  to  retire  to  bis  closet,  where  he  sup- 
plicated forgiveness  of  the  sins,  which  hadattended  his  performanc- 
es, and  implored  the  divine  blessing  upon  them.    He  then  spent 
some  hours  in  praying  with  his  &mily  and  instructing  them  in  the 
great  truths  and  duties  of  religion.    When  he  was  deured  to  re- 
lax his  excessive  exertions  to  do  good,  lest  he  should  be  exhausted, 
he  replied,  '^  it  is  better  to  be  worn  out  with  the  work,  than  to  be 
eaten  out  witb;rust."  He  began  each  day  with  secret  prayer.  He  then 
carefully  meditated  on  a  chapter  of  the  bible,  which  he  afterwards, 
at  the  time  of  d(»nestic  worsfdp,  expounded  to  liis  family  ami  such 
neighbors,  as  wished  to  be  present,    A  similar  course  l:e  pursued 


*lll 


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BUH. 


I; 


at  evening.  He  genenUly  ipent  some  time  after  diimer  in  pra)  in/ 
with  hii  wife.  Immediately  before  retiring  to  restt  he  umployed 
half  an  hour  in  recollecting  and  confeniug  the  tins  of  the  day,  in 
grateful  acknowledgments  of  divine  merciest  and  in  tupplications  to 
be  prepared  for  sudden  death.  Previously  to  each  celebration  of 
the  Lord's  supper,  he  kept  with  his-wife  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer, 
not  merely  as  a  preparative  for  that  sacred  ordinance,  but  as  a  sea- 
son for  imploring  the  blessing  of  God  on  his  family  and  neighbor- 
hood. Absence  Irom  iiome  was  irksome  to  him,  particularly  as  it 
deprived  him  of  those  opportunities  of  holding  intercourse  with 
heaven,  on  which  he  placed  so  great  a  value.  But  when  he  jour- 
neyed with  his  friends,  he  did  not  fall  to  edify  them  by  profitable 
conversation  ;  especially  by  instructive  remarks  on  such  objects  and 
occurrences,  as  presented  themselves  to  his  attention.  In  the  re- 
collection of  these  scenes  he  was  accustomed  to  inquire,  what  good 
had  been  done  or  gained,  what  useful  examples  seen,  and  what  val- 
uable instructions  heard. 

While  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  ministerial  work,  he  was  not 
anxious  for  any  other  reward,  than  what  he  found  in  the  service  it- 
self. If  any,  who  hoped  that  they  had  received  spiritual  benefit 
through  his  exertions,  sent  him  expressions  of  their  gratitude,  he 
would  pray  that  he  might  not  have  his  portion  in  these  things. 
Nor  was  he  backward  to  remind  his  grateful  friends,  that  whatever 
good  they  had  received  through  him,  the  glory  should  be  ascribed 
to  God  alone.  It  was  in  preaching  the  gospel,  that  he  found  his 
highest  enjoyment  in  life.  In  proportion  to  the  ardor  of  his  piety 
was  the  extent  of  his  charity.  He  sincerely  loved  his  fellow  men, 
and  while  their  eternal  interests  pressed  with  weight  on  his  heart, 
he  entered  with  lively  sympathy  into  their  temporal  afflictions. 
Rarely  did  he  viut  the  poor  without  communicating  what  was  com- 
fortable to  the  body,  as  well  as  what  was  instructive  and  salutary  to 
the  soul.  When  he  was  reminded  of  the  importance  of  having  a 
greater  regard  to  his  own  interest,  he  replied,  I  often  think  of 
those  words,  **  he  that  soweth  sparingly  shall  reap  sparingly."  For 
the  ^neral  interests  of  religion  in  the  world  he  felt  so  lively  a 
concern,  that  his  personal  joys  and  sorrows  seemed  inconsiderable 
in  comparison.  He  was  bold  and  zealous  in  withstanding  every 
thing,  which  brought  dishonor  on  the  name  of  God  ;  but  under  per- 
sonal injuries  he  was  exemplarily  meek  and  patient.  When  inform- 
ed, that  any  thought  meanly  of  him,  his  reply  was,  "I  think 
meanly  of  myself,  and  therefore  may  well  be  content,  that  others 
think  meanly  of  me."  When  charged  with  what  was  faulty,  he 
remarked, "  if  men  see  so  much  evil  in  me,  what  does  God  see  ?" 
In  his  last  sickness  he  exhibited  uncommon  patience  and  submis- 
sion. He  was  perfectly  resigned  to  the  will  of  God.  Just  before 
his  death,  as  his  faith  w^s  greatly  tried,  and  he  endured  a  sharp  ,con- 
lict,  a  person,  who  was  standing  by,  remarked,  "  this  is  one  of  Sa- 


BUR. 


137 


.^>«  last  assaults  ;  ho  is  a  subtle  enemy,  and  would,  If  it  were  poa* 
uble,  deceive  the  very  elect."  Mr.  Burr  rcpeuted  the  expresaion* 
» \i  it  were  possible,"  and  added,  **  but  blessed  be  God,  there  is  no 
poisibility."  He  then  requc9ted  to  be  left  alone  for  prayer. 
Dtit  seeing  the  company  reluctant  to  depart,  he  prayed  in 
l^tin  as  long  as  he  had  strength.  He  then  called  for  his  wifef 
and  steadfastly  fixing  his  eyes  upon  her  s«ad,  **  cast  thy  care  upon 
(iod,  for  he  curcth  ior  thee."  He  soon  afterwards  expired.  He 
left  four  children.  His  eldest  son  wus  educated  at  Harvard  college. 
[[is  widow  married  the  honorable  Richurd  Dummer,  esquire,  with 
>vhom  she  lived  happily  near  iorty  yctin^-— Mather'*  magnalia^  iii.  78 
^l;  Panofiliaty  Sefitembert  1609  i  Winthro/i't  journaly  216  i  Har^ 
rii'  hitt.  <if  Dorchctiter  in  Collect,  hitt.  «oc.  ix.  173—175. 

BUHK  (Aahon),  president  of  New  Jersey  college,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Fairfield  in  Connecticut,  and  was  bom  in  the  year  1714.  Hi* 
incestors  for  a  number  of  generations  had  lived  in  that  colony,  and 
were  persons  of  great  respectability.  He  descended,  it  is  believed* 
from  the  reverend  Jonathan  Burr  of  Dorchester.  He  was  graduated 
at  Yale  college  in  1735.  In  1742  he  was  invited  to  take  the  pastoral 
charge  of  the  presbyterian  church  at  Newark  in  New  Jersey.  Here 
he  became  so  eminent  as  an  able  and  learned  divine  and  an  accom- 
plished scholar,  that  in  1748  he  was  unanimously  elected  preudentof 
the  college,  which  he  was  instrumental  in  founding,  as  successorto Mr. 
Dickinson.  The  college  was  removed  about  this  time  from  Eliza- 
bcthtown  to  Newark  and  in  1757,  a  short  time  before  the  death  of 
Mr.  Burr^to  Princeton.  In  1754  he  accompanied  Mr.  Whitefield 
to  Boston,  having  a  high  esteem  for  the  character  of  that  eloquent 
itinerant  preacher,  and  greatly  rejoicing  in  the  success  of  his  la- 
bors. After  a  life  of  usefulness  and  honor,  devoted  to  his  Master  in 
heaven,  he  was  called  into  the  eternal  world  September  24,  1757) 
in  the  midst  of  his  dayti.  being  in  the  forty  third  year  of  his  age. 

President  Bit  ,  was  a  person  of  a  slender  and  a  delicate  make^ 
yet  to  encounter  fatigue  he  had  a  heart  of  steel.    To  amazing  tal- 
ents for  the  dM{Mtch  of  business  he  joined  a  constancy  of  mind* 
ihat  commonly  secured  to  him  success.      As  long  aS  an  enterprise 
ippcared  pos^ble,  he  yielded  to  no  discouragement.  The  flourishing 
I  state  of  the  college  of  New  Jersey  was  much  owing  to  his  great  and 
I  jssiduous  exenion.    It  was  in  a  great  degree  owing  to  his  influence 
,  with  the  legislature  and  to  his  intimacy  and  friendship  with  gover- 
nor Belcher,  that  the  charter  was  enlarged  in  1746.     The  first  clasa 
I  vas  graduated  in  1748,  the  first  of  year  his  presidency.     When  his 
semces  were  requested  by  the  trustees  of  the  college  in  soliciting 
(lonadons  for  the  purchase  of  a  library  and  philosophical  apparatus* 
and  for  erecting  a  building  for  the  accommodation  of  the  students* 
he  engaged  with  hb  usual  zeal  in  the  undertakings  and  every  where 
net  with  the  encouragement,  which  the  design  so  fblly  deserved.  A 
place  being  fixed  upon  at  Princeton  for  the  site  of  the  new  huilding* 

18 


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the  superintendence  of  the  W6rk  wat  solely  committecTto  him.  Uq-. 
til  the  spring  of  1757)  when  the  college  was  removed  to  Newaik, 
he  discharged  the  duties  both  of  president  and  pastor  of  a  church. 

Few  tirere  more  perfect  in  the  art  of  rendering  themselves  agree- 
able in  company.  He  knew  the  avenues  td  the  human  heart,  and 
he  possessed  the  rare  power  of  pleasing  without  betraying  a  derign 
to  please.  Ashe  was  free  from  ostentation  and  parade,  no  one 
would  have  suspected  his  learning  unlebs  his  subject  required  him 
td  display  it,  and  (hen  every  one  was  surprised  that  a  person  so  well 
aCSciminted  with  books  should  yet  possess  such  ease  in  conversotioc 
ahd  such  freeddtn  of  behavior.  He  inspired-  all  around  him  with 
cheerfulness.  His  arms  were  opeh  to  good  men  of  every  denomi- 
nation. A  sweetness  of  temper,  obliging  courtesy  and  mildness  of 
manners  joined  to  an  engaging  candor  of  sentiment  spread  a  glory 
over  his  reputation,  and  endeared  hi!s  person  to  all  his  acqumnt' 
aihce.  Though  steady  to  his  own  principles  he  vras  free  from  all 
bigotry. 

In  the  pulpit  he  shone  with  superior  lustre.  He  was  fluent,  copi. 
ous,  sublime^  and  persuasive.  Having  a  clear  and  harmonious  voice, 
wfaicii  was  capable  of  expressing  the  various  passions,  and  taking  a 
deep  interest  in  his  subjects,  he  could  not  fidl  to  reach  the  heart. 
His  invention  Wfts  exhaustless,  and  hh  elocution  wasi  equal  to  his 
ideiasi  He  was  not  one  of  those  preachers,  who  soothe  tlieir  leav- 
ers with  a  delAsiVe  hope  of  safety,  who  substitute  morality  in  the 
|JIace  of  holiness,  and  yield  the  important  doctrines  of  the  gospel 
through  feiar  of  displeasing  the  more  reputable'sinners.  He  insist- 
ed  vpott  the  great  and  universal  duty  of  repentance,  as  all  were 
guilty  and  condemned  by  tlie  dWine  law.  He  never  wished  to  ad- 
miinister  consolattion,  till  the  h^avt  was  renewed  and  consecrated  un- 
to God.  When  he  saw  the  soul  humbled,  he  then  dwelt  upon  the 
riches  of  redeeming  niercy,  and  expatiated  upon  the  glories  of  him, 
iirho  was  God  manifest  in  the  fleshy  It  was  his  endeavor  to  alarm 
thethoiughtle^s^  to  fix  upon  the  conscience  a  sense  of  sin,  to  revive 
tlie  dtec6ns1>kitiB,  to  animate  the  penitent,  to  recleim  the  relapsmg, 
to  ccflaflrm  the  irresolute^  and  to  establish  the  futhful.  He  wished 
to  t«8t6rd  to  inan  the  beautifdl  image  of  God  disfigured  by  the  a- 
postasy .  His  llfb  aiid  example^  were  a  comment  on  his  sermons, 
and  by  his  engaging  deportment  he  rendered  the  amiable  character 
of  a  christian  still  more  attracdye  and  lovely. 

Hfe  Wl^'dist^igtiished  for  his  public  spirit.  Amidst  his  other 
Ciai'ea  hb  ^tudiedf  and  planned,  and  toiled  for  the  good  of  his  coun- 
try, tie  had  a  high  sense  of  English  liberty  and  detested  despotic 
pbWetw  the  baoie  of  human  Iiappiness.  He  conud^red  the  heresy 
of  AriUs  a»  not  more  Satal  fb  the  purity  of  the  gospel,  than  the  po- 
utiohs  bf  Filmer  were  to  the  dignity  of  man  and  the  repose  of 
states.  But  though  he  had  much  of  that  patriotic  spirit,  which  is  oma- 
tttftttil  even  to  a  christian  minister,  he  very  cautiously  intermet!- 


BUR, 


139 


^  with  any  matters  olt^  political  nature*  being  aware  of  the  invidi- 
ous constructions,  which  are  commonly  put  upon  the  most  une^ 
ceptionable  attempts,  made  by  men  of  his  profesuon  to  promote  the 
public  wel&re.  He  was  a  correspondent  of  the  Scotch  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel.;  and  he  thought  no  labor  too  great  in  the 
prosecution  of  an  enterprise,  which  promised  to  illununate  the 
gloomy  wilderness  with  the  beams  of  evangelical  truth. 

He  preuded  over  the  college  with  dignity  and  reputaUon.  Hfe 
liad  the  most  engaging  method  of  instruction  and  a  singular  talent 
ia  communicating  his  sentiments.  While  he  stripped  learning  <^ 
its  mysteries,  and  presented  the  most  intricate  subjects  in  the  clear- 
est light,  and  thus  enriched  bis  pupils  with  the  treasures  of  learning, 
be  wished  also  tu  implant  in  their  minds  the  seeds  of  virtue  and  rer 
ligion.  He  took  indetUtiguble  pains  in  regard  to  their  religiou^^- 
struction,  and  with  zeal,  solicitude,  and  parental  affection  pressed 
upon  them  the  care  of  their  souls,  and^wiUi  melting  tenderness  urg- 
ed the  importance  of  their  becoming  the  true  disciples  of  the  ho- 
ly Jesus.  In  some  instances  his  pious  exertions  were  attended 
with  success.  In  the  government  of  the  college  he  exhibited  th^ 
greatest  impartiality  and  wisdom.  Though  in  judgment  and  tem- 
per inclined  to  mild  measures,  when  these  failed*  he  would  resort 
to  a  necessary  severity,  and  no  connexions  could  prevent  the  equiU 
^stributbn  of  justice.  In  no  college  were  the  studeiHs  more  nar- 
rowly inspected  dnd  prudently  guarded,  or  vice  of  every  kind  more 
effectually  searched  out,  and  discountenanced  or  suppressed.  He 
secured  with  the  same  ease  the  obedience  and  love  of  his  pupils. 

The  year  after  he  took  his  first  degree  he  resided  at  New  Haven, 
and  this  is  the  period,  when  his  mind  was  first  enlightened  with  the 
knowledge  of  the  way  of  salvation.  In  his  private  papers  he  wrote 
M  follows  i  "  this  year  God  saw  fit  to  open  my  eyes,  and  shew  me 
what  a  miserable  creature  I  was.  Till  then  I  had  spent  my  life  in 
a  dream ;  and  as  to  the  great  design  of  my  being  had  lived  in  vain. 
Though  before  I  had  been  under  frequent  convictions,  and  was 
driven  to  a  form  of  religion,  yet  I  knew  nothing  as  I  ought  to  know. 
But  then  I  was  brought  to  the  footstool  of  sovereign  grace  ;  saw 
myself  polluted  by  nature  and  practice ;  had  affecting  views  of  the 
divine  wrath  I  deserved  ;  was  made  to  despair  of  help  in  myself, 
and  almost  concluded,  that  my  day  of  grace  was  past.  It  pleased 
God,  at  length,  to  reveal  his  §c..  ^o  me  m  the  gospel,  an  all  suifficient 
and  willing  Savior,  and  I  hope  inclined  me  to  receive  him  on  the 
terms  of  the  gospel.  I  received  some  consolation,  and  found  a 
great  change  in  myself.  'Before  this  Ivwas  strongly  attached  to  the 
Arminian  scheme,but  then  I  was  made  to  see  those  things  in  a  dif- 
ferent light,  and  seemiingly.ielt  the  truth  of  the  Calvinian  doctrines." 
He  was  unfluctuating.an  principle  and  ardent  in  devotion,  raising  his 
heart  continually  to  the  Father  of  mercies  in  adoration  and  prtdse. 
ile  kept  his  eye  fixed  upon  the  high  destiny  ..of  man,  and  lived  M 


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•piritual  life.  The  efficacy  of  his  religious  principles  was  evinced 
by  hu  benevolence  and  charity.  From  the  grace  of  God  he  receiv 
ed  a  liberal  and  generous  disposition,  and  from  his  bounty  the  pow- 
er of  gratifying  the  desire  of  doing  good. 

At  the  approach  pf  death  that  gospel,  which  he  had  praached 
to  others,  and  which  discloses  a  crucified  Redeemer,  gave  him  sup> 

Sort.  He  was  patient  and  resigned,  and  was  cheered  with  the  !r,-e- 
est  hope.  The  king  of  terrors  was  disarmed  of  his  sting. 
Mr.  Burr  married  in  1752  a  daughter  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  his 
successor  Ip  the  presidency  of  tlie  college.  She  died  in  1758,  the 
year  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  in  the  twenty  seventh  year  of 
her  age:  leaving  two  children,  one  of  whom  was  Aaron  Burr,  late 
^ce  president  of  the  United  States,  and  the  other  a  daughter,  who 
vas  married  to  judge  Reeve  of  Connecticut.  She  died  a  number  of 
years  ago.  Mrs.  Burr  was  in  every  respect  an  ornament  to  her  sex, 
being  equally  distinguished  fpr  the  suavity  of  her  temper,  the 
gracefulness  of  her  manners,  her  literary  accomplishments,  and  her 
unfeigned  regard  to  religiop.  She  combined  a  lively  imagination, 
a  penetrating  mind,  an4  a  correct  judgment.  When  only  seven  or 
eight  years  of  age  she  was  brought  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth, 
as  it  is  in  Jesus,  and  her  conduct  through  life  was  becoming  the  gos- 
pel. Her  religion  did  not  cast  a  gloom  over  her  mind,  but  made 
her  cheerful  and  happy,  and  rendered  the  thought  of  death  trans- 
porting. She  left  a  number  of  manuscripts  upon  interesting  sub- 
jeer',  and  it  was  hoped  tliey  would  have  been  made  public  ;  but 
they  are  now  lost. 

Mr.  Burr  published  a  valuable  treatise,  which  displays  his  talents 
in  controversial  theology,  entitled,  the  supreme  deity  of  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ  maintained  in  a  letter  to  the  dedicator  of  Mr.  Emlyn's 
inquiry  ;  reprinted  at  Boston  in  1791.  He  published  also  a  fast 
sermon  on  account  of  the  encroachments  of  the  French  and  their 
designs  agdnst  the  British  colonies  in  America,  delivered  at  New- 
ark January  1,  1755  ;  the  watchman's  answer^o  the  question,  what 
of  the  night  ?  a  sermon  before  the  synod  of  New  York,  convened 
at  Newark  September  SO,  1756  j  a  funeral  sermqi^  at  the  interment 
of  governor  Belcher,  September  4,  1757.  This  was  preached  but 
a  few  days  before  his  own  death,  and  his  exertions  in  a  very  feeble 
state  of  health  to  honor  the  memory  of  a  highly  respected  friend, 
it  is  thought,  accelerated  that  event.'-— Livinggton^a  Juneral  elo^ 
gium  i  Smithes  funeral  aermon^  and  preface  to  Burr*a  aermon  on 
the  death  of  Belcher ;  ,Miller*a  retroafiect,  ii.  345  ;  Hardie^a  bhg.  die- 
tionary  ^  Edwardit*  lifcy  afifiendix. 

BURRILL  (John),  speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives  of 
Massachusetts,  sustdned  this  office  for  many  years  during  the  ad- 
ininistration  of  governor  Shute,  and  acquitted  himself  m  it  with 
jjreat  reputation.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  great  integrity,  his 
fic^uaiQtance  with  %hp  forins  of  parliamentarjr  proceedings,  the  dig> 


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141 


pitjr  and  authority,  with  which  he  filled  the  chair,  and  for  tlie  order 
and  decorum,  which  he  maintained  in  the  debates  of  the  house.  In 
(he  year  1720  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  council.  He  might 
have  received  this  honor  for  a  number  of  the  preceding  yeai's  ; 
but  he  made  himself  contented  with  the  station,  which  he  occupied. 
He  died  of  the  small  pox  at  Lynn  December  10,  172 1,  in  the  sixty 
fourth  year  of  his  age.  ^  Besides  sustaining  the  offices  above  men- 
tioned, he  was  also  one  of  the  judges  of  the  county  of  Essex.  To 
his  other  accomplishments  there  was  added  an  exemplary  piety. 
The  morning  and  evening  incense  of  prayer  to  God  ascended  from 
Iiis  family  ^Xtxt.'— Henchman* s funeral  sermon  ;  HvtchinaQn*a  kistory 
(jf  Maaaachtuetta  ii.  334. 

BURROUGHS  (Georor),  one  of  the  victims  of  the  witch- 
craft delusion  in  1693,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1670, 
and  succeeded  Mr.  Bayley  as  a  pireacher  at  Salem  village  in  1681. 
After  reinaining  here  a  few  years  he  left  his  family,  and  went  *o 
Falmouth,  now  Portland,  in  the  district  of  Mi:ine  in  1685,  where 
he  preached  till  the  town  was  sacked  by  the  Indians  in  1690.  He 
then  returned  to  Salem  village,  or  Danvers.  In  1 693  he  was  accus- 
ed of  witchcraft,  and  was  brought  to  trial  on  the  fifth  of  August.  In 
his  indictment  it  was  stated,  that  by  his  wicked  arts  one  Mary  Wol* 
cott  was  '^  tortured,  afHicted,  pined,  consumed,  wasted,  and  torment- 
ed." The  evidence  against  him  was  derived  principally  from  the 
'estimony  of  the  afRicted  persons,  as  those  were  called^who  were 

ipposed  to  be  bewitched,  and  from  that  of  the  confessing  witches. 
1  he  spectre  of  a  little  black  haired  man,  it  was  testified,  had  in- 
flicted cruel  pains,  and  appeared  as  a  head  conjuror.  Two  of  his 
vives  had  appeared  to  the  witnesses,  saying,  that  he^was  the  cause 
of  their  death,  and  threatening,  if  he  denied  it,  that  they  would  ap- 
pear in  court.  Accordingly  during  his  trial  the  afflicted  pers(His 
were  thrown  into  a  paroxism  of  horror  by  the  spectres  of  his  wives, 
vho  were  mindful  of  their  engagement.  The  confessing  witches 
affirmed,  that  he  had  attended  witch  meetings  with  them,  and  com- 
pelled them  to  the  snares  of  witchcraft.  He  was  also  accused  of 
performing  such  feats  of  extraordinary  strength,  as  could  not  be 
performed  without  diabolical  assistance,  such  as  carrying  a  barrel  of 
jDioIasses  through  a  difficult  place  from  a  canoe  to  the  shore,  and 
putting  his  fore  finger  into  the  muzzle  of  a  large  gun,  and  holding 
it  out  straight.  He  pleaded  his  innocence  ;  but  it  was  in  vain.  He 
had  excited  prejudices  against  him,  while  he  lived  in  Salem,  and 
he  was  now  doomed  to  suffer  with  many  others  through  the  infatu- 
ation, which  prevailed.  He  was  executed  on  the  nineteenth  of  Au- 
gust. At  his  execution  he  made  a  speech  asserting  his  innocence, 
and  concluded  his  dying  prayer  with  the  Lord's  prayer,  probably  to 
vindicate  his  character,  as  it  was  a  received  opinion,  that  a  witch 
could  not  repeat  the  Loi'd's  prayer  without  mistake.  This  last  ad- 
dress to  heayen  was  uttered  with  sych  composure  and  fervency 


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of  spirit,  ai  draw  tears  from  the  spectators.-«Aea/'«  Al  JKngland,  iu 
130— '134,  144;  //u/eA/n«on,ii.  37,  56;  CoUec(ionahi»t.'«oc.vi.265, 
268;  Sullivan**  hitt.  Maine,  209 — 313  ;  Cal^t  more  ivondert  ^ 
the  invUible  world,  fire/aecj  and  \03j  \04i.         ;i  ijij  (  j.j 

BURT  (John),  minister  of  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  was  graduate 
«d  at  Harvard  college  in  1736,  and  was  ordained  about  the  year 
1 74 1 .  He  died  October  7, 1 775,  aged  fifty  eight  years.  His  death 
was  very  singular.  C4ptsdn  James  Wallace,  a  British  commander, 
had  commenced  a  heavy  cannonade  upon  the  town  at  a  time,  when  an 
epidemical  sickness  was  prevailing.  Those,  who  were  able,  fled 
from  the  town.  Mr.  Burt,  though  weak  and  sick,  endeavored  to 
escape  the  impending  destruction.  He  was  afterwards  found  dead 
in  an  adjacent  field,  supposed  to  have  been  overcome  by  fatigue. 
No  other  person  was  injured  in  the  attack.  He  was  a  sound  divine 
and  a  venerable  servant  of  Jesus  Christ,  preaching  the  true 
doctrines  of  grace*-- ^/iccoun/  of  Bristol;   Warren* s  hint,  war,  i.  244. 

BUSS  (John),  remarkable  for  longevity,  died  at  Durham  in 
New  Hampshire  in  1 736  aged  one  hundred  and  eight  years.  Though 
never  ordai  sd,  he  had  been  a  preacher  -cf  the  gospel  for  thirty 
three  years  ;  he  had  also  been  a  practitioner  of  physic.  He  was 
remarkabiy  active  and  vigorous  at  a  very  advanced  age. — Belknap's 
JVew  Hamfiahire,  m.  250.  .    ^ ,  ,^^^^ .i*ji  «i»k  ^»  | 

BUTLER  (Richard,)  a  brave  officer  durmg  the  war  of  the 
American  revolution,  sustained  the  office  of  colonel  at  the  close  of 
the  struggle  with  great  Great  Britain.  On  more  than  one  occasion 
hit  had  distinguished  himself  in  a  remarkable  manner.  In  the 
battle  with  the  Indians  near  the  Miamis  villages  November  4, 1791, 
which\  terminated  in  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair,  he  commanded  the 
Tight  wing  of  the  army  with  the  rank  of  general.  In  this  engage- 
ment he  was  killed. — Marshall's  life  of  Washington,  v.  329,  333, 334. 

BUTLER  (Thomas,)  a  brave  officer  during  the  war  with  Great 
Britain,  was  a  brother  of  the  preceding.  Three  other  brothers 
ibught  in  the  service  of  their  country.  In  the  year  1776  he  was  a 
«tudent  at  law  with  the  eminent  judge  Wilson  of  Philadelphia ; 
liut  early  in  that  year  he  quitted  his  studies,  and  joined  the  army  as 
41  subaltern.  He  soon  obtained  the  command  of  a  company,  in 
which  grade  he  continued  till  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  contest. 
He  was  in  almost  every  action,  that  was  fought  in  the  middle  states 
^during  the  war.  At  the  battle  of  Brandy^nc,  September  11, 
4777,  he  received  the  thanks  of  Washington  on  the  field  of  battle, 
through  his  aid  de  camp,  general  Hamilton,  for  his  intrepid  con* 
duct  in  rallying  a  detachment  of  retreating  troops,  and  giving  the 
enemy  a  severe  fire.  At  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  June  28,  1778, 
he  received  the  thanks  of  general  Wayne  for  defending  a  defile  in 
the  face  of  a  heavy  fire  from  the  e^  smy,  while  colonel  Richard 
JJutler's  regiment  made  good  their  retreat. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  retired  into  private  life  as  a  fiirmer, 


lit 


BYF. 


143 


4]d  continued  in  the  enjoftnent  of  rural  and  domestic  happiness 
till  the  year  1791,  when  he  agidn  took  the  field  to  meet  a  savage 
(oe,  that  menaced  our  western  frontier.      He  commanded  a  battal- 
ion in  the  disastrous  battle  of  November  4,  in  which  his  brother 
fell.      Orders  were  given  by  general  St.  Clair  to  charge  with  the 
bayonet,  and  major  Butler,  though  his  leg  had  been  broken  by  a 
ball)  yet  on  horse  back  led  his  battalion  to  the  charge.     It  was  with 
difficulty,  that  his  surviving  brother,  captun  Edward  Butler,  re- 
moved him  from  the  field.      In  1792   he  was  continued  on  the 
establishment  as  a  major,  and  in  1794  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant  colonel  commandant  of  the  fourth  sublegion.      He 
commanded  in  this  year  fort  Fayette  at  Pittsburgh,  and  prevented 
the  deluded  insurgents  from  taking  it  more  by  his  name,  than  by 
his  forces,  for  he  had  but  few  troops.      In  1797  he  was  named  by 
president  Washington  as  the  officer  best  calculated  to  command  in 
the  state  of  Tennessee,  when  it  was  necessary  to  dispossess  some 
citizens,  who  had  imprudently  settled  on  the  Indian  lands.      Ac- 
cordingly in  May  he  marched  with  his  regiment  from  the  Miami  on 
the  Ohio,  and  by  that  prudence  and  good  sense,  which  marked  his- 
character  through  life,  he  in  a  short  lime  removed  all  difficulties. 
While  in  Tennessee  he  made  several  treaties  with  the  Indians. 
In  1802,  at  the  reduction  of  the  army,  he  was  continued  as  colonel 
of  a  regiment  on  the  peace  establishment. 

The  close  of  his  life  was  embittered  by  trouble.  In  1803  he 
was  arrested  by  the  commanding  general  at  fort  Adams  on  the 
Mississippi,  and  sent  to  Maryland,  where  he  was  tried  by  a  court 
martial,  and  acquitted  of  all  the  charges,  except  that  of  wearing 
his  hair.  He  was  then  ordered  to  New  Orleans,  where  he  arrived 
to  take  the  command  of  the  troops  October  20.  He  was  again 
arrested  the  next  month,  but  the  court  did  not  meet  till  July  of  the 
next  year,  and  their  decision  is  not  known.  Colonel  Butler  died 
September  7,  1805,  aged  fifty  one  years.— Z.otti«tana  Gazette; 
Polyanthoty  i.  13—17;  Marshall,  \.  333. 

BYFIELD  (Nathaniel),  judge  of  the  vice  admiralty,  and 
member  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of  the  rev" 
erend  Richard  Byfield,  pastor  of  Long  Ditton  in  Sussex,  F.ngland, 
who  was  one  of  the  divines  in  the  Westminster  assembly.  He 
was  bom  in  the  year  1653,  and  was  the  youngest  of  twenty  one 
children,  sixteen  of  whom  sometimes  accompanied  at  the  same 
lime  their  pious  father  to  the  house  of  worship.  He  arrived  at 
Boston  in  the  year  1674.  Being  an  eminent  merchant,  whose 
property  was  very  considerable,  soon  after  Philip's  war  he  was  one 
of  the  four  proprietors  and  the  principal  set>.ler  of  the  town  of 
Bristol  in  Rhode  Island.  He  lived  in  this  place  till  the  year  1724, 
when  on  account  of  his  advanced  age  he  returned  to  Boston,  where 
he  died  June  6,  1733,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age. 
Colonel  Byfield  possessed  very  considerable  abilities^  which  fit- 


n 

t 


J     ' 


i^'% 


144 


BYL. 


ted  him  for  the  stations,  which  he  occupied.  He  held  a  variety  of 
offices  both  civil  and  military.  He  was  speaker  of  the  house  ot 
representatives)  was  for  thirty  eight  years  chief  justice  of  the 
court  of  common  picas  for  Bristol  county,  and  two  years  ior  Suf- 
folk, was  many  years  a  member  of  the  council,  and  was  judge  of 
the  vice  admiralty  from  the  year  1703.  His  spirit  was  active  and 
vigorous,  his  courage  unshaken  by  any  danger,  and  his  constancy 
such  as  was  not  easily  discouraged  by  difficulties.  He  was  well 
formed  for  the  exercise  of  authority,  lus  very  looks  inspiring  respect. 
He  possessed  a  happy  elocution.  He  loved  order,  and  in  his  hm\r 
ly  the  nicest  economy  was  visible.  He  was  conspicuous  for  piety, 
having  a  liberal,  catholic  spirit,  and  loving  all  good  men,  however 
they  diffisred  from  him  in  matters  of  small  impoitance.  For  foity 
years  he  constantly  devoted  a  cet  cain  proportion  of  his  estate  to 
charitable  purposes.  In  one  year  he  was  known  to  give  away  sev< 
eral  hundreds  of  pounds.  He  had  a  steady  and  unshaken  faith  in 
the  truths  of  the  gospel,  and  he  died  in  tlic  lively  hope  of  the 
mercy  of  God  through  a  glorious  Redeemer. 

He  published  a  tract,  entitled,  an  account  of  the  late  revolution 
in  New  England,  with  the  declaration  of  the  gentlemen,  merchants, 
and  inhabitants  of  Boston,  &c.  l689.--'Cftauncy*s  fun.  sermon  j 
Weekly  newa letter^ number  1533  ;  Ilutchinsonf  ii.  2 II . 

BYLES  (Mathbr,  o.  d.),  minister  of  Boston,  was  descended 
from  a  respectable  family  and  was  born  in  that  town  March  2  5, 1706. 
iiis  father  was  a  native  of  England  and  died  within  a  year  after  the 
birth  of  his  son.  By  his  mother's  side  he  descended  from  the  rev- 
erend  Richard  Mather  of  Dorchester  and  the  reverend  .fohn  Cotton 
of  Boston.  In  early  life  he  discovered  a  taste  for  literature,  and  he 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 725.  After  pursuing  his  lit- 
erary and  theological  studies  for  some  time  he  commenced  preach- 
ing.  He  was  ordained  the  first  pastor  of  the  church  in  HoUis  streety 
Boston,  December  20,  1733.  It  was  not  long  before  he  attained 
considerable  eminence  in  his  profession,  and  he  became  known  by 
his  publication  of  several  pieces  in  prose  and  verse.  His  poetical 
talents  he  considered  only  as  instruments  of  innocent  amusement^ 
and  never  permitted  them  to  withdraw  his  attention  from  more 
serious  and  profitable  objects.  He  never  attempted  any  great  pro* 
duction  in  verse  ;  but  sounded  his  lyre  only  in  compliance  with 
occasional  inclination. 

Dr.  Byles  continued  to  live  happily  with  his  parish  in  the  useful 
discharge  of  ministerial  duties  until  the  late  revolution  began  to 
create  distrust  and  animosity  bet^veen  the  different  parties,  that 
existed  in  the  country  prior  to  the  war.  Falling  under  the  impu- 
tation of  being  a  tory,  he  was  in  1776  separated  from  hb  people  by 
the  jealousy  and  violence  of  the  times,  and  he  was  never  afterwards 
reunited  to  them.  He  was  accused  of  attachment  to  Great  Brit- 
nin.     The  substance  of  the  charges  against  him  was,  that  he  con- 


BYL. 


145 


(jnued  in  Boston  with  his  familjr  during  the  siege  ;  that  he  prayed 
(or  the  king  and  the  safety  of  the  town  ;  and  that  he  received  the  vis* 
iuof  the  BFitish  officers.  In  May  1777  he  was  denounced  in  town 
meeting  as  a  person  inimical  to*Amenca ;  after  which  he  was 
obliged  to  enter  into  bonds  for  his  appearance  at  a  public  trial  beioro 
a  special  court  on  the  second  of  June  following.  He  was  pronounced 
guilty  and  sentenced  to  confinement  on  board  a  guard  ship)  and  in 
forty  days  to  be  sent  with  his  family  to  England.  When  brought 
before  the  board  of  war,  by  whom  he  was  treated  respectfully,  ^is 
sentence  seems  to  have  been  altered,  and  it  was  directed,  that  he 
should  be  confined  to  his  own  house,  and  a  guard  placed  over  him 
there.  This  was  accordingly  done  for  a  few  weeks,  and  then  the 
guard  was  removed.  A  short  time  afterwards  a  guard  was  again 
placed  over  him,  and  again  dismissed.  Upon  this  occasion  he  ob- 
served in  his  own  manner,  that  he  was  guarded,  reguarded,  and  dis- 
regarded. He  was  not  again  connected  with  any  parish.  In  the 
year  1783  he  was  seized  with  a  paralytic  disorder,  and  he  died  July 
5, 1788,  aged  eighty  two  years. 

Dr.  Byles  was  in  person  tall  and  well  proportioned.  He  possess- 
ed a  commanding  presence,  and  was  a  graceful  speaker.  His  voice 
was  strong,  clear,  harmonious,  and  susceptible  of  various  modula- 
tions, adapted  to  the  subject  of  his  discourse.  He  was  remark- 
able for  the  abundance  of  his  wit  in  common  conversation,  and 
for  the  smartness  of  his  repartees.  He  possessed  an  uncommon 
talent  in  making  puns,  some  of  which  are  at  the  present  day  fre- 
<]uently  repeated  in  ial  circles.  His  imagination  was  fertile,  and 
bis  satire  keen.  H  ^  wi .  was  a  dangerous  instrument,  in  the  use  of 
which  he  was  not  always  prudent,  and  it  is  thought,  that  he  was  not 
sufficiently  regardful  of  the  consequences  of  the  severe  remarks,  in 
which  he  sometimes  indulged  himself.     ;,i  : .      t  v«T  '    r 

His  literary  merit  introduced  him  to  the  acquuntance  of  many 
men  oi  genius  in  England  ;  and  the  names  of  Pope,  Lansdowne* 
and  Watts  are  found  among  his  correspondents.  From  the  former, 
he  received  a  copy  of  an  elegant  edition  of  the  Odyssey  in  quarto. 
Dr.  Watts  sent  him  copies  of  his  works  as  he  published  them.  In 
his  'preaching  he  was  generally  solemn  and  interesting,  though 
sometimes  his  sermons  gave  indications  of  the  peculiar  turn  of 
his  mind.  On  being  asked,  why  he  did  not  preach  politics,  he 
replied;  *M  have  thrown  up  four  breast  works,  belund  which  I 
have  intrenched  myself,  neither  of  which  can  be  forced.  In  the 
first  place  I  do  not  understand  politics  ;  in  the  second  place,  you 
all  do,  every  man  and  motlier's  son  of  you ;  in  the  third  place,  you 
have  politics  all  the  week,  pray  let  one  day  in  seven  be  devoted  to 
religion  ;  in  the  fourth  place  I  am  engaged  in  a  work  of  infinitely 
greater  importance.  Give  me  any  subject  to  preach  on  of  >more 
consequence  than  the  truths  I  brin$i:  to  you.  and  I  will  preach  on  it 
file  next  sabbath." 


.If 


'lii 


HI 


ii 


I ! 


IP 


r)  3 


%li\^h 


i'/: 


3 :;, 


146 


BYL. 


.'.  ■' , 


The  following  extracts  from  one  of  his  sermons  will  show  wftat 
were  the  religious  sentiments^  which  he  embraced  and  enforced  up* 
on  his  hearers.    *'  We  perceire/'  said  he, "  that  conversion  is  out  of 
our  own  power.    It  is  impossible  for  us  to  convert  ourselves,  or  for 
all  the  angels  in  heaven  to  do  it  for  us.     To  convince  you  of  this,  let 
the  naturtd  man  make  the  experiment.  Try  this  moment.    Try  and 
see  whether  you  con  bring  your  hearts  to  this,  t?  renounce  all  hap. 
piness  in  every  thing  but  the  favor  of  God ;  to  let  God  order  for 
you  ;  to  have  no  will  of  your  own  ;  to  be  swallowed  up  and  ravinh- 
ed  with  his  will,  whatever  it  is.     Can  you  renounce  every  mortal 
idol  ?  '  Can  you  leave  this  world  and  all  the  low  delights  of  it,  and 
go  to  afwt>rtd,  where  you  will  have  none  of  them;  but  the  love  of 
God  vdll  swallow  you  up  ?    These  things  are  so  far  distant  from  an 
unrenewed  heart,  that  they  look  like  wild  paradoxes  to  it."— >«  The 
enmity  between  God  and  us  is  irreconcilable,  but  by  Christ.    Out 
of  him  God  »  a  consuming  fire.     False  notions  of  the  divine  ju8> 
ticeand  mercy  -could  never  bring  us  truly  to  him ;  and  true  ones 
would  only  drive  cis  farther  from  him.  So  that  set  Christ  aside,  and 
there  can  be  no  conversion.     We  learn  also  the  honors  of  the  Ho- 
ly Ghost.    He  is  the  agent,  who  performs  this  work.    One  reason, 
that  men  fall  short  of  this  saving  change,  is  the  not  acknowledging 
him,  as  they  ought.    Did  men  regard  the  operation  of  the  Hoiy 
Spirit  more,  there  would  be  more  frequent  converts.     Men  are 
apt  to  trust  to  their  own  strength,  when  they  set  about  the  work  of 
convenuon.    They  rob  the  Spirit  of  God  of  his  glory,  and  so  it  all 
comes  to  nothing.    He  it  is,  who  makes  this  great  change  in  men. 
lie  must  be  the  almighty  God  then  ;  and  we  should  honor  him  as 


*> 


so. 

Dr.  Byles  wa»  twice  married.  His  first  wife  was  the  niece  of 
governor  Belcher,  and  his  second  the  daughter  of  lieutenant  gov* 
criiof  Twler.  His  son,  the  reverend  Mather  Byles,  is  now  rector 
of  Trinity  churchy  St.  John's,  New  Brunswick. 

He  published  a  number  of  essays  in  the  New  England  weekly 
journal,  which  are  marked  by  one  of  the  letters  composing  the  woi^ 
CEI.OISA  ;  a  poem  on  the  death  of  George  I,  and  the  accessing 
of  G6orge  II,  1737  ;  a  poetical  ejustle  to  his  excellency,  governor 
idelcher,  on  the  death  of  his  lady,  1736.  A  number  of  his  miscel' 
lanepus  ^oeins  were  collected  and  printed  in  a  volume.  Among  the 
sermons,  which  he  published,  are  tl>e  following  ;  the  character  of 
the  upright  man,  1729  ;  on  the  nature  and  necessity  of  conversion, 
1732,  the  third  edition  in  1771  ;  the  flourish  of  the  annual  spring, 
1739  ;  artillery  election  sermon,  1740  ;  on  setting  our  affections 
on  things  above,  1740  ;  funeral  sermon  on  Mrs.  DummOr,  1753  ; 
on  William  Dummer,  esquire,  1761 ;  on  .John  Gould,  esquire,  1773  ^ 
a  sermon  at  the  Thursday  lecture,  175 1  ;  ontheeatthquake,  J755 ; 
a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  success  of  the  British  arms,  1760 ; 
on  the  present  vilencss  of  the  body  and  its  future  glorious,  change* 
second  edition,  1771.— Po/yanrAo<T,  iv.  I— 10. 


BYR. 


147 


BYRD  (William),  a  native  of  Virginia,  died  about  thd  lAiddle 
of  the  last  century.  He  was  liberallf  educated  in  Great  Britain, 
iBJ  possessed  a  very  ample  estate.  Few  persons  in  America  ever 
(oUected  so  large  and  valuable  a  library,  as  he  left.  Hi  was  a  very 
irdent  friend  to  the  diffusion  of  knowledge,  and  freely  opened  hit 
library  for  the  use  of  all,  who  sought  information.  He  published 
jereral  small  tnctH^— 'Miller,  ii.  361. 

CABOT  (John),  a  Venetian,  who  first  discovered  the  contikkent 

of  America,  was  perfectly  skilled  in  all  the  sciences  requirite  to 

form  aA  accomplished  mariner.      He  had  three  sons,  Lewis,  Se- 

|)astian,and*Smclius,  all  of  whom  he  educated  in  a  manner  beat 

lilculated  to  make  them  able  seamen.      Encouraged  by  the  sue* 

(MS  of  Columbus,  who  returned  in   149  3  from  his  first  voyage,  ho 

I  «as  determined  to  attempt  the  discovery  of  unknown  lands,  par- 

ttculsrly  of   a  northwest  passage  to  the   East  Indies.      Having 

ed  a  commission  from  king  Henry  VII,  empowering  him 

I  and  his  three  sons  to  discover  unknown  lands,  and  to  conquer  and 

Kttle  them,  and  giving  him  jurisdiction  over  the  countries,  which 

lie  should  subdue,  on  condition  of  paying  the  king  one  fifth  part  of 

all  the  gains,  he  sailed  from  Bristol  with  two  vessels,  fi<6ighted  b^ 

Ue  merchants  of  London  and  Bristol  with  articles  of  trtdBc,  ana 

fith  about  three  hundred  men,  in  the  beginning  of  May  1497.     Ht 

ailed  towards  the  northwest  till  he  reached  the  latitude  of  fifty 

l^ght  degrees,  when  the  floating  ice,  which  he  met,  and  the  severity 

)of  the  weather  induced  him  to  alter  his  course  to  the  southwest. 

JHe^scovered  land  in  the  morning  of  June  twenty  fourth,  which,  as 

Ik  was  the  first,  that  he  had  seen,  he  called  Prima  Vista.    This  is 

l^ncrally  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  island  of  Newfoundland, 

Idiough  in  the  opinion  of  some  it  is  a  place  on  the  peninsula  of  Nova 

|Scotia  in  the  latitude  of  forty  five  degrees.     \  few  days  afterward 

tsmaller  island  was  discovered,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St. 

|lohD,  on  account  of  its  being  discovered  on  thd  day  of  John  the 

aptist.    Continuing  his  course  westwardly,  he  soon  reached  the 

fltinent,  and  then  sa^d  along  the  coast  northwai*dlv  to  the  latitude 

f  axty  seven  and  a  half  degrees.     As  tlie  coast  stretched  toward 

;  east,'he  turned  back  and  sailed  along  the  coast  toward  the  equa* 

r,  till  be  came  to  Florida.     The  provisions  now  failing,  and  a  mu" 

iny  breaking  out  among  the  mariners,  he  returned  to  Englancf 

rithout  attempting  a  settlement  or  conquest  in  any  part  of  the  lidV 

orld. 

In  this  voyage  Cabot  was  accompanied  by  his  son  Sebastian,  and 

ithem  is  attributed  the  honor  of  first  discovering  the  continent  of 

^'orthj^merica  ;  for  it  was  not  till  the  following  year,  I49ff,  thj<! 

icontineht  was  seen  by  C6\nmhus.—i-Belkna/i*a   jlmericari  biog, 

lU9— 15*4  ;  Holmes*  annals,  ii.  17,  18,  JVbre  1,  end  of  vol.  i  Put' 

it,i.737,7d8^  Robertamibook'm.  16,  17  ;  Prince,  in'trod:  SO, 


148 


CAB. 


CABOT  (Sebastian),  an  eminent  navigator,  waa  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  was  bom  at  Bristol.  When  about  twenty  ye«ki  of 
age  he  accompanied  his  father  in  the  voyage  of  U97,  in  which  the 
continent  of  the  new  world  was  discovered.  About  the  year  Is  17 
he  sailed  on  another  voyage  of  discovery,  and  went  to  the  BrasUj, 
and  thence  to  Mispaniola  and  Porto  Rico.  Failing  in  his  object  of 
finding  a  way  to  the  East  Indies,  he  returned  to  England. 

Having  been  invited  to  Spain,  where  he  was  received  in  the  most 
respectful  manner  by  king  Ferdinand  and  queen  Isabella,  he  sailed 
in  their  service  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  in  April  1525.    He  visit. 
ed  the  coast  of  Brasil,  and  entered  a  great  river,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Rio  de  la  Plata.    He  staled  up  this  river  one  hundred 
and  twenty  leagues.    After  being  absent  on  this  expedition  a  num. 
berof  years,  he  returned  to  Spain  in  the  spring  of  1531.    But  he 
was  not  well  received.     His  rigorous  treatment  of  some  mutineers 
and  other  circumstances  had  created  him  enemies.    He  however 
found  means  to  retain  the  commission  of  chief  pilot,  with  which  he 
had  been  honored  Ijy  Ferdinand.    He  made  other  voyages,  of  which 
no  particular  memorials  remain.     His  residence  was  in  the  city  of  | 
Seville.     His  employment  was  the  drawing  of  charts,  on  which  he 
delin^^tcd  all  the  new  discoveries  made  by  himself  and  others  ;  and 
by  his  office  he  was  entrusted  with  the  reviewing  of  all  projeipts  for 
discovery.    His  character  is  said  to  have  been  gentle,  friendly,  and 
social,  though  in  his  voyages  some  instances  of  injustice  towards 
the  natives  and  of  severity  towards  his  mariners  are  recorded. 
„  In  his  advanced  age  he  returned  to  England  and  resided  at  Bris>  | 
tol.    He  received  a  pension  from  king  Edward  VI,  and  was  appoint^ 
cd  governor  of  a  company  of  merchants,  associated  for  the  purpose 
of  making  discoveries  of  unknown  countries.      He  had  a  strong 
persuasion,  that  a  passage  might  be  found  to  China  by  the  north 
east.     By  his  means  a  trade  was  commenced  with  Russia,  whicti  I 
gave  rise  to  the  Russian  company.     The  last  account,  which  is 
found  of  him,  b  that  in  1556,  when  the  Company  were  sending  out  I 
a  vessel  for  discovery,  he  made  a  visit  on  board.    '<  The  good  old  j 
gentleman,  master  Cabota,"  says  the  journal  of  the  voyage  in  Hak< 
luyt, "  gave  to  the  poor  most  liberal  alms,  wishing  them  to  pray  ] 
for  the  good  fortune  and  prosperous  success  of  our  pinnace.    And 
then  at  the  sign  of  St.  Christopher,  he  and  his  friends  banquetted, 
and  for  very  joy,  that  he  had  to  see  the  towardness  of  our  intended 
discovery,  he  entered  into  the  dance  himself  among  the  rest  of  the 
young    and   lusty  company ;  which    being    ended,  he    and  his  I 
friends  departed,  most  gently  commending  us  to  the  governance  o(| 
almighty  God.** 

He  died  it  is  believed  in  1557,  aged  eighty  years.  He  was  one] 
•f  the  most  extraordinary  men  of  the  age,  in  which  he  lived.  There  I 
is  preserved  in  Hakluyt  a  complete  set  of  instructions  drawn  and! 
sjgned  by  Cabot  for  the  direction  of  the  voyage  to  Cathay  in  ChinaJ 


CAD. 


149 


which  aFbrtIt  the  cle«i««t  proof  of  hit  up;acity.  It  it  tuppoted, 
that  he  was  the  firttt  who  noticed  the  variation  of  the  magnetic  nee- 
dle* and  hepubiithed,navigatione  nelle  parte  tettentrionale,  Venice, 
1583»  folio.  He  published  also  a  large  mapt  which  was  engraved 
by  Clement  Adams,  and  hung  up  in  the  privy  gallery  at  Whitehall ; 
and  on  this  map  was  inscribed  a  Latin  account  of  the  discovery  of 
fieyrioxmdlanA—Betknafi'a  jtmer.  biog.  i.  U9— 158  ;  Maaaa. 
fHogazineyU.  467—47 1  ;  Hakluyt^  i.  336, 368, 374 ;  CamfibelPa lirvet 
admiraUy  i.  419  ;  Heea*  cychfutdia. 
CADWALLADER  ( ),an  eminent  physician  of  Philadel- 

Ehia,  published  about  the  year  1740  a  treatise  on  the  iliac  passion, 
I  which  he  explodes  the  then  common  practice  of  giving  quicksil- 
ver and  drastic  purges,  and  recommends  in  their  place  mild  cathar- 
tics with  the  occasional  use  of  opiates.  Before  this  there  were  but 
few  publications  on  medical  subjects  in  America.  Dr.  Boylston 
had  written  on  the  small  pox,  and  his  treatise  was  perhaps  the  ear- 
liest one,  which  was  published.^— /?am4ay'«  rn/iew  qf  medicine^  36. 
CALEF  (Robe&t),  a  merchant  of  Boston,  was  distinguished 
about  the  time  of  the  witchcraft  delusion  by  his  withstanding  the 
credulity  of  the  times.  After  the  reverend  Dr.  Cotton  Mather 
bad  published  a  work,  entitled,  the  wonders  of  the  invisible  world, 
from  which  it  appears,  that  he  was  by  no  meatis  incredulous  with 
regard  to  the  stories  then  in  circulation,  Mr.  Calef  published  a 
book  on  the  opposite  side,  entitled,  more  wciders  of  the  invisible 
world,  London,  1700.  As  he  censured  the  proceedings  of  the 
courts  respecting  the  vritches  at  a  time,  when  the  people  of  the 
country  in  general  did  not  see  their  error,  he  gave  great  offence. 
But  he  is  thought  to  be  faithful  in  his  narration  of  facts.  He  died 
in  1720.— mHutcMruon,  ii.  54  ;  CoHectiona  Mat.  aoc.  iii.  300. 

CALLENDER  (Elisha),  minister  of  the  first  baptist  church  in 
Boston,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Ellis  Callender,  who  was  min- 
ister of  the  same  church  from  1708  till  1726.  In  early  life  the 
blessings  of  divine  grace  were  imparted  to  him.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  the  year  1710.  At  his  ordination,  which  took 
place  May  21,  1718,  the  reverend  Drs.  Increase  and  Cotton  Math- 
er, and  the  reverend  Mr.WeU>,  though  of  a  different  denominationi 
gave  their  assistance.  He  was  very  faithful,  and  successful  in  the 
pastoral  office  till  his  death  March  31,  1738.  He  was  succeeded 
by  the  reverend  Mr.  Condv.  A  few  days  before  his  death  he  said ; 
"  when  I  look  on  one  hand,  I  see  nothing  but  sin,  guilt,  and  dis- 
couragement i  but  when  I  look  on  the  other,  I  see  my  glorious 
Savior,  and  the  merits  of  his  precious  blood,  which  cleanseth  from 
all  sin.  I  cannot  sayj  that  I  have  such  transports  of  joy,  as  some 
have  had  ;  but  through  grace  I  can  say,  I  have  gotten  the  victory 
over  death  and  the  grave."  The  last  words,  which  fell  from  his 
lips,  were,  <<  I  shall  sleep  in  Jesus.'*  His  life  was  unspotted  ;  his. 
conversation  was  always  affable,  religious,  and  dignified  ;  and  his 


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•od  wa»  pcacedil  and  ttrtncj-^Backu*'  church  hi$tory  %f  Mw  Eti^n 
fundi  ili.  134  i  Backun*  abridgment ^   157  ;    Boston  evening  /^om 
4firU  3,  1738. 

CALLENDER  (John))  an  eminent  baptist  miniatci*  and  writer 
In  Rhode  Island,  was  a  nephew  of  the  reverend  Elisha  Callender  of 
Boston  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1733.    He  was 
ordained  colleague  with  elder  Pcckom  as  pastor  of  tlie  church  m 
INTewport  October  13,  1731.    This  was  the  second  baptist  church 
in  America.   It  was  founded  in  the  year  1644.     Mr.  Callender  died 
JonuanF  36,  1748,  in  the  forty  second  year  of  his  age.     He  was  a 
man  of  very  considerable  powers  of  mind,  and  was  distinguished 
for  his  candior  and  piety.     He  collected  many  papers  relating  to  the 
history  of  the  baptists  in  this  country,  which  were  used  by  Mr.  Back« 
us.     He  published  in  1739  a  historical  discourse  on  the  civil  and 
religious  affairs  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island  &c.  from  the  settle* 
ment  in  1638  to  the  end  of  the  first  century.     This  is  but  a  small 
"Work  i  yet  it  is  the  only  history  of  Rhode  Island,  which  has  been 
written,  and  it  is  honorable  to  its  author.    He  published  also  a  scr* 
mon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Jeremiah  Condy,  Boston, 
Ipebruary  14,  1739,  and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Mr, 
Clap  of  Newport,  \7^^f-~BqckuH*  church  Aiatory  qf  Aew  MngUt^d^ 
iii.  839.  .,.,^  „.:<..,' ^,..,_^,i  .^ ..?,  „    \: 

CALVERT  (Geohok),  baron  of  Baltimore,  founder  ol  the  prov- 
ince of  Maryland,  was  descended  from  a  noble  fiimily  in  Flanders, 
and  was  bom  at  Kipling  in  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1583.    After 
taking  his  bachelor's  degree  at  Trinity  college,  Oxford,  in  1597, 
he  travelled  over  the  continent  of  Europe.     At  his  return  to  Eng* 
land  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  James  I,  he  was  taken  into  the 
office  of  sir  Robert  Cecil,  secretary  of  state,  by  whose  favor  he  was 
made  clerk  of  the  privy  council,  and  received  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood.   In  1619  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  principal  secretaries 
of  state  in  the  room  of  sir  Thomas  Lake.    His  great  knowledge  of 
public  business  and  his  diligence  and  fidelity  conciliated  the  regard 
of  the  king,  who  gave  him  a  pension  of  a  thousand  pounds  out  of 
the  customs.      In  1624  he  became  a  Roman  catholic^  and  having 
disclosed  his  new  principles  to  the  king  resigned  his  office.    He 
utas  continued,  however,  a  member  of  the  privy  council,  and  was 
created  baron  of  Baltimore  in  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  in  162^,  at 
wluch  time  he  represented  the  university  of  Oxford  in  parliament. 
While  he  was  secretary  of  the  state  he  was  constituted  by  patent 
|)roprietor  of  the  southeastern  peninsula  of  Newfoundland,  which 
he  named  the  province  of  Avalon.    He  spent  twenty  five  thousand 
]K)unds  in  advancing  his  plantation,  and  visited  it  twice  in  person  ; 
but  it  was  so  annoyed  by  the  French,  that,  though  he  once  repulsed 
and  pursued  their  ships  and  took  sixty  prisoners,  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  it.    Being  still  inclined-  to  form  a  settlement  in  Aroericsi 
whither  he  might  retire  witb  his  family  and  friends  of  the  sfone  re- 


CAL. 


15t 


ligious  principles,  he  made  a  Tisit  to  Vfrj^maf  the  fertlHtjr  and  ad- 
vantages of  which  province  had  been  highly  celebrated}    and  its 
which  he  had  been  interested  as  one  ol  the  adventurers.     But 
meeting  with  an  unwelcome  reception  on  account  of  his  religion^ 
and  observing)  that  the  Virginians  had  not  extended  their  planta- 
tions beyond  the  Patowmac,  he  fixed  his  attention  upon  the  territory 
northward  of  this  river,  and  as  soon  as  he  netumcd  to  England,  ob« 
tiined  a  grant  of  it  from  Charles  I.     But  owing  to  the  tcdlout 
forms  of  public  business,  before  i^  patent  was  completed  he  died  at 
London  April  15,  1632,  in  the  fifty  first  year  of  his  age.    Af^er 
his  death  the  patent  was  again  drawn  in  the  name  of  his  eldest  son 
Cecil,  who  succeeded  to  his  honors,  and  it  passed  the  seals  Ju.a  30, 
1633.    The  country  was  called  Maryland  in  honor  of  Heir]  ua 
Maria,  the  queen  consort  of  Charles  I.    From  the  great  precision 
of  this  charter,  the  powers,  which  it  confers  upon  the  proprietor^ 
and  the  privileges  and  exemptions,  which  ;'v  grants  to  the  people,  it 
is  evident,  that  it  was  written  by  sir  George  himself.     The  liberal 
code  of  rel^;ious  toleration,  which  it  established,  is  very  honorable 
to  him,  and  was  respected  by  his  son,  who  carried  hiii  design  into 
execution. 

Sir  George  was  conspicuous  for  his  good  sense  and  modcr «  :on. 
All  parties  were  pleased  with  him.  Not  being  obstinatv  h,  hia 
opinions  he  took  as  much  pleasure  in  hearing  the  sc  *iments  of  oth- 
ers, as  in  delivering  his  o^vn.  In  his  views  of  esta.jiiji  ing  foreign 
plantations  he  thought,  that  the  original  inhabitants,  instead  of  be- 
ing exterminated,  should  be  civilized  and  converted ;  that  the  gov- 
ernors should  not  be  interested  merchants,  but  gentlemen  not  con- 
cerned in  trade  ;  and  that  every  one  should  be  left  to  provide  for 
himself  by  his  own  industry  without  dependence  on  a  common 
interest. 

He  published  carmen  fimebre  inD.  Hen.  Untonum,  1596  ;  par- 
(amentary  speeches  ;  various  letters  of  state  ;  the  answer  of  Tom 
Tell  Troth,  the  practice  of  princes  and  the  lamentation  of  the 
kirk,  1643.  He  also  wrote  something  respecting  Maryland,  but 
it  is  thought  it  was  never  printed.— />e/A:na/i'»  jimer.  fnog.  ii.  ses-.^- 
368  ;  Biog.  Brit.  ;  Hardie'a  biog.  did .  ,  Reea  ;  TVood*a  Mhenm 
Oxon.i.  566;  iir«7A,  143.  '     ■"      r' 

CALVERT  (Leonard),  the  first  governor  of  Maryland,  wa» 
the  brother  of  Cecilius  Calvert,  the  proprietor,  who  sent  him  to 
America  as  the  head  of  the  colony  in  1633.  After  a  circuitous 
Toyagc  he  arrived,  accompanied  b)  his  brother  George  Calvert,  ^d 
about  two  hundred  persons  of  good  families  and  of  the  Roman 

catholic  persuasion,  at  point  Comfort  in  Virginia  February  34, 1 634. 

On  the  third  of  March  he  proceeded  in  the  bay  of  Chesapeak  to 
the  northward,  and  entered  the  Patowmac,  up  which  he  sailed 

twelve  leagues,  and  came  to  an  anchor  under  an  island,  which  he 

named  St.  Clement's.    Here  he  fired  his  cannon,  erected  a  cros% 


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CAL. 


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^nd  took  posses  visa  "  in  the  name  of  the  Savior  of  the  world  and  of 
the  king  of  England."  Thence  he  went  fifteen  leagues  higher  to 
the  Indian  town  of  Patowraac  on  the  Virg^iaside  of  the  river,  now 
called  New  Marlborough,  where  he  was  received  in  a  friendly  man- 
ner by  the  guardian  regent,  the  prince  of  the  country  being  a  minor. 
Thence  he  sailed  twelve  leagues  higher  to  the  town  of  Piscataway 
on  the  Maryland  side,  where  he  found  Henry  Fleet,  an  Englishman, 
who  had  resided  several  years  among  the  natives,  and  was  held  by 
them  in  great  esteem.  This  man  was  very  sernceable  as  an 
interpreter.  An  interview  having  been  procured  with  the  Were- 
wance,  or  prince,  Calvert  asked  him,  whether  he  was  willing,  that  a 
settlement  should  be  made  in  his  country.  He  replied,  **  I  will 
not  bid  you  go,  neither  will  I  bid  you  stay  ;  but  you  may  use  your 
ovm  discretion."  Having  convinced  the  natives,  that  Ids  deugns 
were  honorable  and  pacific,  the  governor  now  sought  a  more  suit- 
able station  for  commencing  his  colony.  He  visited  a  creek  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  Patowmac  'About  tour  leagues  from  its  mouth, 
where  was  an  Indian  village.  Here  he  acqusdnted  the  prince  of  the 
place  with  his  intentions,  and  by  presents  to  him  and  his  principal 
men  conciliated  his  friendship  so  much,  as  to  obudn  permissibn  to 
reside  in  one  part  of  the  town  until  the  next  harvest,  when,  it  was 
stipulated,  the  natives  should  entirely  quit  the  place.  Both  pahiss 
entered  into  a  contract  to  live  together  in  a  fiiendly  manner.  After 
Calvert  had  given  a  satisfactory  consideration,  the  Indians  readily 
yielded  a  number  of  their  houses,  and  retired  to  the  others.  As 
the  season  for  planting  com  had  now  arrived,  both  parties  went  to 
work.  Thus  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  March  1634  the  governor 
took  peaceable  possession  of  the  country  of  Maryland,  and  gave  to 
the  town  the  name  of  St.  Mary's,  and  to  the  creek,  on  which  it  was 
situated,  the  name  of  St.  George's.  The  desire  of  rendering  jus- 
tice to  the  natives  by  giving  them  a  reasonable  compensation  for 
their  lands  is  a  trait  in  the  character  of  the  first  planters,  which  will 
always  do  honor  to  their  memory. 

The  colony  had  brought  with  them  meal  from  England  ;  but 
they  found  Indian  corn  in  great  plenty  both  at  Barbadoes  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  by  the  next  spring  they  were  able  to  export  a  thousand 
bushels  to  New  England  and  Newfoundland,  for  which  they  receir* 
ed  in  return  dried  fish  and  other  provisions.  The  Indians  also 
killed  many  deer  and  turkies,  which  they  sold  to  the  English  for 
knives,  beads,  and  other  small  articles  of  traffic.  Cattle,  swine,  and 
poultry  were  procured  from  Virginia.  The  province  was  estab- 
lished on  the  broad  foundation  of  security  to  property,  and  of  free- 
dom in  religion.  Fifty  acres  of  land  were  granted  in  absolute  fee 
to  every  emigrant,  and  Christianity  was  established  without  allowing 
preeminence  to  any  particular  sect.  This  liberal  policy  rendered 
a  Roman  catholic  colony  an  asylum  for  those,  who  were  driven 
from  New  England  by  the  persecutions,  which  were  there  experi- 
c^nced  from  protestants. 


I 


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CAM. 


153 


f 


The  governor  built  a  house  at  St.  Mary's  for  himself  and  his 
successors)  and  superintended  the  affairs  of  the  country^  till  thel 
civil  war  in  England,  when  the  name  of  a  papist  became  so  obnox- 
ious, that  the  parliament  assumed  the  government  of  the  province) 
and  appointed  a  new  governor.  Of  Leonard  Calvert  no  further  ac- 
count has  been  pirocured. 

Cecilius  Calvert,  the  proprietor,  recovered  hi&  right  to  the  prov- 
ince upon  the  restoration  of  king  Charles  II  in  1660,  and  within  a 

ear  or  two  appointed  his  son  Charles  the  governor.  He  died 
in  1676  covered  with  age  and  rieputation,  and  was  succeeded  by  his 
^n—Belkha/i**  jlmer.  biog.  ii.  372—380  ;  Holmea*  annalaj  ii.  274  ; 
Univ.  hist.  xl.  468  ;  Europ.  aettlefnentaii  ii.  228  ;  Brit.  emji.  in 
Mfrica,  i.  324—330  ;  Morae*a  geog. 

CAMPBELL  (JoiiM),  first  minister  of  Oxford,  Massachusetts, 
sanative  of  Scotland,  and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh.  Ho 
came  to  this  country  in  1717.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  Oxford, 
a  town  settled  by  French  protestants,  March  1 1,  172 1.  He  contin- 
ued faithfully  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  sacred  office,  until  hid 
death,  March  25,  1761,  iti  the  seventy  first  year  of  his  age,  and  the 
forty  second  of  his  ministry.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend 
Joseph  Bowman,  who  had  bieeii  a  missionary  amotig  the  Mohawk 
Indians.— W7ftV«ey'«  Awforj/ ^  ^TorcM^er,  84.  . 

CANER  (Henhy,  D.D.),  minister  of  king's  chapel  in  Boston, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1724.  In  the  following  year  he 
began  to  read  prayers  in  an  episcopal  church  at  Fairfield  in  Con* 
necticut.  In  1727  ho  went  to  England  for  ordination,  and  was  ap- 
pointed missidiiary  for  that  town.  His  occasional  serviced  at  Kor- 
walk  promoted  the  interest  of  the  thurch  ;  and  it  was  not  long  be- 
fore he  had  a  respectable  congregation  there  as  well  as  at  Fairfield. 
Having  been  chosien  rector  of  the  first  episcopal  church  in  Boston, 
he  was  inducted  into  this  office  April  1 1 , 1 7  47 .  Here  he  continued, 
till  the  commencement  of  the  American  revolution  obliged  him  to 
redre  froni  Boston.  He  left  the  church  March  17,1775.  From 
this  period  he  resided,  it  is  believed,  in  England  till  his  death,  which 
took  place  at  the  close  of  the  year  1792,  when  in  the.niniety  third 
yearof  his  age. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  Matthew  vii.  28,  29,  entitled,  the  true 
nature  and  method  of  christian  preaching.  He  supposes  the  ser- 
mon on  the  mount  was  addressed  to  the  disciples,  and  concludes 
from  this  circumstance,  that  "  when  we  preach  to  bhristians,  we 
Hre  liot  to  spend  time  in  exhorting  theni  to  believe,  for  that  their 
rery  profession  supik>ses  they  do  already ;  but  to  press  and  persuade 
(hem  to  live  as  beconies  christians,  to  be  found  in  the  practice  of  all 
moral  duties."  Mr.  Jonathan  Dickinson,  in  his  vindication  of  God*H 
sovereign,  free  grace,  answers  this  sermon,  and  endeavors  to  show, 
that  Christ  and  Iiis  apostles,  even  when  in  their  preaching  they  ad- 


''i. 


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154 


CAR. 


\i>  ^ 


I! '  I  - 


Crested  theftitfelVes  to  ptrofessfng  chrifttiantf,  dvrelt  much  upon  re. 
pehtaiicc  aind  faith,  as  well  as  moral  duties. 

Mr.  Caher  published  also  funeral  sermons  on  the  dciath  of  Charles 
Apthorp,  esquire,  1758  j  on  the  death  of  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales 
1751  ;  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Cutler,  1765.— C/ionrf/(rr'» 
^fe  of  Johnaortf  62  ;  Collections  Mat.  hoc.  iii.  260  ;  Cotumbiim  centi. 
neliFeb,  13,1793. 

CARLETON  (Guy),  lord  Dorchester,  a  distinguished  British 
officer  in  America,  was  appointed  a  brigadier  general  in  this  coun- 
try in  1766.  He  was  made  major  general  in  1772.  At  the  close 
6f  the  year  1774  a  commission  passed  the  seals,  constituting  hint 
captain  general  and  governor  of  Quebec.  When  Canada  w^s  in. 
vaded  by  Montgomery  in  1775,  Carleton  was  in  the  most  imminent 
danger  of  being  taken  prisoner  upon  the  St.  Lawrence  after  the 
capture  of  Montreal ;  but  he  escaped  in  a  boat  with  muffled  pad' 
dies,  and  arrived  safely  at  Quebec,  which  he  found  threatened 
by  an  unexpected  enemy.  Arnold,  though  he  had  been  repuls. 
ed  by  colonel  Maclean,  was  yet  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  city, 
waiting  for  the  arrival  of  Montgomery  previously  to  another 
attack.  General  Carleton  with  the  skill  of  an  experienced  officer 
took  the  necessary  measures  for  the  security  of  the  city.  His  Irst 
act  was  to  oblige  all  to  leave  Quebec,  who  would  not  take  up  arms 
in  its  defence.  When  Montgomery  approached,  his  summons  was 
treated  with  contempt  by  the  governor,  whose  intrepidity  was  not 
to  be  shaken.  By  ids  industry  and  bravery  Carleton  saved  the  city. 
After  the  unsuccessful  assault  of  the  last  of  December,  in  which 
Montgomery  was  killed,  he  had  nothing  more  immediately  to  ap. 
prehehd.  In  may  1776  he  obliged  the  Americans  to  raise  the 
siege,  and  it  was  not  long  before  he  compelled  them  to  withdraw 
^ndrely  ^rom  Canada.  In  October  he  recaptured  Crown  Point ; 
but  as  ^he  winter  was  advancing,  he  did  hot  attempt  the  reduction  of 
Ticonderoga,  but  returned  to  St.  John's.  In  the  beginning  of  the 
^ext  year  he  was  superseded  in  his  command  by  Burgoyne,  who 
Svas  entrusted  with  the  riOrthern  British  army.  Carleton's  expeii* 
ence,  and  abilities,  and  services  were  such,  as  rendered  him  worthy 
of  the  command,  which  was  given  to  another.  Though  he  imme- 
cBately  asked  leave  to  resign  his  government,  he  yet  contributed  all 
his  pow'er  to  secure  the  success  of  the  camp^ugn. 

In  the  year  1783  he  was  appointed,  as  successor  of  sir  Henry 
Clinton,  commander  in  chief  of  all  his  majesty's  forces  in  America. 
He  arrived  at  New  York  with  his  commission  in  the  beginning  of 
May.  After  the  treaty  was  signed  he  delayed  for  some  time  the 
evacuation  of  the  city  from  regard  to  the  safety  of  the  loyalists; 
buti>n  the  twenty  hfth  of  November  1783  he  embarked  and  with- 
drew the  British  ships  from  the  shores  of  America.  He  died  in 
England  at  the  close  of  the  year  1808  in  the  eighty  fourth  year  of  | 
his  age. 


CAR. 


155 


general  Carleton  was  a  brave  aad  4n  able  officer,  and  he.  r<^dered 
{niportant  services  to  his  country.  Though  he  was  not  conciUating; 
jn  his  manners,  and  possessed  tlie  severity  of  the  soldier,  yet  his  hu- 
gianity  tp  the  American  prisoners,  whom  he  took  in  Canada,  ha^ 
been  much  paused.  In  excuse  for  the  litttle  attention,  which  hQ 
paid  to  the  honorable  burial  of  Montgomery,  it  can  only  be  ssud,  that 
he  regarded  him  as  a  rebel.— "Srednwrt,  i.  133 — 142,  253,  318  ; 
jinnml  regittevj  ^vii.  189  ;  xix.  2 — 16  ;  151— I55i  xx.  2—^, 
I4l_l44  ;   Warren'a  hint,  revolutitm,  ii.  2',  3  ;  ii\.  217,  352,  311. 

CA.RRIER  (Thomas),  remarkable  for  longevity,  di^d  at  Colches- 
ter, Connecticut,  May  1 6, 1 735,  aged  one  hundred  and  nine  years.  He 
yas  bom  in  the  west  of  England  and  removed  thence  to  Andov^i^ 
Massachusetts.  His  wife  suffered  at  Salem  in  the  witchcraft  de)xy> 
aoo.  He  had  lived  at  Colcliestev  about  twenty  years,  and  was  a 
jpet^ber  of  the  church  in  that  town .  His  head  in  his  last  years  was  pot 
bald,  nor  his  huir  gray.  Not  many  days  before  his  death  he  travel- 
led on  foot  to  see  a  sick  man  six  miles,  and  the  very  day  before  h^ 
died  he  was  visiting  h|s  neighbors^.— Acw  England  weekly  joumatt 
June  9,  1735. 

CA.RTIER  (James),  a  Frenph  navigator,  who  made  important 
discoveries  in  Canada,  was  a  native  of  St.  Malo.  After  the  voya^^p  of 
the  Cabptsthe  French  learned  the  value  of  their  discoveries,  afid  io 
a  few  years  began  the  cod  fishery  upon  the  bariks  of  Newfoundland, 
In  1524  Joh-i  Verazzani,  a  Florentine,  in  the  service  of  France,  rang- 
ed the  coast  of  the  new  continent  from  Florida  to  Nviwfoundlana. 
From  a  subsequent  voyage  in  1 525  he  never  returned,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed, that  he  was  cut  to  pieces  and  devoured  by  the  savages.  H,is 
fate  discouraged  other  attempts  to  discover  the  new  world  till  the 
importwce  of  having  a  colpny  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  fishing 
banks  induced  Francis  I  to  send  out  Cartier  in  1534.  He  sailed 
from  St.  Malo  on  the  twentieth  of  April  in  this  year  with  two  ships 
of  sixty  tons  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  two  men.  On  the  tenth  of 
May  he  caq^e  in  sight  of  Bcmavista  on  the  Island  of  Newfoundland  ; 
but  the  ice  obliged  him  to  go  to  the  south,  and  he  entered  a  harbor 
It  the  distance  of  five  1  leagues,  to  wliich  he  gave  the  naineofSt. 
Catherine.  As  ^oon  as  the  season  would  permit  he  sailed  north- 
ward, and  entered  the  straits  of  Bellisle.  In  this  voyage  he  vis- 
ited the  greater  part  of  the  coast,  which  surrounds  the  gulph  of  St. 
Lawrei)ce,  and.  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the  name  of  th^ 
king ;  he  discovered  a  bay,  which  he  called  baye  des  CbaleurS) 
on  account  of  the  sultry  weather,  which  he  experienced  in  it ;  h^ 
sailed  sc  far  into  the  great  river,  afterwards  caljied  the  St.  Law- 
rence, as  to  discover  land  on  the  opposite  side,  On  the  fifteenth  of 
August  he  set  sail  on  his  return,  and  arrived  at  S^.  Malo  on  t3ip 
fifth  of  September. 

When  his  discoveries  were  known  in  France,  it  was  determinedl 
to  make  a  settleraent  in  that  part  of  America,  v/hich  he  had  visite<l. 
Accordmgly  in  the  following  year  he  received  a  more  ample  cctmo 


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inission,  and  vrati  equipped  with  three  vessels.  Wlieii  he  \|ras  ready 
to  depart,  he  went  to  the  cathedral  church  with  his  whole  company, 
imd  the  bishop  gave  them  his  benediction.  He  sailed  May  19,  IsSj. 
He  experienced  a  severe  storm  on  his  passage,  but  in  July  hie  reach- 
ed the  destined  port.  He  entered  the  gulph  as  m  the  preceding 
year,  bemg  accompanied  by  a  number  of  young  men  of  distinc- 
tion.  He  sailed  up  the  St.  Lawrence  and  discovered  an  island, 
"which  he  named  Bacchus^  but  which  is  how  called  Orleans,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Quebec.  This  island  was  full  of  inhabitants,  who 
sub  j'  ted  by  fishing.  He  went  on  shore  and  the  natives  brought 
him  In'JAan  corn  for  his  refreshment.  With  hb  pinnace  and  two 
bor.ts  hi  proceeded  up  the  river  as  far  as  Hochelaga,  a  settlement 
up;  a  an  island,  which  lie  called  Mont-royal,  but  which  is  now  called 
Montreal.  In  this  Indian  town  were  about  fifty  long  huts,  built 
with  stakes,  and  covered  with  bark.  The  people  lived  mostly  by- 
iishing  and  tillage.  They  had  corn,  beans,  squashes,  and  pumpkins. 
In  two  or  three  days  he  set  out  on  his  return,  and  arrived  at  port  do 
St.  Croix,  not  far  from  Quebec,  on  the  fourth  of  October.  Here 
he  passed  the  winter.  In  December  the  scurvy  began  to  make  its 
appearance  among  the  natives,  and  in  a  short  time  Cartier's  conipa- 
ny  were  seized  by  the  disorder.  By  the  middle  of  February,  of 
one  hundred  and  ten  persons  fifty  were  sick  at  once,  and  eight  or 
ten  had  died.  In  this  extremity  he  appointed  a  cny  of  h^umil^ation. 
A  crucifix  was  placed  on  a  tree,  a  procession  of  thos6j  Who  were 
able  to  walk,  was  formed,  and  at  the  close  of  the  devotional  exer- 
cises, Cartier  made  a  vow,  that "  if  it  should  please  God  to  permit 
him  to  return  to  France,  he  woidd  go  in  pilgrimage  to  our  lady  of 
Roquemado."  The  sick  were  all  healed  by  using  a  medicine, 
which  was  employed  with  success  by  the  natives.  This  was  a  de- 
coction of  the  leaves  and  bark  of  a  tree.  The  liquor  was  dnmk 
every  other  day,  and  an  external  application  was  made  to  the  legs. 
Charlevoix  say?,  the  tree  was  that,  which  yielded  turpentine,  and 
Dr.  Belknap  thinks  it  was  the  spruce  pine.  In  May  he  set  sail  on 
his  return  to  France,  and  arrived  at  ht.  Malo  July  6,  1536. 

At  the  end  of  four  years  another  expedition  was  projected.  Fran- 
cois de  la  Roque,  lord  of  Roberval,  was  commissioned  by  the  king 
as  his  lieutenant  governor  in  Canada  ;  and  Cartier  was  appointed 
his  pilot  with  the  command  of  five  ships.  Cartier  sail.1d  in  1540  or 
1541,  and  a  few  leagues  above  St.  Croix  in  the  river  St.  Lawrence, 
he  built  a  fort,  which  he  called  Charlcbourg.  In  the  spring  of  1542, 
he  determined  to  return  to  France,  and  accordingly  in  June  arrived 
at  St.  John's  in  Newfoimdland  on  his  way  home.  Here  he  met 
Roberval,  who  did  not  accompany  him  in  his  voyage,  and  who  had 
been  detained  till  this  time.  He  was  ordered  to  return  to  Canada, 
hut  he  chose  to  pursue  his  voyage  to  France,  and  sailed  out  of  the 
harbor  privately  in  the  night.  Roberval  attempted  to  establish  a 
/:olony,  but  it  was  soon  broken  up,  and  the  French  did  not  establisli 


H 


CAR. 


157 


themselves  pci-maiicntly  in  Canada  till  after  the  expiration  of  half 

acentury.      ^     ;  •,.;*.;^,'",|' ,;".  .:: .  .  .■,.;■■...;■■*::"  ;■ 

Cartier  published  memoirs  of  Canada  after  his  second  voyage. 
The  names,  which  he  gave  to  islands,  rivers,  Sec.  are  now  entirely 
changed.  In  this  work  he  shows,  that  he  possessed  a  good  share 
of  the  credulity  or  the  exaggeration  of  travellers.  !)eing  one  day 
in  the  chase  he  says,  that  he  pursued  a  bcast^  which  had  but  two 
legs,  ^d  which  ran  witli  astonishing  rapidity.  This  strange  ani- 
mal was  probably  an  Indian,  clothed  with  the  skin  of  some  wild 
beast.  He  speaks  also  of  human  monsters  of  different  kinds,  of 
vhich  accounts  had  been  given  him.  Some  of  them  lived  without 
ti'an%^-~'Iielknafi*8^mer.  bioffra/i/iyyi.  159—184;  Char levoix^  hist, 
dela  nouveile  France,  introd.  xx  ;  i.  S — 22.  edit.  4to  ;  Hakluyt,  iii. 
186,  201 — 240  ;  Holmea*  annah^i.  84—86,  89,  93  ;  Princey  introd. 
89,  90,  93  J  Purchaa,  i.  931,932;  v.  1605  j  For8ter*a  voy.  4,i7-^ 
448;  Univer.  hiat.  xxxix.  407.    '    '    "     ' '/     .-'     ^         >         ,      . 

CARVER  (John),  first  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  was  a 
native  of*  England,  and  was  among  the  emigrants  to  Lcyden,  who 
composed  Mr.  Robinson's  church  in  that  place.    When  a  removal 
to  America  was  contemplated,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  agents 
to  negotiate  with  the  Virginia  company  in  England  for  a  suitable 
territory.    He  obtained  a  patent  in  1 G 19,  and  in  the  following  year 
came  to  New  England  with  the  first  company.    Two  vessels  had 
been  procured,  the  one  called  the  Speedwell  and  the  other  the  May- 
flower, which  sailed  from  Southampton,  carrying  one  hundred  and 
twenty  passengers,  on  the  fifth  of  August  1620.    As  one  of  the 
vessels  proved  leaky,  they  both  put  into  Dartmouth  for  repairs. 
They  put  to  sea  again  August  21,  but  the  same  cause,  after  they 
had  sailed  about  a  hundred  leagues,  obliged  them  to  put  back  to 
Plymouth.     The  Speedwell  was  there  pronounced  unfit  for  thte 
voyage.    About  twenty  of  the  passengers  went  on  shore.     The 
others  were  received  on  board  the  Mayflower,  which  sailed  with- 
on6  hundred  and  one  passengers  besides  the  ship's  officers  and  crew, 
on  the  sixth  of  September.     During  the  voyage  the  weather  was 
nn&vorable,  and  the  ship  being  leaky  the  people  were  almost  con- 
tinually vret.     One  young  man  died  at  sea,  and  a  child  was  bom,  the 
ison  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  which  was  called  Oceanus«    On  the  ninth 
of  November,  they  discovered  the  white,  sandy  shores  of  cape  Cod. 
As  this  land  was  northward  of  Hudson's  river,  to  which  they  were 
destined,  the  9hip  was  immediately  put  about  to  the  southward  ;  but 
the  appearance  of  breakers  and  the  danger  from  shoals,  together 
with  the  eagerness  of  the  women  and  children  to  be  set  on  shore 
induced  them  to  shift  their  course  again  to  the  north.    The  next 
day  the  northern  extremity  of  the  cape  was  doubled,  and  the  ship 
was  safely  anchored  in  the  harbor  of  cape  Cod.     As  they  were  with- 
out the  territory  of  the  south  Virginia  company,  from  whom  they  had 
received  the  charter,  which  was  thus  rendered  useless;  aiM  te  thej' 


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158 


CAR. 


ptsrctV'ed  the  absolute  necessity  of  government}  it  was  thought 
proper  '>ehre  they  landed,  that  a  pohtical  association  should  be 
Ibiineii^  entrusting  all  powers  in  the  hands  of  the  majority.  Ac- 
cordiiigiy  after  solemn  prayers  and  thanksgiving  a  written  instru* 
ment  was  subscribed  on  the  eleventh  of  November  16^0  by  forty 
one  persons  out  of  one  hundred  and  one,  the  whole  number  of  pag. 
vengers  of  all  descriptions  on  boartl.  ^Iv.  C::trver's  name  stood 
first,  uriii  he  was  unanimously  electcct  goveuior  tbroi.c  ye.ar.  Gov* 
cmmiMt  being  thus  regularly  et>tobU  iWid  on  a  tvulv  republican 
principle,  sixteen  armed  men  were  seni  en  shore  tltc  ime  day  to 
procure  wood  and  make  di';<  over^c  ' .  Th/  <  r«''  ;rned  &t  .dght,  hav* 
ing  seen  no  hous.;  nor  ahurrmn  bemjir.  The  next  rL;/  ^(^g  Sunday, 
and  it  was  observed  as  a  day  of  rest.  While  they  lay  in  this  har- 
bor, during-  the  spaec  ^f  five  weeks,  a  number  of  excursions  were 
n^kde  by  the  direction  of  the  governor.  In  one  of  them  Mr.  Brad- 
ford's foot  was  caught  in  a  deer  tr'.p,  which  '?»«  ir  ide  I  /  bending  a 
yowng  tree  to  the  earth,  with  a  noos«  under  gro:  n>i,  covered  with 
acorns.  But  his  companions  (Uscnga<^cd  b'  from  his  unpleasant 
•iDoation.  An  Indian  buryiug  ground  *vas  uIjCOver,;d,  and  in  one 
©f  the  grave  a  were  found  amor  tar,  aii  eurthcm  pot,  a  bow  and  ar- 
i»W!i,  a;iii  other  implements,  all  of  which  were  carefully  replaced. 
A  more  important  discovery  was  a  cellar,  filled  wi^th  seed  co^u  ia 
-ears,  of  which  they  took  as  much  as  they  could  carry  away,  after 
teas>:>nmg  for  some  time  upon  the  moralii:y  of  the  action,  and  resolv- 
ing to  satisfy  the  owners,  when  they  should  find  them.  In  other 
expeditions  a  number  of  busheU  of  com  were  obtuned,  the  acquis- 
tion  of  which  at  a  time,  when  it  was  much  needed,  tbey  regarded 
IIS  a  peculiar  favor  of  divine  providence.  In  six  montlia  the  own- 
ers were  remunerated  to  their  entice  satisfaction. 

(!>n  Wednesday,  the  sixth  of  Decomber,  governor  Carver  him* 
^«elf,  with  nine  of  the  principal  men,  yrell  armed,  and  the  same 
number  of  seamen,  set  sail  in  the  shallop  to  make  further  discove- 
ne9*  The  weather  was  so  cold,  that  the  spray  of  the  sea  lEitize  on 
th^ir  poats,  till  they  were  cased  with  ice,  like  coats  of  iron.  They 
coasted  along  the  cape,  and  occasionally  a  {»rty  was  set  on  shore. 
At  the  dawn  of  day  on  Friday,  December  the  eighth,  those,  who 
w;ere  r^  th^  land,  were  surprised  by  the  sudden  wav  cry  of  the  na- 
tives, and  a  i^ight  of  arrows.  They  immediately  sexz"'^  their  arms, 
at^d  on  the  first  discharge  of  musq^uetry  the  Indiana  I  fei^hteen 

arrows  were  taken  up,  headed  eithei^  with  brass,  deer*s  Iporns,  or 
birds'  claws,  whiph  they  sent  as  a  present  to  their  friends  in  Eng- 
land. As  they  saUed  aloi,ig  the  shorei  they  were  overtaken  by  a 
storm,  wid  the  ruddeir  being  broken  and  the  shallop  di:iven  into  a 
cove  f^li  of  breaker^,  they  9II  expected  to  perish.  &y  much  exer- 
tion, however,  they  came  to  anchor  in  a  fair  sound  under  a- point  of 
land.  Whil^  th^y  'twere  diviided  in  opinion  with  respect  to  landing 
«t  thif  1^0}  the  severity  of  the  weather  compjelled  them  to  go  on 


CAR. 


1^# 


^ore.  Iti  the  moftilng  of  Saturday  they  (bund  themselves  on  k 
small  uninhabited  island,  which  has  ever  shice  borne  the  name  of 
Clarke's  island  from  the  mate  of  the  ship,  the  first  man,  who  stepped 
upon  it.  As  the  ne.,it  day  was  the  christian  sabbath,  they  appro- 
priated it  to  those  religious  purposes,  for  which  it  was  set  apart. 
On  Monday,  December  the  eleventh,  they  surveyed  the  bay,  and 
went  ashore  upon  the  main  land  at  the  place,  which  they  called 
Plymouth,  and  a  part  of  the  Very  rock,  on  which  they  first  set  their 
feet,  is  now  in  the  public  square  of  the  tovm,  and  is  distinguished  by 
the  name  of  the  forefathers'  rock.  The  day  of  their  landing,  the 
twenty  second  of  December  in  the  new  style,  is  at  the  present  age 
regarded  as  an  annual  festival. 

As  they  marched  into  the  country  they  found  com  fields,  and 
brooks,  and  an  excellent  situation  for  building.     With  the  news  of 
their  saccess  they  returned  to  their  company,  and  on  the  sixteenth 
of  December  the  ship  came  to  anchor  in  the  harbor.    The  high 
ground  on  the  southwest  6ide  of  the  bay  was  pitched  upon  as  the 
site  of  the  contemplated  town,  and  a  street  and  house  lots  were 
immediately  laid  out.     It  was  also  resolved  to  plant  their  ordnance 
upon  a  commanding  eminence,  whicli  overlooked  the  plain.     Be- 
fore the  end  of  December  they  had  erected  a  storehouse  with  a 
thatched  roof,  in  which  their  goods  were  deposited  under  a  guard. 
Two  rows  of  houses  were  begun,  and  as  fast  as  they  could  be  cov- 
ered, the  people,  who  Averc  classed  into  nineteen  families,  came 
ashore,  and  lodged  in  them.     On  the  last  of  Deoember  the  public 
services  of  religion  were  attended  for  the  first  time  on  the  shore> 
and  the  place  was  named  Plymouth,  both  because  it  was  so  called 
in  captain  Smith's  i7:iap,  published  a  few  years  before,  and  in  re- 
membrance of  the  kind  treatment,  which  they  had  received  from 
the  inliabitants  of  Plymouth,  the  last  port  of  their  native  country > 
from  which  they  sailed.    The  severe  hardships,  to  which  this  com- 
pany were  exposed  in  so  rigorous  a  climate,  and  the  scorbutic 
habits  contracted  by  living  so  long  on  board  the  ship  caused  a  great 
mortality  among  them,  so  that  before  the  month  of  April  near  one 
half  of  them  died.     Governor  Carver  was  himself  dangerously  ill 
in  Jitnuary.    On  the  fourteenth  of  that  month,  as  he  lay  sick  at  the 
storehouse^  the  buiUUng  took  fire  by  means  of  the  thatched  roo^ 
andit  w&s  with  difficulty,  ihat  the  stock  of  ammunition  was  preserved. 
By  the  beginning  of  March  he  was  so  far  recovered  of  his  first  ill- 
ness, that  he  was  able  to  walk  three  miles  to  visit  a  large  pond,  which 
had  been  discovered  from  the  top  of  a  tree  by  Francis  Billington, 
whose  name  it  has  since  borne.    None  of  the  natives  were  seen  be- 
fore the  tdckness  among  the  planters  had  abated.    The  pestilence, 
which  n^ed  in  the  country  four  years  before,  had  almost  depopulate 
ed  it.    On  the  sixteenth  of  March  a  savage  came  boldly  into  the 
town  alone,  and  to  the  astonishment  of  the  emigrants  addressed 
thcn\  In  these  words,  "  welcome,  Englishmen  !    Welcome  Eng- 


I 


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I  ill! 


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160 


CAR. 


*'    i 


lislimcn  !"    His  nume  was  Samosct,  and  lie  was  sagamore  of  Mo. 
ratiggon, distant  five  days'  journey  to  the  eastward.    He  had  learned 
broken  English  of  the  fishermen  in  his  country.     By  him  the  gov. 
emor  v^s  informed,  that  the  plucc,  where  they  now  were*  was  called 
ll^atuxet,  and  though  it  was  formerly  populous  that  every  human 
being  had  died  of  the  late  pestilence.     This  account  was  con* 
firmed  by  the  extent  of  the  deserted  fields,  the  number  of  graves, 
and  the  remnants  of  skiile'tohs,  lying  on  the  ground.  Being  dismissed 
with  a  present,  he  returned  the  next  day  with  five  of  the  Indians, 
who  lived  in  the  neighborhood,  and  who  brought  a  few  skins  for 
trade.     He  was  sent  out  again  in  a  few  diys  and  on  the  twenty  sec. 
ond  of  March  returned  with  Squanto,  the  only  native  of  Patuxet 
then  living.     Having  been  carried  off  by  Hunt  In  1614  he  escaped 
the  pestilence,  which  desolulcd  his  country.     I|e  had  learned  the 
English  language  at  London,  and  came  back  to  ,his  native  country 
with  the  fishermen.     They  informed  the  planters,  that  Masassoit, 
the  sachem  of  the  neighboring  Indiantf,  was  near  with  his  brother, 
and  a  number  of  his  people  ;  and  within  an  iKiur  he  appeared  on 
the  top  of  a  hill  over  against  the  Engjlish  town  with  a  train  of  hhty 
men.     Mutual  distrust  prevented  for  some  time  any  advances  upon 
either  side  ;  but  Mr.  Winslo-.v  bein^  sent  to  the  Indian  king  wi^h  a 
copper  chain  .and  two  knives,  with  a  friendly  message  from  the  gov- 
ernor, the  sachem  Avas  pleased  to  descend  from  the  hill,  accompa. 
pied  by  twenty  men  unarmed.     Captain  Standish  met  him  at  the 
brook  at  the  head  of  six  men  with  musquets,  and  escorted  him  to 
one  of  the  best  houses,  where  three  or  four  cushions  were  placed 
on  a  green  rug,  spreud  over  the  floor.     The  governor  came  in, 
preceded  by  a  drum  and  trumpet,  the  sound  of  which  greatly  dc 
lighted  the  Indians.    After  mutual  su]titatiuns,the  governor  kissing 
liis  majesty's  hand,  refreshments  were  ordered      A  league  of 
friendship  was  then  agreed  on,  which  was  inviolably  observed  for 
above  fifty  years.     I'he  articles  of  the  treaty  were  the  following, 
"  that  neither  he  nor  his  should  injure  any  of  oiirs  ;  that  if  they  did 
lie  should  sei>d  the  ofTender,  that  we  nilght  punish  hini  ;  that  if  our 
toolb  were  taken  away,  he  should  restore  theni,   and  if  ours  did  any 
harm  to  any  of  his,  we  would  do  the  like  to  them  ;  that  if  any  unr 
justly  warred  against  him,  we  would  aid  him,  and  if  any  warred 
against  us  he  should  aid  us  ;  that  he  should  certify  his  neighbor 
confederates  of  this,  that  they  might  not  wrong  us,  but  be  compris- 
ed in  the  conditions  of  peace }  that  when  their  men  came  to  us  they 
fihould  leave  their  bows  and  arrows  behind  the'n,  as  we  shoiild  leave 
our  pieces,  when  we  came  to  them ;  that  in  doing  thus  king  James 
would  esteem  him  as  his  friend  and  ally."     After  the  treaty,  the 
governor  conducted  Masasspit  to  the  brook;  where  they  6mbraced 
each  other  and  parted.  .- .<       , 

The  next  day,  March  the  twenty  Ihird,  a  few  laws  were  enacted, 
and  'Mr.  Cat-ver  was  confirmed  as  governor  for  the  following  year. 


r  i^r 


CAR. 


161 


It  the  begiiiiurM^  of  April  twenty  acres  of  land  were  prepared  for 
the  reception  ot  Indian  conif  and  SamoHct  and  Sk]uanto  tpvo^ht  the 
emigrants  how  to  plant,  and  dress  it  with  herrings,  of  whicn  an  im«  • 
mense  quantity  came  into  tlie  brooks.     Six  acres  were  sowed  with 
barley  and  peas.     While  they  were  engaged  in  this  labor  on  the  / 
fifth  of  April,  the  governor  came  out  of  the  field  at  noon,  complaining 
of  a  pain  in  his  head,  caused  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.     In  a  few  hours  * 
ic  deprived  him  of  his  senses,  and  in  u  lew  days  put  an  end  to  his 
life  to  the  great  grief  of  the  infant  plantation.     He  was  buried  with  ' 
all  the  honors,  which  could  be  paid  to  his  memory.      The  men 
were  under  arms,  and  fired  sevend  voUies  over  his  grave.     His  wife) 
overcome  by  her  loss,  survived  him  but  six  weeks.  ' 

Governor  Carver  was  distinguished  for  his  prudence,  integrity, 
and  firmness.  He  had  a  good  estate  in  England,  which  he  spent  in 
the  emigration  to  Holland  and  America.  He  exeited  himself  to 
promote  the  interests  of  the  colony,  he  bore  a  large  share  of  its 
suiferini^s,  and  the  people  confided  in  him  as  their  friend  and  fa- 
ther. Piety,  humility,  and  benevolence  were  eminent  tsaits  in  his 
character.  In  the  time  of  the  general  sickness,  which  befel  the 
colony,  after  he  had  himself  recovered,  he  was  assiduous  in  attend«if 
ing  the  sick  and  performing  the  most  humiliating  services  for  them 
without  ahy  distinction  of  persons  or  characters.  He  was  succeed- 
ed in  the  office  of  governor  by  Mr.  Bradford.  One  of  his  grand- 
sons, who  lived  in  Marshfield,  reached  the  age  of  one  hundred  and 
two  years.  The  broad  sword  of  governor  Carver  is  deposited  in 
the  cabinet  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society  in  Boston.-— -Sf/- . 
kmfi'i  </1mer.  biogra/ihy,u.  179*— 216  ;  Pnnce,  66— 104  ;  Holme** 
onnalti'i.  200 — 203,  207 — 210;  Hardie*a  biog.dict.\  Purchtu^v, 
1843 — 1850  ;  Morton,  i.  33  ;  Univers.  hiat.  xxxix,  273«  J^eal*t 
ff.  England,  i.  99  ;  H.  ^danu*  JV.  England,  16.    .    >r^  , -,ifv  ..j}  ■;.   it 

CARVER  (Jonathan),  an  enterprising  traveller,  was  a  native 
of  Connecticut,  and  was  bom  in  1 732.    He  lost  his  father,  who  was 
1  justice  of  the  peace,  when  he  was  only  five  years  of  age.     He  was 
iotepded  for  the  profession  of  medicine,  which  he  quitted  for  a  mil#y 
,  itary  life.     In  the  French  war  he  commanded  an  independent  com- 
pany of  provincials  in  the  expedition  carried  on  across  the  lakes 
ac;ainst  Canada.    He  served  with  reputation  till  the  peace  of  1763. 
After  this  he  formed  the  resolution  of  exploring  the  most  interior 
parts  of  North  America  and  of  even  penetrating  to  the  Pacific  ocean 
I  over  that  broad  part  of  the  continent,  which  lies  between  the  forty . 
I  third  and  the  forty  sixth  degrees  of  north  latitude.     As  the  English 
j  had  come  in  possession  of  a  vast  territory  by  the  conquest  of  Cana» 
da,  he  wished  to  render  this  acquisition  profitable  to  his  country, 
while  he  gratified  his  taste  for  adventures.    He  believed,  that  the 
I  French  had  intentionally  kept  other  nations  ignorant  of  the  interior 

parts  of  North  America.    He  hoped  to  facilitate  the  discovery  of  a 
I  north  west  passage,  or  of  a  communication  between  Hudsou's  .b^y  .< 

"  21'  


T     y\ 


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and  tllD  PKidc  ooeut.  ff  he  couM  •Sad  cta»  ettalitUteMal  oft 
post,  on  the  stnuu  of.  AnnUuit  he  tuppoted  he  should  thue  opei  « 
channel  for  conveyinfi;  intelligence  to  China  and  the  Engllah  lettle- 
ments  in  the  East  Indies  with  gpreater  expedition^  than  by  e  tediom 
voyaf^  by  the  cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  the  straits- of  Magellan* 

With  these  views  he  set  out  from  Boston  in  I700y  and  in  8c|^ 
tsmber  of  that  year  arriTedi  at  MiehHIimidunaCf  the  most  interior 
English  post.  He  applied  to  the  governor,  Mr.Rogers^  to  fumiih 
hxtn  with  ft  proper  assortment  of  goods,  as  a  present  for  the  Indians 
living  in  the  tracker  which  he  intended  to  pursue.  Receiving  asup* 
ply  in  part,  it  wfts>  promised  thatthe  remainder  should  be  sent  to 
him,  when  he  reached  the  &Us  of  St.  Anthony  in.  thO' river  Miiii^ 
sippL  In  con:iequence  of  the  failure  of  the  goods  he  found  it  ne* 
cessary  to  return  to  la  Praiii  la  Chien  in  the  spring  of  17 6lf.  Being 
thus  retarded  b  ht»  progress  westwerd^he  determined  to^rect  his 
course  norUiward,  that  by  finding!' a  com  mui^cation  between  the 
Mississippi  and  lake  Superior,  he  might  meet-  the  traders  at  the 
grand  portage  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  lake.  Of  them  he  in* 
fended  to  purchase  the  goodS)  which  he  needed,  and  then  to  parsat 
Ms  journey  by  the  way  oithO' lakes  la  Pluye,  Dubois*  and  Ouini- 
pique  to  the  heads  of  the  river  of  the  west.  He  reached  lake  ^u^ 
rior. before  the  traders  had  returded  to  Miehittimakinac,  but  they 
cotild  not  furnish  him  with  goods.  Thus  disappointed  a  second  timsr 
he  continued  some  months  on  the  north  and  east  bordOiS'  of  lake 
Superior,  exploring  the  bays  and  rivers,  whioh  empty  themselves 
into  that  large  body  of  water,  and  carefully  observing  the<  nstani 
productions,  of  the  cotmtry,  and  the-customs  and  mamiers  of  the  h« 
luibitan'  •.  He  arrived  at  Boston  in  October  1 768,  havidg  been  ab- 
sent on  tills  expedition  two  years  and  ftve  months,  and  diUHing-thit 
time  travelled  near  seven  tliousand  miles* 

As  soon  as  he  had  pro^rly  digested  his  journal  and  cherts,  \t 
Went  to  England  to  publish  them.  On  his  arriiral  he  presented  a 
petition' to  his  majesty  in  council  for  a  reimbursement  of  the  sums, 
which,  he  had  exi>ended  in  the  service  of  government.  This  was 
referred  to  the  lords  commissioners  of  tvadeand  pknlations,  by 
whom  he  was  examined  in  regard  to  his  cfiseoveries.  Hatilig  obtun* 
ed  pefmissioa  to  pubUsh  faispapers,  he  ditspostd  of  them  to  a  bot^iel- 
ler.  When  they  were  almostready  for  the  press,  an-order- waaissued 
from  the  council  boerd,  requiring  him  to  deliver  into  the  phntatiob 
office  all  his  chart»  and  journals)  witb  every  paper  rekiting  to  the 
discoveries,  which  he  hadnaede*  In  order  t»  obey  this  command 
he  was  obltpfed  to  repurchase'  them  from  the  bookseller.  It  was 
not  until  ten  years  aflter,  that  he  {mblished  an  account  of  his  travels. 
Being  disappointed  in  his  hopes  of  preferment,  he  became  cleriiof 
the  lottery.  As  he  sold  his  name  to  a  historical  compilation,  which 
was  published  in  1779  in  folio,  entitled,  the  new  uni^rsal  traveller) 
toat^aimflD4u:«oant  ofalltheem^iretykingdofia^atfditfttiesiiithS' 


i^: 


CAR. 


ftftS 


^Btnm  woiMt  be  WM  tA  uWloned  by  thote,  whoae  dubf  it  wu  to  Mip- 
peft  him)  and  h«  died  .  rant  of  the  common  neceuaitet  of  lifiD  in 
tfdOffgtd  turtf  eight  veert. 

CafMa^Canrer  publMied  a  tract  on  the  culture  of  tobacco  ;  and 
traveU  through  the  intetior  parts  of  North  America  in  the  yeartt 
1766*  1747,  and  1768,  LondoDf  Svo,  1778.  An  edition  of  this  work 
mM  piddished  at  Boeton  ih  1797  ^—mlntroductfon  to  hU  uteveh  ;  Ae« 
§Hd  general  diog.  diet. ;  Watkitu. 

GARY  (Thomas),  minister  in  Newburyportf  MaasachitaettSf  wal 
the  ton  of  Hamuel  Cary,  esquire,  of  Charlestowm,  and  was  bom  Oc- 
tober 16^  1745.  He  vras  graduated  ait  Hvrrard  coUege  in  1761. 
After  leading  the  university,  he  Was  employed  as  an  instructor  of 
ysMth.  While  preparing  more  immediately  for  the  sacred  office 
of  a  miniatel:  of  the  gospel,  he  resided  in  Haverhill,  where  he  enjoy* 
«d  (be  counsels  and  instructions  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Barnard,  a 
Aan  ef  disidnctiun,  whom  he  highly  respected  and  afibctkmately 
loved.  He  wasonluiiied  as  successor  ef  the  reverend  Mi*.  iaowelK 
|Mitor  of  the  first  church  in  Newbury  port,  May  11,  1768.  One 
Ihirdofthc  church  and  congregation,  being  dissatisfied  with  the 
choice  of  Mr.  Cary,  were  formed  into  a  separate  society ;  but  such 
«^as  the  prudence  and  integrity  t>f  his  condubt,  that  they  acknowl- 
«|i>^d  his  life  and  conversation  to  be  in  accordance  mth  the  gospel, 
w^jich  he  preached.  For  near  twenty  years  he  was  enabled  to  per- 
form all  the-  duties  ef  the  ministerial  office,  but  in  the  forty  third 
year  of  hts  age,  it  pleased  God  by  a  paralytic  stroke  to  remove  hint 
from  his  public  labors.  Aftter  this  event,  the  reverend  Mr.  An- 
drews was  ordained  as  his  oollea^e  December  10,  1788.  From 
tkia  period  tmtil  about  two  years  before  his  death  Mr.  Cary  was  so 
&r  restored  to  health,  as  to  be  able  occasionally  to  perform  the  pub^ 
tic  offices  of  religion.  He  ^ed  November  $4^  1808,  hi  the  siit* 
tjr  fe^irth  year  of  his  age. 

Mr.C»7  possesfeed  a  strong  and  comj^t'ehfensive  mind,  which  wa8 
highly  cultivated  by  reading,  observatibh,  reflection^  and  prayer^ 
His  8ormoi>s  wete  plain,  forcU^e,  sententious,  and  altogether  practi- 
cal. He  was  not  ashamed  to  be  called  a  ratiMiat  Christian.  ThougN 
be  read  writers  on  all  ndes^if  theologioal  questions ;  ^ti  those  were 
Irs  fevorite  authors,  who  tredted  the  doctrines  Mtd  ddties  bi  chriM-r 
iMtity  in  a  rational  manner.  Cah^  towards  t)M>!!ie,  who  (tiffer^ 
from  him  in  opinion,  he  sincerely  respet(6d  tb6  fiee  and  honest  ini* 
tpmtt  after  truth.  His  feeliffgs  Were  ke^n  and  bin  passions  strong  } 
knt  it  was  the  great  business  Off  his  Kfe^  aMd  the  subjett  of  his  earfk* 
fit  prayers,  to  reduce  them  to  tfhe  g0rv6rnmfent  of  realMn  aftd  tfa£ 
gospel.  In  the  various  relations  of  life  he  conciliated  respeoi  task 
fitteim.  "to  his  brethren  In  th6  ministry  he  was  af  generous  friend, 
a  winr  counsellor,  aind  a  mo^t  pleasant  and  imfprovhffg  askitiat^, 
lift  excelled  in  the  chairmar  of  converdatioA.  H^  iKf^  esteemed 
4«ry  %bty  in  tov«  fo»  hiis  pub^  M>or» ;  for  sound  abd  £^^(  ^ 


1 

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164 


CAS. 


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volion,  foriudicioiis,  impresftivc,  patlKitto,  and  cUifyitig  diiirour»e]. 
Between  him  and  his  people  there  suL  it  d  uuuncoaimon  harmony 
and  afferiion.  During;  his  lonp^  dcbiiiiy  the  religion,  which  he 
preached,  wan  hii  support  und  Holacc.  In  the  leisure,  which  was 
now  afforded  him,  he  took  a  peculiar  intr  rest  in  attendini^  to  the 
ecclesiastical  history  of  his  country ;  ar.d  the  fruits  of  his  studies 
wore  conspicuous  in  his  conversation.  As  his  disorder  increa&cd 
upon  him,  he  sunk  into  a  state  of  insensibility,  and  without  a  strug* 
gle  of  nature  his  spirit  returned  to  God,  who  gave  it. 

He  published  two  sermons  on  the  importance  of  salvation ;  a  ser* 
mon  preached  at  Charlcstown  from  Matthew  xii.  20  ;  a  sermon  at 
the  funeral  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Webster  of  Salisbury,  1796;  the 
right  hand  of  fellowship  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Jamei 
Beattie  in  Salisbury  ;  the  charge  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend 
Abraham  Moore  \n  Newbury ;  a  sermon  on  the  last  day  of  assein* 
bling  in  the  old  meeting  house  in  Newburyport,  September  37, 
ISOl  j-'-^ndrewa* /uneral  «er mon  i  Pano/ilhtj  Dec.  1808. 

CASWELL  (Richard),  governor  of  North  Carolina,  received 
an  education  suitable  for  the  bar,  and  was  uniformy  distinguished 
as  a  friend  to  the  rights  of  mankind.  He  possessed  a  sensibility, 
which  impelled  him  to  relieve  the  distress,  which  he  witnessed. 
Whenever  oppressed  indigence  called  for  his  professional  assist* 
ance,  he  afforded  it  without  the  hope  of  any  other  reward,  than  the 
consciousness  of  having  exerted  himself  to  promote  the  happiness 
of  a  fellow  man. 

Warmly  attached  to  the  liberties  of  his  country,  he  was  appointed 
a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774,  and  he  early  took  arms  in 
resistance  to  the  arbitrary  clsims  of  Great  Britain.  He  was  at  the 
head  of  a  regiment  in  1776,  when  it  became  necessary  to  oppose  a 
body  of  loyalists  composed  of  a  number  of  the  ignorant  and  disor> 
derly  inhabitants  of  the  frontiers,  styling  themselves  regulators,  and 
of  emigrants  from  the  highlands  of  Sc<  tland.  This  paity  of  about 
^fteen  hundred  men  was  collected  in  the  middle  of  February  under 
general  M*Donald,  He  was  pursued  by  general  Moore,  and  on  the 
twenty  seyenth  he  found  himself  under  the  Decessity  of  engaging 
colonel  Caswell,  who  was  intrenched  with  about  a  thousand  minute 
men  and  militia  directly  in  his  front,  at  a  place  called  Moore's  creek 
bridge.  This  was  ^bout  sixteen  miles  distimt  from  Wilmington, 
where  McDonald  hoped  to  join  general  Clinton.  But  he  was  de< 
feated  and  taken  prisoner  by  Ca8v~<^ll  with  the  loss  of  seventy  men 
in  killed  and  wounded,  and  fifteen  hundred  excellent  rifles.  This 
victory  was  of  eminent  service  to  the  American  cause  in  North 
Carolina. 

Mr.  Caswell  was  preudent  of  the  t:onvention,  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  North  Carolina  in  December  1776,  under' which 
constitution  he  was  governor  from  April  1777  to  the  year  1780, and 
irQm  1/85  to  17^7,    At  the  time  of  .hb  death  be  was  preudentof 


il 


*.i  ! 


CAT. 


165 


ihe  MMte,  and  for  a  number  of  years  he  had  held  the  commiMioo 
of  major  (j;eneral.     He  died  at  Fayetteville  November  30,  1789. 

In  his  character  the  public  and  domestic  virtues  were  united. 
Erer  honored  with  some  marks  of  the  approbation  of  his  fellow  cit- 
izens, he  watched  with  unremitted  attention  over  the  welfare  of  the 
community,  and  anxiously  endeavored  also  to  promote  the  felicity 
of  its  members  in  their  separate  interests.  While  the  complacency 
of  his  disposition  and  his  equal  temper  peculiarly  endeared  him  to 
his  friends,  they  commanded  respect  even  from  his  enemies.  Of 
the  ancient  and  honorable  society  of  freemasons  in  North  Carolina 
he  had  for  a  number  of  years  been  grand  mvAitr,— -Mar tin' ti  funeral 
oralion  ;  Gazette  qf  the  United  Statety  i.  307,  340  ;  Nardie'a  biog. 
did.  i  MarthalCt  ^fe  qf  Wathingtorty  i.  380  ;  Gordon^  ii.  309  i  Bam- 
ttti/f  i.  354.  ijrwt-  nr-fz 

CATESBY  (Mark,  f.  r.  s.),  an  eminent  naturalist,  was  bom  in 
England  at  the  close  of  the  year  1679.  Having  an  early  and  a 
strong  propensity  to  the  study  of  nature,  he  determined  to  gratify 
his  taste  by  exploring  a  part  of  the  new  world.  As  some  of  his 
relations  lived  in  Virginia,  he  was  induced  first  to  visit  that  prov> 
ince,  where  he  ariived  April  23,  1712.  Here  he  remained  seven 
years,  observing  and  admiring  the  various  productions  of  the 
country,  and  occasionally  sending  dried  specimens  of  plants  to  his 
correspondents  in  Great  Uiitain,  and  particularly  to  Dr.  William 
Sherard.  His  collections,  however,  as  yet  had  no  reference  to  the 
work,  which  he  afterwards  published.  On  his  return  to  England  in 
1719  he  was  encouraged  by  the  assistance  of  several  of  the  nobility, 
and  of  some  distinguished  naturalists  to  revisit  America  with  the 
professed  design  of  describing,  delineating,  and  painting  the  most 
curious  objects  of  nature.  He  arrived  at  South  Carolina,  which  was 
selected  as  the  place  of  his  residence.  May  23,  1723  ;  and  having 
first  examined  the  lower  parts  of  the  country  in  occasional  excur- 
sions from  Charleston,  he  afterwards  went  into  the  interior  and  re- 
sided for  some  time  at  fort  Moore  upon  Savannah  river,  three 
hundred  miles  from  the  sea.  From  this  place  he  made  several 
vluts  to  the  Indians,  who  lived  still  higher  up  the  river  in  the  more 
mountainous  regions ;  and  he  also  extended  his  researches  through 
Georgia  and  Florida.  In  his  travels  he  g'^nerally  engaged  one  of 
the  savages  to  be  his  companion,  who  carried  for  him  his  box,  con- 
taining conveniences  for  painting,  and  the  specimens  of  plants, 
which  he  collected.  Having  spent  near  three  years  upon  the  con- 
unent,  he  visited  the  Bahama  islands  at  the  invitation  of  the  gover- 
nor, and  residing  in  the  isle  of  Providence  he  prosecuted  his  plan, 
and  made  various  collections  of  fishes  and  submarine  productions. 

Returning  to  England  in  1736,  he  was  well  received  by  his 
patrons ;  but  the  great  expense  of  procuring  engmvings  induced 
liim  to  learn  from  Joseph  Goupy  the  art  of  etching.  He  then  re- 
ured  to  Hoxton,  where  he  devoted  his  time  to  the  completion  of 


m 


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H 


TUji 


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I    i 


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900 


CHA. 


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his  l^ttat  woi^if  vladi  he  puUitbed  in  sramfaers  vf  twcnly  |4ahts 
eack.  TJie  figuim  iwere  etched  hy  himself  foom  his  own  pamtingi, 
SdMiithe  oolorod  .c«^es  wen  done  under  his  own  inspectiwi.  Al. 
tfaouglilib  attentiBO  vas  svindpaUj  devoted  to  -pfcrnts,  yet  most  of 
Jhb  pUfees  exhibit  some  subject  of  the  aulmal  iiingdom.  The  Unt 
9unfaer  i^peared  lo wards  the  cloae  of  the  year  If  90)  and  tlie  fint 
volwBe)  oonsisdn;  of  one  hondred  plates,  was  finished  in  17^3  j  tlic 
•eoeod  in  1743 ;  and  the  appendix  of  twenty  plates  hi  1748.  01' 
Mch  number  a  regular  aooounitt  written  by  DrXromwell  Mortbwr) 
secfetarjr  of  ithe  liofal  Bocietf*  was  laid  befi>re  the  society  as  it  ap* 
pearedt  and  printed  in  the  philosophical  transactions.  The  whoii 
x|N»rk  is  eotided,  fht  natural  history  of  Carolina,  FlM«da,  and  tht 
Sajsama  islands,  in  French  and  English,  coota^ng  the  figures  ef 
Inr^s,  beasts,  fishes,  &c.  colored  a&cr  the  life,  andama^of  tht 
countries.  Xt  conkaias  descriptions  of  many  curious  and  impotiant 
articfes  ot  food»  mftdicine,  domestic  economy,  and  omamenUd  cul« 
tiUM;  and  was  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  most  splendid  works  of  the 
kind,  which  had  ever  been  published.  The  principal  defect  of  the 
work  is  the  waitf  of  a  separate  delineation  of  all  the  parts  of  the  flow* 
er.  For  the  Latin  names  Mr.Cateaby  was  indebted  to  Or.  Shersni. 
He  did  not  live  to  see  a  second  impression,  for  he  died  in  Ltodon 
December  34,  1749,  aged  sevoity  years,  leaving  a  widow  and  two 
children,  whose  diipendence  for  support  was  entirely  upon  the  pn)f' 
its  of  his  work.  He  was  esteemed  by  tbe  most  respectable  meni' 
hers  of  the  royal  society*  of  which  he  was  a  fellow,  for  his  modesty, 
jogemuw,  and  upright  behavior.  His  name  has  been  perpetuated 
by  Dr.  Gronovius  in  the  plant,  called  Catesbaea. 

The  second  ediiaon  of  Catesby's  natural  history  was  published 
in  1754,  and  the  third  in  1 77 1,  to  which  a  Linnsean  index  has  been 
annexed.  The  colorings  however  of  this  edition  are  wretchedly 
executed ;  tliose  of  the  preceding  are  better ;  but  tliose,  which  pas* 
sed  under  the  inspection  of  Catcsby  himself  have  most  of  life  and 
jbeauty,  though  even  these  cannot  vie  with  the  splendid  figures, 
vhich  are  now  presented  to  the  lovers  of  natural  history.  He  was 
the  author  of  a  paper,  printed  in  the  forty  fourth  volume  of  the  phi* 
lesophical  transactions,  en  birds  of  passage  ;  in  which  he  prores 
the  reality  of  their  emigrating  in  search  of  proper  food  from  a  van* 
ety  ef  observations,  which  he  had  an  opportunity  of  making  during 
ibis  voyi^es  across  the  Atlantic.  In  1767  there  was  puUished  un* 
ider  his  name,  hortus  Americanus,  a  collection  of  eighty  fivecurkxis 
trees  and  shrubs  from  North  America,  adapted  to  the  soil  of  Great 
9ritiVn,  colored,  fotio^'^Pre/ace  to  hit  natural  fiUtory  \  Resa*  cyck- 
fittdtOy  Amer,  edit. ;  Mller^  ii.  365  ;  Puiteney*»  biat.  and  biog.  aketch' 
S0^the/irogresa  qfbotany  in  Englandi  a.  ch.  44. 

CHALKLEY  (Thomas),  a  preacher  among  the  quakers  of  Perni* 
sylvania,  removed  from  Sngland  tc  that  colony  about  the  year  1701, 
UxUived  there  upwards  9i  fefty  yewn,  eacepting  if  hen  the  neces. 


CHAr 


M7 


0ff  Mkf  ^^t«tdiit0^  Mk  diitleft  a»  a  preachet  eaHed  Iifav  amif » 
In  1705  he  visited  the  Indians  at  Oonestoga  near  the  river  Su^Ue* 
liaiuudit  in  company  widi  some  of  hb  brethren)  to  secure  their 
gtMHiship  and  impart  to  them  religious  uAtrucden.  Ifc  died  at 
the  )^«>d'^Tortota  i»  17>4P,  #hite>  on  a  viiit  there  for  the  purpose 
oTpminotiHg:  what  ho  believed  to  b«  the  truth.  He  was  a  man  pos* 
seMedol  mattjr  viitUes}  and  was  endeared  to^  his  acquaihtanee  hy 
the  gentkmesa  of  his  manners.  Though  he  had  not  Hie  adVanta^ 
of  a  liberal  eduoaticKi)  yet  he  ptdslished  a  number  of  ivorks  on  reKg^ 
ions  subjects^  and  a  ji^mal  of  his  life)  written  in  a  ampler  and  en^ 
nging  stylb^-'-P^owrfi  i.  463; 

CH^^MERS  (LioNfei,  Mk  ».)>  a  physiciRii  of  South  CaraKM^ 
imioent  for  mc^al  science  and  for  Ins  vtsrious  and  extcnrirli 
knowledge)  came  from  Glvat  Britain  ih  the  former  pait  of  the  tost 
century* 

He  wrote  in  1754  useful  remarks  on  oj^sthotonos  andtfctiaius^ 
whicb  were  published  in  the  first  volume  of  the  observation»andin- 
qairies  of  the  medical  societ)r  of  London.  His  most  rospectlMtt 
irark  is  an  essay  on  fevers,  published  at  Charlieston)  1767,  in  wMoH 
he  gave  the  outlines  of  the  spasmodic  theory^  wliich  had  beett 
taught  by  Hofibiasif  and  wMch  was  afterwards  m«re  fuHy  illustrated 
by  CuUen.  Besides  several  smaller  prodiictions  he  dso  published 
a  viduable  work  on  the  weather  and  diseases  of  South  Carolina^ 
liondon  1775v— MZ/wj  i;  319  ;  ii;  364  ;  Ranaay^t  rtvino  qf  werfi 
ifwe,  42)  44. 

GHAMPLAIN  TSamusl  os))  the  founder  and  govetrtor  of  Que<« 
tuec,  wasof  a  noble  family  of  Brouage  in  the  province  df  Saintongii 
ih  France.    He  commanded  a  vessel,  in  wltrch  he  made  a  voyage 
to  the  EiBSt  Indies  about  the  year  1600,  and  acquired  a  high  reput»* 
tion  as  an  able  Mid  experienced  officer.    After  an  absence  of  tw« 
years  end  a  half  he  returned  to  France  at  a  time,  when  it  was  rcsolT- 
ed  to  prosecute  the  discoveries,  which  had  been  commenced  in 
Canada  by  Cartier.    The  mat>quis  de  la  Roche  and  Chautin,  gov* 
eroors  of  Ganadfl)  had  endeavored  to  establish  a  colony,  and  the 
iMter  was  SQCceed^d  by  de  Chatte,  who  engaged  Champlion  in  his 
service  in  1 603.    On  the  sixteenth  of  March  in  this  year  Cham- 
pkdhsuled,  accompanied  by  Pontgra\i,  who  had  made  many  voy- 
ages to  T»ldussae)  at  the  entrance  of  the  Saguenay  into  the  St. 
Lawrence.    After  their  arrival  at  this  place  May  twenty  fifth,  he 
lift  his  vessel)  and  in  a  light  battcau  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  the  falls  of  St.  Louis,  which  bounded  the  discoveries  6f  Cartier 
in  1S3S.    This  was  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hochelaga,but  that  In- 
ifian  settlement  was  not  now  in  existence.    After  makint^  many  in- 
quiries of  the  natives  and  exploring  much  of  the  country  along  the 
St.  Lawrence,  he  suled  for  France  in  Augut>i.    On  Ms  arrival  in 
September,  he  found  that  de  Chatte  was  dead,  ard  his  commission 
as  lieiftenant  general  of  C'anada  givdt  to   the  sicur  de  Motets. 


\    Hi 


>i^  '\  ' 


'i     \  i 


m  m  ^ 


168 


CHA. 


1 ,  ( 


tMU  i 


m 


This  gentleman  engaged  him  as  his  pilot  in  another  voyage  to  the 
new  world. 

Champlain  sailed  on  his  second  voyage  March  7,  1604,  and  ar- 
rived at  Acadie  on  the  sixth  of  May.  After  being  employed  about 
a  month  in  the.  long  boat,  visiting  the  coast  in  order  to  find  a  prop* 
er  situation  for  a  settlement,  he.  pitched  upon  a  small  island  about 
twenty  leagues  to  the  westward  of  St.  John's  river  and  about  half 
a  league  in  circumference.  To  this  island  de  Monts,  after  his  ar- 
rival at  the  place,  gave  the  name  of  St.  Croix.  It  lies  in  the  river 
of  the  same  name,  which  divides  the  United  States  from  the  British 
province  of  New  Brunswick.  During  the  winter  Champlain  was 
occupied  in  exploring  the  country,  and  he  went  as  far  as  cape  Cod, 
where  he  gave  the  name  of  Malebarre  to  a  point  of  land  on  account 
of  the  imminent  danger  of  running  aground  near  it  with  his  bark. 
In  the  next  year  he  pursued  his  discoveries,  though  he  did  not  pass 
more  than  ten  or  twelve  leagues  beyond  Malebarre. 

In  1607  he  was  sent  out  on  another  voyage,  to  Tadoussac,  accom- 
panied by  Pontgrav^.  In  the  year  1 608  he  laid  the  foundation  of 
Quebec.  He  was  a  man,  who  did  not  embarrass  himself  with  com- 
merce, and  who  felt  no  interest  in  the  traffic  with  the  Indians,  which 
proved  so  profitable  to  many,  that  were  engaged  in  it.  Being  en- 
trusted with  the  charge  of  establishing  a  permanent  colony,  he  ex- 
amined the  most  eligible  places  for  settlement,  and  selected  a  spot 
upon  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  confluence  of  this  river  and  the  sma\l 
river  of  St.  Charles,  about  three  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from 
the  sea.  The  river  in  this  place  was  very  much  contracted,  and  it 
was  on  this  account,  that  the  natives  called  it  Quebec.  Here  he 
arrived  on  the  third  of  July.  He  erected  barracks,  cleared  the 
ground,  sowed  wheat  and  rye,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  capital 
of  Canada.  The  toil  of  subduing  the  wilderness,  it  seems,  was  not 
very  acceptable  to  all  his  company,  for  some  of  them  conspired  to 
put  their  leader  to  death,  and  to  embark  at  Tadoussac  for  France. 
The  attempt  to  destroy  him  was  to  be  made  by  poison  and  by  a  train 
of  gunpowder  ;  but  the  apothecary  having  discovered  the  scheme, 
one  of  the  conspirators  was  hanged,  and  others  condemned  to  the 
gallies.  During  the  winter  his  people  were  afflicted  with  the  scur- 
vy. Champlain  sought  after  the  medicine,  which  had  been  so  suc- 
cessfully used  by  Cartier,  but  the  tree,  which  was  called  Anncdda, 
was  not  now  to  be  found.  From  this  circumstance  it  was  concluded, 
that  the  tribe  of  Indians,  with  which  Cartier  was  acquainted,  had 
been  exterminated  by  their  enemies. 

In  the  spring  of  the  year  1609,  when  the  Hurons,  Algonquins, 
and  others  were  about  to  march  against  their  common  enemy,  the 
Iroquois,  Champlain  very  readily  joined  them,  for  he  had  a  keen 
taste  for  adventures,  and  he  hoped  by  a  conquest  to  impress  all  the 
Indian  tribes  with  the  power  of  the  French,  and  to  secure  an  alli- 
ance with  them.     He  did  not  foresee,  that  he  should  force  the  Iro- 


1  j'in 


CHA. 


169 


quoisi  who  lived  in  what  is  now  the  state  of  New  York,  to  seek  the 
protection  of  the  English  and  Dutch.  He  embarked  on  the  river 
Sorelt  which  was  then  called  the  Iroquois,  because  these  savage* 
usually  descended  by  this  stream  into  Canada.  At  the  falls  of  Cham* 
bir  he  was  stopped)  and  was  obliged  to  send  back  his  boat.  Only 
two  Frenchmen  remained  with  him.  He  ascended  with  his  allies 
in  the  Indian  canoes  to  the  lake,  to  which  he  gave  his  own  name, 
vhich  it  retains  at  the  present  day.  The  savages,  whom  he  ac- 
companied, hoped  to  surprise  the  Iroquois  in  their  villages,  but 
they  met  them  unexpectedly  upon  the  lake.  After  gaining  the 
land,  it  was  agreed  to  defer  the  buttle  till  the  next  day,  as  the  night 
was  now  approaching.  In  the  morning  Champlain  placed  a  party 
with  his  two  Frenchmen  in  a  neighboring  wood,  so  as  to  come  up- 
on the  enemy  in  flank.  The  Iroquois,  who  were  about  two  hundred 
in  number,  seeing  but  a  handful  of  men,  were  sure  of  victory. 
But  as  soon  as  the  battle  began,  Champlain  killed  twoof  their  chiefs» 
who  were  conspicuous  by  their  plumes,  by  the  first  discharge  of  his 
firelock.  The  report  and  execution  of  fire  arms  filled  the  IroquoiS" 
with  inexpressible  consternation.  They  were  quickly  put  to  flight, 
and  the  victorious  allies  returned  to  Quebec  with  fifty  scalps. 

In  September  1609  Champlain  embarked  with  Pontgrave  for 
France,  leaving  the  colony  under  the  cure  of  a  brave  man,  named 
Peter  Chavin.  But  he  was  soon  sent  out  again  to  the  new  world. 
He  sailed  from  Honfleur  on  the  eighth  of  April  1610  and  arrived  at 
Tadoussac  on  the  twenty  sixth.  He  encouraged  the  MMitagnez 
Indians,  who  lived  at  this  place,  to  engage  in  a  second  expedition 
against  the  Iroquois.  Accordingly  soon  after  his  arrival  at  Quebec, 
tliey  sent  to  him  about  sixty  warriors.  At  the  head  of  these  aad 
others  of  the  allies  he  proceeded  up  the  river  Sorel.  The  enemy 
were  soon  met,  and  after  a  severe  engagement,  in  wliich  Cuara* 
plain  was  wounded  by  an  arrow,  were  ent>r?^ly  defeated.  Aiter  the 
death  of  Henry  IV,  the  interest  of  de  'jnts,  in  whose  sei-vice 
Champlain  had  been  engaged,  was  entirel;'  ruined,  and  the  laMer 
was  obliged  to  leave  a  settlement,  which  he  was  commencing  at 
Montreal,  and  to  go  agiiin  to  France  in  i6i  1.  Charles  de  Bourbon. 
being  commissioned  by  the  queer  ■^egent  governor  of  New  France, 
appointed  Champlain  his  lieutenant  with  very  extensive  powers. 
He  returned  to  Canada,  was  engaged  again  in  war  with  the  Iroquois, 
and  made  new  discoveries.  His  voyages  across  the  Atlantic  were 
frequent.  In  1615  his  zeal  for  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  Indians 
induced  him  to  bring  with  him  a  number  of  Jesuit  fathers,  some 
of  whom  assisted  him  in  his  warfare.  He  penetrated  to  lake  On- 
tario, and  being  wounded  while  assisting  the  Hurons  against  their 
enemies  he  was  obliged  to  pass  a  whole  winter  amoni^  them.  When 
he  returned  to  Quebec  in  July  1616,  he  was  received  as  ohe  risen 
from  the  dead.  In  July  1629  he  was  obliged  to  capitulate  to  an 
English  annament  under  sir  David  Kertk.    He  was  cin^^M  to 


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Frtoce  intui  English  ship ;  and  there  he  foun4  thib  public  aentimeiit 
much  divided  with  regard  to  Canada  ;  some  thinking  it  not  worth 
regaining)  as  it  had  cost  the  government  vast  sums  without  bringii» 
tatv  returm,  others  deeming  the  fishery  and  fur  trade  great  national 
objects,  especially  as  a  nursery  for  seamen.  Champlain  elcerted 
himself  to  effect  the  recovery  of  this  .country,  and  Canada  was  re. 
stored  by  the  treaty  of  St.  Germain's  in  1632,  with  Acadie  and  ape 
Breton. 

In  1633  the  company  of  New  France  resumed  all  their  rights, 
and  appointed  Champlain  the  governor.  In  a  short  time  he  was  at 
the  head  of  a  new  armament,  furnished  with  a  fresh  recruit  of 
Jesuits,  inhabitants,  and  all  kinds  of  necessaries  fi>r  the  wel&re  of 
the  revived  colony.  His  attention  was  now  engrossed  by  the  spirit, 
ual  interests  of  the  savages,  whom  it  was  lus  principal  object  to 
bring  to  the  knowledge  of  the  christian  reti^on.  The  number  of 
ecclssiastical  missionaries,  exclusive  of  lay  brothers,  waA  now  fif. 
teen,  the  chief  whom  wiere  le  Jeune,  de  Noue,  Masse,  and  Brebeuf. 
A  mission  was  established  among  the  Hurons,  the  colony  \(a$ 
gaining  an  accesuon  of  numbers  and  strength,  and  an  attempt  was 
^ust  commencing  to  establish  a  college  in  Quebec,  when  in  De> 
cember  1635  the  governor  died,  and  was  sxicceeded  the  next  year 
by  de  Montmagny. 

Champlain  merited  the  title  of  the  father  of  New  France. 
Though  he  was  credulous,  he  possessed  an  uncommon  share  of 
penetration.  His  views  were  upright,  and  in  circumstances  of 
difficulty  no  man  could  make  a  better  choice  of  measures.  Ut 
prosecuted  his  enterprises  with  constancy,  and  no  deoigers  could 
shake  his  firnmess.  His  zeal  for  the  interests  of  his  country  was 
ardent  and  disinterested,  his  heart  vras  tender  and  compassionate 
towards  the  unhappy,  and  he  was  more  attentive  to  the  concerns  of 
his  friends,  than  to  his  own.  He  was  a  fiuthful  historian,  a  voyager, 
who  observed  every  thing  with  attention,  skilful  in  geometry,  and 
an  experienced  seaman.  He  appears  to  have  been  fond  of  good 
cheer,  for  in  the  early  period  of  his  residence  in  Canada  he  estab' 
lished  with  his  associates  an  order  "  de  bon  temps,"  which  con- 
tributed not  a  little  to  the  gratification  of  the  palate.  By  this 
order  every  one  of  the  same  table  was  in  his  turn  to  be  both  stew- 
ard and  cater  for  a  day.  He  was  careful  by  hunting  to  make  tt 
suitable  provision,  aiid  at  supper,  when  the  cook  had  made  eveiy 
thingf  ready,  he  marched  at  the  head  of  the  company  with  a  napkin 
over  his  shouJder,  ha^ng  also  the  staff  of  office,  and  wearing  the 
collar  of  his  order,  and  was  followed  by  his  associates,  each  of 
whom  bore  a  dish.  At  the  close  of  the  banquet,  he  pledged  his 
successor  in  a  bumper  of  wine  and  resigned  to  him  the  coliar  and 
staff.  It  may  not  be  easy  to  justify  Champlain  in  tJtking  an  active 
jjart  in  the  war  against  the  Iroquois.  It  is  even  supposed  by  some 
tbatJiis  It)reof  adventures  led  him  to  arouse  the  spirit  of  the 


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Ijurons  an4  to  excite  them  to  war.  His  zeal  for  the  propagation  of 
religion  among  the  savages  was  so  great,  that  he  used  to  say, 
u  that  the  salvation  of  one  soul  was  of  more  value  than  the  con- 
quest  of  an  empire,  and  that  kings  ought  not  to  tlunk  of  extending 
their  authority  over  idolatrous  nations,  except  for  the  purpose  of 
Mibjecting  them  to  Jesus  Christ." 

He  published  an  account  of  his  first  /oy^es  :n  1613  in  4to,  and 
a  continuation  in  1 620  in  8vo.  He  published  an  edition  of  these 
in  1633  in  one  volume,  entitled,  ies  voyages  de  la  Nouvelle  France 
occidentale,  ditte  Canada,  4to.  This  work  comprises  a  history  of 
Kew  France  from  the  first  discoveries  of  Vcrazzani  to  the  year 
1631>  There  is  added  to  it  a  treatise  on  navigation  and  the  duty  of 
i  good  mariner,  and  an  abridgment  of  the  christian  doctrine  in 
Huron  an4  T^renchj-^-^Chamfilain'a  voyages  j  ChcHevoix^  hiat,  de  fa 
nouvelle  France^  faatea  chronol.  xxviii-^xxx  ;  i.  Ill,  Ul— 198  ; 
Htlkmfi'a  Amer.  biog.  i.  322—345  ;  Univeradl  hitt.  xxxix.  410-^ 
426  ;  Purchat' /lilgrimaj  i.  933  ;  v.  1605 — 1645  ;  HarHtt*  voyaget, 
i.8ll — 815  ;  Churchill^  iii.  798—815  ;  Holmes*  annaUy  i.  147— 
ISO,  163,  175,  251,  285  ;  Chalmersy  i.  586. 

CHANDLER  (Thomas  Braobuhy,  d.  d.),  an  eminent  episr 
copalian  minister  and  writer,  was  a  native  of  Woodstock  in  Con* 
Decticut,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1745.  There  was 
with  many  ifi  the  year  1748  an  expectation  of  an  episcopal  estab- 
lishment in  this  country,  when  men  of  talents|  could  indulge  th^ 
hope  of  becoming  dignitaries  in  the  church.  The  bait  of  prefers 
ment  was  at  this  time  offered  to  Dr.  Stiles.  Whether  th^ 
circumstances  of  the  times  had  a^n  insensible  influence  over  th^ 
mind  of  Mr.  Chandler  or  not^  it^us  in  the  year  1748,  that  he  w;a^ 
proselyted  to  episcopacy.  He  Stoon  wen(  to  England,  and  took 
orders  in  the  established  church.  On  his  return  to  this  country,, 
he  became  rector  of  St.  John's  church  at  Elizabethto^vn  in  New 
Jersey,  where  he  long  maintained  a  high  character  both  for  erudi- 
i  tion  and  talents.  He  was  honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  qf 
I  divinity  by  the  university  of  Oxford.  During  the  last  ten  years^  of 
liis  life  he  was  aiHicted  with  a  disorder,  which  made  trial  of  all  )}\f 
pat  dnce.  But  he  was  resigned  to  the  will  of  God.  His  hop^  of 
I  &])al  deliverance  from  sin,  and  from  the  evils  connected  with  itj, 
tested  upon  thp  incarnation  and  Siufierings  of  the  et,ernal  Soq  of 
[jhe  Father.  He  was  even  cheerful  under  the  heavy  troubles, 
which  were  laid  upon  hio^^  His  respectable  and  useful  life  termi- 
nated about  the  middle  of  July  1790,  when  he  was  sixty  five  year^ 
I  of  age. 

Dr.  Chandler  was  a  zealous  friend  of  the  episcopal  chinch,  and 

I  he  wrote  much  in  favor  of  it.    He  was  engaged  in  a  controversy 

on  tlic  subject  vii;ith  the  reverend  Dr.  Chauncy  of  Boston.      He 

published  an  appeal  to  the  public  in  behalf  of  U.e  church  of 

|£og]«nd  in  America,  1767  f    a  defence  o^^  his  appeal,  1769  }  ^ 


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further  defence  of  his  appeal,  1 77 1  ;  a  sermon,  preached  before 
th«  corporation  for  the  relief  of  the  widows  and  children  of  epis. 
copal  clergymen,  17/1  ;  an  examination  of  the  critical  commcnta. 
ry  on  Seeker's  letter  to  Walpole  concerning  bishops  in  Anierira 
1774.  He  also  prepared  for  the  press  a  life  of  the  reverend  Dr, 
Johnson  -,  but  the  revolution  arrested  its  publication.  It  wa<; 
printed  at  New  York  in  the  year  1805,  fifteen  years  after  hisrlcath. 
-— Miller' a  retrosfiect^  ii.  356  ;  Beach* i^  funeral  sermon  ;  General  fiw. 
itf  Connecticut^  158  ;  Memoirs  qf  Thomas  Hollisy  i.  435,  436. 

CHANLER  (Isaac),  a  baptist  minister,  was  born  in  Bristol, 
England,  in  17ul,  and  came  to  South  Carolina  in  1733.  He  set- 
tled as  pastor  of  a  baptist  church  on  Ashley,  river  in  1736,  where 
be  continued  till  his  death  in  1749.  He  was  succeeded  by  the 
reverend  Oliver  Hart,  who  remained  till  1780,  when  he  removed 
to  New  Jersey.  Mr.  Chanler  published  a  sermon  on  establish- 
ment in  gimce,  preached  9t  Charleston  in  1740  by  thr  desire  of 
Mr.  Whitefield  at  the  coniviiencement  of  a  course  of  lectures  by 
ministers  of  different  denominations.  Besides  several  smaller 
works,  he  published  also  the  doctrh)cs  of  glorious  grace  unfolded, 
and  practically  improved,  4to,  17  44.— MY/^r,  ii.  365  ;  Backus' 
abridgment i  248.  • 

CHARDON  (Peter),  a  Jesuit  missionary,  was  employed  for 
many  years  among  the  Indians  upon  lake  Michigan.  He  began  his 
labors  as  early  as  1697,  and  continued  them  for  twenty  five  or  thirty 
years.  He  presided  over  the  mission  at  the  village  of  Pouteautamis 
upon  the  river  St.  Joseph,  and  he  labored  also  among  the  Sakis  at 
the  iouthem  extremity  of  green  Bay,  or  bayc  des  Puans,  as  it  was 
called  by  the  French.  He  was  acquainted  with  almost  all  the  lan- 
guages of  the  Indians,  who  inhabited  the  lakes. — Charlevoix,  hitt. 
de  la  nouv.  FraTtcCy  iii.  292,  295  ;  Lettres  edif.  et  curieuses,  xi,  372 
—378. 

CHARLEVOIX  (Peter  Francis  Xavier  de),  a  historical 
writer,  who  lived  a  number  of  years  in  Canada,  was  bom  at  St.  Quin- 
tin  in  France  in  1684,  and  entering  into  the  society  of  Jesuits  taught 
the  languages  and  philosophy  with  great  reputation.  Before  the 
year  1720  he  had  resided  some  time  in  Quebec,  and  was  connected, 
It  is  believed,  with  the  college  in  that  place.  By  order  of  the  king- 
he  made  a  voyage  to  Canada  in  1720,  where  he  arrived  in  Septem- 1 
ber.  From  Quebec  he  passed  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  through 
the  lakes  to  Mii  .illimakinac  ;  thence  down  lake  Michigan,  and  the 
Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers  to  New  Orleans,  from  which  place 
he  returned,  touching  at  St.  Domingo,  to  France  in  1722.  During 
this  period  he  collected  facts  for  his  history  of  Canada,  and  kept ; 
journal,  which  he  afterwards  published,  annexed  to  his  history.  Af- 1 
ter  his  arrival  in  his  native  country,  he  had  a  principal  concern  for  j 
twenty  four  years  in  the  jomnal  des  Trcvoux.  He  died  in  1761, 
aged  seventy  eight  years.      He  published  in  French  the  history  of 


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Christianity  in  Japan,  3  vol.  1715,  8vo ;  the  life  of  Mary,  1734,13nio ; 
the  history  of  St.  Domingo,  2  vol.  1731,  4to  ;  the  history  and  gen- 
eral description  of  Japan,  2  vol.  1736,  4to,  and9  vol.  12 mo, compris- 
ing all  that  is  valuable  in  Kcempier's  history  of  that  country  ;  a  gen- 
eral history  of  New  France,  3  vol.  1744, 4to,  and  6  vol.  12 mo  ;  and 
a  history  of  Paraguay,  3  vol.  1756,  4to.  His  works  were  well  re- 
ceived, but  the  history  of  New  France,  or  Canada,  is  considered  as 
peculiarly  valuable,  as  he  himself  visited  the  country,  which  he  de- 
scribed, and  paid  particular  attention  to  the  manners  and  customs 
of  the  Indians.  He  has  added  something  upon  botany  and  other 
parts  of  natural  history  ;  but  en  these  subjects  a  perfect  confidence 
is  not  placed  in  his  accuracy.  His  style  is  deficient  in  precision. 
He  was  diffuse  both  in  conversation  and  writing.— iVouvrau  diet,- 
hiatorique^  edit.  1804  ;  Aikin*a  and  JVicholaon**  gen.  biog. 

CHAUMONOT  (Joseph),  a  Jesuit  missionary  among  the  In- 
dians of  North  America,  was  an  Italian.  He  labored  with  indefati- 
gable zeal  for  more  than  half  a  century  among  the  natives  of  Cana- 
da. He  was  among  the  Hurons,  who  lived  north  of  lake  Erie,  as 
early  as  1642,  and  in  the  following  year  spent  some  time  with  a 
tribe  to  the  south  east,  which  was  called  the  neutral  nation,  because 
they  did  not  then  engage  in  the  war  between  the  Iroquois  and  the 
Hurons.  From  the  latter  they  derived  their  origin.  In  the  year 
1635,  when  he  was  the  oldest  missionary  in  New  France,  he  visited 
the  Onondagas  at  their  request,  and  made  a  number  of  converts, 
some  of  whom -were  the  principal  men  of  the  tribe.  This  mission 
however  was  soon  abandoned,  though  it  was  afterwards  resumed.  A  - 
bouttlieyear  1 670  he  established  the  mission  of  Loretto  three  leagues 
north  east  from  Quebec,  where  he  collected  a  nunjl)cr  of  Indians 
of  the  Huron  tribe.  The  Hurons  resided  originally  northward  ot 
lake  Erie,  and  it  was  in  consequence  of  the  wars,  in  which  they 
were  engaged  with  other  tribes,  that  they  were  induced  to  go  down 
the  St.  Lawrence.  The  name  of  Hurons  was  given  them  on  ac- 
count of  the  manner,  in  which  they  dressed  their  hair.  As  they 
cut  it  for  the  most  part  very  short,  and  tunied  it  up  in  a  fantastical 
way,  so  as  to  give  themselves  a  frightful  appearance,  the  French 
cried  out,  when  they  first  saw  them,  "  quelles  hures !"  What  wild 
boars'  heads  !  They  were  afterwards  called  Hurons.  Champlain 
calls  them  Ochasteguins  ;  but  their  true  name  is  Yendats,with  the 
French  pronunciation.  Their  descendants,  the  W  yandots,  who 
live  on  the  south  western  side  of  lake  Erie,  are  now  under  the  care 
of  the  reverend  Joseph  Badger,  a  missionary  from  New  England, 
who  has  been  with  them  two  or  three  years  with  the  most  lliUtering 
nrospects  of  rescuing  them  from  barbarism.  Chaun^onot  compos- 
ed a  grammar  of  the  Huron  language.— CAar/rvo.x,  hht.ntj^iv. 
France,  i.  183,  243,320 — 329,  334,  42S  ;  Univ.  hist,  \xxix.  44^  ; 
/x^rrwrrfi/*.  e;  fwrfe^vrs,  xxiii.  213— 315.  .     i        , 


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CHAVNCK  (Chablbs),  the  second  president  of  Hanru-d  cqI- 
kgf,  WM  bqrn  in  Hqrtfordshire,  England,  in  1589.      He  WMat. 
Westfliinster  school)  which  adjoined  to  the  parliament  house,  at 
the  very  timC)  when  the  gun  powder  plot  was  to  have  taken  effect, 
£«d  must  have  perished,  If  the  schema  had  been  executed.    After 
leavbg  Westminster,  he  was  admitted  a  student  of  Trinity  college, 
Cambridge,  and  in  proper  time  was  honored  with  the  degree  of 
bachelor  of  divinity.     He  was  soon  chosen  professor  of  Hebrew  ; 
but  the  vice  chancellor,  Dr.  Williams,  wishing  to  bestow  this  office 
upon  a  kinsman,  Mr.  Chauncy  was  chosen  professor  of  Greek.    He 
went  from  the  university  an  eminent  preacher  of  the  gospel.    He 
WcLS  first  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Marstow,  but  afterwards  be< 
came  vicar  of  Ware  in  the  i)cginning  of  1627,  in  which  place  his 
success  in  the  conversion  and  edification  of  souls  was  remarkably 
great.     He  had  at  this  time  serious  objections  to  the  discipline  and 
to  some  of  the  articles  of  the  established  church,  and  in  about  two 
years  he  began  to  suffer  for  his  nonconformity  to  the  inventions  of 
man  in  the  worship  of  God.    In  1 629  be  was  charged  with  asserting 
in  a  sermon,  that  idolatry  was  admitted  into  the  church,  that  the 
preaching  of  the  gospel  would  be  suppressed,  and  that  much  athe* 
ism,  popery,  arminianiiim,  and  heresy  had  crept  into  the  chutch ; 
and  after  being  questic  led  in  the  high  commission  court  his  cause 
was  referred  to  Dr.  Wilbam  Laud,  the  bishop  of  London,  his  ordi- 
nary, who  required  him  to  make  a  submission  in  Latin.     He  was 
again  brought  before  the  same  court  in  1635,  when  Laud  was  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury.     The  crime,  of  which  he  was  now  accused, 
was  opposing  the  making  of.a  rail  round  the  communion  table  of  hU 
church  as  an  innovation  and  a  snare  to  men's  consciences.    He  wa^ 
pronounced  guilty  of  contempt  of  ecclesiastical  government  and  of 
raising  a  seism,  and  was  suspended  from  his  ministi7  till  he  should 
make  in  open  court  a  recantation,  acknowledging  his  great  offence, 
and  protesting  that  he  was  persuaded  in  his  conscience,  that  kneel* 
ing  at  the  sacrament  was  lawful  and  commendable,  and  that  the  rai| 
set  up  in  the  chancel,  with  the  bench  for  kneeling,  was  a  decent 
and  convenient  ornament,  and  promising  never  to  oppose  eitlier 
that,  or  any  other  laudable  rite  or  ceremony  prescribed  in  the 
church  of  England.      He  was  sentenced  to  pay  the  costs  of  suit, 
which  were  great,  and  to  imprisonment  till  he  complied  with  tliQ 
order  of  court.    His  fortitude  failed  him  in  the  midst  of  his  suffer- 
ings, und  contrary  to  his  conscience  he  made  the  recantation  on  t|ie 
eleventh  of  February .    For  his  weakness  and  folly  he  ever  reproach* 
«d.  himself.    He  soon  repented  of  lus  submission,  and  before  he 
came  to  New  England  made  a  solen;ri  retractation,  which  was  after- 
wards  printed  in  London.    In  the  preface  of  his  last  will  he  partic- 
ularly laments,  as  <<  still  freuh  before  him^  his  many  unful  compli- 
ances with  and  conformity  unto  vile  human  inventions,  will  worship, 
superstition,  and  patchcries,  stitched  into  the  service  of  the  Lord, 


-b  Jliu^ 


lli'  f 


CHA. 


175 


^rhich  tile  English  mass  book,  the  book  of  cbttlnon  prayer,  and  die 
erdinationofprietttt  fcc.  ere  fiilly  fraught  withal."  He  proceeds 
to  charge  his  posterity  with  the  greatest  warmth  of  zeal  and  scleni' 
nity  of  language^  as  they  would  answer  for  their  conduct  at  the  tri- 
builftl  of  Jesus  Christ, "  not  to  conform,  as  he  had  done,  to  rites  and 
ceremonies  in  religious  worship  of  man's  devising  and  not  of  God's, 
appointment." 

Being  silenced  for  refusing  to  read  the  book  of  sports,  he  deter- 
mined to  seek  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  conscience 
in  New  England.  He  accordingly  came  to  this  country,  and  tkfthf 
«d  at  Plymouth  a  few  days  before  the  great  earthquake,  which  was  > 
felt  June  1,  1638.  He  continued  in  this  town  about  three  years, 
assisting  the  reverend  Mr.  Reyner  in  his  public  labors  ;  but  beinjg 
invited  to  take  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  church  ut  Scituate,  he  was 
agsdn  ordained,  and  continued  in  that  place  about  twelve  years,  faith-^ 
fiilly  performing  the  duties  of  the  sacred  office.  The  ecclesiastic- 
al  state  of  England  had  now  assumed  a  new  appearance,  and  as  his 
muntenance  at  Scituate  was  so  disproportionate  to  the  necessities 
of  his  family,  that  he  was  sometimes  unable  to  procure  bread,  he 
resolved  to  accept  the  invitation,  which  he  received  from  his  people 
in  Ware  to  return  to  them.  He  accordingly  went  to  Boston  to  em- 
bark for  Great  Britain  ;  but  the  presidentship  of  Harvard  college 
being  at  this  time  Vacant  by  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Dunster,  he  was 
requested  November  2,  1654,  to  accept  that  office.  As  he  was  of 
opinion,  that  the  baptism  of  infants  and  adults  should  be  by  immer- 
sion, and  that  the  Lord's  supper  should  be  celebrated  in  the  evening^,^ 
the  overseers  of  the  college  desired  him  to  forbear  disseminatit^ 
his  peculiar  sentiments.  He  had  no  difficulty  in  yielding  to  their 
wishes.  He  was  inducted  into  the  office  of  president  November 
27,1654,  and  continued  in  this  station  till  his  death  February  19, 
1672,  in  the  eighty  sbcond  year  of  his  age.  He  left  behind  him  six 
sons,  all  of  whom  were  graduated  at  Harvard  college. 

President  Chauncy  was  a  distinguished  scholar,  being  intimiitely 
acquainted  with  the  flebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  langau$)^s.  He  en- 
joyed an  opportunity  of  perfiecting  his  knowledge  of  the  former  by 
living  one  year  in  the  same  house  with  a  Jctt.  He  was  well  versed 
also  in  the  sciences,  especially  in  theologyt  which  was  his  favorite 
study.  To  his  other  acquisitions  he  added  some  skill  in  physic,  and 
thus  he  was  enabled  to  prescribe  for  bodily  diseases,  as  well  as  to 
cure  those  of  the  mind.  He  presided  over  the  collet^e  with  dignity 
and  reputation,  and  some  of  the  m  ^st  eminent  men  in  the  country ,^ 
such  as  Increase  Mather,  Willard,  Stoddard,  and  judge  Sewall, 
were  educated  under  his  care.  To  those  students,  who  were  des.- 
lined  for^the  ministry,  he  addressed  these  words  ;  "  when  you  '  re 
yourselves  interested  in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  and  his  righteous- 
ness, you  will  be  fit  to  teach  others."  When  he  attended  prayeis 
b  the  college  hall  in  the  morning,  he  usually  expounded  a  chapter 


•?>  rif ?  !f 

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of  the  old  testair  cntt  which  was  first  read  from  the  U-.-iaitw  by  one 
of  hit  pupUif  and  in  the  evening  a  chapter  of  the  i*ew  lestament, 
read  from  the  Greek.  On  the  mornings  of  the  LordV  ^ay,  intteadof 
un  exposition)  he  preached  u  sermon  of  about  three  quarters  of  ad 
hour  in  length.  Once  a  fortnight  in  the  forenoon  his  labon  were 
enjoyed  by  the  congregation  of  '^^mbridge.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  animated  and  learned,  yet  rum.irkably  plain^  being  mindful  of 
the  importance  of  accommodutmg  himself  to  the  understandii  .;s 
of  all  his  hearerf.  In  a  letter  to  a  brother  in  the  ministry  ht 
advised  him  not  to  use  any  dark,  Latin  words,  or  any  deriv- 
ed from  Ladn)  lest  he  should  not  be  understood,  and  enjoined 
it  upon  him  to  be  much  in  prayer  to  God,  as  the  surest  way 
to  success  in  his  labors.  The  subjects,  which  he  thought  import- 
ant to  be  preached,  are  the  misery  of  the  natural  state  of  man, 
the  necessity  of  union  with  Christ,  and  the  fruits  of  jusUfy  tig  faith 
in  love  and  good  works.  He  believed,  that  Jesus  Christ,  by  suffer- 
ing the  full  punishment  due  to  the  sins  of  the  elect,  marie  satisfac- 
tion to  divine  justice,  and  that  faith  justifies  by  receiving  the  right- 
eousness of  the  Savior,  which  is  imputed  to  believers.  He  was 
exceedingly  solicitous  to  exclude  good  works  from  any  share  in  the 
antecedent  condition  of  justification,  yet  few  insisted  more  \i\>ox^  their 
necessity  in  all  the  justified. 

He  was  an  indefatigable  student,  making  it  his  constant  practice 
to  rise  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning  ;  but  his  studies  did  not  inter* 
rupt  his  intercourse  with  heaven,  for  he  usually  devoted  several 
hours  in  the  course  of  the  day  to  secret  prayer.  Immediately  after 
he  rose  from  bed,  at  eleven  o'clock,  at  four  in  the  afternoon,  and  at 
nine  he  retired  from  the  world  to  commune  with  the  Father  of  mer- 
cies. He  kept  a  diary,  in  which,  under  the  heads  of  sins  and  mer- 
cies, he  recorded  his  imperfections,  and  the  blessings,  which  were 
imparted  to  him.  His  temper  was  passionate,  but  he  endeavored 
to  subdue  it,  and  such  was  his  conscientiousness  and  self  inspection, 
that  when  his  better  resolutions  were  overcome  by  the  warmth  of 
his  feelings,  he  would  immediately  retire  to  humble  himself  before 
God  and  to  se^^k  hh  uiercy.  He  kept  many  days  of  fasting  and 
prayer,  sometimes  alone,  and  sometimes  with  his  family  and  a  few 
of  his  pious  neighbors.  Such  was  his  attention  to  those,  whose 
religious  instruction  was  more  peculiarly  his  duty,  that  every 
morning  and  evening,  after  he  had  expounded  a  chapter  of  the  bible 
in  his  family,  he  would  endeavor  by  smtable  questions  to  impress 
the  truths  presented  upon  the  minds  of  his  children  and  servants. 

This  venerable  man,  when  he  had  travelled  beyond  the  bounda- 
ries of  fourscore,  was  yet  able  to  preach  and  to  superintend  the 
concerns  of  the  college.  His  friends  at  this  period  observed  to 
him,  as  he  was  going  to  preach  on  a  winter's  day,  that^h'e  would 
certainly  die  in  the  pulpit ;  but  he  pressed  more  vigorously  through 
the  snowdrift,  rcplyint^,  <<  how  glad  should  I  be,  if  this  should  prove 


w 


CHA. 


177 


(fue  ?*'  He  was  induced  on  account  of  the  iniirmities  of  age  to  ad- 
dress to  his  friends  a  farewell  oration  on  the  day  of  commencement 
in  1671)  after  which  he  sent  for  his  children  and  blessed  them.  He 
now  waited  for  his  departure.  When  he  was  stretched  on  the  bed 
of  death,  and  the  flame  of  life  was  almost  esiinctjic  was  desired  by  , 
the  i<.  . erend  Mr.  Oakes  to  give  a  sign  of  his  hope  and  assurance 
of  future  glory.  The  speechless  old  man  accordingly  lifted  up  his 
hands  towards  heaven,  and  his  spirit  soon  rushed  forth,  and  entered 
eternity. 

He  published  u  sermon  on  Amos  ii.  \  1,  preached  in  the  college 
hall  the  day  after  the  commencement  in  165.1,  entitled,  God's  mer- 
cy shewed  Iiis  people  in  givin^^  them  a  faithful  ministry,  and  schools 
of  learning  lor  the  coiitinuanrc  thricof.  In  this  sermon  he  speaks  of 
the  wearing  of  long  hair,  par  by  students  and  ministers,  with 

the  utmost  detestation,  and  :  '*"  as  a  heathenish  practice, 

and  OS  one  of  the  crying  sin  d.     In  this  sentiment  ho 

was  supported  by  some  of  th  mguishcd  men  of  that  day. 

He  takes  occasion  at  the  same  unic  u  reprehend  the  criminal  neg- 
lect of  the  people  with  regard  to  the  suitable  maintenance  of  min- 
isters, lie  published  also  the  election  sermon,  1656  ;  and  a  vol- 
ume of  twenty  six  sermons  on  justification,  1659,  4to.  President 
Cliauncy^s  manuscripts  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  widow  of  his  son^ 
the  reverend  Mr.  Chauncy  of  Hatfield,  and  she  afterwards  marry- 
ing a  Northampton  deacon,  who  subsisted  principally  by  making 
and  selling  pies,  these  learned  and  pious  writings  were  not  suffered 
to  decay.  Being  put  to  the  bottom  of  the  pies,  they  rendered  good 
service  by  shielding  them  from  the  scorching  of  the  oven  \—Math' 
er'a  magnalia^  iit  ISS"— 141  ;  iv.  1S8  ;  Coll.  hiat.soc.  iv.  Ill;  x.  31, 
171_180;  Ruahtor)rth*»  hiat.  collections^  u.  Z4,y  316;  JVeat'a  J^ew 
Englandy  i.  387—390;  Hutchiiuorii  i.  259  ;  Holmea*  anvalay  i.  415. 

CHAUNCY  (Charlks,  o.  d.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  born  in 
that  town  January  1,  1705,  and  was  a  descendant  of  president 
Chauncy,  as  are  all  of  this  name  in  America.  Entering  Harvard 
college  at  twelve  years  of  age,  he  received  his  first  degree  in  172 1 . 
He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague 
with  the  reverend  Mr.  Foxcroft,  October  25,  1727.  Alter  enjoy- 
ing for  a  few  years  the  assistance  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Clarke,  he 
died  Fehniary  10,  1787,  in  the  eighty  third  year  of  his  age,  and  the 
sixtieth  of  his  ministry. 

Dr.  Chauncy  was  eminent  for  his  learning,  and  for  the  spirit  of 
independence,  which  marked  his  inquiries.  Bein^  placed  by  di- 
vine providence  in  a  lutuation,  which  afforded  him  much  leisure, 
he  was  diligent  in  his  search  after  truth.  He  formed  the  resolution 
to  see  for  himself,  to  understand,  if  possible,  all  the  articles  of  hia 
creed,  and  not  to  teach  for  the  doctrines  of  Christ  the  command- 
ments of  men.  The  results  of  his  inquiries  in  some  instances  did 
not  correspond  with  the  opinions,  embraced  generally  by  his  breth-< 


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Yen  in  the  ministry  ;  but  he  adopted  them  after  (MtSent  inretti^ 
tton,  and  he  believed  them  himself  to  be  founded  on  the  so^urtSg 
Soon  after  Mr.  Whitetield  came  to  this  country^  when  his  preacb* 
ikig  was  attended  with  very  remarkable  effects,  and  monjr  disorders 
accompanied  the  reformation  produced,  Dr.  Ohauncy  stood  forth  is 
opposition  to  him.  He  could  not  easily  admit,  that  anyigood  couU 
be  done  by  an  itinerant  preacher, "  who  played  the  bishop  in  anotb* 
tr  man's  parish,"  as  he  rendered  I.  Peter,  iv.  16,  "  and  who  went 
out  of  his  proper  line  of  things."  Believing,  that  the  welfare  of 
the  churches  was  endangered,  he  travelled  several  hundred  miles 
to  collect  facts,  and  published  in  1743  his  seasonable  thoughts  oa 
the  state  of  religion  in  New  England,  in  which  he  gives  a  feithftd 
jpicture  of  the  unchantabloncss,  enthusiasm,  and  confusion,  which 
previuled  in  different  paits  of  the  country.  He  attacked  what  was 
worthy  of  reprehension,  but  IIko  most  men  of  strong  passions,  bf 
dwelling  constantly  upon  the  picture,  which  he  was  drawing,  he  al* 
most  forgot)  that  different  and  more  pleasant  objects  might  be  pre< 
•ented  to  the  eye.  Such  men  as  Colman,  SewaU,  Prince,  Coopei^ 
Foxcroft,  and  Eliot  agreed  with  him  in  reprebtnding  and  opposing 
the  extravagancies,  which  had  been  witnessed ;  but  they  had  differ* 
ent  views  of  the  general  religious  state  of  the  country,  and  thoui^ht 
It  their  duty  to  express  "  their  full  persuasion,  that  there  had  |)een  a 
happy  and  remarkaUe  revival  of  religion  in  many  parts  of  the  land 
thrbiigh  an  uncommon  divine  influence.'*  Dr.  Chauncy  in  his 
Irork  endeavors  to  distinguish  the  nature  of  true  religion.  He  risp* 
teaents  the  new  creation  as  wrought  in  the  minds  of  sinhers  by  tte 
Spirit  of  Ood  in  different  ways,  sometimes  as  accompanied  by  tef 
POVt  and  Sdmeumes  as  Exciting  little  agitation ;  but  as  always  evince 
ing  itself  by  the  fruits  of  holiness.  As  a  remedy '  for  the  evils, 
Which  he  recorded,  he  enforces  it  upon  his  brethren  as  their  most 
sacred  duty  to  discourage  and  oppose  all  itinerant  pt-eaching  in  plac* 
es,  where  ministers  were  settled.  He  recommends  also  a  more 
strict  examination  of  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and  the  revival  of 
discipline  in  the  chunihes.  In  regard  to  Mr.  Whitefield,  than 
tvhom  there  was  never  a  more  disinterested  man,  it  was  suggested 
that  vanity  might  h&ve  been  the  cause  of  his  incessant  travels  in 
GreU  Britain  and  America,  and  that  in  soliciting  subscriptions  he 
might  have  had  **  a  fellow  feeling  with  the  orphans  in  Geot^." 

Dr.  Chauncy  was  ardently  attached  to  the  civil  and  religious  lib* 
ibrtl  's  of  his  countiy.  After  the  death  of  Dr.  Mayhew  he  followed 
in  his  stoi  s  in  withstanding  the  schemes  of  episcopalians.  He  pub* 
lis  led  in  1767  remarks  upon  a  sermon  of  the  bishop  of  Laodaff,  in 
Whi  ii  pamphlet  he  ex^yresses  his  fears,  that  the  Appointment  of 
Inshops  for  America,  as  was  projected,  would  be  followed  by  at* 
tempts  to  promote  episcopacy  by  force.  He  then  adds,  **  it  may  be 
i'elied  on,  our  people  would  not  be  easy,  if  restndned  in  the  6:^!'r* 
else  of  Uiiat  liberty,  whetrewith  Christ  hatli  niJide  them  free  ;  y^ 


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ilMjr  would  kuud  every  thing  dear  to  them,  their  estetest  their  verf 
lifei,  rather  than  suffer  their  necks  to  be  put  under  that  yoke  of 
boMbgC}  which  was  so  sadly  galling  to  their  lathers,  and  occasioned 
their  retreat  into  this  distant  land,  tliat  they  might  enjoy  the  frec- 
^m  of  men  and  christians.'*  A  controversy  on  the  subject  with 
tiie  reverend  Or.  Chandler  succeeded,  and  in  his  reply  to  him  he  oh* 
•erres,  *'  it  is  with  me  past  all  doubt,  that  the  religion  of  Jesus  will 
nerer  he  restored  to  its  primitive  purity,  simplicity,  and  glory,  tmtil 
religious  establishments  are  so  brought  do^vn  as  to  be  no  more.'*  In 
1771  he  published  his  complete  view  of  episcopacy  from  the  fath- 
ers, a  work,  which,  does  him  great  honor,  and  which  in  the  opinion 
of  many  has  settled  the  controversy. 

He  was  an  honest  patriot,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  revor 
Itttion  he  entered  warmly  into  those  measures,  which  were  consid- 
ered as  necessary  to  vindicate  our  rights,  and  which  were  founded  in 
justice  and  dictated  by  wisdom.  During  the  war  he  was  a  most  in- 
curable whig.  So  firmly  was  he  convinced  of  the  justice  of  o\ir 
ause,  that  he  used  to  say,  he  had  no  doubt,  if  humanexertions weise 
ineffectual,  that  a  host  of  angels  would  be  sent  to  assist  tis.  Whw 
a  smile  was  excited,  and  some  doubts  were  expressed  respecting 
the  possibility  of  such  an  idly,  he  persisted  in  his  assertion,  addingi 
that  he  knew  it.  His  mind  was  indeed  of  a  peculiar  stamp.  In 
conversatitHi  he  was  apt  to  be  vehement  and  extravagant ;  a  little 
eppoaition  would  easily  kindle  a  flame  {  but  in  his  writings  he  ap- 
pears more  calm  and  collected. 

He  was  respected  for  the  excellence  of  his  character,  being  hoQ- 
est  and  sincere  in  his  intercourse  with  his  fellow  men,  kind,  artd 
charitable,  and  pious.  Dissimulation,  which  was  of  all  things  most 
foreign  to  his  nature,  was  the  object  of  his  severest  invective.  His 
language  was  remarii^ly  plain  and  pointed,  when  he  spoke  against 
fraud  either  in  public  bodies,  or  individuals.  Paper  money,  tender 
acts,  and  every  species  of  knavery  met  his  severest  reprehenuon 
l»th  in  his  public  discourses  and  in  private  convcrsadon.  No  com- 
pany could  restrain  him  from  the  honest  expression  of  his  sen^- 
mems.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  appeared  to  those,  who  me^te 
lear  him*  to  be  almost  wholly  engaged  in  devotional  excercises. 

Dr.  Chauncy*s  publications  are  numerous.  The  following  is  tk 
list  of  them.  Funeral  sermons  on  Mrs.  Sarah  Byfiekl,.Mrs.  Elisa^ 
beth  Price,  the  honorable  Nathaniel  fiyfield,  deacon  Jonathan  Will- 
hms,  Mrs.  Lucy  Waldo,  Mr.  Cornelius  Thayer*  Mrs.  Anna  jRojt- 
ooft,  Mr.  Edward  Gray,  the  reverend  Dr.  Mayhew,  the  revereqd 
Mr.  Foxcrolt,  and  the  reverend  Dr.  Sewall ;  sermons  at  the  onii- 
iiation  of  the  reverend  Messrs.  Thomas  Frink,  Joseph  Bawman* 
Penud  Bowen,and  Simeon  Howard ;  a  sermon  before  the  ortillery 
company  ;  on  religious  compulsion  ;  on  the  new  creature  }  on  fkn 
wbridkd  tongue  ;  (Hi  the  gifts  of  the  Spirit  to  ministers,  1749 ;  on 
the  outpouring  of  t3»e  Holy  Ghost ;  agflonst  enthusiaam)  1>T43  f 


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seasonable  thoughts  on  the  state  of  religion  in  New  England,  Svo, 
1 743  ;  a  convention  sermon,  1 744  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  un  the 
reduction  of  cape  Breton,  1745  ;  a  letter  to  the  reverend  George 
Whitefield  ;  a  second  letter  to  the  same  ;  a  sermon  on  the  rebcll. 
ion  in  favor  of  the  pretender,  1746  ;  election  sermon,  1747  ;  a  ser- 
mon for  encouraging  industry  ;  on  murder,  1754  ;  on  the  earth* 
quake,  1755;  an  account  of  the  Ohio  defeat,  1755  ;  aparticularnarra* 
tivc  of  the  defeat  ofthe  French  army  at  lake  George,  1755  ;  a  sermon 
on  the  earthquakes  in  Spun,  Sec  1756  ;  the  opinion  of  one,>yhoha8 
perused   Clark's  summer  morning's  conversation  ;    a  Dudleian 
lecture  on  the  validity  of  presbyterian  ordination,  1763  ;  twelve 
sermons  on  seasonable  and  important  subjects,  particularly  referring 
to  the  Sandemanian  doctrines,  8vo,  1765;  a  thanksgiving  sermon 
on  the  repeal  ot  the  stamp  act,  1766  ;  on  trust  in  God  the  duty  of  a 
people.  Sec. ;  on  all  things  in  common ;  on  the  accursed  thing ; 
an  account  of  the  French  prophets  in  a  letter  to  a  friend ;  remarks 
on  the  bishop  of  Landaff's  sermon,  1767  ;  answer  to  Dr.  Chand< 
ler's  appeal,  1768  ;  reply  to  Dr.  Chandler's  appeal  defended,  1770; 
a  complete  view  of  episcopacy  from  the  fethers,  Bvo,  1771  ;  five 
sermons  on  the  Lord's  supper,  1772  ;  ajust  representation  of  the 
sufTe  rings  and  hardships  ofthe  town  of  Boston,  1774 ;  the  mystery 
hid  from  ages,  or  the  salvation  of  all  men,  Bvo,  1784  ;  this  kas  been 
answered  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Edwards  ;  the  benevolence  of  the 
Deity  considered,  8vo,  1785  ;  five  dissertations  on  the  fall  and  its 
consequences,  8vo,  1785  ;  a  sermon  on  the  return  of  his  society  to 
their  house  of  worship,  after  it  had  undergone  repairs.'—C/ar^-e't 
funeral  sermon  ;  Hardie's  biog.  diet.  ;  Miller* »  retroafiectf  ii.  368. 

CHECKLEY  (Samuel),  minister  in  Boston,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1715.  He  was  ordained  the  first  minister  of 
the  new  south  church  in  summer  street  November  22,  1719,  and 
died  December  1,  1769,  in  the  seventy  fourth  year  of  his  age,  and 
the  fifty  first  of  his  ministry.  His  colleague,  '  '  everend  Mr. 
Bowen,  who  was  settled  in  1766,  survived  him  ;  ivas  dismissed 

in  1772.    In  the  following  year,  the  reverend  Mr.  Howe  was  or- 
dained his  successor.    Mr,  Checkley's  son,  the  reverend  Samud 
Checkley,  junior,  was  minister  ofthe  old  north  church  from  1747 
V  to  1768. 

Mr.  Checkley  in  his  preachh)g  was  plain  -and  evangelical.    The  I 
great  subject  of  his  discourses  was  Jesus  Christ,  as  a  divine  person, 
and  as  the  end  ofthe  law  for  righteousness  to  all,  that  believe.    He  j 
frequently  dwelt  upon'the  1^1  of  man,the  necessity  of  the  influeno 
es  of  the  Spirit  of  God,  the  freeness  and  richness  of  divine  grace, 
the  necessity  of  regeneration,  justification  by  feith,  and  faith  as  the  I 
gift  of  God,    He  was  careful  also  to  insist  upon  the  importance  of  | 
the  christian  virtues.    These  he  exhibited  in  his  own -life.    Divf 
countenancing  all  parade  in  religion,  it  gave  him  pleasure  to  en- 
-  eourage  the  humble  and  diffident.    As  he  did  not  condder  it  of  lit* 


ers  were  i 


CHE. 


181 


tie  impiortahce,  what  principles  were  embraced,  he  was  tenacious  of 
his  sentiments.  During  his  last  sickness  he  enjoyed  the  supports 
of  religion,  and  anticipated  the  blessedness  of  dwelling  with  his 
Savior,  and  with  his  pious  friends,  who  had  been  called  before  him 
into  etemitf .  *  Renouncing  his  own  righteousness,  he  trusted  only 
in  the  merits  of  Christ. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  king  George  I,  1727  ; 
on  the  death  of  the  reverend  William  Waldron,  1737  ;  on  the  death 
of  Mrs.  Lydia  Hutchinson,  1748  ;  the  election  sermon,  1755.— 
Boioen*9  funeral  aermon  g  Cottect.  hist.  aoc.  iii.  26 1 . 

CHEEVER  (EzBKiEL),an  eminent  instructer,  was  bom  in  Lon- 
don January  25, 1615,  and  came  to  this  country  in  June  1637  for 
the  sake  of  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  christian  worship  in  its  pu- 
rity. He  was  first  employed  as  a  schoolmaster  at  New  Haven  for 
twelve  years  ;  then  at  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  eleven  years  ;  and 
afterwards  at  Charlcstown  nine  years.  He  removed  to  Boston  Jan- 
uary 6, 1671,  where  he  continued  his  labors  during  the  remunder  of 
his  life.  He  died  August  21,  1708,  in  the  ninety  fourth  year  of  his 
age.  Most  of  the  principal  gentlemen  in  Boston  at  that  time  had 
been  his  pupils,  and  took  pleasure  in  acknowledging  their  obliga- 
tions and  honoring  their  old  master.  He  waft  not  only  an  excellent 
teacher,  but  a  pious  christian.  He  constantly  prayed  with  his  pu- 
pils every  day,  and  catechised  them  every  week.  He  also  took  fre- 
quent occasions  to  address  them  upon  religious  subjects.  Be- 
ing well  acquunted  vrith  divinity,  he  was  an  able  defender  of  the 
faith  and  order  of  the  gospel.  In  his  old  age  his  intellectual  pow- 
ers were  very  little  impaired.  The  following  extracts  from  an  el- 
egy upon  him  by  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  one  of  his  pupils,  will  show 
the  esteem,  in  which  he  was  held,  and  may  serve  also  as  a  specimen 
of  the  poetry  of  the  age. 

"A  mighty  tribe  of  well  instructed  youth    '  ', 

Tell  what  they  owe  to  him,  and  tell  with  truth. 
•^    '         All  the  eight  parts  of  speech,  he  taught  to  them,    '  '  • 

They  now  employ  to  trumpet  his  esteem.— 
•^  Magister  pleas*d  them  well  because  'twas  he  ; 

They  say,  that  bonus  did  with  it  agree.  -  * 

';  While  they  said  amo,  they  the  hint  improve 

;•?'-;      Him  for  to  make  the  object  of  their  love. 
•^*  i     No  concord  so  inviolate  they  knew,  -■  *.. 

As  to  pay  honors  to  their  master  due. 

With  interjections  they  break  off  at  last, 
"■.    V      But,  ah  is  all  they  use,  wo,  and  alas  !'*  >   •.,,-?:    .v 

He  published  an  essay  on  the  millennium,  and  a  Latin  accidence) 
which  has  passed  through  twenty  editions,  and  has  not  lost  its  rep- 
utation to  the  present  day  .-^Mather*»Jun,9erm,  and  elegy  ,•  Huteh^ 
•vtoTiy  u.  175  ;  Collect,  Mat.  aoc.  viii.  65.  '   '    V  ' 


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CUEEVER  (Samusl),  the  first  minuter  of  Marblehead,  was  tht 
son  of  the  preceding^  and  wras  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  I659. 
In  November  1668  he  first  visited  the  town*  in  which  he  was  after- 
wards settled)  when  the  people  were  few.  He  contumed  preaching 
with  them  sixteen  years  before  his  ordinationi  which  took  place 
August  13,  1684.  The  reverend  Messrs.  Higginson,  Hubbard, 
and  Hale  assisted  in  ordaining  him.  He  received  Mr.  Barnard  as 
his  colleague  in  1716.  His  death  took  place  in  1734,  when  he  wai 
eighty  five  years  of  age.  He  possessed  good  abilities,  and  he  wasa 
constant  and  zealous  preacher.  He  was  a  man  of  peace  and  of  a 
catholic  mind,  and  would  never  join  himself  to  any  party  in  the 
town,  except  to  those,  who  were  engaged  in  the  cause  of  virtue  and 
religion.  He  was  blessed  with  such  a  remarkable  constitution  and 
health,  that  he  never  was  sick.  For  fifty  years  he  was  not  taken  off 
(rom  his  labors  one  sabbath.  When  he  died  the  lamp  of  life  fairly 
^med  out.  He  felt  no  padn  in  his  expiring  moments.  He  pub- 
lished the  election  sermon,  1712.~^Co//.  At«/. «oc. viii.  65,66  ;x.  168 ; 
Bamard*»  discourse  at  ordination  of  Whitwell ;  Whitwetl^a  Juneral 
termon  on  Barnard. 

CHITTENDEN  (Thomas),  first  governor  of  Vermont,  was 
bom  at  East  Guilford,  Connecticut,  in  1730.  His  mother  was  sis- 
ter of  the  reverend  Dr.  Johnson.  He  received  a  common  8^ho(d 
education,  which  at  that  period  contributed  but  little  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  mind.  Agreeably  to  the  custom  of  New  England  he 
married  early  in  life,  when  in  his  twentieth  year,  and  soon  removed 
to  Salisbury  in  the  county  of  Litchfield.  Here  by  a  regular  ad? 
vance  he  passed  through  the  several  grades  in  the  militia  to  the 
eommand  of  a  regiment.  He  many  years  represented  the  town,  in 
which  he  lived,  in  the  general  assembly,  and  thus  acquired  that 
knowledge  of  public  business,  which  afterward  rendered  hira  emip 
nently  useful  in  Vermont.  The  office  of  a  justice  of  peace  for  the 
county  of  Litchfield,  which  he  also  sustained,  made  him  acquainted 
ivith  the  laws  of  the  state  and  the  manner  of  carrying  them  into 
effect. 

Though  destitute  of  learning,  his  good  sense,  affability,  kindness, 
and  integrity  gained  him  the  confidence  of  his  fellow  citizens, 
and  the  highest  honors,  which  a  retired  town  could  bestow,  were 
given  him.  His  attention  was  principally  directed  to  agriculture, 
t«nd  he  labored  personally  in  the  field.  With  a  numerous  and  grow- 
ing family,  a  mind  formed  for  adventures,  and  a  firmness,  which 
nothing  could  subdue,  he  determined  to  lay  a  foundation  for  the 
future  prosperity  of  his  children  by  emigrating  to  the  New  Hamp- 
shire grants^  as  Vermont  was  then  called.  He  accordingly  in  1774 
removed  to  WilUston  on  Onion  river.  An  almost  trackless  wilder- 
ness now  separated  him  from  his  former  residence.  Here  .he  set- 
tled on  fine  lunds,  which  opened  a  wide  field  for  industry,  and  en- 
couraged many  new  settlei's^     In  the  year  1776  the  troubles,  occar 


CHI. 


188 


jioned  by  the  wav^  rendering  it  neceMarjr  for  him  to  remoTe*  h» 
MirciukBed  un  estate  in  Arlington^  and  continued  in  that  town  untif 
1787)  when  he  returned  to  Williston. 

In  the  controversy  with  New  York)  he  was  a  faithful  adviser  and 
a  strong  supporter  of  the  feeble  settlers.  During  the  war  of  the 
American  revolution,  wliile  Warner,  Alien,  and  many  others  were 
io  the  field,  he  was  assiduously  engaged  in  the  council  at  home» 
where  he  rendered  essential  service  to  his  country.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber oi'the  convention,  which  on  the  sixteenth  of  January  1777  de- 
cbH«d  Vermrait  an  independent  state,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the 
comniitte  to  communicate  to  congress  the  proceedings  of  the  inhab- 
itants, and  to  solicit  ibr  their  district  an  admission  into  the  union  of 
the  American  stales.  When  the  powers  of  government  were  as- 
sumed by  thb  state,  and  a  constitution  was  established  in  1778,  the 
e^es  of  the  freemen  were  immediately  fixed  on  Mr  Chittenden  at 
their  first  magistrate.  He  was  accordingly  elected  to  that  arduous 
«nd  difficult  office,  and  continued  in  it,  one  year  only  excepted,  until 
hit  death.  From  the  year  1780  till  the  conclusion  of  the  war,  dun* 
ing  a  period,  in  which  the  situation  of  Vermont  was  peculiarly  per* 
plexing,  he  displayed  a  consummate  policy.  The  state  was  not 
icknowledged  by  the  congress,  and  they  were  contending  on  the 
one  hand  for  independence,  and  on  the  other  hand  they  were  threat- 
ened by  the  British  forces  from  Canada.  A  little  management  was 
necessary  to  promote  the  interests  of  this  district.  A  correspond- 
tDce  was  opened  with  the  enemy,  who  were  flattered  for  several 
tears  with  the  belief,  that  the  people  of  Vermont  were  about  to  sub- 
ject themselves  to  the  king  of  England ;  and  thus  a  meditated  in-  * 
taiioD  of  the  territory  was  averted,  and  the  prisoners  were  restored. 
At  die  same  time,  the  possibility  that  Vermont  would  desert  the 
cause  of  America  was  held  up  to  congress,  and  by  this  mews  prob- 
ably the  settlers  were  not  required  to  submit  to  the  claims  of  New 
York.  Such  was  the  politic  course,  which  governor  Chittenden 
thought  it  necessary  to  pursue. 

He  enjoyed  very  good  health  until  about  a  year  before  his  death. 
In  (ktober  179.6he  took  an  affecting  leave  of  his  compatriots  in  the 
(^neral  assembly,  imploring  the  benedicdon  of  heaven  on  them  and 
their  constituents.     He  died  August  3<4,  1797,  aged  sixty  aevMi 

years.  ::;:U--^-i:>f;-'^..  it.f-'M.',.    !.;v       vi«,au 

Governor  Chittenden,  though  an  illiterate  man,  powessed  great 
t^ts.  His  discernment  was  keen,  and  no  person  knew  better 
j  hiw  to  effect  great  dengns,  than  himself.  Though  his  open  frank- 
ness was  aometimes  abused,  yet  when  secresy  was  required  in  or- 
der td-accomplish  his  purposes,  no  misplaced  confidence  made  them 
liable  to  be  defeated.  His  negotiations  during  the  war  were  master 
strokes  of  policy.  He  possessed  a  peculiar  talent  in  reconciling  the 
iirring  interests  among  the  people.  The  important  services,  which 
wnndered  to  bis  country,  and  especially  to  Vermont,  make  luft- 


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CHU. 


name  worthf  of  honorable  remembrance.  He  lived  to  see  aiton. 
ishing  changes  in  the  district*  which  was  almost  a  wilderness,  when 
he  first  removed  to  li.  Instead  of  his  little  band  of  associates  he 
could  enumeiate  u  hundred  thousand  persons,  whose  interests  were 
entrusted  to  his  care.  He  saw  them  rising  superior  to  oppression, 
braving  the  horrors  of  a  foreign  war,  and  finally  obtaining  a  recog- 
nition of  their  independence,  and  an  admission  into  the  United 
States  of  America. 

Governor  Chittenden  was  conspicuous  for  his  privatii  virtues.  In 
times  of  scarcity  and  distress,  which  are  not  unfrequent  in  new  set> 
tlements,  he  displayed  a  noble  liberality  of  spirit.  His  granary  was 
open  to  all  the  needy.  He  was  ajprofessor  of  religion,  a  worshipper 
of  God,  believing  in  the  Son  to  the  glory  of  the  Father.  A  num* 
ber  of  his  letters  to  congress  and  to  general  Washington  were  pub* 
lished.— 'Mo/tr/i/y  anthology^  i.  490—493  ;  WiUiama*  Vermont^  233 
—377  ;  Oraham*a  deacrifitive  tketch  of  Vermont^  135—137. 

CHURCH  (Benjamin),  distinguished  by  his  exploits  in  the  In. 
diau  wars  of  New  England,  was  bom  at  Duxbury,  Massachusetts, 
in  1 639.  He  was  the  first  Englishman,  who  commenced  the  settle- 
ment at  Sekonit,since  called  Little  Compton.  His  life,  which  was  fre- 
quently exposed  to  the  greatest  dangers,  was  by  divine  providence 
remarkably  preserved.  In  the  year  1676,  when  in  pursuit  of 
king  Philip,  he  was  engaged  with  tlie  Indians  in  a  swamp.  With 
two  men  by  his  side,  who  were  his  guard,  he  met  three  of  the  ene* 
my.  Each  of  his  men  took  a  prisoner,  but  the  other  Indian,  who 
was  a  stout  fellow  with  his  two  locks  tied  up  with  red  and  a  great 
jrattle  snake's  skin  hanging  from  his  hair  behind,  ran  into  the  swamp. 
Church  pursued,  and  as  he  approached  him  presented  his  gun,  but 
it  missed  fire.  The  Indian  being  equally  unsuccessful  in  his  at> 
tempt  to  discharge  his  gun  turned  himself  to  continue  his  flight ; 
but  his  foot  was  caught  in  a  small  grape  vine  and  he  fell  on  his  face. 
Church  instantly  struck  him  with  the  muzzle  of  his  gtin  and  dis- 
patched him.  Looking  about  he  saw  another  Indian  rushing  to- 
wards him  with  inexpressible  fury  ;  but  the  fire  of  his  guards  pre- 
served him  from  the  danger.  After  the  skirmish  his  party  ^und 
they  had  killed  and  taken  one  hundred  and  seventy  three  men.  At 
iii!j;ht  they  drove  their  prisoners  into  Bridgewater  pound,  where,  hav. 
ing  a  plenty  of  provisions,  they  passed  a  merry  night.  Colonel  Church 
commanded  the  party,  which  killed  Philip  in  August  1 676.  When 
it  was  knoMm,  that  the  savage  monarch  was  shot,  the  whole  compat  j 
ny  gave  three  loud  huzzas.  Church  ordered  him  to  be  beheaded 
and  quartered,  and  gave  one  of  his  hands  to  the  friendly  Indian,  whs 
shot  him.  The  government  at  Plymouth  paid  thirty  shillings  a 
head  for  the  enemies  killed  or  taken  and  Philip's  head  went  at  the  | 
same  price. 

In  1704  colonel  Church  went  on  an  expedition  against  the  east- 
tern  shore  of  New  England  4^nd  did  much  damage  to  the  Frenckl 


CLA, 


185 


)iid  Indians.  It  was  the  burning  of  Deerfield,  which  awakened  the 
spirit  of  this  veteran  warrior ;  and  he  took,  his  horse  and  rode  seventy 
miles  to  ynlt  on  governor  Dudley  and  offer  his  service  in  behalf  of 
his  country.  He  died  January  17, 1718, in  the  seventy  eighth  yearof 
hisage.  He  was  aman  of  integrity  and  piety.  At  the  gathering  of 
the  church  at  Bristol  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Lee  he  was  a  member  of 
it,  and  his  life  was  exemplary.  The  rupture  of  a  blood  vessel  by  a 
fall  {torn  bis  horse  was  the  cause  of  his  death.  He  was  buried 
with  military  honors.  He  published  a  narrative  of  Philip's  war, 
n\6.f-^Church*a narrative i  jfccount  of  Church  annexed  to  it; 
Holmet*  annattt  ii.  97. 

CLAP  (Rooeb),  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Dorchester,  Massa- 
chusetts,  was  bom  in  England  April  6^  1609,  and  came  to  this  coun- 
try with  the  reverend  Mr.  Warham  and  Mr.  Maverick  in  1630. 
At  this  time  there  were  only  a  few  settlers  at  Plymouth,  Salem,  and 
Charlestown.  The  place,  where  Mr.  Clap  with  others  of  the  com- 
pany began  a  plantation,  was  Dorchester.  The  hardships  endured 
at  first  were  very  considerable,  as  there  was  a  great  want  of  the  nec- 
essaries of  life  ;  the  Indians  however,  who  brought  baskets  of  corn 
for  trailic,  afforded  great  assistance.  The  people  were  glad  to  pro- 
cure clams,  and  muscles,  and  fish,  and  often  they  had  nothing  but 
samp,  or  hominy.  Mr.  Clap  sustained  several  civil  and  military 
offices.  He  was  a  representative  of  the  town,  and  in  August  1665 
he  was  appointed  by  the  general  court  the  captsun  of  castle  Will- 
iam. This  trust  he  discharged  with  great  fidelity,  and  continued 
in  command  dll  1686,  when  he  resigned.  During  his  residence  at 
the  castle  he  of&ciated  as  chaplun,  always  calling  in  the  soldiers  to 
fiimily  prayer.  He  constantly  attended  the  lectures  in  Boston. 
While  he  was  remarkably  pious,  very  meek  and  humble,  and  of  a 
qmet  and  peaceable  spirit,  there  was  a  dignity  in  his  deportment, 
which  commanded  respect.  He  possessed  also  a  pleasant  and 
cheerful  dispoution.  In  1686  he  removed  from  the  castle  into 
Boston,  where  he  died  February  2,  169 1,  in  the  eighty  second  year 
uf  his  age.  Among  his  sons  are  the  names  of  Preserved,  Hope- 
still,  and  Desire,  and  one  of  his  daughters  was  named  Wut.'  Mr. 
Preserved  Clap  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Northampton,  and 
died  September  20,  1720»  aged  about  seventy  seven  years. 

Captadn  Clap  wrote  memoirs  of  himself,  in  which  he  gives  a 
(ketch  of  the  early  history  of  New  England,  and  leaves  some  excel- 
lent advice  to  his  descendants.  These  memoirs  were  published  in 
asmall  pamphlet  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Prince  in  1731,  and  they 
were  republished  in  1807,  with  an  appendix  by  Mr.  James  Blake,' 
]moTj--Clafi.*a  memoira  ;  Collect.  Mat.eoc,  ix.  149 ,  ISO. 

CLAP  (Nathaniel),  minister  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  w'^s 

I  the  son  of  Nathaniel  Clap  of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  and  was 

I  bom  in  January  1668.    He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in. 

1690.    In  1695  he  began  to  preach  at  Newport,  and  he  continued 

25     - 


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Ids  labors  undei'  inany  discouragements  till  a  church  was  formcd,of 
which  he  was  ordained  pastor  Novembers,  1 730.  Here  he  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  days,  and  was  preacher  in  this  place  near  6fty 
years.  In  the  year  1740,  when  Mr.  Whitefield arrived  at  Newport 
from  Charleston,  he  called  upon  Mr.  Clap,  and  he  speaks  of  him  «$ 
the  most  venerable  man  he  ever  saw  in  his  life.  **  He  looked  like 
a  good  Old  puritan,"  says  Mr.  Whitefield,  "  and  gave  me  an  idea  of 
what  stamp  those  men  were,  who  first  settled  New  England.  His 
countenance  was  very  heavenly,  and  he  prayed  most  affectionately 
for  a  blessing  on  my  coming  to  Rhode  Island.  I  could  not  but 
think,  that  I  was  sitting  with  one  of  the  patriarchs.  He  is  full  of 
days,  a  bachelor,  and  haa  been  a  minister  of  a  congregadon  in 
Rhode  Island  up^^ards  of  forty  years."  Mr.  Clap  died  October  3o 
1745,  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age.  His  colleague,  the 
reverend  Jonathan  Helyer,  who  was  ordmed  June  30,  1744,  died 
r.few  months  before  him.  May  37,  1745. 

Mr.  Clap  was  eminent  for  sanctity,  piety,  and  an  ardent  deiire 
to  promote  true  godliness  in  others.  The  powers  of  his  mind  and 
his  learning  were  above  the  common  level,  but  he  made  no  attempt 
to  display  himself  and  attract  attention.  Though  he  had  some 
singularities  ;  yet  his  zeal  to  promote  the  knowledge  of  Jesus 
Christ  and  the  interests  of  his  gospel  cast  a  lustra  ove^  all  his 
character.  He  was  zealously  attached  to  what  he  considered  the  true 
doctrines  of  grace,  and  to  the  forms  of  worship,  which  he  belier- 
ed  to  be  of  divine  institution  ;  but  his  charity  embraced  good  men 
of  all  denominations.  He  had  little  value  for  merely  speculative, 
local,  nominal  Christianity,  and  a  form  of  godliness  without  the 
power.  He  insisted  chiefly  upon  that  fiuth,  by  wliich  we  are  jus* 
tified  and  have  peace  with  God  through  our  Lord  Jesus,  and  that 
repentance  toward  God  and  new  obedience,  which  are  the  necessa- 
ry  efTect  and  evidence  of  our  regeneration,  and  the  proper  exercise 
of  Christianity .  In  his  preaching  he  dwelt  much  upon  the  evil  of  sin 
and  the  worth  of  the  souI,the  influence  of  the  divine  Spirit  in  restoring 
us  to  the  image  of  God,and  the  necessity  of  constant  piety  and  devodon, 
He  addressed  his  brethren  with  the  affectionate  earnestness,  which  a 
regard  to  their  welfare  and  a  full  conviction  of  the  great  truths  of  the 
gosp6l  could  not  but  inspire. 

He  abounded  in  acts  of  charity  and  beneficence,  being  the  father 
and  guardian  of  the  poor  and  necessitous,  and  giving  away  all  his 
living.  He  scattered  niany  little  books  of  piety  and  virtue,  and  put 
himself  to  very  considerabie  expense,  that  he  mjght  in  this  way 
awaken  the  careless,  instruct  the  ignorant,  encourage  the  servants 
ot  Christ,  and  save  the  sinner  from  death.  He  was  remarkable  for 
his  care  with  regard  to  the  education  of  children,  and  his  concern 
for  the  ii  'ruction  of  servants.  He  knew  by  experience  the  advan 
tages  of  I.  pious  education,  and  fully  aware  of  the  consequences  ol 
suffering  the  youthful  mind  to  be  undirected  to  what  is  good,  he 


■\*i 


CLA. 


187 


»ire  much  of  his  attention  to  the  lambs  of  his  flock.  His  benevo- 
lent labors  also  extended  to  the  humble  and  numerous  cluss  of 
sertants  and  slaves,  to  whom  he  endeavored  vrith  unwearied  care  to 
impart  the  knowledge  of  the  gospel.  Thus  evincing  the  reality  of 
bis  religion  by  the  purity  and  benevolence  uf  his  lifei  he  was  ait 
boDor  to  the  cause  of  th«  Redeemer,  in  which  he  was  engaged. 
He  departed  this  life  in  peace,  without  those  raptures,  which  some 
express,  but  with  perfect  resignation  to  the  will  of  God,  and  with 
bumble  confidence  in  Jesus  Christ,  who  was  the  sum  of  his  doc- 
trine and  the  end  of  his  conversation.  He  published  a  sermon  on 
tbe  Lord's  voice  crying  to  the  people  in  some  extraordinary  dispen- 
sations, \1\S*—'CaUender*»ftmeraltermon  ;  CoUectiona  fust.  Mcietyy 
U.  183, 183  ;  Backut*  abridgment^  157,  158  ;  IVhit^dd* a  journal  of 
1740,39 — 45. 

CLAP  (Thomas),  president  of  Yale  college,  was  born  at  Scitu* 
ate,  Massachusetts,  June  26,  1703,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1733.  The  early  impressions,  made  upon  his  mind  by 
divine  grace,  inclined  him  to  the  study  of  divinity.  He  was  settled 
in  the  ministry  at  Windham  in  Connecticut  August  3,  1726. 
From  this  place  he  was  removed  in  1739  to  the  presidentship  of 
Yale  college,  as  successor  of  the  reverend  Elisha  Williams.  This 
office  he  reugned  September  10, 1766,  and  he  died  January  7, 1767, 
in  the  sixty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  rev- 
erend Dr.  Daggett. 

Mr.  Clap  was  one  of  the  most  profound  waA.  accurate  scholars,  of 
which  Connecticut  can  boast.  He  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind, 
a  clear  perception,  and  solid  judgment.  Though  not  vei^  emi- 
nent for  classical  learning,  he  had  a  competent  knowledge  of  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew.  In  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics,  in 
astronomy,  and  in  the  various  departments  of  natural  philosophy 
he  had  probably  no  equal  in  America,  excepting  professor  Win- 
throp  of  Cambridge.  Ho  appears  to  have  been  extensively  and 
profoundly  acquainted  with  lustory,  tlieology,  moral  philosophy,  the 
canon  and  civil  law,  and  with  most  of  the  objects  of  study  in  his  time. 
The  labors  of  his  office  left  a  most  contemplative  mind  only  a  few 
hours  for  reading  ;  but  he  employed  vhat  time  he  could  devote  to 
study  in  a  most  advantageous  method.  He  always  pursued  his  re- 
searches systematically,  with  an  arrangement,  which  had  respect 
to  some  whole.  A  large  library  before  him  he  treated  as  a  collec- 
tion of  reports,  books  delivering  the  knowledge  and  reasonings  of 
the  learned  world  on  all  subjects  of  literature.  He  seldom  read  a 
Tolume  through  in  course.  Having  previously  settled  in  his  mind 
the  particular  subjects  to  be  examined,  he  had  recourse  directly  to 
tbe  book,  or  the  parts  of  a  book,  which  would  give  him  the  desired 
information,  generally  passing  by  what  did  not  relate  to  the  object 
of  his  inquiry,  however  attracting  and  interesting.  He  thus  amass* 
ed  and  digested  a  valuable  treasure  of  erudition,  having  prosecuted 


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nimost  ill  the  princiiMl  subjects  in  the  whole  circle  of  literature. 
He  WM  indenitigablo  in  labom  both  secular  and  scientific  for  the 
institution,  over  which  he  presided.  He  was  the  means  of  building 
a  college  edifice  and  chapel  {  and  he  gave  frequent  public  disaerta- 
lions  in  the  various  departments  of  learning. 

As  a  preacher  he  was  solidi  grave,  and  powerful }  not  so  much 
clclighting  by  a  florid  manner,  as  impressing  by  the  weight  of  ht> 
matter.  His  religious  sentiments  accorded  with  the  Calvinism  of 
the  Westminster  assembly.  He  had  thoroughly  studied  the  scrip, 
tures,  and  had  read  the  moat  eminent  divines  of  the  last  two  hun- 
dred years.  Though  in  his  person  he  was  not  tall,  he  yet  appeared 
rither  bulky.  His  aspect  was  light,  placid,  and  contemplative,  and 
he  was  a  calm  and  judicious  man,  who  had  the  entire  command  of 
his  passions.  Intent  on  being  useful,  he  was  economical  and  lived 
by  rule,  and  was  a  rare  pattern  of  industry.  He  had  no  fondness  for 
parade.  As  he  was  exemplary  for  piety  in  life,  so  he  was  resigned 
and  peaceful  at  the  hour  of  death.  When  some  one  in  his  last  ill. 
neas  observed  to  him,  that  he  was  dangerously  (sick,  he  replied, 
that  a  person  was  not  in  a  dangerous  situation,  who  was  approach* 
ing  the  end  of  his  toils. 

By  some  means  he  acquired  a  prejudice  against  Mr.  WhitpCeld. 
He  was  apprehensive,  that  it  was  the  design  of  that  eloquent  preach- 
er to  brtik  down  our  churches,  and  to  introduce  ministers  from 
Scotland  and  Ireland.  He  therefore  opposed  him,  though  it  is  be- 
lieved, that  they  did  not  differ  much  in  their  religious  sentiments. 
He  had  a  controversy  with  the  reverend  Mr.  Edwards  of  North- 
ampton respecting  a  conversation,  which  passed  between  them  in 
reference  to  Mr.  Whitefield.  He  seems  to  have  misapprehended 
Mr.  Edwards.  Mr.  Clap  constructed  the  first  orrery,  or  planetari- 
um, made  in  America.  His  manusciipts  were  plundered  in  the 
expedition  against  New  Haven  under  general  Tryon.  He  had 
made  collections  of  materials  for  a  history  of  Connecticut. 

He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Ephraim 
Little,  Colchester,  September  SO,  1732  ;  the  religious  constitution 
of  colleges,  1754  ;  a  brief  history  and  vindication  of  the  doctrines 
received  and  established  in  the  churches  of  New  England,  with  a 
specimen  of  the  new  scheme  of  religion,  beginning  to  prevail,  1755; 
this  scheme  he  collects  from  the  writings  of  Chubb,  Taylor,  Foster, 
Hutcheson,  Campbell,  and  Ramsay,  and  in  opposing  it  he  vindi- 
cates the  use  of  creeds,  and  contends  for  the  doctrines  of  the  divin- 
ity and  satis&ction  of  Christ,  original  sin,  the  necessity  of  special 
grace  in  regeneration,  and  justification  by  faith.  He  published  also 
a  historv  of  Yale  college,  1766  ;  and  conjectures  upon  the  nature 
and  motion  of  meteors,  which  are  above  the  atmosphere,  1781.— 
Holmet*  life  qfStilea^  263,  393 — 396  ;  andannalsf  ii.  281  \  Milkr't 
retro$fiectf  ii.  360  ;  DaggettU  fun,  sermon. 


.'     ll 


189 


CLA. 


CLARK  (Pbtbk))  minuter  of  Danven,  MuuchiiMttti 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  17l2»und  was  ui'daiiicd  paatorof 
the  first  church  in  Oanvcrs,  or  as  it  was  then  called  Salem  viUage» 
June  7»  1 7 1 7.  Here  he  continued  more  than  half  a  century.  He  di- 
ed about  the  middle  of  June  1768,  in  the  seventy  sixth  year  of  hu 
age.  He  was  highly  respected  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and 
there  were  few,  who  were  more  universally  venerated.  He  was 
very  plain  and  faithful  in  his  admonitions,  and  he  applied  himself 
diligently  to  sacred  studies.  Possessing  an  inquisitive  genius,  be 
read  all  the  modem  books  of  any  note,  which  came  in  his  way.  By 
conversing  much  with  some  of  the  best  and  most  celebrated,  he  hid 
formed  a  style  somewhat  superior  to  that  of  roost  of  his  contempo- 
raries. He  was  warmly  attached  to  the  sentiments,  generally  cm- 
braced  in  the  New  England  churches. 

He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  William 
Jennison,  Salem,  1798  ;  the  necessity  and  efficacy  of  the  i^race  of 
God  in  the  conversion  of  the  sinner,  1734  ;  artillery  election  ser- 
mon, 1736  ;  election  sermon,  1739  ;  a  fast  sermra,  occasioned  by 
the  war,  February  36, 1 74 1  ;  a  sermon  before  the  annual  convention 
of  ministers,  1745  ;  a  defence  of  the  divine  right  of  infant  bapUsm, 
Svo,  1753  i  spiritual  fortitude  recommended  to  young  men,  1757  ; 
ihe  scripture  doctrine  of  original  sin  stated  and  defended  in  a  sum* 
mer  morning's  conversation  between  a  minister  and  a  neighbor,  rec- 
ommended by  several  ministers  of  Boston,  1758 ;  a  defence  of  the 
principles  of  the  summer  morning's  conversation,  1760  ;  a  Dudlei- 
an  lecture,  \76S ^'•mBarnartPaJitneral  aermon. 

CLARK  (JoMAi),  minister  of  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  was 
bom  at  Newton  December  35, 1730,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1753,  and  ordained  as  successor  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Han- 
cock November  5,1755.  Having  through  the  course  of  half  a  cen- 
tury approved  himself  an  able  and  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel, 
he  died  in  much  peace  November  15,  1805,  in  the  seventy  nfUi 
jtuv  of  his  age.  He  was  wholly  devoted  to  the  duties  of  his  sacred 
calling.  His  public  discourses  consisted  not  of  learned  discusuons 
on  speculative  or  metaphysical  subjects,  nor  yet  of  dry  lectures  on 
heaUien  morality  ;  but  of  the  most  interesting  truths  of  the  gospel» 
delivered  with  uncommon  energy  and  zeal.  In  the  times  preced- 
ing the  American  revolution  he  was  not  behind  any  of  his  brethren 
in  giving  his  influence  on  the  side  of  bis  country  in  opposition  to 
its  oppressors.  It  was  but  a  few  rods  from  his  own  door,  that  the 
first  blood  was  shed  in  the  late  war.    On  the  morning  of  April  19, 

1775,  he  saw  his  paiishioners  most  wantonly  murdered.  During 
the  struggU,  wluch  then  commenced,  the  anniversary  of  this  outrage 
vas  religiously  observed  by  him  and  his  people. 

He  published  a  sermon  and  narrative  on  Lexington  battle ;  and  the 
election  sermon,  \7 81  ^-m^Cotumbian  ccntinely  December  31,  1805; 

PfinofiHaty  i.  334,  325.  .    . 


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'CLARKE  (JoBv^)  one  of  the  first  founders  of  Rhode  Island, 
was  a  phfsician  in  London  before  he  came  to  this  country.  -  Soon 
aRer  the  first  settlement  of  Massachusetts,  he  was  driveh  from 
that  colony  with  a  number  of  others  ;  and  on  the  seventh  of  March 
1638  they  formed  themselres  into  a  body  polidc  and  |;>urchased 
Aquetneck)  or  Rhode  Island,  of  the  Indian  sachems.  Mr.  Clarke 
was  soon  employed  as  a  preacher,  and  in  1644  he  formed  a  church 
at  Newport  and  became  its  pastor.  This  was  the  second  baptist 
church,  which  was  established  in  America.  In  1649  we  find  him 
an  assistant  and  treasurer  of  Rhode  Island  colony.  .In  1651  he 
w6nt  to  visit  one  of  Ids  brethren  at  Lynn,  n^  Boston,  and  he 
preached  on  Sunday,  July  30  ;  but  before  he  had  completed  the 
niervices.of  the  forenoon  was  seized  widi  his  fiiends  by  an  officer 
of  the  government.  In  the  afternoon  he  was  compelled  to  attend 
the  parish  meeting,  at  the  close  of  which  he  spoke  a  few  words. 
On  the  tMsty  first  he  was  tried  before  the  court  of  assistants  and  fined 
twenty  pounds,  in  case  of  fulure  in  the  payment  of  which  ^um  he 
was  to  be  whipped.  In  passing  the  sentence  judge  Endicot  ob* 
served,  **  you  secretly  insinuate  thing  sinto  those,  who  are  weak, 
which  you  cannot  maintain  before  our  muiisters  ;  you  may  try  and 
dispute  with  them."  Mr.  Clarke  accordingly  wrote  from  the  ^ris> 
on,  proposing  a  dispute  upon  the  principles,  which  he  professed. 
He  represented  his  principles  to  be,  that  Jesus  Christ  haid  the  sole 
right  of  prescribing  nny  laws  respecting  the  worship  of  God, 
which  it  Was  necessary  to  obey  ;  that  baptism,  or  dip(>in^  in  water, 
was  an  ordinance  to  be  administered  only  to  those,  w6o  gave  some 
evidence  of  repentance  towards  God  and  fiuth  in  Jesus  Christ; 
that  such  riuble  believers  only  constituted  the  church ;  that  each  of 
them  had  aright  to  speak  in  the  congregation  according  as  the  Lord 
had  given  him  talents,  either  to  make  inquiries  for  his  own  instruc- 
tion, or  to  prophesy  for  the  edification  of  others,  and  that  at  all  times 
and  in  all  places  they  ought  to  reprove  foUy  and  open  thSr  lips  to 
justify  itrisdom ;  and  that  no  servant  of  Jesus  Christ  had  any  autho^ 
ity  to  restndn  any  fellow  servant  in  his  worship,  where  injury  was 
not  offered  to  others.  No  dispute  however  took  place,  and  Mr. 
CUrke,  after  paying  his  fine,  was  soon  released  from  prison,  and 
directed  to  leave  the  colony.  His  companion,  Mr.  Obadiah  Holmes, 
shared  a  severer  fate  ;  for  on  declining  to  pay  his  fine  of  thirty 
pounds,  which  his  friends  offered  to  do  for  him,  he  was  publicly 
whipped  in  Boston. 

In  1651  Mr.  Clarke  was  sent  to  England  \rith  Mr.  Williams  to 
promote  the  interests  of  Rhode  Island,  and  particularly  to  procure  a 
revocation  of  Mr.  Coddingt(Hi*8  commisnon  as  governor!  Soon  af- 
ter his  arrival  he  published  a  book,  giving  an  account  of  the  perse- 
cutions in  New  England.  In  October  1652  the  commission  of  Mr. 
Codcli»j;ton  was  annulled.  After  the  return  of  Mr.  Williams,  Mr. 
<21arke  was  left  behind,  and  continued  in  England  as  agent  for  th« 


CLA. 


191 


colony  till  he  obtamed  the  Becond  charter  Julj  8, 1663,  to  procure 
which  he  mortgaged  his  estate  in  Newport.  He  returned  in  1664| 
and  continued  the  pastor  of  his  church  till  his  death.  It  was  a  num- 
ber of  years  before  he  obtained  from  the  assembly  a  repayment  of 
his  expenses  during  his  absence,  though  a  conuderable  reward  was 
voted  him.  The  quakers  about  this  time  occasioned  much  trouble 
in  New  England,  and  Mr.  Clarke  and  his  church  were  obliged  in 
October  1673  to  exclude  five  persons  from  their  communion  for  as- 
serting, **  that  the  man  Christ  Jesus  was  not  now  in  heaven,  nor  on 
earth,  nor  any  where  else ;  but  that  his  body  was  entirely  lost."  Mr. 
Clarke  died  at  Newport  April  20, 1676,  aged  abou<  fifty  six  years* 

His  life  was  so  pure,  that  he  was  never  accused  of  any  vice,  which 
has  left  a  blot  on  his  memory.  His  sentiments  respecting  religious 
toleration  did  not  indeed  accord  with  the  sentiments  of  the  i^,  in 
which  he  lived,  and  exposed  him  to  some  trouble  ;  but  at  the  pres- 
ent time  they  are  almost  universally  embraced.  His  exertions  to 
promote  the  civil  prosperity  of  Rhode  Island  must  endear  his  name 
to  those,  who  are  now  enjoying  the  fruits  of  his  labors.  He  possess^ 
es  ^he  singular  honor  of  contributing  much  towards  establishing  the 
first  government  upon  the  earth,  since  thr  rise  of  antichrist,  which 
gave  equal  liberty,  civil  and  religious,  to  a!.!  inen  living  under  it.  He 
died  resigning  his  soul  to  his  merciful  Redeemer,  through  faith  in 
whose  name  he  enjoyed  the  joyful  hope  of  a  resurrection  to  eternal 
lite. 

He  left  behind  him  a  writing,  wMch  expressed  his  religious  opin- 
ions. He  belteved,  that  all  things,  with  their  causes,  effects,  cir- 
cumstances, and  manner  of  bemg,  are  decreed  by  God  ;  that  this 
decree  is  the  determination  from  eternity  of  what  shall  come  to 
pass  in  time;  that  it  is  most  wise,  just,  necessary,  and  unchangeable, 
the  cause  of  all  good,  but  not  of  any  sin  ;  that  election  is  the  decree 
of  God,  choosing,  of  Itis  free  love,  grace,  and  mercy,  some  men  to 
fidth,  holiness,  and  eternal  life  ;  that  sin  is  the  effect  of  man's  free 
will,  and  condemnation  an  effect  of  justice,  inflicted  upon  tnan  for 
un  and  disobedience.  It  was  not  in  these  opinions,  but  in  hb  sen- 
timents respecting  baptism,  that  he  differed  from  llie  ministers  of 
Massachusetts. 

In  his  last  will  he  left  his  farm  in  Newport  to  charitable  purpos- 
es ;  the  income  of  it  to  be  given  to  the  poor  and  to  be  employed 
for  the  support  of  learning  and  reli^on.  It  has  produced  about  two 
hundred  dollars  a  year,  and  has  thus  been  promoting  the  public  in- 
terests ever  since  his  death. 

The  title  of  the  book,  which  he  published  in  London  in  1652t  is, 
ill  news  from  New  England,  or  a  narrative  of  New  England's  perse- 
cution ;  wherein  it  is  declared,  that  while  Old  England  is  becoming 
New,  New  England  is  becoming  Old ;  also  four  proposals  to  parlia- 
ment, and  four  conclusions,  touching  the  fidth  and  order  of  the  gos- 
pel of  Christ  out  of  his  last  will  and  testament,  4to,  pp.  76.    This 


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work  was  answered  by  the  reverend  Thomas  Cobbet  of  L3mn.-i« 
Backut*  church  hut,  qf  M  England^  iii.  327,  338  ;  Backut*  abridg. 
•menty  84,86,  109—116.  /     ;  ^    ' 

CLARKE  (  Richard),  an  elegant  cbsslcal  scholar,  came  to  this 
comitry  from  England  before  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  He 
was  for  some  time  rector  of  St.  Philip's  church  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina.  He  returned  to  England  about  the  year  1758,  and 
in  1768  was  curate  of  Cheshunt  in  Hertfordshire.  He  published 
several  pieces  on  the  prophecies,  and  on  universal  redemption. 
The  following  are  the  titles  of  some  of  them.  An  essay  on  the 
number  7,  wherein  the  duration  of  the  church  of  Rome  and  of  the 
Mahometan  imposture,  the  time  of  the  converuon  of  the  Jews,  and 
the  year  of  the  world  foi*  the  millennium,  and  for  the  first  resurrec' 
tion  are  attempted  to  be  settled,  1759  ;  a  warning  to  the  world,  or 
the  prophettcad  numbers  of  Daniel  and  John  calculated ;  a  second 
warning  to  the  worlds  1762  ;  glad  Udings  to  the  Jews  and  gentiles, 
1763  ;  the  gospel  of  the  dsdly  service  of  the  law  preached  to  the 
Jew  and  gentile,  1768.  He  seems  to  have  been  tinctured  with  the 
mystical  doctrines  of  William  Law  and  Jacob  Behmen^— Mffrr*! 
retrotficct,  ii.  S65. 
CLARKE(JoHN,D.D.),minister  in  Boston,  was  bom  atPortsniouth, 
New  Hampshire,  April  13,  1755.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  coI> 
lege  in  1 774,  and  wlule  a  member  of  the  university  was  distinguished 
by  his  improvements  in  literature  and  science,  by  a  strict  obedience 
to  the  laws,  and  by  irreproachable  morals.  After  he  received  his  first 
degree,  he  engaged  in  the  instruction  of  youth  ;  but  in  his  leisure 
hours  he  pursued  with  assiduity  his  theological  studies.  In  the 
office  of  preceptor  he  was  gentle  and  persuasive,  beloved  by  his 
pupils,  and  esteemed  by  their  friends.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of 
the  first  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  the  reverend  Dr. 
Chauncy,  July  8, 1788.  With  him  he  lived  in  the  most  intimate 
and  respectful  friendship  about  nine  years,  and  afterwards  labored 
alone  in  the  service  of  the  church  until  the  Lord's  day  April  1, 1798, 
when,  as  he  was  addressing  his  hearers,  he  was  seized  by  an  apo* 
plexy  and  fell  down  in  his  pulpit.  He  expired  the  next  morning, 
Apnl  second,  in  the  forty  third  year  of  his  age,  and  the  twentieth 
of  his  ministry.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  William  Em* 
erson,  the  present  pastor  of  the  church. 

Dr.  Clarke  was  of  a  mild  and  cheerful  temper,  easy  and  polite  io 
his  mann..rs,  and  endeared  to  all  his  acquaintance.  Though  fond  of 
literary  and  philosophical  researches,  he  yet  considered  theology  as 
the  proper  science  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  To  this  object  lie 
principally  devoted  his  time  and  studies,  and  was  earnestly  desirous 
of  investigating  every  branch  of  it,  not  merely  to  gratify  curiosity, 
but  that  he  might  be  able  to  impart  instruction.  He  was  habitu^- 
ly  a  close  student,  and  it  is  not  improbable,  that  his  close  application 
contributed  f  o  bring  upon  him  the  calamity,  which  was  the  occasion 


CLA. 


193 


(^  his  death.  His  public  discourses  bore  the  marks  of  penetration^ 
judgment)  perspicuitj,  and  c^-^gance.  In  the  private  offices  of 
l>a>torai  friendship  he  was  t^«^  ;xemplary  and  engaging.  In  the 
Tarious  relations  of  life  his  d:  >  rtment  was  marked  with  careful- 
ness, fidelity*  and  affection. 

He  published  a  sermon^  preached  before  the  humane  society  ; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Cooper  ;  on  the  death 
of  the  reverend  Dr.  Chauncy  ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  N.  W.  Apple- 
ton  ;  an  answer  to  the  question,  why  arc  you  a  christian  ?  an  excel- 
lent  work,  which  has  passed  through  several  editions  in  this  coun- 
try and  England  ;  and  letters  to  a  student  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge. This  is  a  valuable  work  to  the  members  of  the  college.  Since 
his  death  a  volume  of  his  sermons  in  8  vo,  and  a  volume  of  discourses 
to  young  persons,  12mo,  have  been  pub\hhed.-^Thacher*8 /unn-al 
itrmon  i  Collect.  hi»t,  «oc.  vi.  i-^ix  ;  Hardie*8  biog,  diet,  j  Colum'' 
Han  centineli  jifiril  7,  1798. 

CLARKSON  (Gerardus),  a  very  respectable  physician  of 
Philadelphia,  died  in  that  city  in  October  1790,  aged  fifty  three 
years. 

CLAYTON  (John),  an  eminent  botanist  and  physician  of  Vir- 
ginia, was  bom  at  Fulham  in  the  county  of  Kent  in  Great  Britain. 
He  came  to  Virginia  with  his  father  in  1705,  and  was  then  most 
probably  in  his  twentieth  year.  His  father  was  an  eminent  lawyer, 
and  was  appointed  attorney  general  of  Virginia.  Young  Clayton 
vas  put  into  the  office  of  Mr.  Peter  Beverly,  who  was  clerk  or 
prothonotary  for  Gloucester  county,  and  succeeding  him  in  this 
office  he  filled  it  fifty  one  years.  He  died  December  15,  1773,  in 
the  eighty  eighth  year  of  his  age.  During  the  year  preceding  his 
decease,  such  was  tlie  vigor  of  his  constitution  even  at  this  advanc-' 
ed  period,  and  such  his  zeal  in  botanical  researches,  that  he  made  a 
botanical  tour  through  Orange  county  ;  and  it  is  believed,  that  he 
had  visited  most  of  the  settled  parts  of  Virginia.  His  residence 
was  about  twenty  miles  from  the  city  of  Williamsburg. 

His  character  stands  very  high  as  a  man  of  integrity,  and  as  a 
good  citizen.  He  was  a  strict,  though  not  ostentatious  observer  of 
thepractice  of  the  church  of  England,  and  he  seemed  constantly 
piously  disposed.  He  was  heard  to  say,  whilst  examining  a-flower» 
|that  he  could  not  look  into  one  without  seeing  the  display  of  infi- 
ite  power  and  contrivance,  and  that  he  thought  it  impossible  for  a ' 
itanist  to  be  an  atheist.  He  was  a  member  of  some  of  the  most 
learned  literary  societies  of  Europe,  and  corresponded  with  Gro- 
ivius,  Linnaeus,  and  others  of  the  ablest  botanists  of  that  portion  of 
be  world.  As  a  practical  botanist  he  was  perhaps  inferior  to  fio 
anist  of  his  time.  His  descriptions  of  plants  are  in  general  so 
ect,  that  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  remain  in  doubt  concerning 
le  precise  species,  which  he  describes.  This  is'  especially  the 
ne  in  the  latter  numbers,  which  he  transmitted  to  Grono\in4; 

26 


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194 


CLE. 


fpr  he  had  then  become  better  acquointed  with  the  system  of  Uq. 
naeuSf  beudes  enjoying  that  increasing  facility  in  iccurate  descrip. 
tion,  of  which  none  but  the  progressive  naturalist  can  form  a  cor* 
rect  idea. 

He  left  behind  him  two  volumes  of  manuscripts»  neatly  prepared 
ftr  the  press*  and  a  hortus  siccus  of  folio  sizej  with  marginal  notes 
and  directions  for  the  engraver  in  preparing  the  plates  for  hb  pro* 
posed  work.  This  work*  which  was  in  the  possession  of  his  son, 
when  the  revolutionary  war  commenced,  was  sent  to  Mr.  Williun 
Clayton,  clerk  of  New  Kent,  as  toii  place  of  security  from  the  io* 
vading  enemy.  It  was  lodged  in  the  office  with  the  records  of  the 
county.  An  incendiary  put  a  torch  to  the  building  ;  and  thus  per* 
ished  not  only  the  records  of  the  county,  but  the  labors  of  Clayton. 

Several  of  his  communications,  treating  of  the  culture  and  different 
tq>ecies  of  tobacco,  were  published  in  numbers  90 1,304, 305,  and  30( 
of  the  philosophical  transactions;  and  in  number  454  is  an  ample  ac* 
count  of  medicinal  plants,  which  he  had  discovered  growing  in  Vir^. 
ia.  He  is  chiefly  known  to  the  learned,  especially  in  Europe,  by  his  flo* 
ra  Virginica,  a  work  published  by  Gronovius  at  Leyden  in  8 vo,  1 739-. 
1743,  and  again  in  4to,  in  1763.  This  is  frequently  referred  to  by 
I^innaeus,  and  by  all  the  succeeding  botanists,  who  have  had  occa* 
uon  to  treat  of  the  plants  of  North  America.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
however,  that  they  so  frequently  refer  to  the  flora  as  the  work  of 
Gronovius,  though  its  greatest  value  is  derived  from  the  masterly 
descriptions,  communicated  to  the  Leyden  professor  by  Mr.  Clay* 
tonr^Barton'a  med.and  fihya.  journal^  ii.  139  ;  Reea*  cyclofig^ 
jitner.  edit, ;  \MiUer,  i.  142  ;  ii.  368. 

CLEVELAND  (John),  minister  of  Ipswich,  MassachuseUs, 
vasbom  in  Canterbury,  Connecticut,  April  33,  1733.  He  wai 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1745,  and  while  a  member  of  that  in* 
stitution  he  exhibited  that  independence  and  courage  in  the  cause 
ol  truth,  for  which  he  was  ever  distinguished.  He  followed  the 
convictions  of  his  own  mind^  fearless  of  reproach.  Though  of  i 
mild  spirit,  he  was  decided  in  his  opinions.  After  being  a  preacher 
about  two  years,  he  was  ordained  at  Chebacco  in  Ipswich  in  1747, 
Here  he  ccntinued  more  than  half  a  century,  and  during  his  minifr 
tiry  two  separate  churches  and  congregations  were  formed  into  one. 
He  cUed  April  S3,  1799,  aged  seventy  seven  years.  He  was  an 
active  and  enterprising  man.  During  four  years  he  was.  chaplaia 
in  the  army,  and  was  called  to  lake  Champlain,  cape  Breton,  Cam* 
hfidge,  and  the  banks  of  the  Hudson.  As  a  minister  he  was  labori^ 
'  otts  and  successful.  At  one  period,  in  the  space  of  about  sixroonthi  I 
oi^e  hundred  persons  were  added  to  his  church.  He  zealously 
contended  for  the  faith,  once  delivered  to  the  saints.  Though  for 
a  ^eat  part  of  his  life  he  was  frequently  engaged  in  religious  con* 
troYersy,  yet  his  temper  was  not  soured.  Being  unfeignedlyjuoui) 
while  he  constantly  held  intercourse  with  heaven,  he  consecrated  I 


COB. 


195 


ytrticukr  dajt  to  pritite  fiMting  and  prayer.    He  died  at  last  in 
fliucb  peace,  relying  securely  upon  the  merits  of  his  Redeemer. 

He  published  a  narrative  of  the  work  of  God  at  Chebacco  ia 
If  63  and  1764  ;  an  essay  to  defend  some  of  the  most  important 
principles  in  the  protestant  reformed  system  of  Christianity)  more 
especially  Christ's  sacrifice  and  atonement,  against  the  injuriout 
aspersions  cast  on  the  same  by  the  itiverend  Dr.  Mayhew  in  a 
thanksgiving  sermon,  1763  ;  a  reply  to  Dr.  Mayhew's  letter  of 
icproof,  1765  ;  a  treatise  on  infant  baptism,  1784.— /'amA'«ykfi. 
lermon  ;  Matta.  miaa.  mag.  ii.  129—- 133  ;  Baekutj  iii.  341. 

COBB  (Ebenbzkr),  remarkable  for  longevity,  was  bom  in 
Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  March  33, 1694,  and  was  ten  years  con- 
temporary with  Peregrine  White  of  Marshfield,  the  first  son  of 
Kew  England,  who  was  bom  on  board  the  Mayflower  in  cupe  Cod 
harbor  in  November  1630.  Mr.  Cobb  died  at  Kingston,  Decern 
ber  8, 1801,  aged  one  hundred  and  seven  years,  eight  months,  and 
six  days.  He  lived  in  three  centuries,  and  his  days  were  passed  in 
culUvating  the  earth.  His  mode  of  living  was  simple,  never  va- 
rying from  the  plainness  and  frugality,  which  marked  the  habits  of 
the  husbandman  at  the  beginning  of  the  lust  century.  Only  twice 
in  his  life,  and  then  it  was  to  gratify  his  tffethren  on  a  jury,  did  he 
sabstitut^  an  enervating  cup  of  tea  in  place  of  the  invigorating 
bowl  of  broth,  or  the  nutritive  porringer  of  milk.  He  never  used 
glasses,  but  for  several  years  could  not  see  to  read.  He  was  of  a 
moderate  stature,  stooping  in  attitude,  having  an  expaiuled  chest, 
and  of  a  fair  and  florid  countenance.  He  enjoyed  life  in  his  old 
^,  and  in  his  last  year  declared,  that  he  had  the  same  attachment 
to  life  as  ever.  He  was  a  professed  christian.  As  he  approached 
the  close  of  his  days,  he  shrewdly  replied  to  some  one,  who  made 
a  remark  upon  his  expected  dissolution,  '*  it  is  very  rare,  that  per- 
sons of  my  age  die."  His  posterity  were  not  numerous,  being 
only  a  hundred  and  eighty  &vc.-— Columbian  cetitinelf  Dec.  16, 1801 ; 
A".  Y,  afiectatoTj  Dec.  33. 

COBB£T  (Thomas),  an  eminent  minister  and  writer,  was  bom 
at  Newbury  in  England  in  1608.  He  entered  the  university  of 
Oxford  and  was  for  some  time  a  student  there  ;  but  in  the  time  of 
the  plague  he  was  induced  to  remove  and  to  become  a  pupil  of  the 
celebrated  Dr.  Twiss  of  Newbui*y.  Under  his  care  he  pursued  his 
theological  studies,  and  was  afterwards  a  preacher  at  a  small  place 
in  Lincolnshire.  In  consequence  of  his  nonconformity  te  the  es- 
tablished church  he  experienced  a  storm  of  persecution,  which 
drove  him  to  this  country  in  1 637.  He  came  in  the  same  vessel 
inth  Mr.  Davenport.  He  was  soon  chosen  as  a  colleague  to  his 
old  friend,  the  reverend  Mr.  Whiting  of  Linn,  with  whom  he  la- 
bored in  his  benevolent  work  near  twenty  years.  But  after  the 
removal  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Norton  of  Ipswich  to  Boston  and  the 
death  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Rogers,  he  became  the  pastoff  of  the 


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firat  church  in  Ipswich.  Here  he  continued  in  the  faithful  dis. 
charge  of  the  duties  of  the  sacred  ofTice  till  his  death  in  the  begin. 
ning  of  the  year  1686,  in  the  seventy  eighth  yetir  of  his  age. 
^  Mr.  Cobbet  was  remarkable  not  only  for  a  constant  spirit  of 
'  devotion  and  for  the  frequency  of  his  addresses  to  heaven,  but  for 
a  particular  faith,  or  assurance  in  prayer.  During  the  wars  with 
the  Indians  one  of  his  sons  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  savages. 
The  aged  parent  called  together  a  number  of  his  neighbors,  and 
they  mingled  their  prayers  for  the  deliverance  of  the  captive.  He 
Was  impressed  with  the  belief,  that  the  Father  of  mercies  had  heard 
the  supplications,  addressed  to  him,  and  his  heart  was  no  more  sad. 
In  a  few  days  his  son,  who  had  been  redeemed  of  a  sachem  at  Pe. 
nobscot  for  a  red  coat,  actually  relumed. 

He  published  a  treatise  upon  the  fifth  commandment ;  the  civil 
magistrate's  power  in  matters  of  religion  modestly  debated,  Sec. 
with  un  answer  to  a  pamphlet,  called,  ill  news  from  New  England, 
by  John  Clarke  ot  Rhode  Island,  1653;  a  practical  discourse  of 
prayer,  8vo,  1654  ;  and  an  elaborate  work  in  favor  of  infant  bap. 
tism,  which  is  much  commended  by  Mr.  Cotton  in  his  preface  to 
Norton's  answer  to  the  inquiries  of  ApoUonius.— .MijTta/ia,  iii.  les 
—167  ;  SuUivan*a  diat.  of  Maine,  216. 

-  CODDING  TON  (William),  the  father  of  Rhode  Islahd,  was 
a  native  of  Lincolnshire,  England.  He  came  to  this  country  as  an 
assistant,  or  one  of  the  magistrates  of  Massachusetts,  in  the  year 
1630.  He  was  several  times  rechosen  to  that  ofRce  ;  but  in  1637, 
wften  governor  Vane,  to  whose  interests  he  was  attached,  was  su- 
perseded by  Mr.  Winthrop,  he  also  was  left  out  of  the  magistracy, 
The  freemen  of  Boston  however  the  next  day  chose  him  and  Mr. 
Vane  their  deputies  to  the  court.  Mr.  Coddington  expressed  Ms 
dissatisfaction  in  losing  the  office,  which  he  had  sustained,  by  sit- 
ting with  the  deacons  at  public  worship,  instead  of  placing  himself 
as  usual  in  the  magistrates'  seat,  and  by  going  to  mount  Wollaston 
on  the  day  of  the  general  fast  to  hear  Mr.  Wheelwright.  When 
the  religious  contentions  ran  high  in  Massachusetts  in  1637,  he 
defended  Mrs.  Hutchinson  at  her  trial  in  opposition  to  governor 
Winthrop  and  the  ministers  ;  he  opposed  the  proceedings  of  the 
court  agjunst  Mr.  Wheelwright  and  others  ;  and  when  he  found 
that  his  exertions  were  unavailing,  he  relinquished  his  advantageous 
situation  as  a  merchant  at  Boston,  and  his  large  property  and  im- 
provements in  Braintree,  and  accompanied  the  emigrants,  who  at 
'  that  time  left  the  colony.  He  removed  to  Rhode  Island  April  36, 
■  1638,  and  was  the  prmcipal  instrument  in  effecting  the  original 
settlement  of  that  place.  His  name  stands  first  in  the  covenant 
signed  by  eighteen  persons  at  Aquetneck,  or  Rhode  Island,  March 
7, 1638,  forming  themselves  into  a  body  politic  to  be  governed  by 
the  laws  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  King  of  kings.  It  was 
SPon  found  necessary  to  have  something  more  definite.     Mr. 


mi 


hful  (lis* 
\c  begin. 

spirit  of 
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•avages. 
boTs,  and 
ave.  He 
had  heard 
more  sad. 
em  at  Pe< 

i  the  civil 
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9  England, 
iscuurse  of 
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preface  to 
lioy  iii.  16S 

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im  and  Mr. 
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ing  himself 
WoUaston 
When 
1637,  he 
governor 
ings  of  the 
he  found 
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ty  and  im- 
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1  April  26, 
le  original 
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|>vemed  by 
It  ym 
ite.     Mr. 


COD. 


197 


Coddington  was  appointed  judge*  and  three  eldert  W^re  joined  with 
him.  These  were  directed  by  a  vote  of  the  freemen  January  S> 
1639,  to  be  governed  by  the  general  rules  of  the  word  of  Godf 
when  no  particular  rule  was  known.  But  this  plan  W4s  changed 
March  13)  1640,  when  agovcmor)  lieutenant  governor,  and  four 
assistants  were  appointed. 

Mr.  Coddington  was  chosen  governor  seven  years  successively, 
unUl  the  charter  was  obtained,  and  the  island  was  incorporated  with 
Providence  plantations.  In  1 647  he  assisted  in  forming  the  body 
of  laws,  which  has  been  the  basis  of  the  government  of  Rhode 
Island  ever  since.  The  next  year,  May  16,  1648,  he  was  elected 
governor,  but  he  declined  the  office  on  account  of  a  controversy,  in 
which  he  was  engaged,  respecting  some  lands.  In  September  he 
made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  procure  the  reception  of  Rhode 
Island  into  the  confederacy  of  the  united  colonies.  In  1651  he 
went  to  England  and  was  commissioned  governor  of  Aquetneck 
island,  separate  from  the  rest  of  the  colony  ;  but  as  the  people  were 
jealous  lest  his  commission  should  affect  their  laws  and  liberties, 
he  resigned  it.  He  now  retired  from  public  business  ;  but  towards 
the  close  of  his  life  he  was  prevailed  on  to  accept  the  chief  magis- 
tracy. He  was  goveftior  in  the  years  1674  and  1675.  He  died 
November  1, 1678,  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age. 

He  appears  to  have  been  prudent  in  his  administration,  and  ac- 
tive in  promoting  the  welfare  of  the  little  commonwealth,  which 
he  had  assisted  in  founding.  While  he  lived  in  Rhode  Island,  he 
embraced  the  sentiments  of  the  friends.  He  was  a  warm  advocate 
for  liberty  of  conscience.  A  letter,  which  he  wrote  in  1674  to  the 
governor  of  New  England,  is  preserved  in  Besse's  sufTcvugs  of  the 
quakers,  ii.  265— 270.— ^Dedication  of  Callcnder*s  hist,  diacouraei 
kolmes*  annahf  i.  301,  444  ;  Monthly  anthology,  v.  168,  169  ; 
Backus*  abridgm,  43,  69  ;  Adams*  K,  £.61  ;  Winthrop,  136,.  128, 
154;  HutchinsoUyX.  18.  .  nv^ln- 

CODMAN  (John),  a  member  of  the  senate  of  Massachusetts, 
died  in  Boston  May  17,  1803,  in  the  forty  ninth  year  of  his  age. 
He  filled  the  public  stations,  in  which  he  was  placed  by  the  confi- 
dence of  his  fellow  citizens,  with  integrity  and  honor.  As  a  mer- 
chant, he  sustained  a  character  of  the  first  respectability.  En- 
deared to  his  friends  by  a  natural  disposition,  which  rendered  him 
warm  in  his  attachments,  he  also  possessed,  by  the  gift  of  divine 
grace,  a  principle  of  benevolence,  which  drew  upon  him  the  bless- 
ings of  the  poor.  In  his  last  moments,  more  anxious  for  the 
safety  of  others  than  for  his  own,  he  resigned  himself  to  death 
mth  the  fortitude,  calmness,  and  triumph,  becoming  the  blessed 
religion,  which  he  professed.— Aew  York  herald.  May  25,  1803. 

COGSWELL  (James,  d.  ».),  minister  of  Windham,  in  Con- 
necticut, was  born  in  Saybrook  January  6,  1 720.  In  his  childhood 
his  parents  removed  to  Lebanon,  where  they  remained  till  their  old 


w  .,' 


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ige,  when  with  filial  affecUon  1m  took  them  to  liis  own  liouie. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1743»  and  while  a  member  of 
that  institution,  at  the  time  of  the  general  revival  ef  religioQ 
through  America,  he  became  experiiuentalljr  acquainted  with  the 
tmthy  as  it  is  in  Jesus.  Forming  th^  resolution  to  devote  his  life 
to  the  service  of  the  Redeemer,  he  was  ordained  in  1T44  pastor  of 
the  first  church  in  Canterbury.  In  177 1  he  was  removed  from  this 
charge.  But  early  in  the  following  year  he  was  installed  minister 
of  Scotland,  a  parish  in  the  town  of  Windham,  where  he  contiiui. 
ed  until  December  1804.  The  infirmities  of  age  now  rendering 
him  incapable  of  public  service,  he  found  a  retreat  fi>r  the  remain* 
der  of  his  life  in  the  family  of  his  son,  Dr.  Mason  Fitch  Cogs* 
well  of  Hartford.  His  own  filial  piety  was  now  repaid  him.  He 
died  Januai*y  3,  1807,  aged  eighty  seven  years.  He  was  in  early 
life  distinguished  for  his  learning,  and  he  retuned  it  in  his  old  age, 
His  temper  was  cheerful,  and  sociid,  and  benevolence  shone  in  his 
countenance.  Under  heavy  afUictions  he  was  submissive,  adorbig 
the  sovereignty  of  God.  His  preaching  was  generally  plain  and 
practical,  addressed  to  the  understandings  and  consciences  of  his 
hearers.  On  the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  which  he  inculcat* 
ed,  he  built  his  own  hope  of  a  blessed  imftortality.»«Pan(;j/k&'</,  ii, 
581-— 583  ;  Piacataqtta  evang.jnag.  iii.  196.  < 

COLDEN  (Cadwallader),  a  respectable  physician,  botanist, 
and  astronomer,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Alexander  Colden  of 
Dunse  in  Scotiand,  and  was  bom  February  17.  1688.    Afler  hav- 
ing received  a  liberal  education  under  the  immediate  inspection  of 
his  father,  he  went  to  the  univeruty  of  Edinburgh,  where,  in  1705, 
he  completed  his  course  of  academical  studies.     He  then  appUed 
himself  to  medicine  and  mathematics,  and  was  eminently  distin* 
guished  by  his  proficiency  in  both.     Allured  by  the  fame  of  Will. 
lam  Penn's  colony  of  Pennsylvania,  he  came  over  to  this  countiy 
about  the  year  1708,  and  having  practised  physic  for  some  years 
with  considerable  reputation,  he  returned  to  England,  which  he 
found  greatly  distracted  in  consequence  of  the  troubles  of  17ls. 
While  in  London  he  was  introduced  to  Dr.  Halley,  whowas  so  veil 
pleased  with  a  paper  on  animal  secretions,  written  in  that  early  part 
of  Mr.  Colden's  life,  that  he  read  it  before  the  royal  society,  the 
notice  of  which  it  greatly  attracted.    At  tliis  time  he  formed  an  ac*  j 
^uaintance  with  some  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  charactets 
of  England,  with  whom  he  afterwards  corresponded,  giving  them 
'  curious  and  useful  intelligence  respecting  a  part  of  the  world,  then  i 
but  little  known.     From  London  he  went  to  Scotland  and  married  a  I 
young  lady  of  a  respectable  Scotch  family,  by  the  name  of  Cristic, 
with  whom  he  retuiiied  to  America  in  17 16. 

Brigadier  general  Hunter,  then  governor  of  New  York,  coam- 
ed  so  favorable  an  opinion  of  Mr.  Colden  after  a  short  acquaintance*, 
ihat  he  became  lus  warm  friend,  and  offered  his  patronage,  if  m 


nr 


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ir  h 


COL. 


19f 


foold  rttoOT* ''' '  New  Y«rk.     In  17  Ift  he  therefore  settled  in  that 
ci^,  where  in  v:.v  or  two  years  he  was  made  surveyor  general  of 
linds.    He  was  the  first*  who  filled  that  office  in  the  colony.  About 
l]iB  same  time  also  he  received^  as  the  first  evidence  of  his  patran'e 
&Tort  the  appointment  of  master  in  chancery.    In  1780, on  the  ar« 
rival  of  governor  Burnet,  he  was  honored  with  a  seat  in  the  king's 
council  of  the  province.    He  afterwards  rose  to  the  head  of  thii 
liosrd,  and  in  that  station  succeeded  to  the  administration  of  the 
Mvemment  in  1760.    Previously  to  this  he  had  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  tract  of  land  about  nine  miles  from  Newburgh  on  Hudson's 
river ;  and  to  this  place,  which  in  his  patent  is  called  Coldinghamt 
he  retired  with  his  fiimily  about  the  year  1735.    There  he  under* 
took  to  clear  and  cultivate  a  small  part  of  the  tract  as  a  farm,  and 
bis  attention  was  divided  between  agricultural  and  philosf^hical 
pursuits,  and  the  duties  of  his  office  of  surveyor  general.    The 
ipot,  which  he  had  selected  for  his  retirement,  is  entirely  inland^ 
Uid  the  grounds  are  rough  and  of  no  very  superior}quality.    At  the 
Ume  he  chos^  it  for  a  reudence  it  was  sodtary ,  uncultivated,  and  tiie 
country  around  it  absolutely  a  wilderness,  without  roads,  or  vrith 
such  only,  as  were  almost  impassable.    It  wss  besides  a  frontier  to 
the  Indians,  who  committed  frequent  barbarities.    Yet  no  entreaties 
of  his  fiiends,  when  they  thought  him  in  danger  from  his  savage 
neighbors,  could  entice  him  from  his  favorite  home.    He  chose  rath- 
er to  guard  and  fortify  his  house  ;  and  amidst  dangers,  which  would 
have  disturbed  the  minds  of  most  men,  he  appears  to  have  been 
occupied  without  interruption  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge. 

In  1761  he  was^  appointed  lieutenant  governor  of  New  York,  and 
he  held  tius  commission  the  remainder  of  his  life,  being  repeatedly 
at  the  head  of  government  in  consequence  of  the  death  or  absence 
of  several  governors.    His  political  character  was  rendered  very 
conspicuous  by  the  firmness  of  his  conduct  during  the  violent  com- 
motions, which  preceded  the  late  revolution.    He  possessed  the  su« 
preme  authority,  when  the  paper,  to  be  distributed  in  New  York 
under  the  British  stamp  act,  arrived ;  and  it  was  put  under  his  care  in 
the  fiotrtification,  called  fort  George  j  wluch  was  then  standing  on  the 
battery  point.    The  attempt  of  the  British  parliament  to  nise  a  rev- 
enue by  taxing  the  colonies  had,  in  every  stage,  excited  a  spirit  of 
infignation  and  resentment,  wluch  had  long  before  this  risen  above 
the  control  of  government.    At  length  a  multitude,  consisting  of 
several  thousand  people,  assembled  under  leaders,  who  were  after* 
vards  conspicuous  revolutionary  characters,  and  determined  to  make 
the  lieutenuit  governor  deliver  up  the  stamp  paper  to  be  destroyed. 
Mr.  Golden  had  recmved  intimation  of  thieir  design,  and  prepared 
to  defend  vrith  fidelity  the  trust,  which  had  devolved  upon  him. 
The  fort  was  surrounded,  on  the  evening  of  February  15,  1766,  by 
a  vatt  concourse  of  people,  who  threatened  to  massacre  him  ailU 
Ms  ^MUwreatSy  if  the  piqper  was  not  delivered  to  them  s  and  though 


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the  engineers  within  atfsured  him  that  the  place  was  untenable^  and 
a  terrified  family  implored  him  to  regard  hit  safety)  he  yet  pr«« 
served  a  calmness  and  firmness  of  mind)  and  succeeded  finally  in 
'  securing  the  papers  on  board  a  British  man  of  war,  then  in  the 
port.  The  populace,  in  the  mean  time,  unwilling  to  proceed  to 
extremities,  (gratified  their  resentment  by  burning  hit  eiiigyy  wad 
destroying;  his  carriages  under  his  view.  His  administration  ii 
rendered  memorable,  amongst  other  things  by  several  charters  of 
incorporation  for  useful  and  benevolent  purposes.  The  corporation 
for  the  relief  of  distressed  seamen,  called  the  marine  society  ;  thst 
of  the  chamber  of  commerce  ;  and  one  for  the  relief  of  widows 
and  children  of  clergymen  will  transmit  his  name  with  honor  to 
posterity.  After  the  return  of  Mr.  Tryon,  the  governor,  in  1775, 
he  was  relieved  from  the  cares  of  government.  He  then  retired 
to  a  seat  on  Long  Island,  where  a  recollection  of  his  former  studies 
and  a  few  select  friends^  ever  welcomed  by  a  social  and  hospitable 
dispoution,  cheered  him  in  his  last  days.  He  died  September  38, 
1776,  a  few  hours  before  New  York  was  wrapped  in  flames,  which 
Uud  near  one  fourth  part  of  the  city  in  ashes.  He  complained  neither 
of  pain  of  body,  nor  anguish  of  mind,  except  on  account  of  the  po< 
litical  troubles,  which  he  had  long  predicted,  and  which  he  then  saw 
overwhelming  the  country.  He  retained  his  senses  till  the  last 
moment,  and  expired  without  a  groan,  in  the  eighty  ninth  ^ear  of 
his  age. 

Mr.  Golden  early  began  to  notice  the  plants  of  America,  class* 
ing  and  distinguishing  them  according  to  the  custom  of  botany* 
then  in  use.  He  was  attentive  to  the  climate,  and  left  a  long 
course  of  diurnal  observations  on  the  thermometer,  barometer,  and 
winds.  He  cultivated  an  acquainta(ice  with  the  natives  of  the 
country,  and  often  entertained  his  correspondents  with  observations 
on  their  customs  and  manners.  He  wrote  also  a  history  of  the 
prevalent  diseases  of  the  climate  ;  and  if  he  was  not  the  first  to 
recommend  the  cooling  regimen  in  the  cure  of  fevers^  he  was  cer* 
tainly  one  of  its  earliest  and  warmest  advocates,  and  he  opposed 
with  great  earnestness  the  then  prevalent  mode  of  shutting  up  is 
warm  and  confined  rooms  patients  in  the  small  poyt.  Though  he 
quitted  the  practice  of  medicine  at  an  early  day,  yet  he  never  lost 
sight  of  his  favorite  study,  being  ever  ready  to  give  his  assistance 
to  his  neighborhood,  and  to  those,  who,  from  his  reputation  for 
knowledge  and  experience,  applied  to  him  from  more  distant  quar* 
ters. 

Though  his  principal  attention,  after  the  year  1760,  was  directed 
from  philosophical  to  political  matters ;  yet  he  maiiituned  with 
great  punctuality  his  literary  correspondence,  particularly  witli 
Linnseus  of  Upsal,  Gronovius  of  Leyden,  Dr.  Pottersfield  and 
Dr.  Whittle  of  Edinburgh,  and  Mr.  Peter  CoUinson,  r.'  b.  s.  of 
London^  who  was  a  most  useful  and  affectionate  friepd,  and  to 


bj. 


!( 


COL. 


itoi 


whom  Mr.  Colden,  though  he  never  saw  him,  owed  an  introduction 
ID  manj^f  the  most  distinguished  literary  characters  of  Europe. 
There  ^re  several  cotnmuhications  between  him  and  the  eurl  of 
Maccles^ldt  who  appears  to  h'lve  devoted  much  of  his  attention  to 
inathematics  and  astronomy.  He  was  the  constant  and  intimate 
correspondent  of  Dr.  Fhinklin,  and  they  regularly  communicated 
to  each  other  their  philosophical  and  physical  discoveries,  particu- 
larly on  electricity,  which  at  that  time  began  to  excite  the  attention 
of  philosophers.  In  their  letters  are  to  be  observed  the  first 
diwnings  of  many  of  those  discoveries,  which  Dr.  Franklin  has 
commtinicated  to  the  world,  and  which  have  excited  so  much  as- 
tonishmint,  and  contributed  so  much  to  human  happiness.  In  a 
letter  to  one  of  Ms  'friends  Dr.  Franklin  gives  an  account  of  the 
orgsniaation  of  the  American  philosophical  society,  of  which  he 
mentions,  that  Mr.  Colden  had  first  suggested  the  idea  and  plan.  . 
It  was  established  at  Philadelphia  on  account  of  the  central  and 
conrenient  situation  of  that  city. 

About  the  year  1743  n  malignant  fever,  then  called  the  yellow 
fever,  had  raged  for  two  summers  in  the  city  of  New  York  ;  and  it 
appears  to  have  been,  in  all  respects,  similar  to  that  disorder,  which 
of  late  years  has  proved  so  very  fatal.  I)e  communicated  his 
tiionghts  to  the  public  on  the  most  probable  6\xre  of  the  calamity 
in  a  little  treatise  on  the  occasion,  in  which  he  enlarged  on  the  bad 
e^Mh  of  stagnating  waters,  moist  idr,  damp  cellars,  filthy  storesi 
a^^rty  streets  ;  showed  how  much  tHpse  nuisances  prevailed  in 
many  parts  of  the  city  i  and  pointed  out  the  remedies.  The  cor- 
I  poradon  of  the  city  gave  him  their  thanks,  and  established  a  plab 
for  draining  and  cleaning  the  city,  which  was  attended  with  the 
I  most  happy  effects.  He  also  wrote  and  published  a  treatise  on  the 
cure  of  the  cancer.  Another  essay  of  his  on  the  virtues  of  the  bor- 
tanice,  or  great  water  dock,  a  species  of  rumex,  introduced  him  to 
an  acquaintance  with  Linnaeus.  In  1753  he  published  some  ob- 
serratton's  on  an  epidemical  sore  throat,  which  appeared  first  at 
Kingston,  Massachusetts,  in  1735,  and  had  spread  over  a  great  pait 
of  North  Americai  These  observations  are  republished  in  the 
I  Americmt  museum. 

When  he  became  acquuhted  with  Linnaeus*  system  of  botany, 
Ihe  applied  himself  with  new  delight  to  that  study.  His  description 
I  of  between  three  and  four  hundred  American  plants  wtfre  published 
lin  the  acta  Upsaliensia.  He  also  published  the  history  of  the  five 
[Indian  nations,  and  dedicated  it  governor  Bymet,  who  had  distin- 
jguished'Minself  by  his  wisdom  and  success  in  the  management  of 
Ithe  Indians.  \  The  book  was  printed  at  London  in  1747,  with  the 
lorig^  dedication,  intended  for  governor  Bumet,  directed  to  gene- 
pi  Oglethorpe.    Mr.  Colden  justly  compll^ffid  of  this  as  an  un- 

ardonable  absurdity  of  the  printer,  who  took  the  further  liberty  of 

Mag  sereraHndian  treaties,  and  other  papers,  without  J^is  knowb 
27 


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eUg«  or  apDrotation.  But  iho  lubject*  which'  drew  ^r.  Golden  at 
one  time  of  hie  life  from  everjr  other  pureuit»  wee  whiA  he  fint  pub> 
lithed  under  the  title  of  the  cause  of  gnvitation ;  wl^,  beite 
mucli  enlarged)  Mppeered  in  17s  1  under  the  title  of  the  jniiicipUi 
of  tctioD  in  matteri  to  which  it  added  a  treatise  on  fluxicms.  He  di< 
ed  in  the  firm  persuasion*  that*  Iwwever  he  might  have  erred  b 
the  deductions*  the  grand*  fundamental  principles  of  his  syiteni 
were  true  ;  and  that  they  would  at  length  be  received  as  fuch  in 
the  world.  This  book  cost  him  many  years  of  close  and  icvcr« 
studjr.    He  prepared  a  new  edition  of  it  with  elucidations  of  «och 

kU  ^rts,  M  hBd  been  subjected  to  objections*  and  with  large  additioni. 

^^  At  the  time  it  was  prepared  for  the  press*  he  was  so  br  advance^ 
in  years*  that  he  despaired  of  living  to  see  it  puiilifihed.  He  there* 
fore  transmitted  the  manuscript  to  his  frien^  alia  corresptmdcn^, 
Dr.  Whittle*  of  the  royal  college  of  physicians*  and  professor  of 
medicine  in  thie  university  of  Edinburgh.  iThe  fate  of  the  work 
dnce  that  time  is  not  linown.  Of  his  other  manuscHpt  papers* dm. 
hy  of  them*  through  the  variety  of  hands*  into  which  Uiey  have  &]• 
len*  have  become  mutilatedi  and  a  ^reat  part  of  soj^ie  of  them  ^ 
entirely  lost.  Among  these  are  an  mquiry  into  the  operation  oVu^ 
tellect  in  animals*  a  piece  of  great  originality ;  anotlier  on  the  t%. 
sehtial  ptvpcrties  of  ttjl^lit*  interspersed  with  observatjbos  on  dec 
tricity*  heat*  matter*  8cc  ;  an  ^troduction  to  tlie  study  of  physic,  in 
t^p  form  of  instructions  to  one  of  his  grandsons,  and  dated  in  tbe 
mghty  first  year  of  his' age  ;  an  inquiry  into  the  causes*  prodi^jig 
the  phenomenon  of  metal  medley*  sif  imming  in  water ;  an  euay 
on  vital  motion  ;  and*  lastly*  observations  oh  Mr.  S^mijth's  history  of 
l^lew  Tork*  comprehending  memoirs  of  the  public  transactions,  in 
which  he  was  conversant.  He  complains  of  the  partiality  of  Mr, 
Smith*  and  supposet^*  that  he  is  incocnept  in  many  particulars^ 
^ee9*  qfclo/nediof  Amer. edition  j  Hordirt  biqg.  diet,;  American mw- 
seum^  iU.  53<— 59. 

COLMAN  (Benjamin),  first  minister  of  the  chtirch  in  Brattle 
iitreet*  Boston*  was  bom  in  that  town  October  i9*  16T3.  He  wu 
distinguished  by  early  piety  and  zeal  in  literary  pursuits*  and  in 
1 692  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  Beginnmg  to.preacb  noq 
afterwards*  his  benevolent  labors  Were  enjoyed  for  h^f  a  year  bj 
the  town  of  Medford.  In  July  1695  he  emb^rtued  for  umiaa. 
DuriiBg  the  vyage  the  ship*  in  which  he  jailed,,  wa;i  attacked  byi 
French  privafeer*  and  Mn  Colman*  thotigh  he  mt^  r^on?  of  the  pn* 
ftumpttlousfearlessiiess  of  some  df  his  coimpanionb,  y  »i .  ^ niuqed  up* 
on  the  quarter  deck*  and  fought  bravely  with  the  ' :  :•■  »  ^  taken 
prisoner*  he  was  dressed  in  ran*  and  put  into  li.v^  i;uid  aiucnig  the 
sailors.  When  he  arrived  in  J^ronce*  by  means  of  a  lUtle  mooef, 
which  he**  had  preserved** he  was  et^abled  to  make  some  improTe* 
mevt  in  hh  appearance.  In  a  few  Weeks  he  wias  exchanged*  and 
he  'a»ai',i  ^i^bed  London.     Among  ihe  efn^ent  ministers,  vitii  | 


iV 


ifnconfflu* 


COL. 


903 


ftem  htlhsrabtcKiiM  Mqul^llted(  were  Meurt.  HowCfCalaaijri  and 
girkitt.  Bting  called  to  preach  in  diffV-'-ent  placet,  he  supplied  ■ 
tnall  congregation  at  Cambridge  for  a  fe««  weekt*  and  waaauccced- 
^  bj  the  learned  James  Pierce,  who  by  his  mathematical  hlwwU 
fdge  attracted  the  nodce  of  Mr.  Whiston.  ^nd  bccoiniw  his  friend 
ijobibMi  his  Arian  sentiments.    He  afterv  ai  di  preachM  about  two 

Jetrt  at  ^atht  where  he  became  intiinttrcly  acqui>^ted  witk  Mrs. 
[owe,  then  Miss  Singer,  and  admired  hci  sublime  devotion  as  well 
at  ugenuity  ond  wit,  and  afterwards  corresponded  with  hisr. 

A  new  society  having  been  formed  in  Brattle  h.reet,  Boston,  the 
principal  gentlemen,  who  composed  it,  sent  him  an  invitation  im  re- 
mm  to  hia  native  country,  and  to  he  their  minister.  The  peculiar 
comdtution  jf  this  c:hurch,  diflTering from  that  of  th«  other  churches 
nNew  En  k.u.b,  rendered  the  founders  desirous,  that  he  should  bf 
ord>in«u  un  i  oi  ]  jn.  They  approved  of  the  ^onfesuon  of  ftdth 
CQ^n.iO  led  by  the  Westminster  assembly  ;  but  they  were  averse  to 
the  ;  .b!'     relation  of  experiences,  then  practised  prevbusly  to 

;Hniuioi|:ato  the  churches,  and  they  wished  ^e  scriptures  to  be 

:ad  on  tlM  sabbath,  and  the  I<ord's  prayer  to  be  used.  These  inn» 
rations,  the  founders  believed,  would  excite  alarm,  and  to  avoid  A& 
icvixj  Mi*.  Colman  was  ordained  by  sbme  dissentitig  ministers  in 
London  August  4, 1699,  He  arrive^  it-^oston  on  the  first  of  No- 
rember  following,  and  December  niMM|r  fourth  the  new  house  of 
worship  was  opened  and  Mr.  Colnton  preached  in  it  fnr  the  first 
time.  From  the  year  1701  he  had  for  hb  aasntant  about  two  yearii 
and  a  half  llie  reverend  F.liphalet  Adams,  afterwards  minister  of 
(few  London.  Mr.  William  Cooper  waa  ordtdned  his  colleague 
May  33, 1716,and  after  his  death  in  1743  his  son,  the  reverend  Dr. 
Copper,  was  settled  in  his  plaopu  Dr.  Ccrfihhn  ^ed  August  39^ 
1T47,  in  the  seventy  fourth  ve«K<Bf  his  ag^. 

He  was  an  eminently  usenil  md  good  man,  and  was  universally 
nspected  for  Ms  Jearniag  and  taleiits.  He  was  dUtuiguished  as  a 
praacher.  Tall  and  erect  in  stature,  of  a  benigi)  ju^ct,  presentv 
inglo  Ins  whole  appearance  adiliething  amiable  aaidf  venenSUb,  arid 
baring  a  peculiar  eKpneSSfon  in  his  eye ;  he  was  eiiabled  to  intereA 
his  hearers.  His  voice  was  harmonious^  arid  his  acdon' inimitable. 
He  was  ranked  among  the  filrft  ministers  of  New  England.  Jeisus 
Christ  waa  the  «r«!st  subject  ciPtiis  preaching  We  dwleh:  upoh  thfe 
Redeemer  in  his  perdon»  natures,  offices,  and  benefits  ;<  in  his  eternal 
Godhead';'  in  thb  covenants  of  redemption  md  of  grace  ;  andupoh 
;  duties  of  naturalf  religion  as  performed  only  by  strength  derived 
from  die  Savior  mi  as  atxiftptable  only  for  his  sabs'.  Hte  had  a^  hajy- 
pjr  way  of  intTDditiing  large  paragraphs  of  scripture  td  ehrith'  his 
I  discourses)  and  |i  fre^ently  e^mbtllikhed  theni  by  allusioiis  to  the 
I  iuitori(:i4  parts  of  th«  wcred  volunic.  He  could  delight  by  the 
gracefelfiesi' (rf  his  manndr,  atod  never  by  boisicrouroess  and  vi- 
olence traisgressed  the  decorum  of  the  pulpit ;  yi^he  knew  htm 


H 


1 1 


12 


I 


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iHiiiiii 


i!  r 


vu\ 


204 


COL. 


to  priei^ch  with  closeness  and  pungency^  and  could  array  the  tcrrorit 
of  the  Lord  before  the  children  of  iniquity.  It  may  excite  surpihe 
at  the  present  day,  that  the  practice  of  reading  the  scripture  and  re* 
peating  the  Lord's  prayer,  as  a  part  of  the  services  oi  the  sabbath, 
should  have  excited  opposition  ;  but  many  were  offended,  though  it 
was  not  long  before  a  number  of  other  churches  followed  m  the  steps 
of  Brattle  street.  The  ground  of  opposition  to  this  new  church  was 
the  strong  features  of  episcop>acy,  which  it  was  imagined,  were  to 
be  discerned  in  it. 

In  the  various  duties  of  the  pastoral  office  Dr.  Colman  was  dili- 
gent and  faithful.  He  catechised  the  cliildren  of  his  congregation, 
addressed  them  upon  the  concemsof  their  souls,  and  as  they  advanc- 
ed in  years  was  urgent  in  his  persuasions  to  induce  them  to  ap. 
proach  the  table  of  the  Loid.  His  church  had  entrusted  him  with 
authuritv  to  judge  oi  the  qualifications  of  communicants,  and  it  was 
thought  by  many,  that  he  was  too  free  in  his  admissions  to  the  sup- 
per. But  he  was  far  from  thinking,  that  a  competent  knowledge  of 
Christianity  and  a  moral  life  were  sufficient  qualificadons.  He 
thought)  that  there  should  be  a  credible  profession  of  repentance  and 
faith,  with  seiious  purposes  and  promises  of  new  obedience  through 
the  influence  of  the  divine  Spirit ;  and  he  believed,  that  the  purity 
ot  the  churches  would  be  corrupted,  if  there  was  an  indisct'imiriato 
and  general  admission  to  the  sacrament. 

While  he  entertained  the  highest  veneration  for  the  fathers  of 
New  England,  and  was  very  friendly  to  confessions  of  fiuth,  and  to 
the  publication  of  them  on  particular  occasions,  he  used  to  say,  that 
the  bible  wus  his  platform.  In  his  sentiments  upon  church  govern- 
ment he  inclined  towards  the  presbyterians.  He  was  opposed  to 
the  practice  adopted  by  the  churches  of  sending  for  counsel  where- 
ever  they  pleased,  .believing  the  neighboring  churches  to  be  the 
proper  counsellors.  As  he  he  conceived,  that  all  baptized  per- 
sons, who  piad^  9  credible  profession  of  the  religion  of  Christ,  were 
members  of  the  church,  he  thought  vhat  they  should  not  be  prohib- 
ited from  voting  in  the  choice  of  a  minister.  At  the  same  time, 
he  considered  them  as  very  reprehensible,  if  they  neglected  to 
approach  the  tabic  of  the  Lord. 

Such  was  the  estimation,  in  which  Dr.  Colman  was  held,  that  af- 
ter the  death  of  Mr.  Leverett  in  1 734,  he  was  chosen  his  successor 
as  president  of  Harvard  college  ;  but  he  declined  the  appointment. 
He  however  rendered  great  service  to  the  institution.  He  procur- 
ed benefactors  for  it,  and  took  indefatigable  pains,  in  forming  rules 
and  orders  relating  to  the  settlement  of  the  Ho|}isian  professor  of  I 
diviiiity  in  Cambridge.  His  care  also  extended  to  Yale  college,for 
which  he  procured  many  valuable  books.  In  1 738  he  addressed  a 
letter  to  Mr.  Adams  of  New  London,  one  of  its  trustees,  desiring 
him  to  vindicate  that  college  from  the  charge  of  Armimanism.  By] 
l^is  acquaintance  in  England  his  usefulness  was  much  increased 


j^^. 
^^w 


COL. 


205 


He  received  from  Mr.  Samuel  Holden  of  London  thirty  nine  sets 
of  the  practical  works  of  Mr.  Baxter  in  four  massy  volumes,  folio, 
to  distribute  among  our  churches.  He  procured  also  benefactions 
for  the  Indians  at  Houssatonnoc,  and  engaged  vith  earnestness  in 
promoting  the  objects  of  that  mission,  which  was  entrusted  to  the 
care  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Sergeant.  But  his  labors  were  not  con- 
fined to  what  particularly  related  to  his  profession.  He  was  em- 
ployed, in  his  younger  as  well  as  in  his  later  years,  on  weighty  af- 
fairs by  the  general  court,  and  was  sometimes  called  upon  to 
draught  letters  and  addresses.  No  minister  has  since  possessed  so 
great  influence.  His  attention  to  civil  concerns  drew  upon  him  cen- 
sure and  at  times  insult ;  but  he  thought  himself  justified  in  em- 
bracing every  opportunity  for  doing  good.  He  knew  the  interest 
of  his  country  and  was  able  to  promote  it ;  and  he  could  not  admit, 
that  the  circumstance  of  his  beinga  minister  ought  to  prevent  his  exer- 
tions. Still  there  were  few  men,  more  zealous  and  unwearied  in  the  la- 
1)ors  of  his  sacred  office.  His  character  was  singularly  excellent.  Hav- 
ing imbibed  the  true  spirit  of  the  gospel  he  was  catholic,  moderate, 
benevolent,  ever  anxious  to  promote  the  gospel  of  salvation.  He 
vas  willing  to  sacrifice  every  thing,  but  truth,  to  peace.  Once  a 
seventh  day  baptist  from  Rhode  Island  visited  him  to  dispute  con- 
cerning the  sabbath.  Having  heard  his  arguments  patiently  and 
answered  him  mildly,  and  perceiving  that  the  disputatious  humor 
of  his  opponent  was  in  no  degree  softened,  he  declined  a  continu- 
ance of  the  controversy  by  oflTering  to  direct  him  to  a  person,  who 
would  be  a  prdper  antagonist  in  his  own  way.  "^  After  a  life  con- 
spicuous for  sanctity  and  usefulness,  he  met  the  king  of  terrors  with- 
out fear.  In  the  early  part  of  his  life  his  health  was  very  in- 
firm ;  sicknes  frequently  reminded  him  of  his  mortality  ;  and  he 
made  it  his  constant  care  to  live  in  readiness  for  death,  and  ever 
kept  his  will  made,  that  he  might  not  be  obliged  to  attend  to  worldly 
concerns  op  his  dying  bed.  With  a  feeble  constitution,  he  yet  was 
able  to  preach  on  the  very  sabbath  before  he  died.  His  life  was  vrrit- 
ten  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Turell,  who  married  his  daughter,  and 
published  in  8vo,  in  1749. 

He  published  an  artillery  sermon  in  1702  ;  the  government  ahd 
improvement  of  mirth  in  three  sermons,  1 707  ;  imprecation  against 
the  enemies  of  God  lawful  ;  practical  discourses  on  the  parable  of 
the  ten  virgins,  8vo,  1707  ;  a  poem  on  the  death  of  the  reverend 
Mr.  Willard  ;  the  ruler's  piety  and  duty  ;  a  sermon  on  the  union 
of  Spgland  apd  Scotland,  1708  ;  on  seeking  God  early,  1713  ;  the 
heinous  nature  of  the  sin  of  murder  ;  on  the  incomprehensibleness 
of  God  in  four  sermons,  1715  ;  the  precious  gifts  of  the  ascended 
Savior  ;  the  blessing  and  honor  of  fruitful  mothers  ;  divine  com- 
passions magnified  ;  funeral  sermons  on  madam  Abigail  Foster, 
1711 ;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Wainwright,  1714 ;  honorable  Isaac  Adding^ 
ton,  and  reverend  Thomas  Bridge,  1714;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Hirst, 


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1716  ;  reverend  Messrs.  Brattle  and  Pembertoii,  and  Grove  Hint, 
esquire)  1717  ;  governor  Dudleyr  1^30  }  William  Harris,  esquire 
lf31  ;  madam  SteeU  Mr.  David  Stoddard)  uid  Dr.  Increase  Math. 
cr,  1723  ;  president  Leverett,  1724  ;  Dr.  Cotton  Matherj  1728- 
reverend  Solomon  Stoddard  and  William  Welsted,  esquire^  1729  • 
honorable  Simeon  Stoddard*  1730  ;  Thomas  Hollis,  esqUire,  l7S|  • 
on  his  eldest  daughter,  1735;  Thomas  Steel,  esquire,  1736;  rev* 
ercnd  Peter  Thacher^  1739  ;  honorable  Samuel  Holden)  1740  • 
reverend  William  Cooper,  1743  ;  Mrs.  Frances  Shirly,  1746  ;  tlte 
'warnings  of  God  unto  young  people,  l7l6  ;  a  sermoti  for  the  refor. 
matioD  of  manners  ;  our  fathers'  sins  confessed  with  our  own ;  a 
thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  in  Great 
Britain  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  William  Cooper,  1717  i 
the  rending  of  the  vail  of  the  temple  ;  five  sermoris  on  the  strong 
man  armed  ;  the  pleasure  of  religidus  worship  in  our  public  assem> 
blies  ;  an  election  sermon,  1718  ;  the  blessing  of  iSebulun  and  Ii. 
saohar  ;  reasons  for  a  market  in  Boston,  1719;  early  piety  incuU 
cated,  17220  ;  early  piety  towards  men,  1^21  ;  some  observations 
on  inoculation  ;  Jacob's  vow,  i72Si  ;  Moses  a  witness  to  Christ,  a 
sermon  at  the  baptisitn  6f  Mr.  Monis,  1722  ;  an  elepUon  sermon, 
1 723  ;  God  deals  with  us  as  rational  creatures ;  the  dutj^  o^  parents 
to  pray  f6r  their  children ;  the  doctrine  and  law  of  the  hdly  stobbath, 
1725  ;  a  sermon  preached  to  pirates,  17^6  ;  a  sacramental  dis< 
course,  1727  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordinadon  of  Mr.  Pemberton  of 
New  York  ;  on  the  acesuon  of  king  George  II ;  five  sermons  on 
the  great  earthquake  ;  twenty  sacramental  sermons  on  the  glories 
of  Christ,  8vo,  172&  ;  the  duty  of  young  people  to  give  their  hearts 
to  God,  four  sermons  ;  death  and  the  grave  without  any  order ;  a 
treatise  on  family  worship ;  on  governor  Belcher's  accession,  1730; 
the  graee  given  us  in  the  preached  gospel,  1732 ;  Cod  is  a  great 
king,  1733  ;  the  fast,  which  God  hath  chosen,  1734 ;  a  dissertation 
on  die  three  first  chapters  of  Genesis,  1735 ;  a  dissertation  on  the 
image  of  God  wherein  man  was  created,  1736;  merchandise  and 
hire  holiness  to  the  Lord ;  righteousness  and  compassion  the  ruler's 
duty  and  character;  the  divine  compassions  new  every  morning, 
1737  ;  waiting  on  God  in  our  struts  and  difficulties,  1737 ;  an  ar* 
tillery  election  sermon)  1738;  the  unspeakable  gift,  1739;  the 
withered  hand  restored ;  pleasant  to  see  souls  flying  to  Christ,  1740; 
on  govenlor  Shirley's  accession,  1741  ;  the  word  of  Gorl  magnified 
by  him,' 1743  ;  the  glory  of  Cod's  power  in  the  firmament;  satan's 
fiery  darts  in  hellish  suggestions  in  several  sermons,  1744 ;  at  the 
ordination  of  the  reverend  Samuel  Cooper,  l74i6.-^'turelPs  life  and 
character  of  Colman  ;  7/iacher*a  century  aermon  ;  Hofikiru?  hiatory 
f>f  Hotusatonnoe  Indians.. 

COLUMBUS  (Christopher))  the  first  discoverer  of  the  nev 
world,  was  born  in  Genoa  in  the  ycat*  1447,  and  at  the  age  of  four* 
f  cen  entered  on  a  seafaring  lire.    He  was  educated  in  the  sciencea 


CQU 


207 


f)l9¥>mt^  W^  43lXQliottyi  which  farm  th«  batk  of  natigation,  and 
yn»  veli  veraed  in  coamography)  hutory*  and  philoaophyt  having 
studied  some-time  at  Pavia.  To  equip  tumaelt'  more  comiiilietely 
for  mafciog.diacQveraea  he  learned  to  draw,  during  one  of  hia  voy* 
ag^  the  shJip)  in  whkh  he  aukd)  took  fire  in  an  engagement  with 
a  Venetian  galley*  and  hy  the  help  of  an  oar  he  swam  two  league* 
tQ  tlie  coaa^  of  Portugal  near  Lbbon.  •  ■ ; 

He  married  at  Uisbon  the  daughter  of  Perestrello*  an  old  seaman^ 
^])0  had  been  concerned  in  the  discovery  of  Porto  Santo  and  Ma<« 
de^rS}  from  whose  journals  and  charts  ho  received  the  highest  en*- 
t^ttsinment.    The  Portuguese  were  at  this  time  endeavoring  t» 
find  a  way  to.  India  round  Africa  ;  they  had  been  pursuing  this  ob- 
ject for  half  ft  century  without  attaining  it*  and  had  advanced  no  far- 
ther along  the  cioast  of  Africa  than  juat  to  cross  the  equator,  when 
Columbus  conceived  hia  great  deugn,  of  finding  India  in  the  west. 
He  knew  from  observing  lunar  eclipses,  that  the  earth  was  a  sphere^ 
;^  concluded)  that  it  might  be  travelled  over  from  east  to  wtest,  or 
Trom  west  to  east.    He^so  hoped,  that  between  Spain  and  India 
some  islands  would  be  found,  which  would  be  resting  places  in  hia 
vP7«ge>    Some  learned  writers  had  asserted,  tliat  it  was  possible  to 
effect  what  he  was  now  resolved  to  accomplish.     So  early  as  the 
y^r  1474  he  had  communicated  hia  ideas  in  writing  to  Paul  Fosi^ 
canelli,  a  learned  physician  of  Florence,  who  encouraged  hia  design, 
sending  him  a  chart,  in  which  he  had  lud  down  the  supposed  capi- 
tal of  Qltfna  but  little  more,  than  two  thousand  leagues  westwrnt. 
frpm.  LisboR'    The  stories  of  mariners,  that  carved  wood,  a  covered 
csaoej  and  human  bodies  of  a  singular  complexion  had  been  found 
after  westerly  winds,,  also  contributed  to  settle  hia  judgment.    Hav<* 
iQg  estabUshed  lus  theory  and  formed  liis  design,  he  now  began  to 
thioK  of  the  means  of  carrying  it  into  execution.    Deeming  the  en- 
terprise too  great  to  be  undertaken  by  any  but  a  sovereign  state,  he 
applied  first,  according  to  Herrera,  to  the  republic  of  Genoa,  by 
whom  his  project  was  treated  as  visionary.    Ferdinando  Columbus 
in  lus  life  of  Ids  fatlier  says  nothing  of  this  application,  but  repre- 
sents, that  the  plan,  was  first  proposed  to  John  II,  king  of  Portugal, 
because  his  father  lived  under  him.     This,  king  had  encountered 
such  vast  expense  in  fruitless  attempts  to  find  away  to  India  around 
thje  African  conUnent,  that  he  was  entirely  indisposed  to  give  to 
Columbus  the  encouragement,  which  he  wished  to  obtain.    By  the 
advice  however  of  a  favorite  courtier  he  privately  gave  orders  to  a 
ship,  bound  to  the  island  of  cape  de  V«rd,  to  attempt  a  discovery  in 
the  west ;  but  the  navigators,  through  ignorance  and  want  of  enter- 
pns!?,  effected  nothing,  and  on  reaching  their  destined  port  turned 
the  project  of  Columbus  into  ridicule.     When  he  became  acquaints 
ed  with  this  ^shonorable  conduct  of  the  king,  he  quitted  Portugal 
in  disgust,  and  repaired  to  Ferdinand,  king  of  Spain.     He  had  pre- 
viously sent  his  brother  Bartholomew  to  England  to  solicit  the  pat- 


.<%! 


!    '1      !                              ! 

JOQ 


COL. 


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.? 


ronage  of  Henry  VII,  but  on  his  passage  he  was  taken  by  pirates^ 
and  he  was  detained  a  number  of  years  in  captivity.  The  proposal 
of  Columbus  was  referred  to  the  consideration  of  the  most  learned 
men  in  Spain,  who  rejected  it  for  variocit  .easons^one  of  which  was 
that  if  a  ship  should  sail  westward  on  e  globe,  she  would  necessarily 
go  down  on  the  opposite  side,  and  then  it  would  be  impossible  to  re> 
turn,  for  it  would  be  like  climbing  up  a  hill,  which  no  ship  could  do 
with  the  strongest  wind.  But  by  the  influence  of  Juan  Perez,  a 
Spanish  priest,  and  Lewis  Santangel,  an  ofiicer  of  the  king's  house- 
hold, ^een  Isabella  was  persuaded  to  listen  to  his  request,  and  af> 
ter  he  had  been  twice  repulsed  recalled  him  to  court.  She  offered 
to  pawn  her  jewels  to  defray  the  expenseof  the  equipment,  amount* 
ingtonomore  than  two  thousand  five  hundred  crowns;  but  the 
money  was  advanced  by  Santangel.  Thus  after  seven  years'  pain* 
ful  solicitation  he  obtained  the  patronage,  which  he  thought  of  the 
highest  importance  in  executing  his  plan,    u^--"^ 

By  an  agreement  with  their  catholic  majesticis  of  April  17,  1492, 
he  was  to  be  viceroy  and  admiral  of  all  countries,  which  he  should 
discover,  and  was  to  receive  one  tenth  part  of  the  profits,  accruing 
from  their  productions  and  commerce.  He  sailed  from  Palos  in 
Spain  August  3,  U>92,with  three  vessels,  two  of  which  were  called 
caravels,  being  without  decks,  having  on  board  in  the  wholelninety 
men.  He  himself  commanded  the  largest  vessel,  called  Santa  Ma- 
ria. He  left  the  Canaries  on  the  sixth  of  September,  and  when  he 
was  about  two  hundred  leagues  to  the  west  the  magnetic  needle  was 
observvu,  September  fourteenth,  to  vary  from  the  pole  star.  This 
phenomenom  filled  the  seamen  with  terror,  but  his  fertile  genius  hj 
suggesting  a  plausible  reason  in  some  degree  quieted  their  appre- 
hensions. After  being  twenty  days  at  sea  without  the  sight  of  land, 
the  sailors  became  impatient ;  they  insisted  upon  his  return  ;  and 
some  of  them  talked  of  throwing  their  commander  into  the  ocean. 
All  his  talents  were  required  to  dispel  their  fears  and  stimulate 
their  hopes.  At  length,  when  he  was  almost  reduced  to  the  neces- 
sity of  abandoning  the  enterprise,  at  ten  o*clock  in  the  night  of  Oc- 
tober eleventh,  he  saw  a  light,  which  was  supposed  to  be  on  shore, 
and  early  the  next  morning,  Friday,  October  twelfth,  land  was  dis- 
tincUy  seen,  which  proved  to  be  Guanahana,  one  of  the  the  Bahama 
islands.  Thus  in  the  foity  fifth  year  of  his  age  he  effected  an  ob- 
ject, which  he  had  been  twenty  years  in  projecting  and  executing. 
At  sunrise  the  boats  were  manned  and  the  adventurers  rowed  to- 
ward the  shore  with  music  and  in  martial  pomp.  The  coast  was 
covered  with  people,  who  were  overwhelmed  with  astonishment. 
Columbus  went  first  on  shore,  and  was  followed  by  his  men.  They 
all  kneeling  down;  kissed  the  ground  with  tears  joy  of  and  returned 
thanks  for  their  successful  voyage.  This  island,  which,  is  in  the 
twenty  fifth  degree  of  north  latitude  and  is  sometimes  called  Cat 
ii?land,  \ym  named  by  CoIunU>us  San  Salvador.     Having  discovered 


COL. 


209 


a  namber  of  other  islands,  and  among  them  Cuba  on  the  twenty 
seventh  of  October,  and  Hispaniola  on  the  sixth  of  December,  he 
began  to  think  of  returning.  IJis  large  ship  having  been  wrecked 
on  the  shoals  of  Hispaniola,  he  built  a  fort  with  her  timber,  and  left 
behind  him  a  colony  of  thirty  nine  men  at  the  port,  which  he  called 
Navidad  [the  nadvity],  because  he  entered  it  on  Christmas  day. 
From  this  place  he  sailed  January  4,  1493.  During  his  passage, 
when  threatened  with  destruction  by  a  violent  storm,  he  wrote  an 
account  of  his  discoveries  on  parchment,  which  he  wrapped  in  a 
piece  of  oiled  cloth  and  enclosed  in  a  cake  of  wax.  This  he  put  in- 
to  a  tight  cask  and  threw  it  into  the  sea  with  the  hope,  that  it  might 
be  driven  ashore,  and  that  his  discoveries  might  not  be  lost,  if  the 
vessel  should  sink.  But  he  was  providentially  saved  from  destruc- 
tion, and  arrived  safe  at  Lisbon  on  the  fourth  ol^  March.  On  the 
fifteenth  he  reached  Palos,  and  was  received  with  the  highest  to> 
kens  of  honor  by  the  king  and  queen,  who  now  made  him  admiral  of 
Spun. 

He  sailed  on  his  second  voyage  to  the  new  world  September  35, 
1493,  having  a  fleet  of  three  ships  of  war  and  fourteen  caravels,  and 
about  one  thousand  five  hundred  people,  some  of  whom  were  of  the 
first  families  in  Spain.  The  pope  had  granted  in  full  right  to  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella  all  the  countries  from  pole  to  pole  beyond  a  line 
drami  one  hundred  leagues  west  of  the  Azores  ;  and  their  catholic 
majesties  had  confirmed  to  Columbus  his  privileges,  making  the 
office  of  viceroy  and  governor  of  the  Indies  hereditary  in  his  fam- 
ily. On  the  Lord's  day,  November  3,  he  discovered  an  island,  which 
in  honor  of  the  day  he  called  Dominica.    Aher  discovering  Mari- 
I,  galante,  so  called  in  honor  of  his  ship,  Guadaloupe,  Montserrat, 
Antigua)  and  other  islands,  he  entered  the  port  of  Navidad,  on  the 
north  side  of  Hispaniola,  where  he  had  left  his  colony  ;  but  not  a 
Spaniard  was  to  be  seen,  and  the  fort  was  entirely  demolished. 
The  men,  whom  he  had  left  in  this  place,  had  seized  the  provisions 
of  the  natives  and  their  women,  and  exhibited  such  rapacity,  r.n  to 
excite  the  indignation  of  the  Indians,  who  had  in  consequence 
bume4  the  fort  and  cut  them  off.    On  the  eighth  of  December  he 
landed  at  another  part  of  the  same  island  near  a  rock,  which  was  a 
convenient  situation  for  a  fort ;  and  here  he  built  a  town,  which  he 
called  Isabella,  and  which  was  the  first  town,  founded  by  Europeans 
in  the  new  world.    He  discovered  Jamaica  May  5,  1494,  where  he 
found  water  and  other  refreshments  for  his  men,  of  which  they 
were  in  the  greatest  want.    On  his  return  to  Hispaniola  September 
29,  he  met  his  brother  Bartholomew,  from  whom  he  had  been 
separated  thirteen  years,  and  whom  he  supposed  to  be  dead.    His 
brother  had  brought  supplies  from  Spsun  in  three  ships,  which  he 
commanded,  and  arrived  at  a  time,  when  his  prudence,  experience, 
and  bravery  were  peculiarly  needed ;  for  Columbus  on  his  return 
found  the  colony  in  the  utmost  confusion.    Their  licentiousness 

28 


111*) 


::|t!fi!.,;: 


1 


n  [ 


i 


' ' '•■i  'i  ' ' 


Wm 


f 

1  ) 

.          i       ■'; 

il  ' 

■ 

210 


COL. 


f:>. 


'    i: 


M. 


had  proToked  the  nativesi  who  had  united  against  their  invaders, 
and  had  actually  killed  a  number  of  the  Spaniards.  He  collected 
his  people,  and  prevented  the  destruclion,  which  threatened  them. 
In  the  spring  of  1495  he  carried  oh  a  war  against  the  natives,  and 
with  two  hundred  men,  twenty  horses  and  as  many  dogs,  he  defeat> 
ed  Ml  array  of  Indians,  which  has  been  estimated  at  one  hundred 
thousand.  In  about  a  year  he  reduced  the  natives  to  submission. 
But  while  Columbus  was  faithfully  employing  his  talents  to  pro. 
mote  the  interests  of  his  sovereign,  his  enemies  were  endeavoring 
to  ruin  his  character.  He  was  a  foreigner,  and  the  proud  Spaniards 
could  not  patiently  see  him  elevated  to  such  honors.  He  did  not 
require  so  enormous  a  tribute  of  the  Indians,  as  some  of  his  ra- 
pacious fellow  adventurers  would  impose,  and  complaints  again&t 
him  were  entered  with  the  king's  ministers.  The  discipline, 
which  he  maintained,  was  represented  as  severity,  and  the  punish, 
ments,  which  he  inflicted,  as  cruelty  ;  and  it  was  suggested,  that  he 
was  ^ming  to  make  himself  independent.  These  whispers  excited 
suspicion  in  the  jealous  mind  of  Ferdinand,  and  Columbus  was  re* 
duced  to  the  necessity  of  returning  to  the  Spanish  court,  that  he 
might  vindicate  himself  from  these  false  charges.  After  placing 
the  affairs  of  the  colony  in  the  best  possible  condition,  and  leavbg 
the  supreme  power  in  the  hands  of  his  brother  Bartholomew,  he 
sailed  from  Isabella  on  the  tenth  of  March  1496,  having  with  him 
thirty  Indians.  He  first  visited  several  islands,  and  leaving  the 
West  Indies  April  20,  he  arrived  at  Cadiz,  after  a  dangerous  and  te* 
dious  voyage,  on  the  eleventh  of  June. 

His  presence  at  court,  with  the  influence  of  the  gold  and  other 
valuable  articles,  which  he  carried  with  him,  removed  in  some  de* 
gree  the  suspicions,  which  had  been  gathering  in  the  mind  of  the 
king.  But  his  enemies,  though  silent  were  not  idle.  They  threw 
such  obstructions  in  his  way,  that  it  was  near  two  years  before  he 
could  ^;ain  set  sail  to  continue  his  discoveries.  Fonseca, bishop  of 
Badajos,  who  in  September  1497  was  reinstated  in  the  direction  of 
Indian  affairs,  was  his  principal  enemy.  It  was  he,  who  patronized 
Amerigo. 

On  the  thirtieth  of  May  1498  he  suled  from  Spain  on  his  third 
Toyage  with  six  ships.  At  the  Canary  islands  he  dispatched  three 
of  his  ships  with  provisions  to  Hispaniola,  and  with  the  other  three 
he  kept  a  course  more  to  the  south.  He  discovered  Trinidad  July 
31,  and  the  continent  at  Terra  Firma  on  the  first  of  August.  Hav- 
ing made  many  other  discoveries  he  entered  the  port  of  St.  Do- 
mingo in  Hispaniola  August  30.  By  the  direction  of  Columbus  his 
brother  had  begun  a  settlement  in  this  place,  and  it  was  now  made 
the  capital.  Its  name  was  given  to  it  in  honor  of  Dominic,  the  fath* 
er  of  Columbus.  He  found  the  colony  in  a  state,  which  awakened 
his  most  serious  apprehensions.  Francis  Roldan,  whom  he  had  left 
chief  justice,  had  excited  a  considerable  number  of  the  Spaniards  j 


;l 


.  ••  * 


COL. 


fill 


to  mutiny.  He  had  attempted  to  seize  the  magazine  and  fort*  but 
filling  of  success)  retired  to  a  distant  part  of  the  island.  Columbus 
bad  not  a  force  sufficient  to  subdue  him,  and  he  dreaded  the  effects 
of  a  civil  war,  which  might  put  it  in  the  power  of  the  Indians  to  de- 
stroy the  whole  colony.  He  had  recourse  therefore  to  address. 
By  promising  pardon  to  such  as  should  submit,  by  offering  the  lib- 
erty  of  return  to  Spain,  and  by  offering  to  reestablish  Roldan  in  his 
office  he  in  November  dissolved  this  dangerous  combination.  Some 
of  the  refractory  were  tried  and  put  to  death. 

As  soon  as  his  affairs  would  permit,  he  sent  some  of  his  ships  to 
Spun  with  a  journal  of  his  voyage,  a  chart  of  the  coast  which  he 
had  discovered,  specimens  of  the  gold  and  pearls,  and  an  account  of 
the  insurrection.  Roldan  at  the  same  time  sent  home  his  accusa- 
tions against  Columbus.  The  suspicions  of  Ferdinand  were  reviv- 
ed, and  they  were  fomented  by  Fonseca  and  others.  It  was  resolv- 
ed to  send  to  Hispaniola  a  judge,  who  should  examine  facts  upon 
the  spot.  Francis  de  Bovadilla  was  appointed  for  this  purpose, 
with  full  powers  to  supersede  Columbus,  if  he  found  him  guilty. 
When  he  arrived  at  St.  Domingo,  all  dissensions  were  composed  m 
the  island,  effectual  provision  was  made  for  working  the  mines,  and 
the  authority  of  Columbus  over  the  Spaniards  and  Indians  was  well 
established.  But  Bovadilla  was  determined  to  treat  him  as  a  crim- 
inal. He  accordingly  took  possession  of  his  house  and  seized  his 
effects,  «md  assuming  the  government  ordered  Columbus  to  be  ar- 
rested in  October  1500,  and  loaded  with  irons.  He  was  thus  sent 
home  as  a  prisoner.  The  captain  of  the  vessel,  as  soon  as  he  was 
clear  of  the  island,  offered  to  release  him  from  his  fetters.  "  No," 
said  Columbus,  **  I  wear  these  irons  in  consequence  of  an  order  of 
my  sovereigns,  and  their  command  alone  shall  set  me  at  liberty." 
He  arrived  at  Cadiz  November  fifth,  and  on  the  seventeenth  of  De- 
cember was  set  at  liberty  by  the  command  of  Ferdinand  and  invited 
to  court.  He  vindicated  his  conduct  and  brought  the  most  satisfy- 
ing proofs  of  the  malevolence  of  his  enemies.  But  though  his  sove- 
reigns promised  to  recal  Bovadilla,  they  did  not  restore  Columbus 
to  his  government.  Their  jealousy  was  not  yet  entirely  removed. 
In  the  beginning  of  1502  Ovando  was  sent  out  governor  of  Hispan- 
iola, and  thus  a  iiew  proof  was  given  of  the  suspicion  and  injustice 
of  the  Spanish  king.  But  Columbus  was  still  intent  on  discovering 
a  passage  to  India.  He  sailed  again  from  Cadiz  in  the  beginning 
of  May  1503  with  four  small  vessels,  the  largest  of  which  was  but 
of  seventy  tons.  He  arrived  off  St.  Domingo  June  29,  but  Ovan- 
do refused  him  admisuon  into  the  port.  A  fleet  of  eighteen  sul 
vas  at  this  time  about  setting  ssul  for  Spain.  Columbus  advised 
Ovando  to  stop  them  for  a  few  days,  as  he  perceived  the  pi-ognos- 
dc8  of  an  approaching  storm,  but  his  salutary  Warning  was  disre- 
garded. The  fleet  swled,  and  of  the  eigh^  >  vessels,  but  two  or 
three  escaped  the  hurricane.     In  this  genep|    :%ck  perished  Bo- 


m 


]■ 


i. 


i 


\ 


i 


ii 


i\ 


■:l      ■• 


J 


h 


:!     I 


H 


Ml 


I 


mm 


mv-  .  ;:■! 


m  I 

•  m> 


i  .f  ■ 


Ti::!'  Hi 


r 


Wik  ii 


1'  ,v 


I    -iV: 


■■••  !i: 


•  '    1! 


It 


212 


COL. 


!«    I' 


t    I 


•k  :, 


m    ■'.:r^^ 


vadilU)  Roldaii)  and  the  other  enemies  of  Columbu*-)  together  «Ult 
the  immense  wealth,  which  they  had  unjustly  acquired.  Columbus 
under  the  lee  of  the  shore  rode  out  the  tempest  with  great  difficulty. 
He  soon  left  Hispaniola,  and  discovered  the  bay  of  Honduras.    He 
then  proceeded  to  cape  Gracias  a  Dios  and  thence  along  the  coast 
to  the  isthmus  of  Darien,  where  he  hoped  but  in  vain  to  find  a  pas. 
sage  to  the  great  sea  beyond  the  continent,  which  he  believed  would 
conduct  him  to  India.   On  the  second  of  November  he  found  a  har- 
bor, which  on  account  of  its  beauty  he  called  Porto  Bello.  He  after- 
wards  met  with  such  violent  storms,  as  threatened  his  leaky  vessels 
with  destruction.    One  of  them  he  lost  and  the  other  he  was  oblig. 
cd  to  abandon.    With  the  two  remaining  ships  he  with  the  utmost 
difficulty  reached  the  island  of  Jamiaca  in  1503,  being  obliged  to  run 
them  a^^round  to  prevent  them  from  sinking.  His  ships  were  ruin- 
ed  beyond  the  possibility  of  being  repaired,  and  to  convey  an  ac- 
count of  his  situatioli  to  Hispaniola  seemed  impracticable.    But  his 
fertile  genius  discovered  the  only  expedient,  which  was  left  him. 
He  obtained  from  the  natives  two  of  their  canoes,  each  form- 
ed out  of  a  single  tree.    In  these  two  of  his  most  futhful  friends 
offered  to  set  out  on  a  voyage  of  above  thirty  leagues.  They  reach- 
ed Hispaniola  in  ten  days,  but  they  solicited  relief  for  their  com- 
panions eight  months  in  vain.     Ovando  was  governed  by  a  mean 
jealousy  of  Columbus,  and  he  was  willing,  that  he  should  |  perish. 
In  the  mean  time  Columbus  had  to  struggle  with  the  greatest  diffi- 
culties.     His  seamen  threatened  his  life  for  bringing  them  into  such 
trouble ;  they  mutinied,  seized  a  number  of  boats,  and  went  to  a  dis" 
tant  part  of  the  island  ;  the  natives  murmured  at  the  long  residence 
of  the  Spaniards  among  them  and  began  to  bring  in  their  provisions 
with  reluctance.    But  the  ingenuity  of  Columbus  again  relieved 
him  from  his  difficulties.    He  knew  that  a  total  eclipse  of  the  moon 
was  near.    On  the  day  before  it  took  place  he  assembled  the  prin- 
cipal Indians,  and  told  them  the  Great  Spirit  in  heaven  was  angrj 
with  them  for  withdrawing  their  assistance  from  his  servants,  the 
Spaniards  ;  that  he  wais  about  to  punish  them  ;  and  that  as  a  sign  of 
his  wrath  the  moon  would  be  obscured  that  very  night.     As  the 
eclipse  came  on,  they  ran  to  Columbus,  loaded  with  provisions,  and 
entreated  his  intercession  with  the  great  Spirit  to  avert  thedestruc* 
tion,  which  threatened  them.    From  tliis  time  the  natives  were 
very  ready  to  bring  their  provisions,  and  they  treated  the  Spaniards 
-with  the  greatest  respect. 

At  the  end  of  eight  months  Ovando  sent  a  small  vessel  to  Janiai< 
ca  to  spy  out  the  condition  of  Columbus.  Its  approach  in< 
spired  the  greatest  joy  }  )3ut  the  officer,  after  delivering  a  cask 
of  wine,  two  flitches  ot  bacon,  and  a  letter  of  compliment,  iin< 
mediately  set  sail  op  his  return.  To  quiet  the  murmurs,  which 
iverc  rising,  Cohii^bi^s  told  his  companions,  that  ,he  himself  i 
jbad  refused  to  reti^rQ  in  the  caravel,  because  it  was  too  ^mall  to 


COL. 


213 


•like  Uie  whole  of  them  i  but  that  another  vessel  would  1000  arriTe  to 
^ke  them  oIT.  The  mutineers  from  a  distant  part  of  the  island  were  ap> 
proacbing,  and  it  was  necessary  to  oppose  them  with  force.  ColumbuSf 
being  afflicted  with  the  gout,  sent  his  brother  Bartholomew  agidnst 
them^who  on  their  refusing  to  submit  attacked  them,  and  took  their 
leader  prisoner.  At  length  a  vessel,  which  waspurchased  by  one  of 
his  friends,  who  went  to  Hispaniola  for  his  relief,  came  to  Jamuca 
and  released  him  from  his  unpleasant  situation.    On  his  arrival  at 
St.  Domingo  August  13, 1504,  Ovando  received  him  with  the  most 
siudied  respect,  but  as  he  soon  gave  new  proofs  of  his  malevolence, 
Columbus  prepared  for  his  return  to  Spain.    In  September  he  set 
sail,  accompanied  by  his  brother  and  son,  and  after  a  long  voyage, 
in  which  he  encountered  violent  storms,  and  after  suling  seven  hun- 
dred leagues  with  jury  masts  he  reached  the  port  of  St.  Lucar  in  De- 
cember.   He  now  was  informed  of  the  death  of  his  patroness,  Isa- 
t)ella.    He  soon  repured  to  court,  and  after  spending  about  a  year 
in  fruitless  solicitations  for  his  violated  rights,  and  after  calling  in 
vain  upon  a  sovereign  to  respect  his  engagements,  he  died  at  Valla- 
dolid  May  20,  1 506,  in  the  fifty  ninth  year  of  his  age.    He  was  bu- 
ried mi^nificcntly  in  the  cathedral  of  Seville  with  thu  inscription 
on  his  tomb ; 

A  Castilla  y  a  Leon  \ 

Nuevo  mundo  dio  Colon.         .       « 
'    :  Thatis,  '  ■ 

,  ,;      To  Castile  and  Leon  .   s 

Columbus  gave  a  new  world. 
In  the  diaracter  of  Columbus  were  combined  the  qualities,  which 
constitute  greatness.  He  possessed  a  strong  and  penetrating  mind. 
He  knew  the  sciences,  as  they  were  taught  at  the  period,  in  which 
he  lived.  He  was  fond  of  great  enterprises,  and  capable  of  prose- 
cuting them  with  the  most  unwearied  patience.  He  surmounted 
(lifficuliies,  which  Avould  have  entirely  discouraged  persons  of  less 
firmness  and  constancy  of  spirit.  His  invention  extricated  him 
from  many  perplexities,  and  his  prudence  enabled  him  to  conceal 
or  subdue  his  own  infirmities,  whilst  he  took  advantage  of  the  pas- 
sions of  others,  adjusting  his  behavior  to  his  circumstances,  tem- 
porizing, or  acting  with  vigor,  as  the  occasion  required.  He  was  a 
man  of  undaunted  courage  and  high  Uioughts. 

The  following  instance  of  the  ingenuity  of  Columbus  in  vindicat- 
ing his  claim  to  respect  for  his  discoveries  is  related  by  Peter  Mar* 
tyr.  Not  long  before  his  death,  at  a  public  dinner,  the  nobility  in- 
sinuated^  that  his  discoveries  were  rather  the  result  of  accident,  than 
of  well  concerted  measures.  Columbus  heard  them  decry  his  ser- 
vices for  some  time,  but  at  length  called  for  an  egg,  and  asked  them 
to  set  it  upright  on  on  its  smaller  end.  When  they  confessed  it  to 
be  impossible,  he  flatted  its  shell  by  striking  it  gently  upon  the  table 
till  it  stood  upright.    The  company  immediately  exclaimed  with  a 


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anaer,  "  any  body  might  have  done  it.»*  "  Yet,"  said  Cohimbus, 
"  but  none  of  you  thought  of  it.  So  I  discovered  the  Indies,  and 
now  every  pilot  can  steer  the  same  course.  Remember  the  scoff's, 
which  were  thrown  at  me  before  I  put  my  design  in  execution. 
Then  it  was  a  dream,  a  chimera,  a  delusion  ;  now  it  is  what  any 
body  might  have  done  as  well  as  I.** 

Columbus  was  tall  of  stature,  long  visaged,  of  a  majestic  aspect 
Us  nose  hooked,  his  eyes  grey,  of  a  clear  complexion,  and  some- 
what ruddy.  He  was  witty  and  pleasant,  well  spoken  and  cle(rant. 
His  conversation  was  discreet,  which  gained  him  the  affections  of 
those  with  whom  he  had  to  deal,  and  his  presence  attracted  respect 
having  an  air  of  authority  and  grandeur.  He  was  always  temperate 
in  eating  and  drinking  and  modest  in  his  dress.  He  understood 
Latin  and  composed  verses.  In  reli(>ion  he  was  very  zealous  and 
devout.  '  '!■ 

Columbus  was  ever  faithful  to  his  prince.  How  tar  the  artifices, 
to  which  he  had  recourse  in  the  dangerous  circumstances,  in  which 
he  was  placed,  can  be  justified,  it  might  not  be  easy  to  decide.  He 
is  represented  as  a  person,  who  always  entertamed  a  reverence  for 
the  deity,  and  confidence  in  his  protection.  His  last  words  were, 
<^  into  thy  hands,  O  Lord,  I  commend  my  spirit."  His  ^'i.e  was 
written  by  his  son  Ferdinand.— /?odtfrr«on*#  history  ofAmtr-^^  book 
ii  ;  Belknafi*8  biografihyy  i.  86—148  ;  Holme»*  anttaUffi.  t— 24 ; 
Herrera*s  fust,  of  America^  i  ;  life  of  Columbut. 

CONNECTICUT,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  at 
the  time  of  the  first  arrival  of  the  English,  was  possessed  by  the 
Pequot,  the  Mohegan,  the  Podunk,  and  many  other  smaller  tribes 
of  Indians.  The  Pequots,  who  were  numerous  and  warlike,  and 
who  occupied  the  territory  along  the  sea  covst  from  Paukatuck  to 
Connecticut  river,  about  the  year  1630  exi^uded  their  conquest 
over  a  considerable  portion  of  Connecticut,  over  Lotig  Island,  and  a 
part  of  Narraganset.  Sassacus  was  the  grand  sachem,  whose  seat 
-was  at  New  London,  the  ancient  Indian  name  of  which  was  Pequot. 
He  had  under  him  twepty  six  petty  sachems.  One  of  these  was 
Uncas,  chief  of  the  Mohegans,  whose  territory  comprehended  most 
<^  New  London  county,  almost  the  whole  county  of  Windham, 
and  a  part  of  the  counties  of  Tolland  and  Hailford.  ThePodunks 
inhabited  East  Hartford  and  the  circumjacent  country. 

The  first  grant  of  Connecticut  was  made  by  the  Plymouth  coun* 
cil  in  England  to  the  earl  of  Warwick  in  1 630 ;  and  in  the  following 
year  he  assigned  this  grant  to  lord  Say  and  Seal,  lord  Brook,  and 
others.  Attracted  by  the  trade  with  the  Indians,  some  of  the  set* 
tiers  of  Plymouth  had  explored  Connecticut  river  in  the  years  1631 
and  163S,  and  fixed  upon  a  place  in  Windsor,  as  suitable  for  the  es> 
tablishment  of  a  trading  house.  Whether  the  Dutch  of  New  Neth- 
erlands  or  New  York  had  before  this  discovered  the  riveV  is  uncer* 
tain,  though  it  is  probable,  that  they  had.    By  their  own  accounts  they 


A      •    ♦      ■ 


^.; 


CON. 


2U 


II 


liad  built  u  fort  upon  it  as  c.irly  as  1623.  Without  aquMtioOi  how- 
evert  the  first  settlement  wu»  niado  by  them.  In  October  1633  a 
company  from  Plymouth)  with  materials  for  a  house*  Muled  for  Con- 
necticut to  execute  the  plun,  which  had  been  formed  by  the  tradert. 
On  their  arrival  at  the  place,  where  Hartford  now  standSfthey  fiound 
a  light  tort,  which  had  just  been  built  by  the  Dutch,  and  two  (Mecet 
of  cannon  planted.  IMicy  were  ordered  to  strike  their  coloi-a,  but 
iliey  resolutely  proceeded,  and  landing  on  the  west  side  of  the  river 
set  up  their  house  about  a  mile  above  the  fortification  of  the  Dutch. 
This  was  the  first  house  erected  in  Connecticut.  Th«  Indian  trade 
had  become  too  important  to  be  neglected.  Otter  and  beaver  akina 
to  the  amount  in  value  of  a  thousand  pounds  sterling  had  been  sent 
in  a  single  ship  to  England,  and  tlie  Dutch  purchaseid  not  leas  than 
len  thousand  beavers  annually. 

In  the  summer  of  1635  some  of  the  people  of  Massachusetts 
made  preparations  for  a  settlement  on  Connecticut  river  near  the 
Plymouth  trading  house.  On  the  fifteenth  of  October  about  aixty 
men,  women,  and  children  commenced  their  journey  through  the 
wilderness,  and  in  fourteen  days  arrived  at  the  place  of  their  destina- 
tion. The  reverend  Mr.  Wnrham,  with  a  company  from  Dorches- 
ter, settled  at  Mattancang,  which  they  called  Windsor ;  several 
people  from  Watertown  commenced  a  plantation  at  Pauquiaugf 
which  they  called  Wethersfield  ;  and  others  from  Newtown  estab- 
lished themselves  at  Suckiang,  or  Hartford.  Of  these  emigrants, 
those,  who  settled  at  Windsor,  had  purchased  the  right  of  settling 
there  of  the  old  Plymouth  company  in  England,  and  the  soil  of  the 
Indians.  About  the  same  time  lord  Say  and  Seal,  and  his  associ- 
ates sent  over  John  Winthrop,  son  of  the  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, with  a  commission  as  governor  of  Connecticut  for  one  year, 
with  instructions  to  erect  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  Connecticut  river. 
He  arrived  at  Boston  in  October  1635  and  the  next  monUi  sent  a 
bark  with  twenty  men  to  begin  the  fortification,  which  they  called 
Saybrook  fort.  A  few  days  after  their  arrival  a  Dutch  vessel,  sent 
from  New  Netherlands  to  take  possession  of  the  country,  appeared 
off  the  harbor  ;  but  the  English,  having  two  pieces  of  cannon 
mounted,  prevented  their  landing.  The  commission  of  Mr.  Win- 
throp interfered  with  the  planters  of  Massachusetts,  but  the  latter 
were  permitted  quietly  to  enjoy  their  possessions.  In  the  winter^ 
as  the  vessels  with  provisions,  which  had  been  expected,  had  not  ar- 
rived, a  severe  famine  was  experienced.  Most  of  the  emigrants 
wereoblii^ed  to  descend  the  river,  and  set  sail  on  their  return  to 
Boston.  Those,  who  kept  their  station,  subsisted  on  acoms» 
malt,  and  grains  ;  and  many  of  their  cattle  perished.  The  planters 
in  Connecticut  at  first  settled  under  the  general  government  of 
Massachusetts,  but  the  administration  of  their  affairs  was  entirely 
in  their  own  hands.  The  first  couit,  which  exersised  all  the  pow- 
ers of  government,  was  held  April  36, 1636  at  Hartford,  the  planta- 


1 

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tioo  between  Windsor  and  VVethersfield.     It  consiited  of  two  dele 
g«tet  from  each  of  three  towni,  and  several  orders  were  passed  for 
the  benefit  of  the  infant  settlements.    The  courts  were  afterwanU 
held  in  each  town  in  rotation. 

In  the  year  1636  a  large  accession  was  made  to  the  inhabitants  on 
Connecticut  river.  The  reverqid  Messrs.  Hooker  and  Stone,  the 
ministers  of  Newtown  near  Boston^  with  their  whole  church  and 
congregation  travelled  In  June  through  a  trackless  wilderncs,  driv. 
ing  one  hundred  and  sixty  cattle  and  subsisting  during  the  journey 
on  the  milk  of  the  cows.  They  settled  at  Hartford,  having  purchas. 
od  the  land  of  an  Indian  sachem.  At  the  close  of  the  year  there 
were  about  eight  hundred  persons  in  the  colony.  The  year  1637 
is  distinguished  by  the  war  with  the  Pequots.  This  powerful  tribe 
had  looked  with  jealousy  upon  the  settlements  made  in  their  neigh- 
borhood) and  had  murdered  a  number  of  the  English.  The  dangers 
which  threatened  the  colony,  rendering  vigorous  measures  necessa^ 
ry,  it  was  determined  to  invade  the  Pequots,  and  carry  the  war  in. 
to  their  territory.  A  body  of  troops  was  sent  out  in  May  under  the 
command  of  John  Mason,  and  on  the  twenty  sixth  of  the  month 
they  attacked  the  enemy  in  one  of  their  forts  near  New  London, 
and  killed  five  or  six  hundred  of  the  Indians.  Only  two  of  the  Eng- 
lish were  killed,  and  sixteen  wounded.  The  Pequots  were  entire- 
ly subdued,  and  the  other  Indians  of  New  England  were  inspired 
with  such  terror,  as  restrained  them  from  open  hostilities  for  near 
forty  years.  The  astonishing  success  of  this  war,  which  could  be 
attributed  only  to  the  providence  of  God,  called  forth  the  most  de* 
vout  acknowledgments. 

In  1637  anew  colony,  was  commencc^l  in  Connecticut.  The 
reverend  John  Uavcnport,  accompanied  by  Thcophilus  Eaton  and 
Edward  Hopkins,  and  other  respectable  persons  from  London,  arriv. 
cd  in  the  summer  at  Boston,  seeking  the  unmolested  enjoyment  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  Not  finding  a  convenient  place  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  being  informed  of  a  large  bay  to  the  southwest  of 
Connecticut  river,  commodious  for  trade,  they  applied  to  their 
friends  in  Connecticut  to  purchase  for  them  of  tlie  native  proprie. 
tors  all  the  lands,  lying  between  the  rivers  Connecticut  and  Hudson. 
This  purchase  was  in  part  effected.  In  the  autumn  Mr.  Eaton  and 
some  others  of  the  company  made  a  journey  to  Connecticut  to  ex- 
plore the  lands  and  harbors  on  the  sea  coast,  and  pitched  upon 
Quinnipiack,  afterwards  called  New  Haven  for  the  place  of  tlieir 
settlement.  Here  they  erected  a  hut  and  remsuned  through  the 
winter.  In  the  next  spring,  March  30,  1638,  the  rest  of  the  com- 
pany went  from  Boston,  and  arrived  at  Quinnipiack  in  about  a  fort- 
night. On  the  eic:hteenth  of  April  they  kept  the  first  sabbath  in 
the  place,  and  Mr.  Davenport  preached  to  them  under  a  large 
spreading  oak.  They  soon  after  entered  into  what  they  called  a 
plantation  covenant,  by  which  they  solemnly  engaged  to  be  governed 


!  ;,      .  I 


CON. 


an 


m  their  civil  at  well  as  religious  concern*  by  the  rules  of  scripture. 
Od  the  twenty  fourth  of  Novembc  the  lands  of  Quinnipiack  were 
mirchused  of  the  sachem  ot  that  part  of  the  country  by  a  few  prea* 
ents  and  an  engagement  to  protect  him  and  his  Indians*  he  rescnr- 
inK  a  sufRcient  quanty  of  land  to  plant  on  the  east  side  of  the  har- 
bor. In  December  another  purchase  was  made  for  thirteen  coatft 
of  a  large  tract,  lying  principally  north  of  the  other,  extending  eight 
miles  east  of  the  river  Quinnipiack  and  five  miles  west,  and  being 
ten  miles  in  breadth  from  t.he  north  to  the  south.  Near  the  bay  m 
Quinnipiack  they  laid  out  their  town  in  squares  on  the  plan  of  a 
spacious  city,  and  called  it  New  Haven.  ^ 

The  foundation  of  two  colonies  was  now  laid,  which  were  called 
the  colonies  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven.  The  original  consti- 
tution of  the  former  was  establibhed  by  a  convention  of  all  the  free 
planters  of  Windsor,  Hartford,  and  Wethersfield,  which  met  at 
Hartford  January  14,  1639,  and  it  has  cohtinued  with  little  altera- 
tion to  the  present  time.  It  was  ordained,  that  there  should  be  aii* 
nuall7  two  general  courts,  or  assemblies,  in  April  and  September) 
the  first  to  be  the  court  of  election,  in  which  six  magutrate8,atleasty 
and  all  other  public  officers  were  to  be  chosen  ;  that  a  governor 
should  be  elected  for  one  year,  and  uiitil  another  should  be  appoint- 
ed ;  that  no  one  c  luld  be  chosen  to  this  office  unless  he  had  been  a 
magistrate,  and  was  a  member  of  some  church,  nor  more  than  once 
in  two  years  ;  that  the  choice  of  these  officers  should  be  made  by 
ballot  and  py  the  whole  bbdy  of  freemen,  convened  in  general  elec- 
tion, every  man  to  be  considered  as  a  freeman,  who  had  been  re- 
ceived as  a  member  of  any  of  the  towns,  and  who  had  taken  th6  oath 
of  fidelity  to  the  commonwealth  ;  that  each  of  the  three  towns 
should  send  four  deputies  to  the  general  court ;  and  that  when  there 
was  an  equal  division,  the  governor  should  have  a  casting  voteJ 
Agreeably  to  this  constitution  the  freemen  convened  at  Hartford  in 
April  and  established  their  officers  for  the  ensiling  year.  John 
Haynes  was  chosen  governor,  and  the  general  assembly  proceeded 
I  gradually  to  enact  a  system  of  laws. 

The  planters  of  Quinnipiack  had  continued  more  than  a  year  with- 

cot  any  other  constitution  than  their  plantation  covenant.    But  on 

the  fourth  of  June  1639  they  convened  to  lay  the  foundation  of 

their  ciyil  and  religious  polity i    It  was  resolved,  that  the  scripturei' 

afford  a  perfect  rule  for  the  discharge  of  all  duties,  and  that  they 

nrould  be  governed  by  them  ;  that  church  members  only  should  be 

free  burgesses,  and  that  they  only  should  choose  magistrates  amoiig; 

themselves  to  manage  their  affairs  ;  and  that  twelve  men  should  be 

chosen,  who  should  el6ct  seven  to  begin  the  church.    Seven  hienr 

were  accordingly  chosen  in  August,  who  were  called  the  seven  pil- 

I  Ian.   They  met  in  court,  October  25,  and  admitted  into  their  body 

lallthe  member^  of  the  churches.    To  this  succeeded  the  electiott 

[of  officers.    Theophilut  Eaton  was  chosen  goyemor,  and  with  hiitt 

39 


t  ^ 


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CON. 


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m 


Were  joined  four  magistrates.  It  was  at  the  same  time  decrtel 
that  there  should  be  a  general  couit  annually  in  October,  at  which 
1^1  the  officers  of  the  colony  should  be  chosen,  and  that  the  word  of 
<&od  should  be  the  sole  rule  for  reguluting  the  affaurs  of  the  com- 
jmonwealth.  As  the  plantation  enlargedt  the  general  court  receiy. 
ed  a  new  form,  and  the  civil  polity  of  this  |tirisdiction  gradually 
approached  to  a  near  resemblance  of  the  government  of  Connecticut. 
The  greatest  dissimilarity  subsisted  in  respect  to  juries,  which  were 
never  used  on  trials  in  the  colony  of  New  Haven. 

These  two  colonies  remained  distinct  until  the  ytw  t665,  when 
they  were  united  into  one  ;  but  though  distinct  kv  government,  yet 
a  union,  rendered  necessary  by  common  danger,  subsisted  betwf^n 
them.  The  apprehension  of  hostilities  from  the  Indians,  and  the 
actual  encroachments  and  violence  of  the  Dutch  induced  the  colo' 
hies  of  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and  Plymouth  tu 
adopt  articles  of  confederation,  which  were  signed  at  Boston  May 
19,  1643.  By  these  articles  it  was  agreed,  that  two  commissioQer& 
Jirom  eaoh  of  the  united  colonies  of  New  England  should  meet  an- 
nually ;  tbat  they  should  be  vested  with  full  powers  for  making  war 
and  peace,  and  establishing  laws  of  a  general  concern,  the  agree- 
ment of  six,  however,  being  always  necessary  to  render  any  meas- 
ixre  binding  upon  the  whole  ;■  ami  tliat  fugitives  from  justice,  and 
servwts,  who  escaped  from  their  masters,  should  on  prope^*  evidence 
of  their  character  be  delivered  up  to  the  colony*  which  they  had  left 
This  union  was  of  the  highest  importance  to  the  colonies,  particu. 
jarly  to  Connecticut  and  New  Haven,  which  were  pecuU^ly  expos- 
ed to  hostilities  from  the  Dutch.  It  subsisted  more  than  forty  years 
until  the  abrogation  of  the  charters  of  the  New  England  cdoniei 
hy  king  James  II.  In  the  year  1643  it  was  directed  in  the  colony 
of  New  Haven,  that  each  town  should  choose  their  own  judges, 
whose  powers  were  restricted,  and  a  court  of  magistrates  was  ap- 
pointed, which  was  to  meet  twice  annually  at  New  Haven,  and  tobe 
Composed  of  all  the  magistrates  in  the  jurisdiction.  To  this  court 
ippeals  were  made  from  the  plantation  coUits,  and  here  the  decision 
Was  final.  It  wras  decreed  also,  that  there  should  be  two  general 
courts,  or  assemblies,  consisting  of  the  governor,  deputy  govetnor, 
lnac:istrates,  and  two  deputies  from  each  town,  and  that  the  election 
of  officers  should  be  annual. 

.  In  consideration  of  the  success  and  increase  of  the  New  England 
colonies  the  English  parliament  gt*anted  them,  March  10,  1643,  an 
exemption  from  all  customs^  subsidies,  and  other  duties  until  fur* 
ther  orders.  In  1 644  the  CoTtnecticut  adventurers  purchased  of  tl^^ 
^gent  of  lord  Say  and  Seal,  and  lord  Brook  their  right  to  the  colony 
^fConnecticut  for  sixteen  hundred  pounds.  In  1647  an  unhappy 
controversy  commenced  between  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut 
respecting  an  impost  of  two  pence  per  bushel  for  com,  and  a  penny 
on  the  pound  for  beaver,  or  twenty  shillings  upon  every  hogshead, 


iiisiii 


CON. 


21^ 


to  be  paid  by  the  inhabitants  of  Springfield  at  the  mouth  of  Connect- 
icut river  for  the  support  of  the  fort  at  Saybrook.  The  subject 
iras  referred  to  the  commis^ionei's  of  the  united  colonies,  and  when 
they  had  decided  in  favor  of  it  in  1 649,  Massachusetts  immediateljr 
in  retaliaU<m  imposed  a  duty  upon  all  goods,  belonging  to  any  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Plymoutii,  Connecticut,  or  New  Haven,  imported 
within  the  castle,  or  exported  from  any  part  of  the  bay.  A  singu* 
lar  law  was  about  this  time  made  in  Connecticut  respecting  the  use 
of  tobacco..  All  persons,  not  accustomed  to  take  it,  and  all  persons 
under  twenty  years  of  age  were  prohibited  from  using  it*  unless  tney 
procured  a  certificate  from  a  physician,  that  it  would  be  usefuU  and 
obtained  a  license  from  the  court.  All  others,  addicted  to  the  use  of 
it,  were  prohibited  from  taking  it  in  any  company,  or  at  their  labors, 
or  in  travelling  unless  ten  miles  from  any  company  ;  and  not  more 
than  once  in  a  day  under  the  penalty  ofa  fine  of  six  pence  for  every  of- 
fence. The  cok>nies  of  New  Haven  and  Connecticut  condnued  to 
increas<6)  and  new  towns,  purchased  of  the  Indians,  were  constantly 
settled.  In  1661  major  John  Mason,  as  agent  for  Connecticut) 
bought  of  the  natives  all  lands,  which  had  not  before  been  purchas- 
ed by  particular  towns,  and  made  a  public  surrender  of  them  to 
the  colony  in  the  presence  of  the  general  assembly.  A  petition 
was  now  prepared  to  king  Charles  II  for  a  charter,  and  Jolm  Win? 
throp)  who  had  been  chosen  governor  of  Connecticut,  was  ena(- 
plofedto  present  it.  His  majesty  issued  his  letters  under  the 
great  seal,  April  33,  1662,  ordaining  that  there  should  be  annually 
two  general  assemblies,  consisting  of  the  governor,  the  deputv 
governor,  and  twelve  assistants,  with  two  deputies  from  every  town 
or  city.  This  charter  has  ever  since  remained  the  basis  of  the 
government  of  Connecticut.  It  included  the  colony  of  New  Ha- 
ven i  but  that  colony  did  not  accept  it.  The  boundaries  were  fixed* 
and  on  the  west  it  extended  across  the  continent  to  the  south  seat 
or  pacific  ocean.  In  the  year  1 665,  when  apprehensions  were  en^ 
tertained  respecting  the  New  England  charters,  the  union  of  Con- 
necticut and  New  Haven  was  completed,  and  they  have  remained 
ynder  one  government  ever  since.  At  the  time  of  the  union  they 
consisted  of  nineteen  towns.  This  event  had  been  delayed  by  ift 
difference  of  views  respecting  the  propositions  of  the  synod  of 
Cambridge  in  1662.  It  was  recommended,  that  the  childreii  of 
parents,  not  in  full  communion  in  the  churches,  should  be  baptized' 
To  this  measure  New  Haven  was  utterly  opposed  f  and  as  in  this 
colony  no  person  could  be  a  freeman,  unless  \ie  was  a  member  of 
the  church,  which  was  not  a  requisite  qualification  in  Connecticut, 
it  was  feared  that  a  uniop  wpuld  corrupt  the  purity  of  fhe  eccleri* 
astical  body  and  have  no  good  effect  upon  their  civil  a^airs.  At 
the  Q;eneral  assembly  in  May  li56S  counties  were  first  made  and 
county  courts  were  first  instituted  by  that  name.  In  16T0  an  alter- 
ation was  made  in  the  mode  of  election)  which  had  hitherto  been  t)y 


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the  whole  body  of  freemen.     The  freemen  had  now  become  i>« 

numerous  thut  they  were  allowed  to  complete  the  election  ot  civil 

bfiicers  at  Harttord  by  proxy,  and  a  law  Wiis  enacted,  regulating 

ielectionsi  which  U  in  substance  very  similar  to  the  law,  which  now 

exists.     The  number  of  men  in  Connecticut  in  1 6.7 1 ,  from  sixteen 

to  sixty  years  of  age,  was  two  thousand  and  fifty.       In  1673  the 

union  of  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  and  Plymouth  was  renewed, 

and  the  first  code  of  Connecticut  laws  was  published.    The  book  was 

^printed  at  Cambridge,  having  been  compiled  by  tloger  Ludlow, 

.  esquire.     Every  family  was  required  to  possfsss  one.     The  Indian 

: wars  in  1675  and  1676  occasioned  much  suffering  in  the  colony. 

In  1687,  when  Andros  was  governor  of  Kew  England,  an  attempt 

Vas  made  to  wrest  the  charter  from  Connecticut.    A  quo  warranto 

i^gainst  the  governor  and  company  had  been  issued  two  years  be. 

[fore,  and  in  October  of  this  year,  when  the  assembly  was  sitting, 

.Andros  went  to  Hartford  with  sixty  regular  troops^  demanded  the 

.charter,  and  declared  the  government  to  be  dissolved^     The  sub. 

ject  was  debated  in  the  assembly  undl  evening,;  when  the  charter 

was  brought  and  lud  upon.the  table  ;  but  the  lights  being  instantly 

^extinguished,  captain  Wadsworth  of  Hartford  seized  it,  and  secreted 

it  in  the  cavity  of  a  large  osik  tree  in  front  of  the  house  of  the 

'honorable  Samuel  Wyllys,  esquire.    This  treiB,  measuring  twenty 

.one  feet  in  circumterence,  is  now  standing.     Sir  Edmund  Andrps 

assumed  the  government,  and  the  records  of  the  colony  Were  closed 

He  appointed  all  officers,  civil  and  military.     Notwithstanding  the 

professions  of  regard  to  the  public  good,  made  by  thp  tyrant,  hs 

soon  ^gan  to  infringe  the  rights  of  the  people.    The  laws  for  the 

support  of  the  clergy  were  suspended.     Liberty,  property,  every 

,thmg  dear  to  man  becoming  insecure,  the  progress  of  improve* 

ment  was  arrested,  and  as  authority  was  in  the  hands  of  the  wicked, 

the  people  mourned.      After  the  seizure  pf  Andros  by  the  daring 

friends  of  liberty  in  Massachusetts,  the  old  magistrates  of  Connect. 

^  icut  were  induced  again  to  accept  the  government,  at  the  request 

of  the  freemen,  May  9,  1689.      In  1691  the  old  charter  was  re* 

sumed,  being  acknowledged  to  be  valid,  as  no  judgment  had  been 

entered  against  it.     The  clergy  were  exempted  from  taxation  in 

1706,  and  the  Saybrook  platform  was  adopted  in  1708.    In  1711  a 

superior  court,  to  be  held  annually  in  the  several  counties,  was 

established.     The  college,  which  had  been  incorporated  at  Say. 

brook  in  l'701,  was  in  1717  removed  to  New  Haven,  and  in  the  fol* 

lowing  year  namipd  Yale  college.     In  1750  the  laws  of  Connecu. 

cut  were  again  revised  and  published  in  a  small  folio  volume. 

The  charter  of  this  colony  being  supposed  to  extend  the  western 
bpundary  to  the  south  sea,  purchases  were  accordingly  made  in 
1754  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  by  a  number  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Connecticut,  called  the  Susquehannah  and  Delaware 
f::Qm|>auies,  of  a  large  traqt  of  land  lying  w^st  of  the  Delaware 


I ' ,   'I 


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221 


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Avttt  and  thence  spreading^  over  the  east  and  west  branches  of 
Susquehannah  river,    on  which  considerable    settlements    were 
9lK>rtly  after  made.      The  settlers  were  incorporated  afterwards  by 
the  general  assembly  and  annexed  to  the  county  of  Litchfield.    As 
the  charter  of  Pennsylvania  covered  these  settlemeiUs,  a  dispute 
arose,  which  was  maintained  with  warmth  for  some  time,  and  was 
at  length  submitted  to  gentlemen,  chosen  for  the  purpose,  whose 
decision  was  in  favor  of  Pennsylvania.    At  the  close  of  the  revo- 
ludon  Connecticut  ceded  all  her  charter  claims  west  of  Pennsylva- 
nia to  congress,  reserving  only  a  tract  of  the  widt^\  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  in  length,  bounded 
north  by  lake  Erie,  containing  n^ar  four  millions  of  acres.    This 
cession  was  accepted  by  congress,  which  establishes  to  Connecti- 
cut her  title  to  these  lands.     The  legislature  of  this  state  in  1793 
granted  to  the  sufferers  in  the  several  towns,  that  were  burned  du- 
ring the  war,  a  tract  of  half  a  million  of  acres  on  the  west  end  of 
jthis  reservation.    The  American  revolution,  which  so  essentially 
affected  the  governments  of  most  of  the  colonies,  produced  no 
very  perceptible  alteration  in  the  government  pf   Connecticut. 
While  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Great  Britain  they  elected  their 
0wn  governors,  and  all  subordinate  civil  officers  in  the  same  manner, 
and  with  as  little  control,  as  at  the  present  time.     Connecticut  has 
always  been  a  republic,  and  perhaps  as  perfect  and  as  happy  a  republic, 
as  ever  existed.    Its  system  of  laws,  digested  by  Zephaniah  Swift, 
and  published  in  1796,  is  contained  in  an  octavo  volume.       The 
Connecticut  academy  of  arts  and   sciences  was  incorporated  in 
1801. — TrupibuU'a  hi't.  of  Connecticut  ;  Morae*^  geog.  ;  H.  Mams* 
JV.  England  ;    Morse  and  Parish's  JV.  England  s  Bees*  cycloficediay 
Atner.  edit.  ;  Holmes*  annals  ;  Gordon,  i. 

COOKE  (Elish  A,)  a  respectable  physician  of  Boston,  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1657.  After  having  been  an  assistant 
under  the  old  government,  he  was  sent  to  England  in  1 689  as  an  agent 
of  Massachusetts  to  procure  the  restoration  of  the  charter.  He 
was  decided  in  his  opinion,  that  if  the  old  charter  could  not  be  ob- 
tained, it  would  be  better  to  meet  the  consequences,  than  to  submit 
to  a  charter,  which  abridged  the  liberties  of  the  people.  When  the 
new  charter  was  procured  in  169 1,  he  refused  to  accept  it,  and  did 
]irha|:  he  could  to  prevent  its  acceptance  in  Massachusetts.  The  rev- 
erend Dr.  Increase  Mather,  who  was  agent  at  the  same  time,  pur- 
sued a  different  coprse,  thinking  it  wise  to  submit  to  a  necessary 
evil.  Though  he  was  not  placed  in  the  list  of  counsellors,  nomina- 
ted by  D-.  Mather  in  1692,  from  apprehensions  that  he  would  op- 
pose the  new  charter  ;  yet  in  the  following  year  he  was  elected  in 
Massachusetts.  He  was,  however,  rejected  by  governor  Phips,  be- 
cause he  had  opposed  his  appointment  in  England.  In  1 694  he  was 
reelected,  and  continued  in  the  council  till  1703,  when  governor 
Dudley  negativpd  his  election,  as  he  did  for  a  nuinber  of  years  sug» 


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cessirely.  In  1 7 1 5  his  choice  was  approved  He  died  in  this  ycai* 
on  thu  thirt7  first  ot  October,  aged  seventy  eight  years.  Though 
esteemed  as  a  physician,  he  was  most  remarkable  in  his  pohtical 
character,  having  been  more  tha^n  forty  years  in  places  ot  public 
trust,  and  bemg  always  firm  and  steady  to  his  principles.  He  mar- 
ried a  daughter  of  governor  Leverett.— /^u^cA<lMon,  i.  393,  408  • 
ii.ro,  136,  211.  ' 

COOKE  (Elisha),  distinguished  in  the  political  history  of  Mas* 
sachusetts,  was  the  son  o.  the  preceding  and  was  graduated  at  Har* 
yard  college  In  1697.  He  was  a  representative  of  Boston  in  the 
general  court  in  1713,  and  was  in  favor  of  a  private  bank  rather  than 
of  the  bublic  bunk,  the  plan  of  which  was  adopted  to  remedy  the 
evils  of  the  bills  of  credit.  He  was  elected  into  the  council  in  1717, 
and  immediately  commenced  iiis  opposition  to  governor  Shute,  en- 
gaging on  the  popular  side.  This  was  the  commencement  of  the 
dispute.  The  different  parties  became  more  hostile ;  new  subjects 
of  controversy  arose  ;  and  Shute  was  at  length  obliged  to  leave  the 
colony.  Mr.  Cooke  was  elected  a  counsellor  in  1718,  but  the  goT* 
emor  in  a  manner  not  very  civil  informed  him,  that  his  attendance 
at  the  board  would  be  excused.  In  1720  he  was  chosen  speaker  of 
the  house  of  representatives ;  but  the  governor  negatived  the  choice, 
and  as  the  house  refused  to  make  a  new  election,  contesting  his 
right  to  control  them,  he  dissolved  the  assembly.  At  the  ij^ext  ses> 
sion  a  different  person  was  elected,  not  because  the  pretension  of 
Shute  was  admitted,  but  that  there  might  be  no  obstruction  to  the 
progress  of  the  regular  business  of  the  court.  In  1723  he  was  ap< 
pointed  agent  for  Massachusetts  and  sailed  for  London  in  Januai-y, 
Soon  after  his  return  he  was  chosen  in  May  1726  a  member  of  the 
council.  On  the  accession  of  governoi^ Belcher,  he  was  appointed 
in  1 730  a  justice  of  the  common  pleas  for  Suffolk.  He  had  hitherto 
retained  the  attachment  of  the  people  by  endeavoring  to  support 
their  liberties,  but  being  desirous  of  securing  bis  interest  both  ivith 
the  governor  and  the  town  of  Boston,  a  jealousy  was  excited,  and  he 
was  in  danger  of  losing  the  regard  of  both  parties.  In  1733  or 
1734  he  was  elected  representative  by  a  majority  of  only  one  or  two 
votes  in  six  or  seven  hundred.  He  died  in  August  1737,  worn  out 
with  his  labors,  having  been  many  years  the  head  of  the  popular 
party.  He  published  political  tracts.?^//MfcA wson,  ii.  22 1, 233, 30^ 
348,  391  ;   Collect,  biat.aoc.  iii.  300, 

COOKE  (Samuel),  first  minister  of  the  second  parish  in  Cam* 
bridge,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1735,  and  was  prdjdned 
September  12,  1739.  He  died  June  4,  1783,  in  the  seventy  fifth 
year  of  his  age,  and  the  forty  fourth  of  his  ministry,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  reverend  Mr.  Fiske.  He  was  a  man  ot  science,  of  a 
social  dispositiot!,  distinguished  by  his  good  sense  and  prudence,and 
e  *'"'H!  Jul  servant  of  the  Lord  Jesus.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  the  reverend  Cotton  Brown,  1748  ;  at  the  ordinadon 


coa 


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af  tUc  reverend  William  Symmes,  1759  ;  the  election  sermon, 
1770  ;  a  sermon  for  a  memorial  of  the  battle  at  Lexington,  1777. 
^Colkctiona  qf  the  historical  society^  vii.  33. 

COOP£tl  (William),  minister  in  Boston,  was  a  native  of  that 
town,  and  being  early  impressed  by  the  truths  of  religion  and 
delighting  in  the  study  of  the  scriptures,  he  passed  through  the 
temptations  of  youth  without  a  blemish  upon  his  character.  He 
was  grave,  but  not  gloomy  nor  austere  ;  discreet,  but  not  precise  ; 
and  cheerful,  with  innocence.  While  a  member  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, where  he  was  graduated  in  1712,  he  ardently  cultivated  those 
branches  of  science,  which  were  most  useful  and  important.  Every 
literary  pursuit  was  sanctified  by  prayer,  and  every  human  acquisi- 
tion rendered  subservient  to  the  knowledge  of  God  and  religion. 
Soon  »fter  he  began  to  preach,  the  eminence  ot  his  qualifications  as 
a  minister  attracted  tlie  attention  of  the  church  in  Brattle  street, 
Boston,  and  he  was  invited  to  be  colleague  pastor  with  the  reverend 
I^r.  Colman.  At  his  own  request  his  ordination  was  delayed  for  a 
year,  until  May  1^3,  1716,  when  he  was  inducted  into  the  sacred  of- 
bee.  From  this  period  to  that  of  his  death  his  ministerial  gifts, 
graces,  and  usefulness  seemed  constantly  to  increase,  and  the  more 
he  was  knovi^n,  the  more  he  was  esteemed,  loved,  and  honored. 
In  the  year  1737  he  was  chosen  president  of  Harvard  college,  but 
he  declined  the  honorable  trust.  He  died  December  13,  1743,  in 
the  fiftieth  yeai'  of  his  age. 

He  was  an  eminent  preacher,  being  an  able  and  zealous  advocate 
of  the  distinguishing  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  Jesus  Christ  was 
ever  the  prominent  object  in  his  discourses.  He  insisted  much  on 
the  doctrines  of  grace  ^  conndering  them  as  not  only  constituting 
the  sole  foundation  of  a  sinner's  hope,  but  as  exhibiting  the  capital 
uds  and  incentives  to  holiness  of  heartand  life.  Hence  his  preach* 
ing  was  practical  as  well  as  evangelical.  He  inculcated  obedience 
upon  christian  principles  and  by  christian  arguments.  His  sermons 
were  easy  and  natural  in  method  ;  rich  in  important  tnith  ;  plain, 
but  not  grovelling  in  style  ;  solid  and  argumentative,  yet  animated 
with  the  spirit  of  devotion  ;  calculated  at  once  to  enlighten  the 
mind,  to  impress  the  conscience,  and  to  warm  the  heart.  In  ex- 
pluning  the  profound  and  sublime  truths  of  the  gospel  he  had  the 
singular  felicity  to  be  intelligible  to  the  ignorant,  instructive  to  the 
well  informed,  and  edifying  to  the  serious.  In  prayer  he  remarka- 
bly  excelled.  He  had  a  voice  at  once  strong  and  pleasant,  an  elo- 
cution grave  and  dignified ;  while  a  deep  impression  of  God,  whose 
mercy  he  implored,  and  whose  messages  he  delivered,  was  visible 
in  his  countenance  and  demeanor,  and  added  an  indescribable  so- 
lemnity  to  all  his  performances.  His  benevolent  labors  were  not 
in  vain.  He  was  an  eminent  instrument  and  promoter  of  the  great 
revival  of  religion,  which  took  place  toward  the  close  of  his  life. 
With  a  heart  overflowing  with  joy  he  declared,  that  **  since  the 


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year  1740  more  people  had  sometimes  come  to  him  in  concern 
about  their  souls  in  one  week,  than  in  the  preceding  twenty  four 
years  of  his  ministry."  To  these  applicants  he  was  a  most  judi- 
cious  amd  affectionate  counsellor  and  guide.  Though  the  general 
attention  to  the  things  of  another  world  was  pronounced  by  many  to 
be  enthusiasm  and  fanaticism,  yet  Mr.  Cooper,  while  he  withstood 
the  irregularities,  which  prevailed,  was  persuaded,  that  there  was  a 
remarkable  work  of  divine  grace.  The  numerous  instances  b  his 
own  parish  of  persons  affected  either  with  pungent  and  distressing 
convictions  of  sin,  with  deep  humiliation  and  sdf  abhorrence,  with 
ardent  love  to  God  and  man,  or  with  inexpressible  consolation  in 
religion  perfectly  satisfied  him,  that  the  presence  and  power  of  the 
divine  Reprover,  Sanctifier,  and  Comforter  was  among  them.  Iq 
the  private  walks  of  life  he  displayed  the  combined  excellencies  of 
the  gentleman  and  christian.  He  had  but  little  warning  of  the  ap. 
proach  of  death,  but  in  the  lucid  intervals  of  his  disease,  he  was 
enabled  to  declare,  that  he  rejoiced  in  God  his  Savior. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  the  incomprehensibleness  of  God, 
17 14  ;  how  and  why  young  people  should  cleanse  their  way,  1716 ; 
a  sermon  to  young  people,  1723  ;  a  funeral  sermon  on  John  Corey, 
1726  ;  a  discourse  on  early  piety,  1728-;  a  discourse  on  the  reality, 
extremity,  and  absolute  certainty  of  hell  torments,  1/32  ;  on  the 
death  of  lieutenant  governor  Tailer,  1732  ;  a  sermon  at  the  or(|ina. 
tion  of  Robert  Breck,  1736  i  concio  hyemalis,  or  a  winter  sermon, 
1.737  ;  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Peter  Thacher,  1739  ;  the  doc- 
trine of  predestination  unto  life  explained  and  vindicated  in  four 
sermons,  1740,  which  were  republished  in  1804  ;  a  preface  to  Ed- 
ward's serriion  on  the  trial  of  the  spirits,  1741 ;  two  seimons  preach- 
ed at  Portsmouth  in  the  time  of  the  revival,  l74\.—'Colman'a  fune- 
ral sermon  ;  Panoptist^  ii.  537—540  ;   Collect,  hist.  soc.  xv  157. 

COOPER  (Samuel),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of  the  rev- 
erend William  Cooper,  and  was  born  March  28,  1725.  He  exhib- 
ited early  marks  of  a  masterly  genius.  As  his  mind  was  deeply 
impressed  by  religious  truth,  soon  after  he  was  graduated  at  Har* 
vatd  college  in  1743,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  divinity, 
preferring  the  office  of  a  minister  of  the  gospel  to  the  temporal  ad- 
Vantages,  which  his  talents  might  have  procured  him.  When  he 
first  appeared  in  the  pulpit,  his  performances  were  so  acceptable, 
and  raised  such  expectations  that  at  the  age  of  twenty  years  he  was 
invited  by  the  congregation  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  to  succeed  his 
father  as  colleague  with  the  reverend  Dr.  Colman.  In  this  office 
he  was  ordained  May  21,  1 746,  just  thirty  years  after  the  ordination 
of  his  father.  He  did  not  disappoint  the  hopes  of  his  friends.  His 
reputation  increased,  and  he  soon  became  one  of  the  most  popular 
preachers  in  the  country.  After  a  ministry  of  near  thirty  seven 
years,  he  died  December  39,  1783,  in  the  fiftv  ninth'  year  of  his 


coo. 


225 


Or.  Cooper  was  very  distinguished  in  the  sacred  ofikc,  which  he 
sustained.  His  sermons  were  evangelical  und  perspicuous^  and  un- 
equalled in  America  for  elegance  and  taste.  Delivering  tliem  with 
energy  and  pathos,  his  eloquence  arrested  attention  and  warmed  the 
heart.  In  his  prayers,  which  were  uttered  with  humility  and  rev- 
erence, there  was  a  grateiul  variety,  and  as  they  were  pertinent, 
scriptural,  and  animated  with  the  spirit  of  devotion,  they  were  ad* 
mirably  calculated  to  raise  the  souls  of  his  fellow  worshippers  to 
God.  His  presence  in  the  chambers  of  the  sick  was  peculiarly  ac- 
ceptable, for  he  knew  how  to  address  the  conscience  without  ofTence^ 
to  impart  instruction,  to  soothe,  and  to  comfort.  His  religious  sen- 
timents were  rational  and  catholic.  His  attention  was  not  confined 
to  theology  ;  but  he  made  himself  acquainted  with  other  branches 
of  science,  and  was  one  ot  the  most  finished  classical  scholars  of  his 
day.  His  friendship  to  literature  induced  him,  after  the  destruction 
of  the  library  of  Harvard  college  by  fire,  to  exert  himself  to  procure 
subscriptions  to  repair  the  loss.  In  1767  he  was  elected  a  member  . 
of  the  corporation,  in  which  office  he  continued  until  his  death. 
He  was  an  active  member  of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel 
among  the  aborigines  of  America.  To  his  other  acquisitions  he 
added  a  just  knowledge  of  the  nature  and  design  of  government,  and 
the  rights  r^  mankind.  Most  sincerely  attached  to  the  cause  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty,  he  was  among  the  first  of  those  patriots,  who 
took  a  decided  part  in  opposition  to  the  arbitrary  exacUons  of  Great 
Britain.  In  his  intercourse  with  his  iellow  citizens,  and  by  his  pen 
he  endeavored  to  arouse  and  strengthen  the  spirit  of  resistance. 
Such  were  his  abilities  and  firmness,  that  he  was  esteemed  and  con- 
sulted by  some  of  the  principal  men,  who  were  the  means  of  effect- 
ing our  revolution.  He  did  much  towards  procuring  foreign  alli- 
ances. His  letters  were  read  with  great  satisfaction  in  the  court  of 
Vers^Ues,  while  men  of  the  most  distinguished  characters  in  Eu- 
jrope  became  his  correspondents.  The  friendship,  which  he  main- 
led  with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Adams,  was  the  means  of  intro- 
lucing  to  his  acquaintance  many  gentlemen  from  France*  to  whom 
le  rendered  himself  peculiarly  agreeable  by  his  literary  attainmentSf 
y  an  engaging  address,  and  by  the  ease  and  politeness  of  his  man- 
lers.  When  his  country  had  asserted  her  right  to  independence^ 
ilieving  that  knowledge  is  necessary  to  the  support  of  a  free  govem- 
entjhe  was  anxious  to  render  our  tiberties  perpetual  bypromot- 
ig  literary  establishments.  He  was  therefore  one  of  the  foremost 
laying  the  foundation  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  scienc- 
s,  and  was  chosen  its  first  vice  president  in  the  year  1780.  In 
last  illness  he  expressed  his  great  satisfaction  in  seeing  his 
luntry  in  peace,  and  in  the  possession  of  freedom  and  independ- 
ice,  and  his  hopes,  that  the  virtue  and  public  spirit  of  his  country* 
len  would  prove  to  the  world,  that  they  were  not  unworthy  of  these 
estimable  blessings.    In  the  intervals  of  reason,  he  informed  hh^ 

30  ' 


ft)  l»»f; 


22d 


COO. 


I'  y 


I!   h 


friendS)  that  he  was  perfectly  rengned  to  the  will  of  heaven ;  thdt 
his  hopes  and  consolations  sprang  from  a  belief  of  those  iruths 
which  he  had  preached  to  others  ;  and  that  he  wished  not  to  be  d^ 
tained  any  longer  from  that  state  of  perfection  and  felicity,  which 
the  gospel  had  opened  to  his  view.  /-I'-r 

Besides  his  political  writings,  which  appeared  in  the  journals  of 
the  day*  he  published  the  following  discoarseft  ;  on  the  artillery 
election)  175 1  ;  before  the  society  for  encotiraging  industry,  1753  ■ 
at  the  general. election,  1756  ;  on  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  I759 . 
at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Joseph  Jackson,  1760  ;  on  the 
deatli  of  George  II,  1761 ;  at  the  Dudleian  lecture  in  Harvard  col< 
legti»  1775  ;  on  the  commencement  of  the  new  constitution  of  Mas. 
sachusetts,  October  25,  1780.  This  last  diaconrse,  with  others  of 
his  productions,  have  been  published  in  several  langcfages,and  bmv 
written  in  a  polished  and  elegant  manner  were  well  calculated  for 
the  lips  of  an  eloquent  speaker,  such  as  he  himself  v/M.'-^Clttrke't 
fun,  acrmon  ;.  jtmerican  heraldy  January  I S',  1 784  ;  Continental  jour, 
naly  Jan.  22  ;   Hoimea*  annaU,  ii.  469  ;    Thacher*a  century  discourte. 

COOP£R  (MtLBs,,  D.  o.),  president  Of  King's  college,  New 
York,  was  educated  in  the  university  of  Oxford,  where  he  took  the 
degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1760.  He  arrived  at  Ne#:  York  in  the 
autumn  of  1762,  being  recommended  by  the  archbishop  of  Canter* 
bury  as  a  person  well  qualified  to  assist  in  the  management  of  the 
college,  and  in  a  &w  years  to  succeed  the  president.  He  Was  re* 
ceiyed  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Johnson  with  the  affection  of  a  father, 
and  was  immediately  appoimed  professor  of  moral  philosophy.  Af« 
ter  the  resignation  of  Dr.  .Johnson  in  February  1763,  he  waschoseD 
president  previously  to  the  commenceKnent  in  May.  It  was  not 
long  before  Dr.  Clossey,  a  gentleman,  who  had  been  educated  m 
Trinity  college,  Dublin,  and  had  taken  the  degree  of  doctor  of  phys* 
ic,  was  appointed  professor  of  natural  philosophy.  A  grammar 
school  irva  also  established  and  connected  with  the  college,  under 
the  care  of  Mr.  Gushing  from  Boston.  The  classes  were  nDw 
taught  by  Mr.  Cooper,  Mr.  Harper,  and  I)r.  Clossey  ;  and  under 
such,  able  instructers  they  had  peculiar  advantages.  In  Uie  year  j 
1775  Dr.  Cooper,  as  his  politics  leaned  towards  the  BritiiA,  was  re^  1 
duced  to  the  necessity  of  withdrawing  from  the  coUege^-and  return*  | 
ing  to  England.  He  was  afterward  one  of  the  ministeiiB  of  the  I 
episcopal  chapel  of  Edinburgh,  in  whidi  city  he  died.  May  l,178jJ 
Bged  about  fifty  years.  After  the  revolution  William  Samuel  I 
Johnson,  son  of  Dr.  Johnson,  was  president  of  the  college. 

Dr.  Cooper,  though  he  had  long  expected  death,  waiting  patiently  i 
foe  its  approach,  yet  died  in  rather  a  sudden  manner.  The  £}Uow- 1 
ing  epitaph  was  written  by  himself.  %  r.  '.  *t  rv?  .. 

t  .  Here  lies  a  priest  of  English  blood*.  <'  ' 
Who,  living,  lik'd  whate'er  was  good,;  "  , 
Good  companj^  good,  winev  good  namC)  > 


COR, 


227 


.':  (  '  ¥'et  never  hunted  after  fame  ; 
, ,  •  But  fts  the  first  he  flftill  preferr'd, 
;   i.  So  here  he  choee  to  be  interr'd, 

.<  And,  unobscur'd)  from  crowds  withdrew 
To  rest  among  a  chosen  few, 
^   ,:,         h^  humble  hopes,  that  sovereign  love 
Will  raise  him  to  be  biess'd  i^ve. 

He  published  a  volume  of  poems  in  17  S8,  and  a  sermon  on  civil 
gMemmontt  preached  before  tho  university  of  Oxford  on  a  fast, 
1777.  While  in  this  country  he  maintained  a  litemry  character  of 
conuderaUe  eminence.  He  wrote  on  the  subject  of  an  American 
emscopate,  and  sometimes  used  his  pen  on  political  subjects.  It 
a  said,  he  narrowly  escaped  the  fury  of  the  whigs.^— JVVw  and  gen, 
ttog.dkt.i  jM^leVf  ii.  369  ;  Permtylvania  packet^  July  39,  1785  ; 
Chandler**  Ufe  qf  Johnson,  lQ6f— 109. 

CORLET  (Elijah),  an  eminent  instructer,  commenced  his  la- 
bors at  Cambridge  not  long  after  the  first  settlement  of  the  town. 
He  was  master  of  the  grammar  school  between  forty  and  fifty  yearsy 
«nd  many  of  the  most  worthy  men  in  the  country  enjoyed  the  ben- 
efit of  lus  instructions  previously  to  their  entrance  into  college. 
The  society  for  propagating  the  gospel  compensated  him  for  his  at- 
ttntion  to  the  Indian  scholars,  who  were  deugned  for  the  university. 
He  died  in  1687  in  the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a 
jaan  of  learning,  piety,  and  respectability.  Mr.  Wtdter  published 
an  elegy  on  his  death  in  blank  verse.  He  wrote  a  Latin  epitaph  on 
the  reverend  Mr.  Hooker,  which  is  inserted  in  Mother's  maghalia. 
^Collegt.  hitt.  ^c.  i.  243  ;  vii.  22  ;  Hfe  of  Walter  ;  Mathet** 
magmUat  iii.  68. 

CORNBURY( lord),  governor  of  New  York,  was  the  B<m 

ofUie  earl  of  Clarendon,  and  being  one  of  the  firitt  officers,  who  de- 
serted the  army  of  k|ng  James,  king  William,  in  gratitude  for  his 
services,  appointed  him  to  an  American  government.  Hunted  out 
of  England  by  a  host  of  hungry  creditors,  bent  upon  accumulating 
as  much  wealth,  as  he  could  squeeze  from  the  purses  of  an  impov- 
erished people,  and  animated  with  unequalled  zeal  for  the  churchy 
he  commenced  his  adminisjtration,  as  successor  of  lord  'Bellamont,| 
May  S,  1  if 02.  _  tilis  sense  of  justice  was  as  weak  as  his  bigotry  was 
nDControJlable.  The  following  act  of  putrage  will  exhibit  his  char- 
acter. A  great  sickness,  which  was  probably  the  yellow  fever,  pre- 
vailing in  New  York  In  1703,  lord  Combury  retired  to  Jamaica,  on 
Long  Island  ;  and  as  Mr.  Hubbard,  the  presbyterian  minister,  lived 
in  ^  best  house  in  the  town,  his  lordship  requested  the  use  of  it 
during  his  short  residence  there.  Mr.  Hubbard  put  hSmself  to 
^reat  inconvenience  to  oblige  the  governor,  and  the  governor  hi  re- 
turn delivered  the  parsonage  house  into  the  hands  of  the  episcopal 
party,  and  seized  upon  the  glebe.  In  the  year  1707  he  imprisoned 
without  law  two  presbyterian  ministers  for  presuming  to  preach  in 


,1 


.•  M 


Al  «'(■; 


•i  •  I 


M, 


d 


'     5 


'  I 


tr  ' 


!'  \'''n 


228 


COT. 


New  York  Tvithout  his  license.    They  were  sent  out  by  some  div 
senters  in  London  ua  itinerant  preachers  for  the  benefit  of  the  mid. 
die  and  southern  colonics.    He  had  a  conference  with  them,  and 
made  himseU  conspicuous  as  a  savage  bigot,  and  as  an  ungentleman* 
ly  tyrant.     The  cries  of  the  oppressed  readiing  the  ears  of  the 
queen  in  1708,  she  appointed  lord  Lovelace  governor  in  his  stead. 
As  soon  as  Combury  was  superseded,  his  creditors  threw  him  into 
the  custody  of  the  sheriff  of  New  York  ;  but  after  the  death  of  |,ij 
fieither  he  was  permitted  to  return  to  England,  and  succeeded  to  the 
earidom  of  Clarendon^     Never  was  tnere  a  governor  of  New  York 
so  universally  detested,  or  so  deserving  of  abhorrence.    His  behav. 
ior  was  trifling,  mean,  and  extravagant.     It  was  not  uncommon  for 
him  to  dress  liimselt  in  a  woman's  habit,  and  then  to  patrol  the 
fort)  in  which  he  resided.     By  such  freaks  lie  drew  upon  himself 
universal  contempt ;  while  lus  despotism,  bigotry,  injustice,  and 
insatiable  avarice  aroused  the  indignation  of  the  people.— «Smt(/i'| 
Mw  Yorky  101 — 116  i  Hutchinaon,h.  123  ;  Mara/taUj  u  372. 

COTTON  (John),  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the  early 
nunisters  of  New  England,  was  bom  in  Derby,  England,  Decetn> 
ber  4,   1585.    At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was  admitted  a  member  of 
Trinity  college,  Cambridge,  and  afterwards  removed  to  Emanuel 
college,  where  he  obtained  a  fellowship.    Previously  to  this  ap. 
pointment,  he  passed  an  examin^ition,  and  his  knowledge  of  He* 
brew  was  tested  by  the  third  chapter  of  Isaiah,  wnich  is  a  very 
difficult  passage  ;  but  he  was  master  of  it.    He  was  soon  chosen 
the  head  lecturer  in  the  college,  being  also  employed  as  tutor  to 
many  scholars,  who  afterwards  became  distinguished.      For  thii 
office  he  "was  peculiarly  well  qualified,  as  his  knowledge  was  exten- 
sive, his  manners  gentle  and  accommodating,  and  he  possessed  an 
uncommon  ease  and  facility  in  communicating  his  ideas.    His  oc* 
casional  orations  and  discourses  were  so  accurate  and  elegant,  and 
displayed  sucn  invention  and  taste,  that  he  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
tion in  the  university.  Hitherto  he  had  been  seeking  the  gratification 
of  a  literary  taste,  or  yielding  to  the  claims  of  ambition  ;  but  at 
length  a  complete  change  in  his  character,  which  he  attril)uted  to 
the  grace  of  God,  induced  him  to  engage  with  earnestness  in  the 
pursuit  of  new  and  more  exalted  objects.    While  a  member  of  the 
college  his  conscience  had  been  impressed  by  the  futhful  preaching 
of  Mr.  William  Perkins  ;  but  hj  resisted  the  convictions,  which 
had  been  fastened  upon  him,  and  such  was  his  enmity  to  the  truths, 
which  had  disturbed  his  peace,  that  when  he  heard  the  bell  toll  for 
the  funeral  of  that  eminent  servant  of  God,  it  was  a  joyful  sound  to 
him.    It  announced  his  release  from  a  ministry,  hostile  to  his  self  I 
righteous  and  unhumbled  spirit.    It  was  not  long  however  before 
he  was  again  awakened  from  his  security  by  a  sermon  of  Dr.  Sibs 
on  the  misery  of  those,  who  had  no  righteousness  ex.cept  the  moral 
virtues.    After  a  distressing  anxiety  of  three  years  it  pleased  God 


f  the  mid. 

ihem,  uui 

gentleman. 

ars  of  ihe 
his  stead. 

*r  him  into 

Bath  of  hi) 

eded  to  the 

New  Yort 

Hisbehav- 

common  for 

'  patrol  the 

x)n  himself 

justice,  and 

le^— Smtt/i'i 

i.  372. 

of  the  early 

ndf  Decem* 

li  member  of 

to  Emanuel 
to  this  ap< 

ed^e  of  He. 

ch  is  a  very 

i  soon  chosen 

id  as  tutor  to 

I.      For  thit 

;e  was  cxtcn- 

possessed  an 
sas.    His  oc* 

|elegai\t,  and 

I  high  reputa> 
gratification 
ition  ;  but  at 
attributed  to 
istness  in  the 
lemberofthe 
|iul  preaching 
;tions,  vrhich 
to  the  truths, 
le  bell  toll  for 
)y  ful  sound  to 
le  to  his  self 
iwever  before 
m  of  Dr.  Sibs  I 
,ept  the  moral  I 
it  pleased  God 


COT. 


229 


to  give  him  jo^  in  believing.  He  was  soon  called  upon  to  preach 
again  in  his  turn  before  the  universitjTi  and  more  anxious  to  do  good 
than  to  attract  applauaC)  he  did  not  array  his  discourse  in  the  orna- 
ments of  language,  but  preached  with  plainness  and  pungency  upon 
the  duty  of  repentance.  The  vain  wits  of  the  university,  disap- 
pointed in  their  expectations  of  a  splendid  harangue,  and  reproved 
by  the  fidelity  of  him,  who  was  now  a  christian  minister,  did  not 
hum  their  applauses  us  usual,  and  one  of  them,  Mr.  Preston,  who 
afterwards  became  famous  in  the  religious  world,  received  such 
deep  impressions  upon  his  mind  as  were  never  effaced.  Such  waa 
the  colU  ^ial  life  of  Mr.  Cotton. 

About  the  year  1613,  when  in  the  twenty  eighth  year  of  his  age, 
he  became  the  minister  of  Boston  in  Lincolnshire.    Soon  after  hia 
establishment  in  this  place,  the  zeal  of  a  physician  in  the  town  in 
promoting 'Arminian  sentiments  induced  him  to  dwell  much  and 
principally  for  some  time  upon  what  he  believed  to  be  the  truths  of   ' 
scripture,  upon  the  doctrine  of  God's  eternal  election  before  all  fore- 
sight of  good  or  evil,  and  the  redemption  only  of  the  elect ;  upon 
the  effectual  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  conversion  of  the 
unner,  without  any  regard  to  the  previous  exerUons  of  free  will ; 
and  upon  the  certain  perseverance  of  every  true  believer.    Such 
was  his  success,  that  he  soon  silenced  his  antagonist,  and  afterwards 
the  doctrine  ot  predestination  was  not  brought  into  controversy. 
He  soon  entertained  doubts  respecting  the  lawfulness  of  complying 
with  some  of  the  ceremonies  of  the  church,  and  was  subjected  to 
inconveniences  on  this  account ;  but  as  his  people  coincided  with 
him  in  his  sentini  ^^nts  he  kept  his  place  for  twenty  years,  and  was 
during  this  time  remarkably  useful  not  only  by  the  effect  of  his 
faithfiil  preaching,  but  as  an  instructer  of  young  men.  Who  were  de- 
signed for  the  ministry,  some  of  whom  were  from  Germany  and 
Holland.    His  labors  were  immense,  for  in  addition  to  his  other 
avocadons  he  generally  preached  four  lectures  in  the  course  of  a 
week.    His  benevolent  exertions  were  not  in  vain.    It  pleased  God) 
that  a  general  reformation  should  take  place  ih  the  towm.    The 
voice  of  profaneness  was  no  longer  heard,  and  the  infinitely  import- 
ant truths  of  the  gospel  arrested  the  attention  of  almost  all  the  in- 
habitants.   He  was  much  admired,  and  much  applauded,  but  he  ev- 
er remained  humble.    At  length,  after  the  government  of  the  Eng- 
lish church  fell  into  the  hands  of  bishop  Laud,  divisions  arose 
among  the  parishioners  of  Mr.  Cotton ;  a  dissolute  fellow,  who  had 
been  punished  for  his  immoralities,  informed  agtdnst  the  magistrates 
and  the  minister  for  not  kneeling  at  tlie  sacrament ;  and  Mr.  Cot- 
ton, being  cited  before  the  high  commission  court,  was  obliged  to 
flpie.    After  being  concealed  for  some  time  in  London,  he  embarked 
for  this  country,  anxious  to  secure  to  himself  the  peaceable  enjoy- 
ment of  the  rights  of  conscience,  though  in  a  wilderness.    He  suled 
in  the  same  vessel  with  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Stone,  and  the  drcum- 


^^'•m 


!■ 


I    it'!! 


r.i 


! 


.1 


ill  iift 


■  ii  '>'■, 


M' 


r     t 


230 


COT. 


3;;- 


It!  ''  . 


*i^ 


■  rr-: 


%tanc9  of  tlMir  namot  onised  the  people  to  ifijr  on  their  arrival,  Sep. 
tember  4,  1 633,  that  titeir  three  great  neceaaities  would  be  now 
aupplied,  for  they  had  Cotton  Cor  tlieir  clothing,  Hooker  for  their 
fiahlngj  and  Stone  for  their  building.  This  wua  an  age  of  conceits, 
During  the  voyage  three  scrmonit  or  expositions  were  delivered  a|. 
fnost  every  day>and  Mr.  Cotton  was  blessed  in  the  birth  of  his  eki* 
est  iQn»  whom,  at  his  baptism  in  Boalon»  he  culled  Seaborn. 

On  the  tenth  of  October  1 633  he  was  eHtabUshcd  teaoher  of  the 

church  in  Boaton,  as  colleague  with  the  reverend  Mr.  Wilson,  who 

waa  paator.    He  was  set  apart  to  this  office^  on  a  day  ot  fcisting,  by 

imposition  of  the  hands  pf  Mr.  Wilson,  and  his  two  ciders.    He 

remained  in  this  town,  connected  with  this  cliufch,  more  than  nine* 

teen  yearst  and  such  waa  his  influence  in  <>stabli8ning  tite  order  of 

our  churches,  and  so  extensive  was  his  usefulness,  that  he  hus  beeu 

called  the  patriarch  of  New  England.    The  prcvidence  of  thooe 

•rroneoua  doctrines^  which  occasioned  the  synod  of  1637,  so  much 

.disturbed  his  peace,  that  he  was  almost  induced  to  remove  to  New 

Haven*    Mrs.  Hutchinson  endeavored  to  pvomcte  her  wild  senti< 

menta  by  shielding  them  under  the  name  of  Mr.  Cotton  ;  but 

though  he  was  imposed  upon  for  some  time  by  the  artifices  ot  those 

of  her  partyi  yet  when  he  discovered  their  real  opiniqnS)  he  was  bold 

and  decided  in  hia  opposition  to  them.    Though  he  did  not  sign  the 

result  of  the  synod  of  1637,  on  account  of  his  differing  fitem  it  in 

one  or  two  points  ;  he  vet  approved  of  it  in  general*  and  his  peace* 

able  intercourse  with  his  brethren  ^n  the  ministry  was  not  afterwards 

interrupted  on  account  of  tus  supposed  errors.    In  1 742  he  wat  in* 

vited  to  England  witii  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Davenport  to  assist  in 

the  assembly  of  divines  at  Weatminater,  a|id.he  was  in  favor  oi  ac* 

cikpting  the  invitation)  but  Mr.  Hooker  was  opposed  to  it,  as  he  was 

,|it  that  time  forming  a  system  of  church  government  for  New  Eng* 

•land.    His  death,  which  was  occasioned  by  an  inflammation  of  the 

lungs,  brought  on  by  exposure  in  crossing  the  ferry  to  Cambridge, 

where  he  went  to  piyach,  took  place  December  33,  1652,  v^hen  he 

was  sixty  seven  years  of  age.    So  universally  was  he  venerated,  that 

-Saany  aermons  were  preached  on  his  decease  in  different  parts  of 

the  country* 

Mr.  Cotton  sustained  a  high  reputation  for  learning.  He  was  a 
cri[dc  in  Greek,  and  with  Hebrew  he  was  so  well  acquainted,  that  he 
could  ^acQurse  in  it.  He  also  wrote  Latin  with  elegmce,  as  a 
specimen  of  which  bis  preface  to  Norton's  answer  to  the  inquiries 
of  ApoUonius  has  often  been  mentioned.  In  the  pulpit  he  impress* 
ed  hU  hearers  with  admiration.  Uniting  to  conspicuous  talents 
and  a  profound  judgment  the  candor  and  mildness,  enjoined  in  the 
gospel,  and  the  warmth  of  pious  feeling,  his  instrucuons  did  not 
iQ«et  the  reustance,  which  is  often  experienced,  but  fell  with  the 
gentleness  of  the  dew»  a^d  insinuated  them!>elves  imperceptibly  in* 
to  the  mind.    His  labors,  soon  after  he  came  to  Boston^  were  more 


:.( 


^4j.  I 


COT. 


2J1 


effettualf  than  tbose  of  any  of  tho  tninlttera  in  the  country  ;  lie  wm 
tiie  mewu  of  exciting  great  attention  to  religious  subject!  ;  and 
loiue  of  the  moat  profligate  were  brought  to  rcnounoQ  their  inkpii* 
(let,  and  to  engage  in  a  course  of  conduct  more  honorable  and 
more  satisfactory t  and  which  would  terminate  in  everlaating  felicity. 
His  discourses  were  generally  written  with  the  greatest  attention* 
though  he  sometimes  preached  without  any  preparation.     His  in- 
timate and  accurate  knowledge  of  the  scriptures,  and  the  extent  of 
jiii  learning  enabled  him  to  do  this  without  difllculty.    His  written 
sermons,  which  he  had  composed  with  care,  were  yet  remarkabia 
lor  their  simplicity  and  plainness,  for  he  was  desirous,  that  all  should 
understand  him,  and  less  anxious  to  acquire  fame,  than  to  do  good. 
Hit  voice  was  not  loud,  but  it  was  so  clear  and  distinct,  that  it  was 
heard  with  ease  by  the  largest  auditory  ;  and  his  utterance  was  ac- 
companied by  a  natural  and  liecoming  motion  of  his  right  hand. 
The  Lord  was  in  the  still,  small  voice.    He  preached  with  such  life, 
dignity,  and  majesty,  that  Mr.  Wilson  said,  one  almost  thinks,  that 
he  hears  the  vety  prophet  speak,  upon  whose  words  he  is  dwelling. 
His  library  was  large,  and  he  had  well  studied  the  fathers  and  school- 
men, but  he  preferred  Calvin  to  them  all.     Being  asked  in  the 
Utter  part  of  his  life,  why  he  indulged  In  nocturnal  studies,  he  an- 
swered, that  he  loved  to  sweeten  his  muuth  with  a  piece  of  Calvin 
before  he  went  to  sleep.    Twelve  hours  in  a  day  were  generally  oc- 
cupied by  his  studies,  and  such  was  his  zeal  in  dieological  pursuitiy 
that  he  frequently  lamented  the  useless  visits,  with  which  he  was  op- 
pressed, though  he  was  incapable  of  incinlity  to  persons,  who  thus 
obtruded  upon  him.    He  gave  himself  chiefly  to  reading  and  prepar- 
ation for  the  duties  of  public  instruction,  depending  much  on  the  rul- 
ing elders  for  intelligence  Respecting  his  flock.     He  was  an  excel- 
lent casuist,  and  besides  resolving  many  cases,  which  were  brought 
him)  he  was  also  deeply  though  not  violently  engaged  in  controver- 
ues  respecting  church  government      In  his  controversy  with  Mr. 
Williams  he  found  an  antagoaUt,  whose  weapons  were  powerful  and 
whose  cause  was  good,  and  he  unhappily  advocated  a  cause,  which 
h«  had  once  opposed,  when  suffering  persecution  in  England.    He 
contended  for  the  interference  of  the  civil  power  in  support  of  the 
truth,  and  to  the  objection  of  Mr.  Williams,  that  this  was  infringing; 
the  rights  of  conscience,  the  only  reply,  that  could  be  made,  was, 
that  when  a  person,  after  repeated  admonitions,  persisted  in  reject- 
ing and  oppoung  fundamental  points  of  doctrine  or  worship,  it  could 
not  be  from  conscience,  but  against  conscience,  and  therefore,  that 
it  was  not  persecution  for  cause  of  conscience  for  the  civ  1  power  ta 
drive  such  persons  away,1}ut  it  was  a  wise  regard  to  the  good  of  the 
church,  it  was  putting  avray  evil  from  the  people. 

To  his  intellectual  powers  and  improvements,  he  added  the  virtues, 
vhich  render  the  christian  character  amiable  and  interesting. 
Even  Mr.  WilHams,  his  great  antt^onist,  with  very  extraordinary 


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COT. 


candor  speaks  of  him  with  esteem  and  respect,  commending  niib 
for  his  goodness  and  for  his  attachment  to  so  many  of  the  truths  of 
the  gospel.  He  was  modei^)  humble,  gentle,  peaceable,  patient, 
and  forbearing.  Sometimes  he  almost  lamented,  that  he  carried 
his  meekness  to  such  an  extent.  '^  Angry  men,*'  said  he,  *>  have 
an  advantage  over  me  ;  the  people  will  not  oppose  them,  for  they 
will  rage ;  but  some  are  encouraged  to  do  me  injury,  because  they 
know  I  shall  not  be  angry  with  them  again."  It  will  not  be  quest* 
ioned  however,  that  his  temper  contributed  more  to  his  peace, 
and  enjoyment,  and  usefulness,  than  a  temper  of  a  different  descrip. 
tion  would  have  done.  When  he  was  once  told,  that  his  preaching 
was  very  dark  and  comfortless,  he  replied,  "  let  me  have  your 
prayers,  brother,  that  it  may  be  otherwise."  Having  observed  to  a 
person,  who  boasted  of  his  knovledge  of  the  book  of  revelation, 
that  he  wanted  light  in  those  mystenes,  the  man  went  home  and 
sent  him  a  pound  of  candles  ;  which  insolence  only  excited  a  smile. 
**  Mr<  Cotton,"  says  Dr.  Mather,  "  would  not  set  the  beacon  of  his 
great  soul  on  fire  at  the  landing  of  such  a  little  cock  boat."  A 
drunken  fellow,  to  make  merriment  for  his  companions,  approached 
him  in  the  street,  and  whispered  in  his  ear,  "  thou  art  an  old  fool." 
Mr.  Cotton  replied,  *^  I  confess  I  am  so  ;  the  Lord  make  both  me 
and  thee  wiser  than  we  are,  even  wise  to  salvation."  Though  he 
asserted  the  right  of  the  civil  power  to  punish  heretics,  h^  yet  had 
a  great  aversion  to  engaging  in  any  civil  affair^,  and  with  reluctance 
yielded  his  attention  to  any  concern,  not  immediately  connected 
with  his  holy  calling.  In  his  family  he  was  very  careful  to  impart 
instruction,  and  wisely  and  calmly  to  exercise  his  authority  in  re« 
straining  vice.  He  read  a  chapter  in  the  bible,  with  an  exposition, 
before  and  after  which  he  made  a  prayer,  remembering  however  to 
avoid  a  tedious  prolixity.  He  observed  the  sabbath  from  evenbg 
to  evening,  and  by  him  this  practice  was  rendered  general  in  New 
England.  On  Saturday  evening,  after  expounding  the  scriptures, 
he  catechised  his  children  and  servants,  prayed  with  them,  and 
sung  a  psalm.  On  the  sabbath  evening  the  sermons  of  the  day 
were  repeated,  and  after  singing,  with  uplifted  hands  and  eyes  he 
uttered  the  doxology,  "  blessed  be  God  in  Christ  our  Savior."  In 
his  study  he  prayed  much.  He  would  rarely  engage  in  any  theo* 
logical  research,  or  sit  down  to  prosecute  his  studies  without  first 
imploring  the  divine  blessing.  He  kept  many  days  of  private 
fasting  and  thanksgiving.  While  he  was  thus  distinguished  for  his 
piety,  he  was  also  kind  and  benevolent.  He  knew,  that  the  efficacy 
of  religious  principles  must  be  evinced  by  good  works,  and  he  was 
therefore  hospitable  and  charitable.  The  stranger  and  the  needy 
were  ever  welcomed  to  his  table.  Such  was  his  beneficence,  that 
when  Mr.  White  was  driven  with  his  church  from  Bermuda  into 
the  American  wilderness,  he  collected  seven  hundred  pounds  for 
their  relief,  towards  which  he  himself  contributed  very  liberally. 
Two  hundred  pounds  were  given  by  the  church  in  Boston. 


cor 


^33 


j(flai^'«  tifk  bfcttiiiiMtsanctitf  arid  usefidi^s^- lie  Wak  not  t<6)^ 
jtltitfltfe  6f  support  m  hiB'  djriiig  moments.  In'  his  sidkness  pfesi- 
d^t  Diitf^l"«^ettt  ib  sed  hith,  arid'iHtlh  tbars  begged  hik  blessbg, 
jjjyihg,"  I'KriOW  in  ihy  liiiart;  ilHttf  IMl,  WiiOm  yoii  bld^s,  shall  be 
bleiised'-"  ftfi  siih't  foi^'tHb  elders  of  th^  dUiirch^  and  exhoried  them 
fo  gbiit^  a^n^t'  d^dlensioiis,  expi^ssihg^  td  them  the  pleasure, 
vAicb  brH^  foatid'ih  the  ^«^Vibe  of  the  Lord  JWsus  Christ.  Afte^ 
He  had  addreli6'6d  his  ehildiren;  hii  deliiried  to  be  left  aUiief  that  his 
(hbii^htit  i<fl^l^t  titf  ocJ^utii<id  by  hekv^ljr  things  trithout  iritferruii* 
don ;  add  thus  he  didd'ih  p^^Ce.  He  was  of  a  clear,  fair'  complex* 
ioh,  ahd  fiWe  tiaVid  ofa  ruddy  couhtffhahde.  His  stature  ita^  rather 
sho^  than  taail  In  eii^ly  lifd  Ms  hhir  w^»  brown,  but  iri  hh  latter 
^ra  it:  ^Mi  t^hite  as  the  driV^h  show.  In  bi^'  Cdtmtenance  there  was 
an  inexpressible' m'aj^i^ty,  which  eommarided  rleVeretice  from  every 
one,  riot  Kardeiii^d  agfdnsit  good  impressions,  who  approached  liim!. 
InaiieffitapK  Oh  li/i'r.  Cotton  by  Mr.  WoOdbridge  are  the  following 
lines,  whifchiti(*db^iy  led  Dt.  Fk^kliii  to  write  the  flimous  c^tai^h 

ehhinis^' 

A'livihg,br^^thingbible  ;  tabled  where 

Both' coVe'rid[n'ts  at  large  engravto  were  ; 

Goii^l  ahd'las^  in  's  heart  had  e^c^  its' column, 

Hlkh^'ad  ah  indent  tO  the^cred  volume  ; 

Hts  very  nknf  e  a  title  page  ;  arid  next 
•  ilis  lifi^  a  cdmihentary  oh  the  text. 

O^  what  a  monument  Of  glorious  wortHf 

WUeti  ih  a  new'  editioii  he  cbmds  forth  i 

Without  errata  may  we  think  hell  be     . 

rii  leave-' and  cbvfers  of  etertrity' !        ■ 

iteleft  tVrd  sons,  who  ^ere  niinlsters  of  itkihMJrtbn  aiiid  of  Plyth- 

liith.    His  yOuhgest'dau^h'ter  mariied'tifr.  Ihcreasiililfatlrdr. 

Mr.Cbfltc^^s  publications  were  numerous  ;  tlie  most  celebrated 

i  the  worlds,  which  he  pub'G^hed  in  the  controversy  niith  Mr. 

iljiamk)  aiid  hts  pOweT  of  the  Weye,  on  the  subjdtt  of  ehidrbh  gov- 

irnment.    In  this  work  he  contends,  that  the  con^uferit  ihemMfrs 

a  chiirch  are  elders'  and  brethireh  ;  that  the  elders  aTe  ehtruikte'd 

ith  goVerhirieht^  so  that  without  thenithe'^  can  be  no  elections; 

Imissionisj  or 'excommUnicatioris';  that  they  luive  a  negative'  yipon 

e  acts  of 'theTrateriiity,  yet  that  the  brethiriBu  have  so  much  tit^rty^ 

lalnbthihgofcommbncoi^cehimeht  can  l>e  imposed  upon  them 

ilhout  their  consents    lie  asserts  the  neceksaty  coikimunion  of 

iKiirches  in  synods,  who  haVe' authority  to  enjoin  such  things,  as 

ay  rectify  disorders,  dissehsiohs,  and  confusions  Of  congrieefttions, 

id  upon  an  obstinate  refusal  to  comply  may  withdraw  communion. 

[he  following'is  a  catalogue  of  his  writings  ;  God's  promise  to  his 

iantaUori,  a  sermon,  1634  ;  a  letter  in  answer  to  objections  made 

unst  the  New  England  churches,  with  the  questions  proposed  to 

ch;  as  are  admitted  to  church  fellowship,  1641  ;  the  way  of  life, 

31 


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if-' 


2^ 


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4to  ;  God's  mercy  mixed  with  his  justice  ;  an  abstract  of  the  la\|£ 
of  New  England)  1641,  and  a  second  edition  in  1655  ;  this  abstract 
of  such  laws  ot  the  Jews,  as  were  supposed  to  be  of  perpetual  obij. 
gation,  was  drawn  up  in  1636,  when  Vane  was  govenior,  though  it 
was  never  accepted,  and  is  preserved  in  the  fifth  volume  of  the  his* 
toiical  collections  ;  the  church's  resurrection,  on  the  fifth  and  sixth 
verses  of  Revelation  xx,  1 643  ;  a  modest  and  clear  answer  to  Mr. 
Ball's  discourse  on  set  forms  of  prayer,  4to  ;  exposition  of  Revelai 
tion  xvi ;  the  true  constitution  of  a  paiticular,  visible  church,  1^43 . 
the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  and  power  thereof,  4to,  I644  ■ 
th6  doctrine  of  the  church,  to  which  is  committed  the  keys  ot  the 
kingdom  of  heaven  ;  the  covenant  of  God's  free  grace  atost  sweet* 
ly  unfolded,  to  wiiich  \z  added  a  profession  of  iaith  by  the  reverend 
Mr.  Davenport,  1645  ;    the  way  of  the  churches  of  Christ  in  New 
England,  or  the  way  of  churches  walking  in  brotherly  equality  &c. 
4to  i  this  was  published  from  an  imperfect  copy,  and  represents 
Mr.  Cotton  as  less  friendly  to  the  authority  of  the  elders,  than  he 
really  was  ;  the  pouring  out  of  the  seven  vials,  4to  ;  the  controver. 
sy  concerning  liberty  of  conscience  truly  stated,  1646  ;  a  treatise 
shewing,  that  singing  of  psalms  is  a  j^ospel  ordinance,  1647  ;  the 
grounds  and  ends  of  the  baptism  of  the  children  of  the  f£uthful,l647 
a  letter  to  Mr.  Williams  4to  ;  the  bloody  tenet  washed  and  made  1 
white  in  the  blood  of  the  lamb,  being  discussed  and  dikcharged  of 
blood  guiltiness  by  just  defence,  in  answer  to  Mr.  Williams,  to  I 
which  is  added  a  reply  to  Mr.  Williams'  answer  to  Mr.  Cotton's 
letter,  1647  ;  questions  propounded  to  him  by  the  teaching  elders, 
with  his  answer  to  each  question;  the  way  of  congregational  church- 
es cleared  in  two  treatises,  against  Mr.  Baylie  and  Mr.  Rutherford, 
1 64a ;  of  the  holiness  of  church  members,  proving,  that  ^sible 
ssunts  are  the  matter  of  the  church,  1 650  ;  a  brief  exposition  of  ec* 
clesiastes,  1654 ;  his  censure  upon  the  way  of  Mr.  Henden  of  KenU 
1656  ;  sermons  on  the  first  epistle  of  John,  folio  ;  a  discourse  odI 
things  indilFerent,  proving,  that  no  church  governors  have  power  to 
impose  indifferent  things  upon  the  consciences  of  men  ;  exposiiioa 
of  Canticles,  8vo  ;  milk  for  babes,  a  catechism  ;  meat  far  strongl 
men.— ^or?on*«  and  Mather* a  life  of  Cotton  ;  Mather'a  magnalia^M 
14—31  ;  Map9  Jv.Eng.  i.  305—307  ;  Coll.hiat.  aoc.  v.  171 ;  ix.4ll 
— 44  ;  HutcMnaony  i.  34,  55—75,  115,  179  ;   Winthrofi^  52— I5J. 

COTTON  (Seabohn),  minister  of  Hampton,  New  Hampshire,! 
^vas  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  boni  at  sea  in  August  1633,1 
while  his  parents  were  on  their  voyage  to  New  England.  His  namel 
is  ^)ut  Marigena  in  the  catalogue  of  Harvard  college,  where  he  vatl 
gn>duatedin  1651.  He  was  ordained  at  Hampton  in  1660  as  suol 
cessor  of  Mr.  Wheelwright,  and  died  in  1686  aged  fifty  three  yean,! 
He  was  succeeded  by  his  son.  During  governor  Cranfield's  adl 
ministration  the  reverend  Mr.  Moody  was  imprisoned  for  refiisi!)?! 
to  administer  the  sacrament  to  him.    The  next  week  the  govcmoi 


n  •  * 


i  .,     H 


COT. 


235 


^t  word  to  Mr  Cottoojthat. "  when  he  had  prepared  his  soul)  he 
^ould  coitie  and  demand  the  sacrament  of  him,  as  he  had  done  at 
Portsmouth.**  This  threat  induced  Mr.  Cotton  to  withdraw  for 
some  time  to  Boston.  He  was  esteemed  a  thorough  scholar,  and 
an  able  preacher.  The  heresies  of  his  name  sake  Pelagius,  which 
bad  been  revived  in  the  world,  he  regarded  vnih  abhorrence.— Mijr- 
35i^,iil,  20,  31  ;  Belknafi*a  A*.  Hamfiahiref  i.  208  ;  iii.  302. 

COi  "i'ON  (John),  minister  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  and  of 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  John  Cot- 
ton of  Boston,  and  was  bom  about  the  year  1638.  He  was  educat- 
ed at  Harvard  college,  where  he  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 
artsin  1657.  From  the  year  1664  to  1667  he  preached  on  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  to  a  congregation  of  white  people,  and  also  to  the 
Indians,  having  acquired  a  good  knowledge  of  their  language  ;  and 
thus  he  affoi^dcd  great  assistance  to  Thomas  Mayhew,  esquire,  who 
was  laboring  to  make  the  heathen  acquainted  with  the  glad  tidings 
of  salvation.  In  November  1667  he  removed  to  Plymouth  on  the 
invitation  of  the  people  in  that  town,  but  was  not  ordained  until  June 
30, 1669.  He  continued  here  about  thirty  years.  He  was  a  very 
iaithful  minister,  and  his  exertions  were  extensively  useful.  He 
was  completely  occupied  in  doing  good  by  visiting  the  families  in 
his  parish  with  the  ruling  elders,  catechising  the  children,  and  at- 
tending church  meetings,  and  by  his  public  preaching  on  the  sab-' 
j)atb.  Befor*^  the  admission  of  any  person  into  the  church  he  requir- 
ed a  relatiou;  -  • '  public  or  private,  of  the  experience  of  a  work  of 
dime  grace.  asually  expounded  the  psalm,  which  was  sung, 

and  the  psalms  were  sung  in  course.  In  1 68 1  the  practice  of  read* 
ing  the  psalm  line  by  line  was  introduced  from  regard  to  a  brother, 
who  was  unable  to  read.  Some  difference  of  opinion  between  him 
und  his  church  respecting  the  settlement  of  a  neighboring  minister 
having  arisen,  and  there  being  no  prospect  of  a  reconciliation,  he 
was  induced  to  ask  a  dismission,  which  was  granted  October  5, 
1697.  Being  soon  invited  to  South  Carolina,  he  set  sail  for  Charles- 
ton November  15,  1698.  After  his  arrival  he  gathered  a  churchy 
and  labored  with  great  diligence  and  much  success  till  his  death, 
September  18,  1699,  aged  about  sixty  years.  In  the  short  space  of 
time,  that  he  lived  here,  twenty  five  were  added  to  the  number,  of 
which  the  church  consisted,  when  it  was  first  organized ;  and  many 
were  baptized.  His  church  erected  a  handsome  monument  over 
his  grave. 

Mr.  Cotton  was  eminent,  while  in  MassacTiusetts,  for  his  acquaint- 
ance with  the  Indian  language.  When  he  bep;an  to  learn  it,  he  hir- 
ed an  Indian  for  his  instructer  at  the  rate  of  twelve  pence  a  day  for 
fifty  days  ;  but  his  knavish  tutor,  having  received  his  whole  pay  in 
advance,  ran  away  before  twenty  days  had  expired.  Mr.  Cotton 
however  found  means  to  perfect  his  acquaintance  with  the  barbarous 
dialect.    While  at  Plymouth  he  frequently  pieachcd  to  the  Indians^ 


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«4  at  Cainbri4g;|B 

-TT*128,  137  ;  Matheft  magnfUhy  iii.  19^,,  JSS,  200  ;  A^J^c^,*,  ^". 

dtq^c^nverta  i  flQltflea*  unnaifttUiA?' 

CpTTON  (Jo." J')*  minUter  pf  ^fefewtofl,  Ms^s^dw^fctt^  wagj 
descendant  of  jthe  qe^brated  My.  Cpttjin  o^  Qoston.  ^e  wa^  grad- 
uated at  H^ard  college  in  1710.  Havj^^  been  ,qrd|ULQed  f>»  auc. 
cesser  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Hobart  Noveii^ber  ^^17  l^t  hfi  coptinu' 
^d  in  this  place  till  his  death,  May  ,17,  1757,  in  ^he  sixty  fQ^rt|, 
y^jar  of  his  age.  He  was  faithful,  feryeot,  and  su^c^esi^iAl  ik)^  la. 
l}ors  $4  T&s  P^urticularly  happy  in  j^eeing  tlie  atlj^ntion  of  l^s  {)eo. 
pie  J  ,reUgious  truths  ip  i729  and  1740.  He  published,  with  oUier 
djiscourj^e?,  a  i^ermon  o^n  the  death  of  the  reverend  Natnuiiel  Cotton 
pf  Bristol,  1729  ;  ^  sermon  at  the  privation  pf  jus  l^ptJier,  W^ 
Cottoi),  17.^4  ;  >4id  fpur  sermpns,  addressed  to  yputj^;  173.9<rr^o. 
mtr'i'fd^t.  J\/efuton  f  Collect,  ffiat.  aoe.  v.  273---?76. 

CRAOpCK  (Tj^oiiA»),^ector  p^  St.  Thom^',  Baltimqre  county, 
Ma^ybnd,  delivered  a  sermon  in  1753  before  ;th^  gov<y|ior  and  as< 
seoibly  00  t]he  irregpu}arit'  ^9  of  some  pf  thp  clergy,  ^e  also  p\ib. 
iisl^  an  1756  a  version  o^t^ie  psalms  of  David  in  heiroic  mca^i^re, 
lyhich^  though  not  Restitute  of  merit,  will  hardly  attr^  many  read- 
cn>  at  tjie.  present  day.  \ 

Cj^PIX  (John  Baptut  ok  la),  SjBcpnd  bishop'pf  Quebec,  ym 
of  a  noble  &jmily  in  Grenoble,  «md  was  ai^o^te^  first  almoner 
to  t^uis  X^y.  He  came  to  Capada  aiiput  the  year  1685,  a&  suc- 
cessor to  L^val,  the  first  bishop.  JHte  dijpd  Deceml)er  28,  1727,  in 
the  seVicnty  fifth  year  of  his  age,  having  bc^en  forty  two  yeara  jj) 
Quebec*  Su^ch  was  his  benevolence^  that  he  foundi^d  three  hospi. 
tals,  and  distributed  among  the  poor  more  than  a  millipn.of  livres,-. 
IVynne*a  Brit,  emfiire  in  .America^  ii.  138r— 141. 
>  CI103  WELL  (  Andbew),  minister  in  Boston,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1728.  After  having  been  settled  for  some  ttnu: 
in  Grotrni,  Connecticut,  he  was  inatalled  over  a  society  in  Boston, 
vhich  was  formed-  by  persons  from  other  churches,  October  6, 
1738.  The  church,  which  was  occupied,  was  forme^y  ppssessed 
hy  Mr.  Le  Mercier*s  society^  and  after  Mr.  Croswell's  death  it  was 
converted  into  a  Roman  Cathplic  chapel.  He  died  April  12, 1785, 
|n  the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age.  It  w^s  his  fate  to  be  en- 
gaged much  in  controversy.  He  published  a  narrative  pf  the  new 
congregadonal  church  ;  what  U  Christ  to  me,  if  he  U  not  mine, 
or  a  reasonable  defence  of  the  old  protestant  doctrine  of  justifying 
£^ith)  ^740  ;  an  answer  to  Gileifi  Firmin's  eight  arguments  in  rela- 
tion to  this  subject ;  several  sermp^s  against  Arminians  ^  cpnjTOTer- 
sial  writings  with  Turell,  Cumming,  and  others  ;  par|^  of  ai^  expo- 
sition of  Paul's  journey  to  Damascus,  shewing,  t'  at ,  giving  more 
th^i  forty  stripes  is  breaking  the  moral  law,  l76^  ;  remarks  dh 


CUM. 


237 


^a^  WfwbmtQn's  sermon  befpre  ^he  society  Sjor  .pvopagi^Ung  the 
eQsp^^7.68;  ren)?trk^  on  coQiffneiiceineiH  drollery }  17,7)#— •C9^ 
jtci./iut.«oc.m.%64. 

CUMING  (John),  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  tvra»  on  »m- 
^p^t^by»ipiAn  of  Concord,  Maisacbusetts,  and  died  at  Chelmftford 
^uly  3, 1)798,  Vfithfi  sixty .^isat  y^ar  of  hi^  age.  He  was.a  christiaii« 
irho  early  devoted  t^maelf  to  the  Aerrice  of  Ms  Maker,  and  be  died 
ID  peace.  J^  wa^  a  friiend  tp  leapning,  charitable  to  thp  poor^  and 
coD^taAtly  ^yertipg  himself  to  pro^iote  the  good  of  society.  His 
ge^e^MS  dp^aUonsi.'^r  tbie  benj^fitof  the  poor,  jfor  the  msdnteoance 
of  ^hQ(4^>  for  a  libi;ary  jfi  Concord,  iMWijl  to  the  college  in  Cambridge 
tpwaiids  ^e  siiipportpf  a  medical  prol^ssor,  ane -evidences  of  .hi^  en- 
]|gbt(;ned  be.aevple9ce.F-./»i/Q^mden/  cbrorUcUi  Juiy  24,  ^788. 

.jCyMMIjbfG  (^LK^ANDEpi)^  minjlsterin  JBoston,  vaa  educated 
^i  New  Jerspy  qollege..  Hp  was  installed  as  colleague  with  the  rpv<- 
enend  JD^.  Sewall  Feb^i^ary  ^Sj  1761,  and  he  died  in  Uiie  jveacc 
c^ax^risti^n  4^£us!t  25, 1763,  in  the  U^rty  seventh  year  lof  Jus 
^e.  Hjis  n^d  readily  co|n];whPi¥led  points,  which  to  others  werp 
intripate  and  abstruse,  and  ^is  {Mjiblip  discourses  w«re  fre%uP9tly  fA 
^uch  sub^Ctte.  He  was  jspalous  against  the  errors  of  the  day.  The 
9«rmoo,  wliich  he  prieaphed  ^  his  own  iinstalment,  was  puhlMhed, 
fOid  it  is  a  specin^n  of  his  ^lents,  s^  of  hi^  regard  tp  thp  trutlw 
of  tlie  mQspth—^SevHiWafim.iierm.' 

iCySHINQ  (T^i>,M4s,  ^L.  p.),  Jiputenant  governor  of  Massachu* 
setts,  was  born  in  the  year  17.25,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  pol- 
lege  in  1744.    Jn  early  life  he  was  called  to  respectable  public  offic- 
er.   Having  beiep  chpsf^  r'Ppresentat^ve  of  Bostoyti  in  the  general 
cpi^rt,  his  patriotism  and  talents  soon  procured  him  the  app(Mnt« 
mentof  ^ipaHer,  a  place,  which  his  fether,  who  died  April   11, 
1746,  had  occupied  with  great  reputauon.    Whye  in  the  chair,  it 
was  resplvpd  in  the  contn>vejrsy  with  England  to  make  an  appeal  to 
arms,  and  he  bent  al)  Ms  exertions  to  promote  Kibe  pauae  of  his 
cojUQtry.    He  was  a  judicious  and  active  member  iof  ^he  first  and 
second  congress.    0^  his  return  to  his  own  s^te  he  was  elpcted  in- 
to the  council,  which  then  constituted  the  supreme  execuitive.    Hp 
was  also  appointed  pdge  of  the  courts  of  common  pleiasiind  pf  prp- 
bate  v^  Suffplki  which  stations  he  held  till  tlie  adoption  of  the  state 
con»(,iti|ytipp.    Being  then  appointed  lieutenant  governor,  he  re- 
mained in  that  ollice  tiil  his  death.    Hp  d>pd  Febnttary  28,  1788,  in 
the  sixty  third  year  of  his  ^ge,  having  had  the  sati^i^tioo.,  a  few 
days  bejforp,  of  seeing  the  new  federal  constitution  nttified  in  Mas- 
sachusetts.   He  was  from  youth  a  professor  of  religion  i  the  iik>- 
tives  of  the  gospel  governed  him  through  life  ;  and  at  the  hour  of 
his  departure  from  the  world  its  suil>l^me  doctrines  and  its  pro.nises 
gsuve  him  support.     He  was  a  man  of  abilities  ;  a  distinguished  pa- 
triot ;  a  friend  of  Iparnsng  ;  charitable  to  the  poor  ;  and  amiable  In 


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all  the  relations  oF  life.  His  days  were  passed  in  constant  exertion 
lor  the  public  good. — American  mtueumf  vii.  163,  164;  CentineL 
March  1,  1788  ;  Hardie'a  biog,  diet. 

GUSHING  (Jacob,  D.D.)>  minister  of  Walthain,  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Job  Cushing  of  Shrewsbury,  and 
was  bom  February  28,  1730.  Having  passed  his  collegial  studies 
with  reputation,  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1748.  He 
was  ordained  November  22,  1752.  After  continuing  fifty  six  years 
in  the  ministry,  he  died  suddenly  January  18,  1809,  in  the  seventy 
ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  mild  and  benevolent  in  his  temper, 
and  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  pastoral  office  was  con- 
spicuous for  discretion  and  prudence.  He  professed  neither  attach- 
ment to  J'  'ogical  systems,  nor  abhorrence  of  them,  grounding 
his  opin.  i  directly  on  the  scriptures.  In  hvj  preaching  however 
he  was  not  so  fond  of  dwelling  upon  those  doctrines  of  the  sacred 
volume,  which  are  controverted,  as  upon  the  practical  views  of  the 
gospel.  It  was  remarkable,  that  as  he  travelled  into  years,  he  in- 
creased in  the  fervor  and  animation  of  his  delivery  ;  so  that  on  the 
borders  of  fourscore  he  was  more  zealous  and  acceptable  than  when 
in  the  meridian  of  life.  He  published  the  tbllowing  sermons  ;  at 
the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Samuel  Williams,  1766 ;  at  the  or- 
dination of  the  reverend  Elisha  Biowne,  1771 ;  at  the  ordination  of 
the  reverend  Jacob  Biglow,  1773  ;  a  sermon  preacher  at  li^xington 
April  20,  1778;  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Joseph  Jackson, 
1776. — Columbian  centinel^  February  8,  1809. 

CUSHMAN  (ROBERT),  distinguished  in  the  history  of  Plym- 
outh colony,  was  one  of  those  worthies,  who  quitted  England  for 
the  sake  of  liberty  of  conscience,  and  settled  at  Ley  den.  In  1617 
he  was  sent  to  England  with  Mr.  Carver  to  procure  a  grant  of  lands 
in  America,  and  in  1619  he  was  sent  again  with  Mr.  Bradford,  and 
obtained  a  patent.  He  set  sail  with  the  first  company  in  1620,  but 
the  vessel  proving  leaky  he  was  obliged  to  relinquish  the  voyage. 
He  did  not  arrive  at  Plymouth  till  November  10,  162 1,  and  tarried 
only  a  month,  being  under  the  necessity  of  returning  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  the  plantation  to  the  merchant  adventurers,  by  whose  assist- 
ance the  first  settlers  were  transported.  While  preparing  to  rejoin 
his  ftiends  in  Americ<'\.  he  was  removed  to  another  and  better  coun- 
try in  1626.  He  was  a  man  of  activity  and  enterprise,  respectable 
for  his  talents  and  virtues,  well  acquainted  Vi^ith  the  scriptures,  and 
a  professed  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ.  After  his  death  his  family 
came  to  New  England,  and  his  son,  Thomas  Cushman,  succeeded 
Mr.  Brewster,  as  ruling  elder  of  the  church  of  Plymouth.  He  died 
Jn  1691,  in  the  eighty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  Mr.  Cushman,  dur- 
ing  his  short  residence  at  Plyr.iouth,  though  not  a  minister,  deliver- 
ed a  discourse  on  the  sin  and  danger  of  self  love,  which  was  printed 
at  Lomlon  in  1622,  at  Boston  in  1724,  and  at  Plymouth  in  1785, 
with  an  appendix  by  John  Davis,  esquire,  containing  an  account  ol 


1  -I 


t  i 


CUT. 


S39 


>Ir.  Cushroan.  The  design  of  the  discourse  was  to  repress  the  de- 
tiie  of  personal  property,  which  was  beginning  to  exhibit  itself,  and 
to  persuade  our  fathers  to  continue  that  entire  community  of  inter- 
ests, which  they  at  first  established.  Extracts  from  this  valuable 
and  curious  relic  of  antiquity  are  preserved  in  Belknap.— s^/i/irn- 
dix  to  thia  diacourae  ;  Belkna/i'a  Atner,  biografihy^  ii.  367^280. 

CUTLER  (John),  long  an  eminent  physician  and  surgeon  in 
Boston,  died  September  23,  1761,  in  the  eighty  sixth  year  of  his 

age. 

CUTLER  (Timothy,  d.  d.),  president  of  Yale  college,  was 
the  son  of  major  John  Cutler  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1701.  He  was  ordained  Jan- 
uary 11)  1709  minister  of  Stratford,  Connecticut,  where  he  contin- 
ued ten  years  in  high  esteem,  being  the  most  celebrated  preacher 
in  the  colony.  In  1719  he  was  chosen  president  of  Yale  college, 
and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  ofRce  in  the  same  year.  His 
predecessor  was  Mr.  Pierson,  in  the  interval  between  whose  death 
and  his  accession  the  college  had  been  removed  to  New  Haven.  The 
appointment  of  Mr.  Cutler  was  considered  as  an  auspicious  event 
to  the  institution,  for  he  was  a  man  of  profound  and  general  learn- 
ing, particularly  distinguished  for  his  acquaintance  with  oriental 
literature,  and  he  presided  over  the  college  with  dignity  and  repu- 
tation. In  1722  he  was  induced  in  consequence  of  reading  the 
vrorks  of  a  number  of  late  writers  in  England  to  renounce  the  com- 
munion of  the  congregational  churches,  and  the  trustees  therefore 
passed  a  note  "  excusing  him  from  all  further  service,  as  rector 
of  Yale  college,"  and  requiring  o*"  future  rectors  satisfactory  evi- 
dence of  *'  the  soundness  of  the  /aitb  in  opposition  to  Anninian 
and  prelatical  corruptions."  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Williams. 
He  went  to  Boston  in  October,  where  a  new  church  was  offered  to 
him,  and  embarked  with  Mr.  Johnson  for  England  November  fifth. 
In  the  latter  end  of  March  1723  he  was  ordained  first  a  deacon  and 
then  a  priest.  From  Oxford  he  received  his  degree  of  doctor  in 
divinity.  He  set  sail  on  his  return  to  America  July  twenty  sixth,  and 
soon  after  became  rector  of  Christ  church  in  Boston,  where  he  con- 
tinued till  his  death  August  17,  1765,  aged  eighty  two  years. 

He  was  a  man  of  strong  powers  of  mind.  He  spoke  Latin  with 
great  fluency  and  dignity,  and  he  was  one  of  the  best  oriental  schol- 
ars, ever  educated  in  this  country.  President  Stiles  represents  him, 
as  having  more  knowledge  of  tlie  Arabic  than  any  man  in  New 
England  before  him,  except  president  Chauncy,  and  his  disciple, 
Mr.  Thacher.  He  was  also  well  skilled  in  logic,  metaphysics, 
moral  philosophy,  theology,  and  ecclesiastical  history.  He  was  a 
man  of  commanding  presence.  At  the  head  of  the  college  he  was 
highly  respected.  He  published  a  sermon  before  the  general  court 
at  New  Haven,  1717  ;  and  ia  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  honori\ble 
Thomas  Greaves,  \7  57  .—'Cmter's  funeral  sermon  ;  Miltery'iH,  S59  ; 


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Gfa^«  M«fOfy  «/^  Tate  coUegey  31  ;  ir/IM^(^V  JounUt  in  /IT.  Ji, 
\f40j  49';  Chandler**  Hfr  qf  JohntoHi  If,  37U»S9-i  Sbthiee  i(/i 
qfSHUv^  3B7  ;  andanrtaU^  ii.  337. 

DAGGETT  (Natbtalx,  d.  o.^t^residbfit  of  Tale  cdllege; 
MTiis  a  native  of  Attleboroogh,  Massdchusetts;  He  ivM  Ifi  1749 
graduated  at  the  institution,  which  wati  afterwards  enti^sted  tb  hts 
care.  IH° the  year  Ifsi  he  was'  settled  in  the  mir^stry'  at  Smith 
Towri  on  Long  Island^  from  whence  he  was  removed  in « If  56  t6 
New  Haven,  and  accepted  the  appointment  of  professor  of  divinity 
in  the  college.  Thra  oftce  he  filled  the  remainder  of  his  life.  At- 
tfcr  thedeftth  df  Mr.  Clap  in  1766  he  officiated  as  president  tUl  Aw 
pril  1,  17ff,  when  he  resigned  the  chair*.  The  reterotfd  Dr.  Stilek 
was  appointed  his<  buccessor:  In'  1779  he  distinguished  hittself  by 
his  bravery,  when  the  British  attacked  New  Haven.  He  died  No< 
vember  25^  1780,  and  was  succeeded  in  his  professorship  by  th^ 
rieVerend  Samuel  Wales.  Hb  was  a  good  classical  sdvotar,  and  a 
liefamed  divine.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the 
reverend  Ebenezer  Baldwin,  1770;  at  the' ordination  of  the  rever- 
end Joseph  Howe,  1 77*6. -M//o/mtf«*  life  <{f  SiUetf  393,  396;  Oen. 
nhr.  qf  Connecticut.,  413. 

DANFORTH  (Thomas),  president  of  the  district  of  Mahie, 
was  born  in  England  in  1 62  3 .  After  his  arrival  in  this'  c6untry ,  he 
lived' at' Cambridge,  and  had  great  influence  in  the  mana'gement  of 
public  afifairs  in  difficult  times.  He  wto  an  ataistant  in  1^59:  In 
\&f9  he  ^V"as  elected  deputy  governor:  In  the"  same  yeajf  the  ih- 
habitants  uf  the  district  of  Maine,  being  no  longer  attached  to  ]VfaS)> 
sachubetts  us  a  countyj  elected  him  president  of  the  province.  Itt 
actiordihgly  ppetied  his  court  at  York,  and  grtoted  several  parcels  of 
limd'.  He  continued  in  thl«  office,  ahd  in  that  of  deputy"'  governor 
till tihe  arrival  of  Andrbs'at  the  end  of  the  year  \6ttei  ahd  diiriA|; 
this  time  resided  chiefly  in  Cambridge.  In  16^1  he  united  with 
Obokin,  Cooke,  and  others  in  opposing  the  acts  of  trade;  and  vihdi- 
eating  the  chartered  rights  of  his  country.  He  ded  in  1699  aged 
seventy  seven  years.  He  wasra  man  of  great  ihtegiity  ahd  wii^m. 
In  the  time  of  the  witchcraft  delusionin  1 693  he  evinced  the'  cor> 
recme&s  of  is  judgnienfand  his  firmness  by  cottdemkdng  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  courts.  His  two  brothers  were  miidsters  of  Rox- 
bury  and  of  Billerica. — Hutchirisdn^  i.  189^.  323^  339^,  331,  380, 
404;  StilHvtin*3  district  of  Main&y  385,  386;  C6Hetttf>M  hiatbricdl 
society:,  v.  75. 

DANFORTH  (Samuel),  minister  of  Roxbdry,  Massachusetts, 
wai'bom  in  England  in  1626,  and  came  tb  this  country  with  his  fa- 
ther in  r6S4.  After  he  Was  graduated  at  Harvard  cbttege  in  1 643 
be  AVas  a  tutor  and  fellow.  When  Mr.  Welde  retUtlied  to  England, 
Mr.  Danfbrth  was  invited  to  become  the  colleague  oif  the  reverend 
Mr.  Eliot  of  Roxbury,  and  he  was  accordingly  ordained  September 
3  i,  1650.    He  died  November  19,  1674,  aged  fiirty  eight  years. 


i:? 


DAN. 


241 


t{is  sermons  were  elaborate,  judicious^  and  methodical ;  he  Wrote 
them  twice  over  in  a  fair,  large  hand,  and  in  each  discourse  usually 
quoted  forty  or  fifty  passages  of  scripture.  Notwithstanding  this 
caN  and  labor  he  was  m>  i^ectionate  and  pathetic,  that  he  rarely 
finished  the  delivery  of  a  sermoo  without  weeping.  In  the  forenoon 
he  usually  expounded  the  old  testament,  and  in  the  afternoon  dis- 
coursed on  the  body  of  divinity.  His  wife,  whom  he  married  in 
1551,  was  the  daughter  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Wilson,  and  when  he 
was  contracted  to  her  before  his  marriage,  a  sermon  was  preached 
by  Mr.  Cotton,  according  to  the  old  usage  of  New  England.  Such 
was  his  peace  in  his  last  moments,  that  Mr.  Eliot  used  to  say, "  my 
brother  Danforth  made  the  most  glorious  end,  that  I  ever  saw."  Mr. 
Welde  wrote  a  poem  on  his  death,  in  which,  in  allusion  to  this 
event  and  the  erection  of  a  new  house,  he  says  in  the  spirit  of  the 
times, 

Our  new  built  church  now  suffers  too  by  this, 
ib  -  Larger  its  windows,  but  its  light  are  less. 
Mr.  Danforth  was  not  unacquainied  with  astronomy.  He  published 
a  number  of  almanacs,  and  an  astronomical  description  of  the  com- 
et, which  appeared  in  1 664,  with  a  brief  theological  application.  He 
contends,  that  a  comet  is  a  heavenly  body,  moving  according  to  defin- 
ed laws,  and  that  its  appearance  is  portentous.  He  published  also  the 
cry  of  Sodom  inquired  into,  or  a  testimony  against  the  sin  of  un- 
cleanness  ;  and  the  election  sermon,  it  is  believed  in  1670,  entitled 
a  recognition  of  New  England's  errand  into  the  wilderness.— tMbrA- 
o-'»  magnalia^  iv.  1 53— 157. 

DANFORTH  (John),  minister  of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1677.  He  was  ordained  as  successor  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Flint* 
June  28,  1682.  From  this  period  he  continued  in  the  ministry  till 
his  death  May  26, 1730,  aged  seventy  eight  years.  The  reverend 
Jonathan  Bowman,  who  survived  him,  was  orduned  his  colleague  on 
the  fifth  of  November  preceding.  Mr.  Danforth  was  a  man  of  great 
learning,  and  while  he  possessed  an  uncommon  acquaintance  irith 
mathematics,  had  also  a  taste  for  poetry.  He  wrote  many  epitaphs 
upon  the  good  christians  ot  his  flock.  He  was  an  eminent  servant 
of  Jeras  Christ,  being  8oui)d  in  his  principles,  zealous  to  promote 
the  salvation  of  his  brethren,  upright,  holy,  and  devout.  The  fol- 
lowing lines,  which  are  a  version  of  Mr.  Eliot's  hints  on  the  prop- 
er method  of  teaching  the  Indians  the  christian  religion^  may  serve 
tfs  a  specimen  of  his  poetry. 

Till  agriculture  and  cohabitation  -  '*      ■ 

J     ^     Come  under  full  restraint  and  regulation, 

Much  you  would  do  you'll  find  impracticable) 
And  much  you  do  will  prove  unprofitable. 
The  common  lands,  that  lie  unfenc'd,  you  know, 
The  husbandman  in  vain  doth  plough  and  sow  $ 
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'  VVc  hope  in  vuin  the  plant  of  grace  will  tbrire  iXn,  ■ 
In  Ibrciits,  where  civility  cun't  live, 
lie  published  a  sermon  at  the  departvre  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Lor4 
iind  his  church  for  Carolina)  1697  ;  the  blacknestot  ftinning  aguinu 
the  light,  1710^  funeral  sermon  on  Edward  Bromfield,  esquire- 
jndf;mcnt  beg;un  at  the  house  of  God,  1716;  two  sermons  on  the 
carthquiikc,  to  which  is  added  a  poem  on  the  death  of  the  revert  nd 
Pe.er  Thachcr  of  Milton,  and  Samuel  Danlbrth  of  Taunton,  1727  • 
a  fast  sermon  ;  a  poem  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Ann  Eliot,  and  \ene9 
to  the  memory  of  her  husband,  the  reverend  John  Eliot.— •Co//«c^ 
hist.  »oc.  ix.  176,  177  ;  JVeitf  England  %veekly  journal^  June  I,  1730 

DANFCJRTH  (Samuel),  minister  of  Tuunton>  Massachusetts 
was  ihe  son  of  the  reverend  Mr.  DunfortJi  of  Roxbury,  and  W4s 
bom  December  la,  1660.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  collei;c 
in  1683.  His  death  took  place  November  14,  1727.  He  vnxa  one 
of  the  most  learned  and  eminent  ministers  of  his  day.  In  the  be. 
ginning  of  the  year  1705  by  means  of  his  benevolent  labors  a  deep 
impression  was  made  upon  the  minds  ot  his  people,  and  a  most 
pleasing  reformation  took  place.  The  youth,  who  formerly  assem- 
bled for  amtrscment  and  folly,  now  met  for  the  exalted  purpose  of 
imjDroving  in  christian  knowledge  and  virtue,  and  of  becoming  fit. 
ted  for  the  joys  of  the  heavenly  and  eternal  world,  in  the  presence 
«rf  Jelsua,  the  Savior.  Several  letters  of  Mr.  Danforth>  giving  an 
aecount  of  this  reformation,  are  preserved  in  Mr.  PrinceS  christian 
history.  He  published  an  eulogy  on  Thomas  Leonard,  1713,  and 
the  election  sermon,  1714.  He  left  behind  him  a  manuscript  In- 
dian dictionary,  a  part  of  which  is  now  in  the  library  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts historical  society.  It  seems  to  have  been  formed  iwn 
Eliot's  In<lian  bible,  as  there  is  a  reference,  wider  every  word,  to  g 
passage  of  sc^iptu^e.*-Co//cc^  /tiat.  aoc.  ui.  173  ;  ix.  176  ;  Chrut- 
tan  history y  i.  108. 

DARKE  (William),  a  brave  officer  during  the  American  war, 
was  born  in  FhiLidelphia  county  in  1736,  and  when  a  boy  accompa- 
nied his  parents  to  Virginia.  In  the  nineteenth  year  of  his  age  he 
joined  the  army  under  general  Braddock,  and  shared  in  the  dangei-s 
of  his  defeat  in  175  5.  In  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  Great  Brit- 
ain he  accepted  a  captain's  commission,  and  served  with  great  rep- 
utation till  the  close  of  the  war,  at  which  time  he  held  the  rank  of 
major.  In  1791  he  received  from  congress  the  command  of  a  reg- 
iment in  the  army  under  general  St.  Clsdr,  and  bore  a  distinguish^ 
part  in  the  unfortunate  battle  with  the  Indians  on  the  fourth  of  No- 
rcmbcr  in  the  same  year.  In  this  battle  he  lost  a  favorite  son,  and 
nan-owly  escaped  with  his  own  life.  In  his  retirement  during  his 
remaining  years  he  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  the  state,  which  had 
adopted  him,  and  Was  honored  with  the  rank  of  major  general  of  the 
militia.  He  died  at  his  seat  in  Jefferson  county  November  26, 
1801,  in  the  sixty  sixth  yeM*  of  his  age.— Ahv  York  'aficctator^  De- 
cember 18,  1801. 


DAV. 


243 


DAVENPORT  (Johw),  first  minister  of  New  Haven,  and  on« 
«fthe  founders  of  the  colony  of  that  numc,  was  boin  in  Uut  city  of 
ofCo.sntry  in  England  in  1597.     In  the  beginning  ol  tlte  year 
1613  he  was  sent  to  Merton  college,  Oxtord,  where  he  continued 
about  two  years.     He  was  then  removed  to  Muj^dalcn  hull,  which 
he  left  without  a  degree.     Retiring  to  London  he  became  an  emin- 
ent preacher  among  the  puritans,  and  at  length  minister  ol  St.  hke- 
pben's  church  in  Coleman  street.    In  1625  he  went  to  Magdalen 
hall,  and  performing  the  exercise  required,  took  the  dci^rec  of  bach- 
elor of  dtrinity.  By  his  great  industry  he  became  a  umvertal  schol- 
ar, and  as  a  preacher  he  held  the  Brst  rank.    There  was  in  his  de* 
livery  a  gravity,  an  energy,  and  an  engaging  eloquenco,  which  were 
seldom  witnessed.      About  the  year  1 630  he  united  with  Dr.  Gouge, 
Dr.  Sibs,  and  others  in  a  design  of  purchasing  impropriations,  and 
with  the  profits  of  them  to  provide  ministers  for  poor  and  destitute 
congregations.    Such  progress  was  made  in  the  execution  of  the 
plan,  that  all  the  church  lands  in  the  possession  of  laymen   would 
soon  have  been  obtained  ;     but  bishop  Laud,  who  was    appre- 
hensive, that  the  project  would  promote  the  interests  of  noncon« 
formity,  caused  Ihe  company  to  be  dissolved,  innl  the  money  to  be 
confiscated  to  the  use  of  his  majesty.     As  Mr.  Davenport  soon  be- 
came a  conscientious  nonconformist,  the  persecutions,  to  which  he 
vas  exposed,  obliged  him  to  rcbign  I  is  pastoral  charge  in  Coleman 
street,  and  to  retire  into  Holland  at  the  close  of  the  year  1633.    He 
was  invited  to  become  the  colleague  of  the  aged  Mr.  Paget,  pastor 
of  the  English  church  in  Amsterdam  ;  but  as  he  soon  withstood  the 
promiscuous  baptism  of  children,  which  was  practised  in  Holland, 
he  became  erigaged  in  a  controversy,  Vf  hichin  about  two  y-cars oblig- 
ed him  to  desist  from  his  public  ministry.     He  now  contented  lum- 
self  with  giving  private  instruction  -,  but  his  situation  becoming  un- 
comfortable, he  returned  to  London.    A  letter  Irom  Mr.  Cotton, 
giving  a  favorable  account  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  induced 
Mr.  Davenport  to  come  to  Boston,  where  he  arrived  June  '26, 1637, 
in  company  with  Mr.  Eaton  and  Mr.  Hopkins.      He  was  received 
with  great  inspect,  and  in  August  was  a  prudent  3nd  useful  member 
ot  the  synod,  which  was  occasioned  by  the  errors  of  the  day.     He 
sailed  with  his  company  March  SO,  1638  for  Quinnipiuck,  or  New 
Haven,  to  found  a  new  colony.       He  preached  under  an  oak  April 
eighteenth,  the  first  sabbath  after  their  arrival,  and  I  e  was  minister  here 
near  thirty  years .    He  endeavored  to  establish  a  civil  apd  religious  or- 
der more  strictly  in  conformity  to  the  word  of  God,  than  he  had  seen 
exhibited  in  any  pait  of  the  world.      In  the  government,  which  was 
established,  it  was  ord^ned,  that  none  but  membera  of  the  church 
should  enjoy  the  privileges  of  freemen.    He  was  anxious  to  promote 
the  purity  of  the  church,  and  he  therefore  wrote  against  the  result 
of  the  synod  of  1662,  which  met  in  Massachusetts,  and  recommed- 
ed  a  more  general  baptism  of  cluldren,  than  had  before  that  time 


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244 


DAV. 


been  prectis»ed.  He  was  scrupulouiljr  careful  in  admitUng  penooK 
to  church  communioni  it  being  a  fixed  principle  witli  him,  that  no 
person  should  be  received  into  the  church,  who  did  not  exhibit  ut> 
isfactory  evidence,  that  he  was  truly  penitent,  and  believing.  He 
did  not  think  it  possible  to  render  the  church  perfectly  pure,  an  tnen 
couid  not  search  into  the  heart,  but  he  was  persuadecl,  that  there 
•iiould  be  a  dittcrimination. 

After  the  death  of  Mr.  Wilson,  pastor  of  the  first  church  inBoi. 
ton,  in  1667,  Mr.  Davenport  was  invited  to  succeed  him  ;  and  at 
the  close  of  tht^  year  he  accordingly  removed  to  that  town.   He  was 
now  almost  seventy  years  of  age,  and  his  church  and  people  were  un- 
willing to  be  separated  from  him ;  but  his  colony  of  New  Haven 
hud  been  blended  with  Connecticut,  and  he  hoped  to  be  more  useful 
ill  Boston,  where  the  strictness  of  former  times  in  relation  to  cede* 
aiustical  discipline  had  been  somewhat  relaxed.    He  was  onioned 
pastor  December  9,  1 668,  and  the  reverend  James  Allen  at  the 
same  time  teacher.     But  his  labors  in  this  place  were  of  short  con* 
tinuance,  fisr  he  died  of  an  apoplexy  March  1 5,  1670,  in  the  seven* 
ty  third  year  of  his  age.    He  was  a  distinguished  scholar,  an  admir- 
able preacher,  and  a  man  of  exemplary  piety  and  virtue.    Such  wu 
his  reputation,  that  he  was  invited  with  Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Hooker 
to  take  a  seat  among  the  Westminster  divines.    Knowing  the  effi* 
cacy    of  prayer,  he  recommended  with  earnestness    ejtculatory 
addresses  to  heaven.    His  intrepidity  saved  Whalley  and  GofTe,  the 
judges  of  king  Charles,  who  fled  to  New  Haven  in  1 66 1 .    He  con* 
cealed  them  in  his  own  house,  and  when  the  pursuers  were  coming 
to  New  Haven  preached  publicly  from  Isaiah  xvi.  3,  4,  believing  it 
to  be  a  duty  to  afford  them  protection.    His  portrait  is  in  the  muse* 
um  of  Yale  college.     He  published  a  sermon  on  3  Samuel,  i.  18, 
1629  I  a  letter  to  the  Dutch  classis,  wherein  is  declaredlthe  misera- 
ble slavery  and  bondage,  that  the  English  church  at  Amsterdam  is 
now  in  by  reason  of  the  tyrannical  government  and  corrupt  doctrines 
of  Mr.  John  Paget,  1634  ;  instructions  to  the  elders  of  the  English 
church,  to  be  propoimded  to  the  pastors  of  the  Dutch  church  ;  a  re* 
port  of  some  proceedings  about  his  calling  to  the  English  church, 
against  John  Paget ;  allegations  of  scripture  against  the  baptizing 
of  some  kind  of  infants  ;  protestation  about  the  publication  of  his 
writings,  all  in  1 634  ;  an  apologetical  reply  to  the  answer  of  W. 
Best  1 636  ;  a  discourse  about  civil  govemment^in  a  new  plantation, 
who^e  design  is  religion  ;  a  profession  of  his  £aith  made  at  his  ad* 
mission  into  one  of  the  churches  of  New  England,  1642  ;   the 
knowledge  of  Christ,  wherein  the  types,  prophecies^  be.  relating  to 
him  are  opened  ;  the  Messiah  is  already  come,  a  sermon,  1653  ; 
saint's  anchor  hold  in  all  storms  and  tempests,  1661  ;  election  ser* 
mon,  1 669  ;  God's  call  to  his  people  to  turn  unto  him  in  two  fast 
sermons,  1670  ;  the  power  of  congregational  churches  asserted 
and  vindicated)  in  answer  to  a  treatise  of  Mr.  Paget,  1672.    He  al* 


DAV. 


MS 


10  frrote  In  Latin  » letter  to  John  Duiy*  which  was  tubicribed  bf 
the  rest  of  the  minister*  of  Neir  Haven  colony  t  and  he  gave  his  aid  lo 
Hr.  Norton  in  his  life  of  Cotton.  He  left  behind  tiim  an  expositioo 
on  the  Canticles  in  a  hundred  sheets  of  small  hand  writing,  but  it 
vts  never  published .^^ffood**  Jtthenm  Ox<mien*e»t  ii'  460—463, 
150  ;  Mathtr*t  magnatia^  iii.  5 1—57 ;  TrumbtUP*  CormecHcutt  i.  89, 
490..^93  ;  Morae\  and  J*ari*h'»  JVew  Englandy  133—139  ;  AVo/*« 
Km  England^  i.  386  ;  Hutchinson,  i.  84, 336  ;  IVinthrofi,  131, 354  i 
Holmet*  armaU,  i,  407  ;  StUrt*  hitt.  judgea,  33,  69  ;  JHardie**  diog. 
(HcHonary. 

DAVENPORT  (John),  minister  of  Stamford,  Connecticut,  died 
February  5,  1731,  in  the  sixty  second  year  of  his  age,  and  the  thir- 
ty sixth  of  his  ministry.  Courageous  in  the  reprehension  of  prev- 
alent vices,  and  pungent  in  his  addresses  to  the  conscience,  he  was 
eminently  faithful  as  a  minister,  and  being  devout  and  exemplary  in 
his  life  he  was  revered  by  all  good  men.  The  original  languagoSy 
in  which  the  scriptures  are  written,  were  almost  as  famili^vt  to  him 
u  his  mother  tongue.  When  he  read  the  bible  in  his  family,  he 
did  not  make  use  of  the  English  translation,  but  of  the  Greek  and 
Hebrew  0ii[;inal }  so  that  in  his  acquuntancc  with  these  languages 
« he  was  not  surpassed  by  any  survivors  within  many  scares  of 
miles  every  way."— -Cook't  funeral  aermon. 

DAVIE  (Mart)  died  at  Newton,  Massachusetts,  in  1753,  aged 
one  hundred  and  sixteen  years.  Her  portrait,  drawn  by  Smibert,  ia 
in  the  museum  of  the  historical  society.— //b/mf*'  annaia,  ii.  193. 

DAVIES  (Samuel),  president  of  Princeton  college  in  Neit 
Jersey,  was  born  November  3,  1724.  His  father  was  a  planter  in 
the  county  of  Newcastle  dn  the  Delaware  of  great  simplicity  ot 
manners  and  of  reputed  pi/ety.  He  was  an  only  son.  His  mother, 
iin  eminent  christian,  had  earnestly  besought  him  of  heaven,  and 
believing  him  to  be  given  in  answer  to  prayer,  she  named  him 
Samuel.  This  excellent  woman  took  upon  herself  the  task  of  teach- 
ing her  son  to  read,  as  there  was  no  school  in  the  neighborhood  ; 
and  her  efforts  were  rewarded  by  the  uncommon  proficiency  of  her 
pupil.  At  the  age  often  he  was  sent  to  a  school  at  some  distance 
from  home,  and  continued  in  it  two  years.  His  mind  was  at  this 
period  very  little  impressed  by  religious  truth,  though  he  was  not 
inattentive  to  secret  prayer,  especially  in  the  evening  ;  hv.i  it  was 
not  long  before  that  God,  to  whom  he  had  been  dedicated,  and  who 
deugned  him  for  eminent  service  in  the  gospel  of  his  Son,  was 
pleased  to  enlighten  and  renew  him.  Perceiving  Iiimself  to  be  a 
sinner,  exposed  to  the  awful  displeasure  of  God,  he  was  filled  with 
anxiety  and  terror.  In  this  distress  he  was  onubled  to  discern  the 
importance  and  all  sufficiency  of  the  salvation,  revealed  in  the  gos- 
pel. This  divine  system  of  mercy  nQw  appeared  in  a  new  light* 
It  satisfied  his  anxious  inquiries,  and  made  provision  for  all  hia 
^vaDt8.    In  the  blood  and  righteousness  of  the  Redeemer  be  fuvn^ 


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a&  unfailing  source  of  consolation.  His  comforts  ho^'evcr  ^vcre 
long  intermingled  with  douhts  ;  but  after  repeuted  and  impartial 
self  examination  he  attained  a  confidence  respecting  his  state,  which 
continued  to  the  close  of  life.  From  this  period  his  mind  seemed 
almost  entirely  absorbed  by  heavenly  things,  and  it  was  his  great 
concern,  that  every  thought,  word,  and  action  should  correspond 
with  the  divine  law.  Having  tasted  the  joys  of  religion,  he  became 
eagerly  desirous  of  impairing  to  his  fellow  sinners  the  knowledge 
of  the  trtuh.  With  this  object  before  him  he  engaged  with  new 
ardor  in  .l:erary  and  theological  pursuits.  Every  obstacle  was  sur- 
mounted ;  and  after  the  previous  trials,  which  he  passed  with  (lis> 
tinguished  approbation,  he  was  licensed  to  p  cacji  the  gospel. 

He  now  applied  himself  to  unfold  and  enforce  those  precious 
truths,  whose  power  he  had  experienced  on  his  own  heart.  His  fer* 
vent  zeal  and  undissembled  piety,  tiis  popular  talents  and  engaging 
methods  of  address  soon  excited  general  admiration.  At  this  time 
an  uncommon  regard  to  religion  existed  in  Hanover  county,  Vir- 
ginia, produced  by  the  benevolent  exertioni  of  Mr.  Morris,  a  lay- 
man. The  event  was  so  remarkable, and  the  Virginians  in  general 
were  so  ignorant  of  the  true  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  that  the  pres- 
bytery of  Newcastle  thought  it  incumbent  upon  them  to  send  thith- 
er a  faithful  preacher.  Mr.  Davies  was  accordingly  chosen.  He 
went  to  Hanover  in  April  1747,  and  soon  obtained  of  tfee  general 
court  a  license  to  officiate  in  four  meeting  houses.  After  preach- 
ing  assiduously  for  some  time,  and  not  without  effect,  he  returned 
"from  Virginia,  though  earnestly  invited  to  continue  his  labors.  A 
call  for  him  to  settle  at  Hanover  was  immediately  sent  to  the  pros- 
fcytery  ;  but  he  was  about  this  time  seized  by  complaints,  which  ap 
peared  consumptive,  and  which  brought  him  to  the  borders  of  the 
(grave.  In  this  enfeebled  state  he  determined  to  spend  the  remain- 
ider  of  his  life  in  unremitting  endeavors  to  advance  the  interests  of  I 
religion.  Being  among  a  people,  who  were  destitute  of  a  minister, 
his  indisposition  did  not  repress  his  exertions.  He  still  preached 
in  the  day,  while  by  night  his  hectic  was  so  severe,  as  sometimes 
to  render  him  delirious.  In  the  spring  of  1748  a  messenger  from 
'  JHanover  ^dsited  him,  and  he  thought  it  his  duty  to  accept  the  iini- 

*  tation  of  the  people  in  that  place.     He  hoped,  that  he  might  live  to 
organize  the  congregation.    His  iiealth,  however,  gradually  improv- 

•■^d.    In  October  1748  three  more  meeting  houses  were  licensed, 

•  end  among  his  seven  assemblies,  which  were  in  different  counties, 
jRt  a  considerable  distance  from  each  other,  he  divided  his  labors, 
His  preaching  encountered  all  the  obstacles,  which  could  arise  from 
blindness,  prejudice,  and  bigotry,  from  profaneness  and  immorafity. 
7ie  and  those,  who  attended  upon  his  preaching,  were  denominated 
ji^w  lights  by>the  more  zealous  episcopalians.  But  by  his  patience 
find  perseverance,  his  magn?nimity  and  piety,  in  conjunction  with  j 
|us  evangelical  and  powerful  ministry,  he  triumphed  over  opposi- 


DAV. 


247 


tton.  Contempt  and  aversion  were  gradually  turned  into  rever- 
ence. Many  were  attracted  by  cuiiosity  to  hear  a  man  of  such  dis- 
tinguished talents,  and  he  proclaimed  to  them  the  most  solemn  and 
impressive  truths  with  an  energy,  vrhich  they  could  not  resist.  It 
pleased  God  to  accompany  these  exertions  with  the  efficacy  of  his 
Spirit.  In  about  three  years  Mr.  Davies  beheld  three  hundred 
communicants  in  his  congregation,  whom  he  considered  as  real 
christians.  He  had  also  in  this  period  baptized  about  forty  adult  ne- 
groes, who  made  such  a  profession  of  saving  faith,  as  he  judged 
credible. 

From  this  scene  of  toil  and  of  christian  enjoyment  he  was  in  the 
providence  of  God  called  away  for  a  short  time.     In  1753  the  synod 
of  New  York,  at  the  instance  of  the  trustees  of  New  Jersey  college* 
chose  him  to  accompany  the  reverend  Gilbert  Tennent  to  Gieat 
Britain  to  solicit  benefactiuns  for  the  college.      This  service  he 
cheerfully  undertook,  and  he  executed  it  with  singular  spirit  and  suc- 
cess.   The  liberal  benefactions  obtained  from  the  patrons  of  relig- 
ion and  learning  placed  the  college  in  a  rebpectable  condition.     Af- 
ter his  return  to  America  he  entered  anew  on  his  beloved  task  of 
preaching  the  gospel  in  Hanover.     Here  he  continued  till  1759, 
when  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  college,  as  successor  of  pres- 
ident Edwards.     He  hesitated  in  his  acceptance  of  the  appointment, 
for  his  people  were  endeared  to  him,  and  he  loved  to  be  occupied  in 
the  various  duties  of  the  ministerial  ofRce.     But  repeated  applica- 
tions, and  the  unanimous  opinion  of  the  synod  of  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  at  length  determined  him.     He  was  inducted  into  his 
new  office  in  July  1759.     Here  th    vigor  and  versatility  of  his  ge- 
nius were  strikingly  displayed.     The  ample  opportunities  and  de- 
mands, which  he  found  for  the  exercise  of  his  talents,  gave  a  new 
spring  to  his  diligence ;  and  while  his  active  labors  were  multiplied 
and  arduous,  his  studies  were  intense.      He  left  the  college  at  his 
death  in  as  high  a  state  of  literary  excellence,  as  it  had  ever  known 
since  its  institution.    In  the  short  space  of  eighteen  months  he 
made  some  considerable  improvements  in  the  seminary,  and  was 
pardcularly  happy  in  inspiring  his  pupils  with  a  taste  for  writing  and 
oratory,  in  which  he  himself  so  much  excelled.  In  January  1761  he 
was  seized  by  an  inflammatory  fever,  which  terminated  his  life  on  the 
fourth  of  February,  w^hcn  he  was  but  little  more  than  thirty  six  years 
of  age.     During  most  of  his  sickness  his  disorder  deprived  him  of 
the  exercise  of  reason,  but  even  his  bewildered  mind  was  continu- 
ally imagining  some  expedient  for  promoting  the  Redeemer's  king- 
dom, and  the  good  of  mankind.    Jie  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of 
president  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Finley. 

The  Father  of  spirits  had  endued  Mr.  Davies  with  the  richest  in- 
tellectual gifts  ;  with  a  vigorous  understanding,  a  glowing  imagin- 
ation, a  fertile  invention,  united  with  a  correct  judgment,  and  a  re- 
i"ntivc  memory.     He  was  bold  and  enterprising,  and  destined  to 


,i! 


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Ilk    . 

4'  i- 


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•xcel  in  irhatever  lie  undertook.  Yet  was  he  divested  of  the  pride 
of  talents  and  of  science,  and  being  moulded  into  the  temper  of  the 
gospel  he  consecrated  all  his  powers  to  the  promotion  of  religum. 
"  O,  my  dear  brother,"  says  he  in  a  letter  to  his  friend.  Dr.  Gibbons, 
*i  could  we  sp«nd  our  lives  in  pwiful,  disinterested,  inde&tigable 
service  for  God  and  the  world,  how  serene  and  bright  would  it  ren* 
der  the  swift  approaching  eve  of  life  !  I  am  laboring  to  do  a  litU» 
to  save  my  country,  and,  which  is  of  much  more  consequence,  to 
save  souls  from  death,  from  that  tremendous  kind  of  death,  which  a 
soul  can  die.  I  have  but  little  success  of  late ;  but,  blessed  be  God, 
it  surpasses  my  expectation,  and  much  more  my  desert."  His  re« 
ligion  was  purely  evangelical.  It  brought  him  to  the  foot  of  the 
cross  to  receive  salvation  as  a  free  gift.  It  rendered  him  humble 
and  dissatisfied  Vith  himself  amidst  his  highest  attidnments.  While 
he  contended  earnestly  for  the  great  and  distinguishing  doctrines 
of  the  gospel,  he  did  not  attach  an  undue  importance  to  points,  res* 
pecting  which  chdsdans  may  differ.  It  was  the  power  of  religion, 
and  not  any  particular  form,  that  he  was  desirous  of  promoting,  and 
real  worth  ever  engaged  his  esteem  and  effection.  Having  sought 
the  truth  with  diligence,  he  avowed  his  sentiments  with  the  greatest 
simplicity  and  courage.  Though  decided  in  his  conduct,  he  was 
yet  remarkable  for  the  gentieness  and  suavity  of  his  disposition.  A 
friend,  who  was  very  intimate  with  him  for  a  number  of  years,  nev- 
er  observed  him  once  angry  duiing  that  period.  His  ardeiit  benev- 
olence rendered  him  the  delight  of  his  friends  and  the  admiration 
of  all,  who  knew  him.  In  his  generous  eagerness  to  supply  the 
wants  of  the  poor  he  often  exceeded  his  ability.  As  a  parent  he 
felt  all  the  solicitude,  which  nature  and  grace  could  inspire.  *f  There 
is  nothing,*'  he  writes,  ^*  that  can  wound  a  parent's  heart  so  deeply, 
as  the  thought,  that  he  should  bring  up  children  to  dishonor  his  God 
here,  and  be  miserable  hereafter.  I  beg  your  prayers  for  mine, 
and  you  may  expect  a  return  in  thfe  same  kind.— We  have  now 
three  sons  and  two  daughters.  My  dear  little  creatures  sob  and 
drbp  a  tear  now  and  then  under  my  instructions  ;  but  I  am  not  so 
happy  as  to  see  them  under  deep  and  lasting  impressions  of  relig- 
ion ;  and  this  is  the  greatest  grief  they  afford  me.'*  As  president 
of  the  college  he  possessed  an  admirable  mode  of  government  and 
instruction.  He  watched  over  his  pupils  with  the  tender  solicitude 
of  a  father,  and  secured  equally  their  reverence  and  love.  He 
seized  every  opportunity  to  inculcate  on  them  the  worth  of  their 
souls,  and  the  pressing  necessity  of  securing  immediately  the  bless* 
ing^  of  salvati'<n.  In  the  pulpit  he  presented  a  moddl  of  the  most 
striking  oratory.  His  hearers  were  all  attention,  and  their  passions 
were  at  his  command.  As  his  personal  appearance  was  august  and 
venerable,  yet  benevolent  and  mild,  he  could  address  his  auditory 
either  with  the  most  commanding  authority,  or  wiUi  the  most  melting 
tenderness.     When  he  spoke,  beseemed  to  have  tho' glories  and 


DAY. 


24d 


titfoi^  bf  the  unseen  world  in  his  eye.  He  seldom  preached  with- 
out producing  some  visible  emotions  in  great  numbers  present,  and 
^thout  making  ah  impression  on  one  or  more,  which  was  never  ef^ 
fiiced.  His  favorite  themes  were  the  utter  depravity  and  impotence 
of  man ;  the  sovereignty  and  free  grace  of  Jehovah  ;  the  divinity  of 
Christ ;  the  atonement  in  his  blood ;  justification  through  his  right- 
eousness ;  and  regeneration  and  sanctification  by  the  Holy  Spirit. 
He  viewed  these  doctrines,  as  constituting  the  essence  of  the  christ- 
ian  scheme,  and  he  considered  those,  who  attempted  to  subvert  and 
explun'them  away,  as  equally  hostile  to  the  truth  of  God,  and  the 
best  interests  of  men.  His  printed  sermons,  which  exhibit  his  sen- 
timents, abound  with  striking  thoughts,  with  the  beauties  and  ele- 
gancies of  expression,  and  with  the  richest  imagery.  His  highly 
ornamented  style  is  the  more  pardonable,  as  he  was  by  nature  a  po- 
et, and  forms  of  expression  were  familiar  to  him,  which  to  others 
may  seem  unnatural  and  affected. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  man's  primitive  state,  1?'48  ;  the 
state  of  religion  among  the  protestant  dissenters  of  Virginia  in  a 
letter  to  the  reverend  Joseph  Bellamyi  1751  ;  religion  and  patriot- 
ism the  constituents  of  a  good  soldier,  a  sermon  befor  s  a  company 
of  volunteers,  1755  ^  Virginia's  danger  and  remedy,!  wo  discourses 
occauoned  by  the  severe  drought  and  defeat  of  genf  ral  Braddock, 

1756  ;  curse  of  cowardice,  a  sermon  before  the  mili.ia  of  Virginia, 

1757  i  letters  from  1751  to  1757,  shewing  the  state  of  religion  in 
Virginia,  particularly  among  the  negroes ;  the  vessels  of  mercy 
and  the  vessels  of  wrath,  1758  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  George 
II,  1761  j  sefnions  on  the  most  useful  and  important  subjects,  3 
vol.  8vo,  1765,  which  have  passed  through  a  number  of  editions  ; 
and  sermons,  3  vol.  Byo^^—Pre/aat  to  hia  sermons;  Finley*s  and  Gib' 
btn's fun.  sermons  ;  Gibbon's  elegiac  fioem  ;  PanofiHsty  il.  155—160, 
349—356,  302 — 307  ;  Mddletnn'i  biog.  evang.  iv.  341-^350  j  M- 
tmhly'a  miss.  mag.  i.  371,  435,  536,  578  ;  ii.  341—^350  ;  the  state 
of  religion  in  Virginia  ;  Boat  wick's  account  f  prefixed  to  Davies*  term. 
m  Georgff  II  ;  Har die's  biog.  diet. 

DAYTON  (EtiAS))  a  brave  friend  of  his  country,  died  at  Phila- 
delphia in  July  1807,  in  the  seventy  first  year  of  his  age.  At  the 
commencement  (of  the  American  revolution,  though  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  every  domestic  blessing,  he  took  an  active  part,  and  never 
quitted  the  tented  field  till  the  consummation  of  independence.  He 
was  open,  generous,  and  sincere  ;  ardent  in  his  friendships  ;  scru- 
pulously upright  ;  in  manners  easy,  unassuming,  and  pleasant ; 
prompt  and  diffusive  in  his  charities  ;  and  also  a  warm  supporter 
of  the  gospel.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  held  the  office  of  ma- 
jor general.— flrotim'*  ylmerican  register^  ii.  76. 

DEANE  (Silas),  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court  of 
France,  was  a  native  of  Groton,  Connecticut,  and  was  graduated  at 
Vale  college  in  1758.     He  was  a  member  of  the  first  conpress, 

33 


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which  mtit  in  1774.  jfn  1776  he  was  dqmtcid  to  FruMte  m  a  poijt. 
leal  and  commercial  agent,  and  he  arrived  at  Pari*  in  June  with  ia* 
•tractions  to  sound  the  disposition  of  the  cabinet  on  the  controvert 
With  Great  Britiun,  and  to  endeavor  to  obtain  supplies  of  niilitarr 
stores.  In  September  it  was  agreed  to  appoint  ministers  to  nego- 
tiate treaties  with  foreign  powers,  and  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Jeffer. 
son  were  elected  to  join  Mr.  t)eane  in  France.  But  Mr.  Jefferson 
declining  the  appointment,  Mr.  Arthur  Lee,  then  in  London,  wu 
chosen  in  his  place.  It  is  remarkable,  that  the  delegates  of  Coop 
necticut  did  not  vote  for  Mr.  Deane.  In  December  the  three  com- 
missioners met  at  Paris.  Though  Mr.  Deane  assisted  in  negotiat* 
ing  the  treaty  with  ids  most  christian  majesty,  yet  he  had  very  little 
to  recommend  hi-n  to  the  high  station,  in  which  he  was  placed. 
He  was  instructed  to  ^ngage  not  exceeding  four  eng^eers,  and  he 
was  most  profuse  in  his  promise  of  offices  of  rank  to  induce  Frrnch 
gentlemen  to  come  to  America.  Congress  being  embarrassed  by 
his  contracts  was  under  the  necessity  of  recalling  him  November 
31,  1777,  and  Mr.  John  Adams  was  appointed  in  his  place.  He 
left  Paris  April  1,  1778.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country,  he  was 
desired  to  give  an  account  of  his  transactions  on  the  floor  of  con. 
gress,  but  he  did  not  remove  all  suspicions  of  having  misapplied 
the  public  monies  He  evaded  the  scrutiny  by  plead&ng,  that  his 
papers  were  in  Europe.  To  divert  the  public  attentiw  ^tom  him* 
selif  he  in  December  published  a  manifesto,  in  which  he  arraign^ 
before  the  bar  of  the  public  the  conduct  not  only  of  those  concerned 
in  foreign  negotiations,  but  of  the  members  of  congress  themselves. 
In  1784  he  puUished  an  address  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  complaining  of  the  manner,  in  which  he  bad  been  treated. 
He  went  soon  afterwards  to  Europe,  and  at  last,  reduced  to  extreme 
poverty,  died  in  a  miserable  condition  at  Deal  in  England  Augutt 
28, 1 789 d—Warrtfn'»  hist.  jimer.revohiHoni'u.  130—1^7 ;  MarthnOf 
ill.  155,  41 1  ;  iv.  5  ;  Hdrdie*s  Hog.  dictionary  ;  Gordon^  iii.  216. 

DELAWARE,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  «t 
Ai^st  settled  at  cape  Henlopen  by  a  colony  of  Swedes  and  Finns  b 
1627.  They  laid  out  a  small  town  near  Wilmington  in  I631,butit 
was  destroyed  by  the  Dutch.  They  were  at  first  subject  to  a  gov* 
ernor  under  a  commission  from  the  king  of  Sweden.  In  165^5 
they  we**^  subdued  by  the  Dutch  from  New  York,  and  they  con* 
tinued  under  this  government  until  the  Dutch  were  subdued  by  the 
JBnglish  in  1664,  when  they  passed  under  the  authority  of  the 
English  governor  of  New  York. 

In  1682  this  colony  was  united  to  Pennsylvania  under  sir  Will- 
iam r  >nn,  and  the  inhabitants  enjoyed  all  the  benefit  of  the  laws  of 
"the  province.  They  were  from  this  time  to  be  considered  as  the 
same  people.  The  freemen  were  summoned  to  attend  the  assem- 
bly in  person,  but  they  chose  to  elect  representatives.  In  the  set- 
tlement of  this  country  under  the  government  of  Mr>  Peon  the 


•  \ 


'ih^ 


DEL. 


251 


jilldl  wem  pntchued  and  not  forcibly  taken  from  the  natives.  The 
Dutch  had  pretioualy  adopted  a  uimilar  practice.  In  1693  the 
mTernment  of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  was  assumed  by  the 
^it)wn,  and  was  entrusted  to  colonel  Fletcher)  governor  of  New 
Yoi^.  But  in  the  latter  end  of  1693  the  government  was  restored 
(oMr.  Penh)  Who  appointed  William  Markham  lieutenant  governor. 
During  his  administration  in  1696  another  frame  of  government 
waa  adopted,  Which  continued  to  be  the  constitution  of  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Delaware  during  the  whole  dme  of  their  union  in  legisla- 
tion. 

When  the  next  charter  was  accepted  by  the  province  of  Penn- 
{ilvania  in  October  1701  it  was  totally  rejected  by  the  members  of 
die  three  lower  counties  of  Delaware.  This  rejection  and  conse- 
quent separation  did  not  originate  in  caprice.  By  the  new  charter 
the  principles  of  the  first  constituidon  were  essentially  altered. 
The  people  had  no  longer  the  election  of  the  council,  who  were  to 
lie  nominated  foy  the  governor.  He,  instead  ot  having  but  three 
votes  in  seventy  two,  was  left  single  in  the  executive,  and  had  the 
power  of  restraining  the  legislature  by  reiVinng  his  assent  to  their 
bills,  whenever  he  thought  fit.  •?,m''  »rr -».:j 

For  many  years  after  the  separation  the  repose  of  the  lower 
counties  remained  almost  undisturbed.  At  last  the  contests  be- 
tween the  two  proprietaries,  William  Penn  and  lord  Baltimore, 
revived,  and  when  the  claimants  were  satisfied  with  the  portion  of 
expense,  anxiety,  and  trouble,  which  fell  to  their  share  in  conse- 
quence of  their  dispute,  they  entered  into  articles  of  agreement  oh 
the  tenth  of  May  1732,  ascertaining  the  mode  of  settlement  and 
appointing  commissioners  to  complete  the  contract.  Those  ard- 
ctes  made  a  particular  provision  for  adjusting  the  controversy  foy 
drawing  part  of  a  circle  about  the  town  of  New  Castle  and  by  de« 
termining  the  boundary  line  between  Maryland  and  the  Delaware 
colony.  But  the  execution  of  those  articles  and  of  the  decree 
thereon  was  delayed  until  they  were  superseded  by  another  agree- 
ment  between  Frederic,  lord  Baltimore,  son  and  heir  of  Charles, 
lord  Baltimore,  and  the  proprietaries  of  Pennsylvania,  which  WiEfs 
made  July  4,  1760,  and  was  confirmed  by  decree  on  March  6,  1763. 
The  lines  wene  designated  from  actual  survey.  But  from  several 
causes  there  never  was  a  complete  chimge  of  jurisdiction  until  Mr, 
feini's  proclamation  for  that  purpose,  April  8,  1775.  By  an  a^ 
of  the  Delaware  legislature  of  the  second  of  September  the  change 
was  effected  and  the  boundaries  of  the  coimties  and  hundreds  es- 
tablished. 

The  tranquil  state  of  this  colony  was  not  much  intei'ruptedt 
e::cept  by  the  wars,  in  which  it  was  obliged  to  participate  frCm  its 
connection  with  Great  Britain.  In  the  war,  which  commenced  in 
IfSS  Delavi'are  was  inferior  to  none  of  the  colonies  in  furnishing; 
supplies  in  propor^oh  tp  its  wealth  and  ability.     In  the  year  1^6,9 


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its  c  .<^«n^tures  so  much  exceeded  ils  regular  proportion,  tint  a 
liarliameutary  grant  of  near  four  thousand  poinds  sterlbg  wit 
mt  do  towards  »  rt^nburscment  of  those  expenses. 

I'roni  tiie  begim.i'ig  of  the  struggle  between  the  colonies  and 
Great  Britain  this  pit>vince  exhibited  a  becoming  q>irit.  So  eariy 
as  October  1765  representativ^tf  were  deputed  to  attend  the  first 
congresS)  which  wau  held  at  New  York)  for  the  purpose  of  obtaioing 
a  repeal  of  some  of  the  moat  obnoxious  of  the  British  s^stutcs. 
Tn  the  yew  1773  the  legislature  appointed  a  stijaulnig  corns ai;i:«e  of 
4.ve  members  to  ccrrespond  with  the  other  coloj^iea  ^r^X  to  procure 
the  most  authentic  political  intelligence  respecting  f'^'sresoiction; 
of  parliament  and  the  proceedings  of  the  admin^itraiMt*  In  relntbt 
to  America.  When  the  town  of  Bo^tOiH  by  tht.;  ojiero  Jop  ai  tbc 
port  bill  W(»  reduced  to  great  uistre^is,  supplies  frc»m  different  paru 
of  this  colony  were  forwarded  for  iits  relief.  During  the  war  thrre 
was  no  relaxation  in  the  spirit  wad  <^^  rcertions  Oi  this  state.  Thdr 
•upplies  of  every  kind  rav4ui^ite  to  the  pul;>lic  servicr-  were  \^vnc■^ 
of  a  sincere  attachment  to  the  common  cause  The  Deiawarc 
fegiment  wui^onsidered  ar  one  of  the  finest  and  inost  efPxieni  si^ 
the  continental  alpmy.  Its  brave  commander,  coionel  Job:,  ^^'ioilet, 
was  kiReu  at  the  battle  of  Princeton.  Ta&  pecaliar  <;xposure  of 
this  ;i^:«^«.<:  to  the  ravage^  of  war  put  a  stop  to  its  growth  and  prosper- 
ity, ihe  ii»;  .rests  of  literature,  i^  a,  particular  manner^  suffered. 
The  floiT rushing  academies  of  Newark  and  Wilmington  lost  their 
students?  at  a  by  depicciadon  of  the  continental  currency  lost  their 
funds. 

Fi-evioudy  to  the  late  revolution  this  district  of  country  was 
denominated  the  three  lower  counties  on  Delawa^'e.  In  September 
1776  a  constitution  was  established  by  a  convenvion  of  representa- 
tires,  chosen  for  that  express  purpose,  and  at  that  time  the  name  of 
the  iitate  of  Delaware  was  assumed.  The  present  constitution  was 
ado|>ted  on  the  twelfth  of  June  1793.  It  establishes  a  gener^ 
assembly,  conusting  of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives; 
the  members  of  the  former  are  chosen  every  three  years  and  of 
the  latter  annually  ;  the  governor,  who  has  no  share  in  enacting  the 
laws,  is  elected  every  three  years,  apd  cannot  remain  in  office 
two  terms  in  immediate  succesuon ;  the  judges  aflp  liable  to  be 
removed  on  address  to  the  governor  of  two  thirds  of  all  the  mem* 
bers  of  both  branches  of  the  legislature.— £ncyc/o/k«flba,  Jmer.  edit, 

DICKINSON  (JoNATBAv),  first  president  of  New  Jersey  col* 
lege,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1706,  and  within  one  or  twp 
years  afterwards  he  was  settied  minister  of  the  first  presbyterian 
church  in  Eliiabeth  Town,  New  Jersey.  Of  this  church  he  vas 
ibr  near  forty  years  the  joy  and  glory.  As  a  friend  of  literature  h^ 
was  also  eminently  useful.  The  charter  of  the  college  of  fj^ev  Je^ 
sey,  which  had  never  yet  been  carried  into  ope|ration,  was  enlarged 
by  governor  Belcher»  October  23,  1746  ;  and  Mr,  Ditki^son  wa$ 


#■■ 


ioniet  and 
So  early 
Ml  the  first 
fobtaioing 
^  s.^atutes. 
fwmttte  of 
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reHo'vcUont 
in  relntjior 

'JOO  iil  the 

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ke.  Thdr 
ere  proc'". 
Delaware 
efFxicni  \i; 
>h:  „''i<«lct, 
xposure  of 
id  prosper* 
PA  suffe^. 
iiost  their 
•.y  lost  their 

mntry  was 
September 
epresenta* 
be  name  of 
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a  genera} 
sentatives) 
ars  ancl  of 
lactingthc 
n  in  oiBce 
[able  to  be 

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ersey  col* 

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ippointed  present.  The  institutkm  commenced  at  EUiabetli 
Town*  bttt  it  did  not  kmg  enjoy  the  advantagea  of  hia  auperintrnd- 
encet  for  It  pleaaed  God  to  call  him  away  from  life  October  7,  17iT« 
in  the  uxtieth  year  of  hia  age.  He  waa  the  friend  of  Dand  Crai« 
oefd)  and  died  tmly  two  daya  before  :tiim. 

Mr.  Diekinaon.waa  himself  a  man  of  le&niing,  of  diatinguiahed 
talentS}  and  much  celebrated  as  a  preacher  ',  and  he  was  succeedt 
ed  in  the  college  by  meni  who  hold  a  high  reputation  in  our 
country  ;  by  Burr,  Edwards,  Davies,  Finley,  and  Witberapoon. 
He  Juid  a  mind  formed  for  inquiry  ;  he  poaaesaed  a  quick  per- 
ception and  an  accurate  judgment  i  and  to  a  keen  penetration  ho 
united  a  disinterested  attachment  to  truth.  With  a  natural  turn  for 
Gontroversy  he  had  a  happy  government  of  lus  pasuons,  and  abhor- 
led  the  perverse  disputingpi)  so  common  to  men  of  corrupt  minds. 
The  eagerness  of  contention  did  not  ejctinguiah  in  him  the  fervors 
of  devotion  and  brotherly  love.  By  his  good  works  and  exemplary 
life  he  adiHtied  the  doctrines  of  grace,  which  he  advocated  with  zeal. 
He  boldly  appeared  in  defence  of  the  great  truths  of  our  moat  holy 
religion,  confronting  what  be  conudered  as  error,  and  resisting  ev- 
ery attack  on  the  christian  feith.  He  wished  to  promote  the  inter- 
ests  of  practical  godliness,  of  holy  living,  and  dierefore  he  with* 
stood  error  in  every  shape,  knowmg  that  it  poisons  the  heart  and 
thus  destroys  the  very  principles  of  virtue. 

He  was  an  enemy  to  that  blind  charity,  that  politic  silence,  that 
temporizing  moderation,  which  sacrifices  the  truths  of  God  to  hu- 
man friendships,  and  under  color  of  peace  and  candor  gives  up  im- 
portant points  of  gospel  doctrine  to  every  opposer.  He  knew,  thpt 
thii  temper  was  inconsistent  with  the  love  of  truth,  and  was  usually 
connected  with  the  hatred  of  those,  who  engaged  warmly  in  its  sup- 
port. He  expected  to  be  opposed  ana  ridiculed,  if  he  followed  his 
Sarior,  and  preached  with  plainnesf,  and  earoestness  the  doctrines, 
irhich  are  so  obnoxioua  to  the  corrupt  heart  and  perverted  under- 
standing. Still  under  pretence  of  zeal  for  truth  he  concealed  no 
party  animosity,  no  bigotry,  bo  malevolence.  He  had  generous 
sentiments  with  regard  to  freedom  of  inquiry  and  the  rigbta  of  |Hi- 
fate  judgment  in  matters  of  conscience,  not  approving  aubcription 
to  humsp  tests  of  orthodoxy.  As  he  lived  a  devout  and  useful  life 
md  wa9  a  bright  omgment  to  his  profos&ioii}  he  died  universally  l«r 
jqiented, 

His  wrings  possess  veiy  coMuderable  merit.  They  are  design- 
ed to  unfold  the  wonderful  method  of  i>edemption,  and  to  excite 
men  to  that  cheerful  consecraUon  of  all  their  talents  to  their  Mak- 
er, to  that  careful  avoidance  of  iki  and  practice  of  godliness,  which 
vUl  exalt  them  to  gloi^.  He  published  the  reasonableness  of 
Christianity  in  four  sermons,  Boston,  1732  ;  the  true  scripture  doc- 
trine concerning  some  important  points  of  christian  futh,  particular- 
ly eternal  electi(»s  origioid  sin,  gn'tce  in  conversion,  jiifstifiqatlon 


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hf  fidth,  and  the  saint's  perteTeronce,  in  five  diccouraet,  lf4l,  in 
alMwer  to  Mr.  Whitby  ;  a  sermon  on  the  witness  oi'  the  S|xrit, 
Maf  1^41) ;  on  ttie  nature  and  necessity-  of  regeneration,  with  re. 
marks  nn  Or.  Wat«rland's  regeneration  stated  and  explained,  I74j^ 
against  baptismal  regeneration ;  a  display  of  God's  sp4tcial  grace  hi  i 
ilttniliar  dialogue^  1742  ;  reflections  upon  Mr.  Wetmore'k  letter  in 
defence  of  Dr.  Waterlund's  discourse  on  regenerath)li,  IT45.  The 
above  works  were  handsomely  published  in  an  octavo  voiume  at  Ed- 
inburgh in  \*f9S.  President  Dickinson  published  also  a  defence  of 
pretbyterian  ordinadon  in  answer  to  a  pamphlet,  entitled  a  modest 
proof  ficc,  I7Q4  ;  the  vanity  of  human  institutions  in  the  worship 
of  God,  a  sermon  preached  at  Newark  June  3,  1736  ;  a  defence  of 
it  afterwards  ;  a  second  defence  of  it  against  the  exceptions  of  Mr. 
Jbhn  B^ch  in  bis  appeal  to  the  unprejudiced,  1738;  this  t?orkib 
entitled,  the  reasonabletiess  of  nonconformity  to  the  church  of  Eng- 
lafnd  in  point  of  worship ;  familiar  letters  upon  various  important  subi' 
jiBCtB  in  religimi,  1745;  a  pamphlet  in  favor  of  infant  baptism,  1746; 
a  vindication  of  God's  sovereign,  free  grace  ^  a  second  vindication 
ice.  agakist  Mr.  John  Beach,  to  which  are  added  brief  reflections  ah 
Dr.  Johnson's  defence  of  Aristocles'  letter  to  Authades,  1748  ;  oo 
account  of  the  delivterence  of  Robert  Barrow,  shipwrecked  among 
the  canaibals  of  Florida.— Pz>r«on'«  sermon  on  Ms  death  ;  preface  iq 
hia  aermonsy  £din.  edit.  ;  MilleryU.  345  ;  Backus*  abr.  19fi  ;  Doug. 
haayW.  384  ;  Brainerd^a  Itfe,  139,  I6t  ;  Boaton  GazettejOctober^ 
1747  ;  Chandler's  life  of  Johnson^  69. 

♦  DICKINSON  (John),  a  distinguished  political  writer  and  fHend 
6f  his  country,  was  the  son  of  Samuel  Dickihsoti,  esquire,  of  DeU 
iWare.  Ho  was  a  member  of  the  *  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1764,  and  of  the  general  congress  in  1 7^5.  In  November  1767  he 
begah  to  publish  his  celebrated  letters  against  the  acts  of  the  British 
parliament,  laying  duties  on  paper,  glass,  8cc.  They  supported  the 
liberties  of  his  country,  and  contribut6d  much  to  the  Atnerican  rev< 
bludon.  He  was  a  member  of  the  firsit  confess  in  17)^4,  ahd  the 
petiidon  to  the  king,  which  was  addfytcd  at  this  time*  and  is  consid- 
«red  ins  an  elegant  composition,  was  written  by  him.  In  June  1776 
he  opposed  openly  and  upon  princi|»Ie  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence, when  the  motion  was  considered  by  congress.  His  arguments 
were  answerfcd  by  John  Adam^,  who  advocated  a  separation  from 
-Great  Britain.  The  part,  which  Mr.  Dipkinson  took  in  this  debate, 
Bccasioned  his  recal  from  congresS)  as  his  constituents  did  not  coin' 
t;ide  itith  him  m  hii  political  vie^,  and  he  was  absent  several  years. 
Perceiving  at  length,  that  his  countrymen  were  unalterably  fiicd  in 
their  system  of  independence,  he  fSll  in  with  it,  and  was  -uv  zealous 
in  supporting  it  in  cbngress  about  t^e  year  1 780,  as  ahy  of  the 
memb<irs.  He  was  president  of  PiennSylvania  from  Nbvismbcr 
1789  to  October  1 78 5,  and  was  sUccpeded  in  this  office  by  Dr. 
Franklin.    St^h  after  1785,  it  Is  believed,  he  removed  to  Pelamrc, 


P/iC. 


^5S 


hf  which  state  he  was  appointed  a  men^bcrof  th«  old  cpfigr^i,  and 
of  which  state  he  was  president.  He  died  at  Wilmington  Fehruaryr 
15,  1808,  at  an  ^vanced  age.  He  Qllcd  with  ability  the  various 
Ittgb  stationSf  in  vtiich  he  was  placed.  He  was  distinguished  by  his 
stMngth  of  mind,  miscellaneous  knowledge,  and  cultivated  tastw, 
which  were  united  with  a  habitual  eloquence,  with  an  elegancp  q( 
manners,  and  a  benignity^  which  made  hira  the  delight  as  we|l  as  t|i^ 
ornaineni  of  society.  The  infirmities  of  declining  years  had  de- 
tached him  long  before  his  death  from  the  bufcy  scenes  of  life  ;  but 
in  retirement  his  patriotism  felt  no  abatement.  The  welfare  of  his 
country  was  ever  dear  to  him*  and  be  was  ready  ^  make  any  sacri- 
fices for  its  promotion.  Unequivocal  in  his  attachment  to  a  repub- 
lican government,  he  invariably  siH>ported,  as  far  as  bis  voice  could 
have  influence,  those  men  and  those  measures,  which  he  believed 
most  friendly  to  republican  principles.  He  was  esteemed  for  his 
uprightness  and  the  purity  of  his  morals.  From  9  letter,  which  he 
wrote  to  the  honorable  James  Warren,  esquire,  dated  the  twenty 
fifth  of  the  first  month,  1805,  it  would  seem,  that  he  was  a  member 
of  the  society  of  friends.  He  published  a  speech  deU^-ered  in  the 
liouse  of  assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  1764  ;  a  reply  to  a  speech  of 
Joseph  Galloway,  1765  ;  late  regulations  respecting  the  colonies 
coBsidered,  1765  ;  letters  from  a  farmer  in  Pennsylvania  to  the  in- 
jiabitants  of  the  British  colonies,  1767—1768.  Mr.  Dickinson's 
political  writings  were  collected  and  published  in  two  volumes  8vo. 
1 80 1. ~-Gorifon,  i.  230  ;  Bamaay^  ii.  319  ;  WarrcUf  i.  413  ;  Adartut* 
dxtfi  letter  to  Dr.  Calkuen  ;  Monthly  anthology^  v.  336  ;  Motional 
intdHgencery  February  33,  1808  ;  Mars/tall,  iv.  note  at  end;  v.  97. 

PICI^INSON  (Philemon),  a  brave  officer  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  died  at  his  seat  near  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  February  4,  1809, 
in  the  sixty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  took  an  early  and  an  active 
part  in  the  struggle  with  great  Britain,  and  hazarded  his  ample  for- 
tune  and  hu  life  in  establishing  our  independence.  In  the  memovf- 
Ue  battle  of  Monmouth  at  the  head  of  the  Jersey  milida  he  exhib- 
ited tlte  spirit  and  gallantry  of  a  soldier  of  liberty.  After  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  present  national  government  he  was  a  member  of 
congress.  In  the  various  stations,  civil  and  military,  with  which  ht; 
was  honored,  general  Dickinson  discharged  them  with  zeal,  upright- 
ness, and  ability.  The  last  twelve  or  fifteen  years  of  his  life  were 
spentin  retirement  from  public  concerns.— «P^Ya(/e'(fMia  GazettCt 
Febrmry  7,  1809. 

DOUGHERTY  (Michael),  remarkable  for  longevity,  died  at 
hit  plantation  on  Horse  Creek,  in  Scriven  county,  Georgia,  May  39, 
1808,  aged  one  hundred  and  thirty  five  years.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  that  state.  The  day  before  he  died  he  walked  two 
miles.— Cftaf/M/on  courier^  June  1 1,  1808  ;  Amer.  register,  iii.  563. 

DOUGLASS  (William,  h.  d.),  a  physician  in  Boston,  was  a 
ntiye  of  Scotland,  and  came  to  this  country  as  early  as  the  year 


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iniarlflo.  IntlMjrtar  1  7911m  pot  Into  the  httdi  of  Dr.  Cd(' 
ton  Matlitr  a  nrfimw  of  thepUkMopmcal  tmuMcdont)  ooQtidii^  m 
acoount  of  the  pracdce  of  inoeukdnf  for  the  •niAll  pen  «t  Con« 
fltentinople}  and  that  beneToleiit  mfaibter  hnmedfattelf  hitradneed 
the  pracidce  fai  Boeton  bjr  the  aadatance  of  Dr.  Boylttim^.  Or. 
Dottg*MS  at  firat  liolently  oppoaed  the  inocolatieiH  and  pubHUied 
aeverai  tracta  agkdntt  It*  in  which  he  attKked  the  clef|^meii,  who 
aupportedthe  practice.  He  died  October  31)  1759.  lie  wat  i 
akilkd  pbjaician.  Ma  prejudicea  were  venr  atrong,  and  In  hU  hm. 
(uage  he  wa»  frequently  intemperate.  Hia  notiona  of  religion 
were  very  loose.  In  hia  history  of  the  American  coloi^et,  he  is 
often  incorrect  in  point  of  factt  and  it  waa  hie  foible  to  meseure  the 
worth  of  men  by  hia  personal  fiiendahip  for  them.  A  town  of 
MaasachUsetta)  of  which  he  was  a  proprietor  and  benebetor,  bean 
hb  name.  He  published  the  inocula^n  of  the  small  pox,  aa  pnc* 
tised  in  Boston,  1739 ;  the  abuaes  and  acandab  of  some  late  pam- 
phlets in  &vor  of  inocalaition,  1733  ;  a  practical  essay  eonetsming 
the  email  pox,  containmg  the  Instory,  8ec.  1730  ;  pnieticat  history 
of  a  new  eruptive,  miliary  fever,  with  an  angina  nlcnaculosst  which 
prevailed  in  Boston  in.  1735  and  1739, 19mo9 1736 ;  a  summary,  his- 
torical and  political,  of  the  first  planting,  progreashre  improvements^ 
and  present  stste  of  the  British  settlements  in  North  America,  the 
first  volume,  1739,  the  secondj  1753.>->^ttmMsry,  il.  409  }\/fii/cAAt> 
«on,  ii.  80 ;  CoU.Utt.  toe.  ix.  40  ;  fVhitney*§  fiitt.  fVoreetfety  303 ; 
Jtmer.  nnueum,  iii.  53  ;  Holmet*  annaUy  n.  199. 
'-■'  DRAYTON  (William  Hewnv),  apolitical  writer  of  consider* 
able  eminence,  was  a  native  of  Sonth  Carolina.  He  waa  ene  of  his 
majesty's  justices  in  that  prorince,  when  they  made  their  lastckcuit 
intnesprii^of  1775,andtheonly one bomin  America.r  Inluscharge 
to  the  grand  jury  he  inculcated  the  same  aentimenta  in  fiivor  of  fibertjr, 
which  were  patronised  by  the  popular  leaders.  Soon  afterwards  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  prorindal  congrcaa,  and  devoted  his 
great  abilities  with  uncommon  zeal  for  the  aupport  of  the  measures 
adopted  by  hia  native  country.  Before  the  next  drcuitl^s  eeUei^es 
were  advertised  as  inintical  to  the  liberdea  of  America,  and  he  vn» 
not  long  after  appointed  chief  justice  by  the  voice  of  hia  country. 
He  died  in  Hiiladelphia  in  1779,  while  attending  Ma  duty  hi  coo* 
gross,  in  the  thirty  seventh  year  of  his  age.  In  1774  he  wrote  a 
pamphlet,  addressed  to  the  American  congress,  midertheugnature 
of  a  freeman,  in  which  he  stated  tiie  grievanoea  of  Ameruat,  atd 
drew  up  ii  bill  of  American  rights.  He  published  1^  charge  to  the 
grand  jury  in  April  1770^,  which  breal^es  all  the  apirit  and  energy 
ik  the  miadi  which  knows  the  value  of  freedom  and  ia  determiiMd 
to  support  it.  Rainsay  in  his  history  has  published"  this  chai^  eiw 
tire.  His  speech  hi  the  genend  assembly  of  South  Carolina  <m  the 
articles  of  the  confederation  was  published  in  1778>''^vefd  other 
pro^UK^ons  of  „hif  pen  agyeared, «.  xplalninjg  the :  injoc^  %b^  ^ 


>  ';i 


,.,,, 


DRA. 


S57 


liii  country,  and  encouraging  his  fellow  citizen*  to  vindicate  them, 
He  also  wrote  a  history  of  the  American  revolution,  brought  dowil 
to  the  year  1779,  in  three  large  volumes,  «rhich  he  intended  to  cor- 
rect and  publiah,  but  was  prevented  by  h  death.**-iliZ//cr,  ii.  380  } 
Bamioy'*  revolution  qf  S.  CaroUnot  i.  57,  6 1,  103. 

DRAYTON  (William,  ll.  d.)  judge  of  the  federal  court  for 
the  district  of  ^outh  Carolina,  was  a  native  of  that  province,  and 
mt  bom  in  the  year  1733.  About  the  year  1747  he  was  placed 
under  Thomas  Corbclt,  esquire,  an  eminent  lawyer.  In  1750  h« 
accompanied  that  gentleman  to  London,  and  entered  into  the  middl* 
temple,  where  he  continued  till  1754,  at  which  time  he  returned  to 
hit  native  countiy.  Though  his  abilities  were  confessedly  great, 
be  icon  quitted  the  bar  from  disinclination  to  the  practice  of  the 
law ;  but  about  the  year  1 768  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  in  the 
province  of  East  Florida.  When  the  revolution  commenced  in 
1775  he  fell  under  the  suspicion  of  the  governor,  and  was  su8« 
pended  by  him.  He  however  went  to  England,  and  was  reinstated ; 
but  on  his  return  to  St.  Augustine  was  again  suspended  bv  governor 
Tonyn.  In  consequence  of  this  he  took  his  family  with  him  to 
England  in  1778  or  1779  in  the  hope  of  obtaining  redress,  but  the 
distracted  situation  of  affairs  in  America  prevented  him  from  ef* 
iecting  his  purpose.  Soon  after  his  return  to  America  he  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  admiralty  court  of  South  Carolina.  In  March 
1789  he  was  appoint^^d  associate  justice  of  the  state,  but  he  resigned 
this  office  in  October  following,  when  he  was  made  a  judge  under 
the  federal  government.  He  died  in  the  beginning  of  June  1790, 
in  the  fifty  eighth  year  of  his  age.— « Aar(/tV*«  biog.  diet  ;  American 
nuteum,  viii.  83. 

DRINKER  (Edward),  remarkable  for  longevity,  was  born  De* 
cember  34,  1 680  in  a  cabin  near  the  present  comer  of  Walnut  and 
second  streets  in  Philadelphia.  His  parents  had  removed  to  this 
place  from  Beverly  in  Massachusetts.  The  banks  of  the  Delaware 
were  inhabited  at  the  time  of  his  birth  by  Indians,  and  a  few  Swedes 
and  Hollanders.  At  the  age  of  twelve  years  he  went  to.  Boston, 
where  he  served  an  apprenticesliip  to  a  cabinet  maker.  In  thit 
year  1745  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  lived  till  the  time 
of  his  death.  He  was  four  times  married  and  had  eighteen  children, 
ill  of  whom  were  by  his  first  wife.  He  died  November  17,  1783, 
aged  one  hundred  and  two  years.  In  his  old  age  the  powers  of 
his  mind  were  very  little  impairedt  He  remembered  not  onh'  the 
incidents  of  his  childhood,  but  the  events  of  later  years,  and  nevev 
told  the  same  story  twice,  but  to  different  persons.  His  eye  sight 
failed  him  many  years  before  his  death,  but  his  hearing  was  unim- 
pidred  ;  and  though  his  teeth  had  forsaken  him  for  thirty  years,  his 
hardened  gums  well  supplied  their  place.  He  enjoyed  so  uncom- 
mon a  share  of  health,  that  he  was  never  confined  more  than  three 
(liys  to  his  bed.    He  was  sober  and  temperate.    For  the  last  twenty 


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live  years  ho  drank  twice  cvary  dty  a  draug^ht  of  weak  toddy,  made 
of  two  table  spoonfuls  of  spirits  in  half  a  pint  of  v.  iter  ;  bm  he 
was  never  known  to  be  intoxicated.  He  was  a  nun  -ji  un  umiabie 
character)  und  as  old  age  had  not  curdled  his  blood,  oc.  cut  «  need  u 
the  last  uniformly  cheerful  and  kind  to  every  body.  His  ^eli^io^} 
principles  were  as  steady  as  his  morals  were  pure.  He  Mf^uded 
public  worship  about  thirty  years  in  the  presbyteriun  ch  ur  .h  uniki 
the  reverend  Dr.  Sproat,  and  died  in  the  fullest  as*  urunce  of  a 
happy  immortality.  Mr.  Drinker  witnessed  the  must  astutiishing 
changes.  He  lived  to  see  the  spot,  where  he  had  picked  black 
berries,  and  hunted  rabbits,  become  the  scat  of  a  great  city,  the 
first  in  wealth  in  America.  He  saw  ships  of  every  size  in  those 
streams,  where  he  had  been  used  to  see  nothing  larger  than  an  In< 
dian  canoe.  He  saw  the  first  treaty  between  France  and  the  inde« 
pendent  States  of  America  ratified  upon  the  very  spot,  where  he 
had  se«n  William  Penn  ratify  his  first  and  last  treaties  with  the  In- 
dians. He  had  been  the  subject  of  seven  crowned  heads.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  American  revolution,  he  bought  the  uncon- 
stitutional acts  of  Great  Britain,  and  gave  them  to  his  grandsons  as 
proper  materials  for  their  kites.-— JVew  and  general  biog.  dictionary; 
Hardie  ;   Umveraalatylumy  ii.  88  \  American  muaeunty  ii.  73—75. 

DUANE  (James),  judge  of  the  district  court  for  New  York, 
^as  a  member  of  the  first  congress  from  this  state  in  1774,  and 
received  his  appointment  of  judge  in  October  1789.  He  was  the 
first  mayor  of  New  Yom  after  its  recovery  from  the  British.  His 
death  took  place  at  Albany  in  February  1797.  He  published  a  law 
case. 

DUDLEY  (Thomas),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  bom  in 
Northampton,  England,  in  1574.  After  having  been  for  some  time 
in  the  army,  his  mind  was  impressed  by  religious  truth,  and  he 
attached  himself  to  the  nonconformists.  He  came  to  Massachu- 
setts in  1630,  as  deputy  governor,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  and 
pillars  of  the  colony.  He  was  chosen  governor  in  thfe  years  1634, 
1640,  and  1645.  His  zeal  against  heretics  did  not  content  itself 
with  arguments,  addressed  to  the  understanding?  and  reproofs,  aim* 
ed  at  the  conscience  ;  but  his  intolerance  was  not  singular  in  an 
a|^e,  when  the  principles  of  religious  liberty  were  not  understood. 
He  died  at  Roxbury  July  31,  1653,  in  the  seventy  seventh  year  of 
his  age.  He  was  a.man  of  sound  judgment,  of  inflexible  integrity, 
of  public  spirit,  and  of  strict  and  exemplary  piety.— il/or^on,  150 ; 
Mather**  nmgnalia^  ii.  15—17  ;  MaT*  JV.  E.  i.  308;  Collect,  hitt. 
«oc.  vU.l  1 ;  X.39  iHutcMruonf  i.  183  ;  Winthrofi,Se,  65yj!03  ;  Holmet' 
annalsi  i.  360. 

DUDLEY  (Joskph),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of 
ihe  preceding,  and  was  born  September  33, 1647.  In  his  childhood, 
after  his  father's  death,  he  was  under  the  care  of  the  reverend  Mr. 
Alien  of  Dedham,  who  married  his  mother.    He  was  graduated  at 


W 


DUD. 


250 


girrard  coIUge  in  1665.     He  afterwards  entered  into  the  tervic* 
ol  Ills  country  in  the  Indian  war  of  1675.     In  1683  lie  went  to 
England  as  an  agent  for  the  province.     When  the  government  was 
changed  in  1686  he  was  appointed  president  of  Massachusetts  and 
}jew  Hampshire.     His  commission  was  received  in  May   1686. 
Hit  autiiority  was  of  short  continuance,  for  Andros  arrived  at  the 
close  of  the  same  year.    Hei  however,  was  continued  in  the  councili 
igd  was  appointed  chief  justice.     In  1 689  he  went  again  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  1690  returned  with  a  commission  of  chief  justice  of  *% 
^few  York,  and  continued  in  this  country  three  years.    He  was  then 
eight  years  lieutenant  governor  of  the  isle  of  Wight.  He  was  appoint- 
ed governor  of  Massachusetts  by  queen  Ann,  and  arriving  at  Boston 
June  11,  1702,  continued  in  the  government  till  November  1715. 
He  died  at  Koxbury  April  3,  1730,  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his 
age.    He  possessed  rare  endowments,  and  was  a  singular  honor  to 
his  counti  y,  being  a  man  of  learning  and  an  accomplished  gentle- 
man.   He  was  a  scholar,  a  divine,  a  philosopher,  and  a  lawyer.    As 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  he   was  instructed  to  procure  an  act 
rendering  his  salary  and  that  of  the  lieutenant  governor  permanent. 
These  instructions  occasioned  a  controversy  with  the  legislature) 
which  lasted  during  the  administration  of  Shute  and  others  of  his 
successors.     He  loved  much  ceremony  in  the  govemmenti  and  but 
little  in  the  church,  being  attached  to  the  congregational  order. 
He  was  a  sincere  christian,  whose  virtues  attracted  general  esteemy 
though  in  the  conflict  of  political  parties  his  character  was  fre- 
quently assailed.     While  in  his  family  he  devoutly  addressed  him- 
self to  the  supreme  Being,  he  also  frequently  prayed  with  his  chil- 
dren separately  for  their  everlasting  welfare,  and  did  not  think  it 
humbling  to*  impart  religious  instruction  to  his  servants.    He  was 
economical  and  dignified,  and  he  applied  himself  with  great  diligence 
to  the  duties  of  his  station.— Co/man'«  fun.  aermon  ;  Boaton  netoa 
letter,  Jfirit  4,  1730  ;  Hutchimon,  i.  387,  340—345  }  ii.  313  ;  Bel- 
knafi*»  M  H.'i.  36\  ;  Holmea*  atmala,  i.  465  ;  ii.  101  ;  ARnot*$  jron- 
tinuation,  i.  59. 

DUDLEY  (Paul),  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1690,  and  was  afterwards  tutor  in  that 
seminary.  He  died  at  Roxbury  January  31,  1751.  He  was  a 
learned  and  pious  man.  From  his  regard  to  the  interests  of  relig- 
ion and  as  a  proof  of  his  attachment  to  the  institution,  in  which  he 
was  educated,  he  in  his  iasft  will  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college  oiie 
hundred  pounds  sterling,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  be  applied,  to 
the  support  of  an  annual  lecture  to  be  preached  in  tfaiat  college  ; 
the  first  lecture  to  be  for  proving  and  explaining,  and  for  the  proper 
use  and  improvement  of  the  principles  of  natural  religion  ;  the 
second  for  the  confirmation,  illustration,  and  improvement  of;  t^i? 
great  articles  of  the  christian  religion  i  the  third  for  detecting; 
convicting)  and  exposing  the  idolatry  and  tyranny^  tlie  <!amnabl9 


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heresies,  the  abominable  superstitions,  and  fat;U  and  various  errors 
of  the  Romish  church  ;  the  fourth  for  maintiuning,  explaining, 
and  proving  the  validity  of  the  ordination  of  ministers,  as  the  same 
hath  been  practised  in  New  England  from  the  first  beginning  of  it. 
These  'subjects  v^ere  successively  to  occupy  the  lecture,  and  he, 
vho  should  be  chosen  for  the  last,  was  directed  to  be  a  sound,  grave, 
experienced  divine  of  at  least  forty  years  of  age.  A  copy  ot  each 
discourse  is  required  to  be  left  with  the  treasurer  of  the  college. 
The  trustees,  appointed  by  judge  Dudley,  are  the  president  of  Har. 
vard  college,  the  professor  of  divinity,  the  pastor  of  the  first  church 
in  Cambridge,  the  senior  tutor  of  the  college,  and  the  pastor  of  the 
first  church  in  Roxbury.  The  first  sermon  on  this  foundation  was 
preached  by  president  Holyoke  in  May  1755.  The  second,  and 
the  first  that  was  published,  was  delivered  by  the  reverend  Mr. 
Barnard  in  1756.  Mr.  Dudley  published  an  essay  on  the  mer* 
chandise  of  slaves  and  souls  of  aien,  mentioned  in  Revelation  xvlii. 
13,  with  an  application  to  the  church  of  Rome. — Holmes*  annaUyu, 
187,  188  ;  ^fifiendix  to  Bamard'a  Dudlcian  lecture. 

DUFFIELD  (George,  d.  d.),  minister  in  Philadelphia,  was 
born  in  October  173?.  After  he  became  a  preacher,  he  was  first 
settled  in  the  town  of  Carlisle  in  Pennsylvania.  In  this  place  his 
zealous  and  incessant  labors,  through  the  influence  of  the  divine 
Spirit,  were  made  effectual  to  the  conversion  of  many  \  and  his 
exertions  and  care  were  extended  to  destitute  congregations  in  the 
neighborhood.  So  conspicuous  was  his  benevolent  activity,  that  the 
synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  appointed  him  as  a  mission. 
ary,  and  he  accordingly  in  company  with  the  reverend  Mr.  fieatty 
spent  a  year  in  visiting  the  frontiers.  His  talents  at  length  drew 
him  into  a  more  public  sphere,  and  placed  him  as  pastor  ot  the 
second  presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia.  His  zeal  to  do  good 
exposed  him  to  the  disease,  of  which  he  died  February  2,  1790, 
Dr.  Duffield  possessed  a  vigorous  mind,  and  was  considerably  dis* 
tinguished  as  a  scholar.  As  his  readiness  of  utterance  was  seldom 
equalled,  he  was  enabled  to  preach  with  uncommon  frequency. 
As  he  possessed  an  unconquerable  firmness,  he  always  adhered 
steadily  to  the  opinions,  which  he  had  formed.  In  the  late  struggle 
"With  Great  Britain  he  was  an  early,  and  decided,  and  zealous  friend 
of  his  country.  But  it  was  as  a  christian,  that  he  was  most  conspic- 
"cous,  for  the  religion,  which  he  preached,  was  exhibited  in  his  own 
life.  The  spirit  of  the  gospel  tinctured  his  whole  mind.  It  ren* 
dered  him  the  advocate  of  the  poor,  and  the  friend  of  the  friendless. 
He  sought  occasions  of  advancing  the  interests  of  religion  and 
humanity.  While  he  read  the  scriptures  in  the  original  languages, 
lie  was  alse  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  most  approved  systems 
of  Calvinistic  theology.  No  one  was  superior  to  him  in  acquaint- 
Mice  with  the  various  parts  of  the  government  and  discipline  of  the 
Iri^sbyterian  church.    As  a  preacher  be  was  in  early  life  remarka^ 


DUL. 


261 


biy  animated  and  popular,  and  his  manner  was  always  warm  and 
forcible,  and  his  instructions  always  practical.  Dwelling  much  on 
the  great  and  essential  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  he  had  a  peculiar 
talent  of  touching  the  conscience,  and  impressing  the  heart.  He 
published  an  account  of  his  tour  with  the  reverend  Mr.  Beatty  along 
the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the 
restoration  of  peace,  December  11,  1783. — Green*s  fun.  aerman  ; 
Assembly's  miss.  mag.  i.  553— >556  ;  American  mu«fum,  vii.  66 — 68. 

DULANEY  (Danjel),  an  eminent  counsellor  of  Maryland, 
resided  at  Annapolis  and  died  at  an  early  stage  of  the  revolutionary 
war.  He  was  considered  as  one  of  the  most  learned  and  accom- 
plished men  in  his  profession,  that  our  country  ever  produced.  He 
made  some  publications  on  the  controversy  between  America  and 
Great  Britain.  The  title  of  one  of  them  is,  considerations  on  the 
propriety  of  imposing  taxes  in  the  Bridsh  colonies  in  North  Amer- 
ica, 1766. — Miller's  retrospect,  ii.  379. 

DUMMER  (Jeremiah),  an  agent  of  Massachusetts  in  England, 
and  a  distinguished  scholar,  was  a  native  of  Boston,  and  was  the  grand- 
son of  Richard  Dummer,  esquire,  one  of  the  principal  settlers  of 
Massachusetts,  who  died  at  Newbury.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1699.  While  a  member  of  this  seminary,  he  was 
preeminent  for  the  brilliancy  of  his  genius.  His  only  competitor 
was  Mr.  John  Bulkley,  who  surpassed  him  in  solidity  of  judgment, 
but  not  in  sprightliness  of  thought  and  wit.  He  soon  afterwards 
went  to  Europe  and  spent  a  number  of  years  in  the  university  of 
Utrecht,  where  he  received  a  doctor's  degree.  He  then  returned 
to  New  England,  but  finding  no  prospect  of  employnrent  in  this 
country,  that  would  be  agreeable  to  him,  he  went  to  England,  where 
he  arrived  a  little  before  the  change  of  queen  Ann's  ministry.  In 
1710  he  was  appointed  agent  of  Massachusetts,  and  his  services 
Avere  important.  Contrary  to  the  expectation  of  his  countrymen 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  persons  in  power,  and  was  an  advocate  of 
their  measures.  He  was  employed  by  lord  Bolingbroke  in  some 
secret  negotiations,  and  nad  assurances  of  promotion  to  a  place  of 
honor  and  profit ;  but  the  death  of  the  queen  blasted  all  his  hopes. 
Jf  he  had  espoused  a  different  side,  it  is  thought,  that  his  great 
talents  might  have  elevated  him  to  some  of  the  highest  offices. 
He  died  in  1739.  Though  upon  the  change  of  times  he  deserted 
his  patron,  lord  Bolingbroke,  in  regard  to  politics  ;  it  is  said,  that 
he  adhered  to  his  sentiments  upon  religion  to  the  close  of  life. 
Few  men  exceeded  him  in  quickness  of  thought,  and  in  ease,  delica- 
cy, and  fluency  in  speaking  and  writing.  He  published  disputatio 
theologica  de  Christi  ad  inferos  descensu,  quam,  indulgente  Tiiuno 
Nuraine,  sub  prsesidio  clar.  &  celeber.  viri,  ».  d.  Herm.  Wiisii, 
Sec.  4to,  1703  ;  de  jure  JudaeorUm  sabbati  brevis  disquisitio,  4to, 
1703  ;  disseitatlo  theologico— -philologica,  4to,  1703  ;  disputatio 
^hilosophica  inaug-.  4to,  1703  ;  a  defence  of  the  New  England  chHi>' 


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262 


DUM. 


ters,  1721  ;  a  letter  to  a  noble  lord  concerning  the  expedition  to 
Canada.^ — Collect,  hist.  aoc.  x.  155  ;  Hutchinaoriy  ii.  187,  355. 

DUMMER  (William),  lieutenant  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
received  a  commission  for  this  office  at  the  time  that  Shute  was  appoint* 
ed  governor  in  1716.  At  the  departure  of  Shute  January  1, 1723,hc 
was  left  at  the  head  of  the  province,  and  he  continued  commander 
in  chief  till  the  arrival  ot  Burnet  in  1728.  He  was  also  commander 
in  chief  in  the  interval  between  his  death  and  the  arrival  of  Belcher. 
His  administration  is  spoken  of  with  great  respect,  and  he  is  rep. 
resented  as  governed  by  a  pure  regard  to  the  public  good.  The 
war  with  the  Indians  was  conducted  with  great  skill,  the  Norridge- 
wocks  being  cut  off  in  1724.  From  the  year  1730  Mr.  Dummer 
lived  chiefly  in  retirement  for  the  remainder  of  his  life,  selecting 
for  his  acquaintance  and  friends  men  of  sense,  virtue,  and  religion, 
and  receiving  the  blessings  and  applauses  of  hU  country.  He  died 
^t  Boston  October  10,  1761,  aged  eighty  two  years.  He  preserved 
an  unspotted  character  through  life.  Though  he  enjoyed  fame,  he 
did  not  place  his  happiness  in  the  distinctions  of  this  world.  He 
was  sincerely  and  firmly  attached  to  the  religion  of  Jesus,  and  in 
the  midst  cf  human  grandeur  he  was  preparing  for  death.  In 
health  and  sickness  he  often  declared,  that  his  hope  of  the  divine 
acceptance  was  built  upon  the  merits  and  mediation  of  Jesus  Christ, 
wliom  he  adored  as  the  true  God  and  the  only  Savior  of  men.  He 
attended  with  reverence  upon  the  institutions  of  the  gospel ;  he 
was  constant  in  his  family  devotions  ;  he  applied  him»elf  to  the 
perusal  ol  pious  books  ;  and  at  stated  times  he  retired  to  his  closet 
for  prayer.  During  his  life  his  alms  were  a  memorial  of  his  be- 
nevolence, and  at  death  he  left  a  great  part  of  his  estate  to  pious 
and  charitable  uses.  He  laid  the  foundation  of  Dummer  academy 
at  Newbury.— 5y/e«'  ,/an.  sermon  ;  Boston  Gazette^  October  26, 
1761  ;  Hutchinson^  ii.  291,  322,  368  ;  Holmes*  annals^  ii.  255. 

DUNSTER  (Henry),  first  president  of  Harvard  college,  was 
inducted  into  this  office  August  27,  1640.  He  succeeded  Mr.  Na- 
thaniel Eaton,  who  was  the  first  master  of  the  seminary,  being 
chosen  in  1637  or  1638,  and  who  had  been  removed  on  account  of 
the  severity  of  his  discipline.  He  was  highly  respected  for  his 
learning,  piety,  and  spirit  of  government ;  but  having  at  length 
imbibed  the  principles  of  antipedobaptism,  and  publicly  advo- 
cated them,  he  was  induced  to  resign  the  pretidentship  October 
24,  1654,  and  v/as  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Chauncy.  He 
now  retired  to  Scituate,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days 
in  peace.  He  died  in  1659.  He  was  a  modest,  humble,  charitable 
man.  By  bis  last  will  he  ordered  his  body  to  be  buried  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  bequeathed  legacies  to  the  very  persons,  who  had  occa- 
sioned his  removal  from  the  colleg«s.  He  was  a  great  master  of 
the  oriental  languages,  and  when  a  new  version  of  the  psalms  had 
been  made  by  Eliot,  Wclde,  and  Mather,  and  printed  in  1640,  i- 


DYE. 


263 


\ras  piit  into  his  hands  to  be  revised.  He  accoi'dingly,  with  the  as* 
sistance  of  Mr.  Richard  Lyon,  improved  the  version,  and  brought 
it  into  that  state,  in  which  the  churches  of  New  Lngland  used  it  for 
many  subsequent  years. — Mather* a  magnalia^  iii.  99 — 101  ;  iv.  128  ; 
Mal''a  JV.  E.  i.  308  j  H.  Adams*  W.  JL,  73  ;  Hutchinton^  i.  174; 
Qolkct.  Mft.  aociety^  vii.  20,  48,  49  ;  Hnlme^  annaisy  i.  375  ;  Mor* 
totif  170. 

PYER  (Eliphalbt),  chief  justice  of  the  supremo  court  of 
Connecticut,  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774,  and  con- 
tributed  his  efforts  with  other  patriots  in  promoting  and  supporting 
the  independence  of  his  country.  He  died  at  Windham  May  13, 
1807,  in  the  eighty  seventh  year  of  his  age.— Aew  York  herald. 
May  23,  1807. 

EATON  (Theophilus),  first  govenior  of  New  Haven  colony 
was  bom  at  Stony  Stratlord  in  Oxfordshire,  his  father  being  the 
minister  of  the  place.  He  was  bred  a  merchant  and  was  for  several 
years  agent  of  the  king  of  England  at  the  court  of  Denmark  ;  and 
after  his  return  prosecuted  his  business  in  London  with  high  repu' 
tation.  He  accompanied  Mr.  Davenport  to  New  England  in  1 637, 
and  soon  after  his  arrival  was  chosen  one  of  the  magistrates  of 
Massachusetts.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  New  Haven  in 
1638,  and  was  annually  elected  governor  till  his  death,  January  7, 
1657,  in  the  sixty  seventh  year  of  his  age.  The  wisdom  and  integ- 
rity of  his  administration  attracted  universal  respect.  As  a  magis- 
trate, he  was  impartial  in  the  distribution  of  justice,  and  was  in- 
vested with  an  indescribable  dignity  and  majesty.  He  was  amiable 
in  all  the  relations  of  life.  In  conversation  he  was  affable,  courteous, 
and  pleasant,  but  always  cautious,  and  grave  on  proper  occasions. 
Though  his  family  was  sometimes  very  numerous,  it  was  under 
the  most  perfect  government.  All  the  members  of  it  were  assem- 
bled morning  and  evening,  and  the  governor,  after  reading  the 
scriptures,  and  making  useful  observations  upon  them,  addressed 
himself  to  heaven  with  the  greatest  reverence  and  pertinency.  On 
the  sabbath  and  on  other  days  of  public  devotio\i  he  ■'  nt  an  hour 
or  two  with  his  family,  giving  them  instruction  in  re.igious  truth 
and  duty,  recommending  to  them  the  study  of  the  scriptures,  and 
the  practice  of  secret  prayer.  He  was  beloved  by  his  domestics, 
and  ever  preserved  the  esteem  of  the  commonwealth.  His  monu- 
ment, erected  at  the  public  expense,  and  which  rcinains  to  the  pres- 
ent day,  has  upon  it  the  following  lines. 

Eaton,  so  meek,  so  fam'd,  so  just. 
The  phenix  of  our  world,  here  hides  his  dust  i 
This  name  forget,  New  England  never  must. — JVeara   JVC 
England^  i.  318;   Trumbull* a  Connecticut y  i.  90,  240  ;  Holmcn*  an- 
nals^ i.  371  ;  Douglass,  ii.  160. 

EDWARDS  (Timothy)  first  minister  of  East  Windsor,  Con- 
nccticut,  was  graduated  at  Harvrtrd  college  in  1694,  and  wasordained 


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in  the  following  year.  In  1655  he  received  the  reverend  Joseph 
Perry  as  his  colleague.  After  a  ministry  of  sixty  three  years,  he 
died  January  27,  1758,  in  the  eighty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  He 
married  a  daughter  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Stoddard  of  Northampton 
And  he  lived  to  see  his  son,  the  famous  Jonathan  Edwards,  the  roost 
distinguished  divine  in  America.  He  was  universally  esteemed 
and  was  an  upright,  pious,  and  exemplary  man,  and  a  faithful  and 
successful  preacher  of  the  gospel.  He  published  an  election  ser- 
mon, 1732.— Lj/J?  qf  Jonathan  Edwards  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  v.  169. 
KDWARDS  (Jonathan),  president  of  the  college  in  Nevr 
Jersey,  and  a  most  acute  metaphysician,  and  distinguished  divine 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  at  Windsor,  Connecti- 
cut, October  5,  1703.  He  was  educated  at  Yale  college,  and  took 
the  det^rce  of  bachelor  of  arts  in  1 720  before  he  was  seventeen 
years  ot  age.  His  uncommon  genius  discovered  itself  early,  and 
vrhile  yet  a  boy  he  read  Locke  on  the  human  understanding  with  a 
keen  relish.  Though  he  took  much  pleasure  in  examining  the 
kingdom  of  nature  ;  yet  moral  and  theological  researches  yielded 
him  the  highest  satisfaction.  He  lived  at  college  near  two  years  after 
taking  his  first  degree,  preparing  himself  for  the  office  of  a  minister 
of  the  gospel.  In  1722  he  went  to  New  York,  at  the  request  of  a 
small  society  of  English  presbyterians,  and  preached  a  number  of 
months.  In  1724  he  was  appointed  a  tutor  in  Yale  college^  and  he 
continued  in  that  office,  till  he  was  invited  in  1726  to  preach  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts.  Here  he  was  ordained  as  colleague 
with  his  grandfather,  the  reverend  Mr.  Stoddard*  February  15, 
1727.  In  1735  his  benevolent  labors  were  attended  with  very  un- 
common success  ;  a  general  impression  was  made  upon  the  minds 
of  his  people  by  the  truths,  which  he  proclaimed  i  and  the  church 
was  much  enlarged.  He  continued  in  this  place  more  than  twenty 
three  years  till  he  was  dismissed  in  1750.  The  circumstances, 
which  led  to  his  dismission,  were  the  following.  Mr.  Edwards, 
being  informed  of  immoralities,  in  which  some  young  persons, 
who  were  connected  with  the  church,  indulged  themselves, 
thought  that  an  inquiry  should  be  made  into  their  conduct.  The 
church  readily  acknowledged  tho  importance  of  strict  discipline, 
and  entered  into  the  plan  ;  but  when  the  nar-es  of  the  persons  ac« 
cused  were  known,  and  it  was  found,  that  members  of  the  principal 
families  in  the  town  were  implicated,  it  was  impossible  to  proceed- 
There  were  few  in  his  church,  who  continued  their  zeal  for  disci* 
plinc,  when  they  perceived,  that  it  would  enter  their  own  houses ; 
and  the  hands  of  the  immoral  were  strengthened  by  this  defeat  of 
an  attempt  to  correct  their  errors  and  to  bring  them  to  repentance. 
After  this  event,  which  took  place  in  1 744,  Mr.  Edwards*  useful- 
ness in  Northampton  was  almost  destroyed.  A  secret  dislike  was 
excited  in  the  minds  of  many,  and  it  was  soon  blown  into  a  flame. 
When  he  was  settled  in  this  town,  he  was  not  perfectly  convinced 


EDW. 


265 


ef  the  correctness  of  the  principlet  which  was  supported  by  his  col- 
league) the  reverend  Mr.  Stoddard,  that  unconverted  persons  had  a 
right  in  the  sight  of  God  to  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper. 
After  diligent  inquiry  he  was  convinced,  that  the  principle  was  erro- 
neous, and  dangerous.  His  investigations  led  him  to  believe,  that 
the  supper  was  instituted  for  the  true  disciples  of  Jesus  Christ ; 
that  none  but  such  could  have  a  right  to  it ;  and  that  none  but  those* 
who  were  considered  as  such,  should  be  permitted  to  partake  of  it. 
Adopting  these  sentiments,  he  had  the  courage  to  avow  them.  He 
considered  it  as  an  inviolable  duty  ever  to  vindicate  the  truth.  He 
knew  the  zeal  of  his  people  for  their  loose  principles,  and  expected 
to  see  that  zeal  bursting  upon  him,  if  he  should  dare  to  stand  for- 
ward in  opposition  to  their  long  continued  practice.  He  anticipated 
a  dismission  from  Northampton,  and  a  deprivation  of  the  means  of 
support.  But  in  the  full  view  of  these  consequences,  he  openly 
avowed  his  change  of  sentiment,  cheerfully  sacrificing  every  world- 
ly interest  to  promote  the  purity  of  the  church  and  the  glory  of  the 
Redeemer.  The  evils,  which  he  anticipated,  came  upon  him.  Hd 
was  driven  away  in  disgrace  from  a  people,  who  once  would  almost 
have  plucked  out  their  eyes,  and  given  them  to  him.  They  would  not 
even  hear  him  in  his  vindication.  Mr.  Edwards  had  been  instrumental 
in  cheering  many  hearts  with  the  joys  of  religion,  and  not  a  few  had 
regarded  him  with  all  that  affectionate  attachment,  which  is  excited 
by  the  love  of  excellence  and  the  sense  of  obligations,  which  can 
never  be  repaid.  But  a  spirit  of  detraction  had  gone  forth,  and  a 
few  leading  men  of  outrageous  zeal  pushed  forv^ard  men  of  less  de- 
termined hostility  ;  and  in  the  hopeless  prospect  of  conciliation  he 
was  dismissed  by  an  ecclesiastical  coimcil  June  22,  1750. 

In  this  scene  of  trouble  and  abuse,  when  the  mistakes  and  the 
bigotry  of  the  multitude  had  stopped  their  ears,  and  their  passions 
were  without  control,  Mr.  Edwards  exhibited  the  truly  christian 
spirit.  His  calmness,  and  meekness,  and  humility,  and  yetfiiTnuess 
and  resolution  were  the  subjects  of  admiration  to  his  friends.  More 
anxious  for  his  people,  than  for  himself,  he  preached  a  most  solemn 
and  affecting  farewell  discourse.  He  afterwards  occasionally  suppli- 
ed the  pulpit  at  times,  when  no  preacher  had  been  procured  ;  but 
this  proof  of  his  superiority  to  resentment  or  pride,  and  this  readi- 
ness to  do  goc  d  to  those,  who  had  injured  him,  met  with  no  return, 
txcept  a  vote  of  the  inhabitants,  prohibiting  him  from  ever  again 
preaching  for  them.  Still  he  was  not  left  without  excellent  friends 
in  Northampton,  and  his  correspondents  in  Scotland,  having  been  in- 
formed of  his  dismission,  contributed  a  considerable  sum  for  th» 
maintenance  of  his  family. 

In  August  1751  he  succeeded  the  reverend  Mr.  Sergeant  as  mis- 
sionary to  the  Houssatonnoc  Indians  at  Stockbridge  in  Berkshire 
county,  Massachusetts.  Here  he  continued  six  years,  preaching  to 
the  Indians  and  the  white  people  ;  and  as  he  found  much  leisure  he 

35 


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266 


EDW. 


prosecuted  his  theological  and  metaphysical  studies*  and  prodaceii 
works,  which  rendered  bis  name  famous  throughout  Europe.  Thus 
was  his  calamitous  removal  from  Northampton  the  occasion,  undei- 
the  wise  providence  of  God,  of  his  imparting  to  the  world  the  most, 
important  instructions,  whose  influence  has  becfn  extending,  and 
Whose  good  effects  jfiAy  still  be  felt  forages.  In  January  17S8  he 
reluctantly  accepted  the  office  of  president  of  the  college  in  New 
Jersey,  as  successor  of  his  son  in  lavir,  the  reverend  Mr.  Burr  ;  bia 
he  had  not  entered  fully  upon  the  duties  of  this  station,  before  the 
prevalence  of  the  small  pox  induced  him  to  be  inoculated,  and  this 
disease  was  the  cause  of  his  death  March  32,  1758,  in  the  fifty  fifth 
year  of  his  age.  A  short  time  before  he  died,  as  some  of  hisfriends> 
who  surrounded  his  bed  to  see  him  breathe  his  last»  were  lamenting 
the  loss,  which  the  college  would  sustain,  he  said,  to  their  astonish- 
ment, "  trust  in  God,  and  ye  need  not  fear."  These  were  his  last 
words.  He  afterwards  expired  with  as  much  composure,  as  if  he 
had  only  fallen  asleep.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Da- 
vies. 

President  Edwards  was  distinguised  not  onlv  for  the  astonishing^ 
vigor  and  penetration  of  his  mind,  but  for  his  christian  virtues.  At 
a  very  early  period  of  his  life  he  was.  much  affected  by  the  truths  of 
religion,  and  used  several  times  in  a  day  to  address  him.iclf  to  heav- 
cm  in  secret  prayer,  and  to  assemble  for  religious  conversation  and 
devotion  with  boys  of  his  own  age.  But  at  length  he  returned  to  a 
state  of  negligence  and  forgetfulness  of  God.  He  no  longer  ad- 
dressed his  prayer  to  the  Lord,  his  Maker.  The  pleasure,,  which 
he  had  enjoyed  in  religious  duties,  he  afterwards  believed  to  have 
originated  in  selfish  views  and  hopes,  and  not  to  have  been  founded 
in  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  truth.  Soon  after  he  left  collev^e, 
however,  a  deep  sense  of  his  sin  was  imparted  to  him  ;  he  beheld 
a  new  glory  in  the  character  of  God  and  in  the  doctrines  of  the  gos- 
pel ;  and  a  view  of  the  way  of  salvation  by  a  crucified  Redeemer  fill- 
ed him  with  inexpressible  joy.  Those  doctrines,  which  he  had 
formerly  opposed,  and  reg-arded  with  horror,  now  inspired  him  with 
delight.  Such  were  his  conceptions  of  the  wisdom  and  excellence 
of  the  Most  High,  that  he  foimd  a  real  pleasure  in  ascribing  to  him 
an  absolute  sovereignty  in  the  disposal  of  his  creatures,  in  choosing 
whom  he  would  to  eternal  life,  and  rejecting  whom  he  pleased,  for 
the  display  of  his  glory.  Of  the  certainty  of  this  doctrine  he  felt  as 
much  assured,  as  of  the  existence  of  any  object,  which  was  present- 
ed to  his  sight.  The  character  of  Jesus  Christ  now  yielded  him  sat- 
isfaction, which  he  had  never  before  nown.  The  excellence,  upon 
which  he  fixed  his  thoughts,  was  communicated  to  him ;  and  he  was 
moulded  into  the  glorious  image,  which  was  so  constantly  in  his  eye. 
His  life  of  integrity,  of  humility,  of  meekness,  of  benevolence,  of  pi- 
ety, of  christian  oourage,  and  of  zeal  directed  by  the  meekness  of 
wisdom,  gives  full  evidence,  thfit  ius  religion  was  the  religion  oi 


.V 


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EDW. 


267 


Christ.  Ilia  highest  and  sweetest  joys,  he  remarked,  did  not  spring 
from  the  hope,  that  he  was  in  a  state  of  salvation,  nor  from  the  con* 
gciousness  of  any  excellence  in  himself,  but  from  a  direct  view  of 
the  precious  truths  of  the  gospel.  No  one  could  be  more  deeply 
biiinbieci  under  a  sense  of  the  iniquity  of  his  heart,  and  of  his  impo- 
tence to  what  is  good.  This  conviction  led  him  to  distrust  himself, 
to  rtrly  only  upon  the  grace  oi  Gotl,  and  to  ascnbe  every  thing  to  in- 
finite Dercy. 

In  the  Vcn-ions  relations  of  life  his  character  was  unimpeached. 
The  benevolent  principles,  which  he  had  embraced,  taught  him  to 
do  good,  and  while  he  inculcated  charity  upon  others,  he  himself 
guve  nnich  to  the  poor.  He  seldom  risited  his  people,  except  in 
sickness' or  affliction,  Ttot  having  remarkable  talents  in  conversation, 
an'i  believing  that  he  should  be  more  useful  in  his  study.  V-et  he 
was  not  austere  and  unsociable,  but  easy  of  access,  kind,  and  •conde- 
scending. To  his  friends  he  opened  himself  without  reserve.  He 
gave  no  encouragement  in  his  conversation  to  evil  si)eaking  and 
foliy,  nor  was  he  fond  of  disputes^  though,  when  called  upon,  he 
would  express  his  opinion,  itnd  calmly  vindicate  his  sentiments. 
He  preferred  managing  a  controversy  with  his  pen  in  fiis  hand. 
Though  litis  constitution  was  delicate,  he  commonly  spent  thirteen 
hours  every  day  in  his  study.  He  usually  rose  between  four  and 
live  in  the  morning,  and  was  abstemious,  living  completelv  by  rule . 
For  exercise,  he  would  in  the  winter  take  an  axe  and  chop  wood,  for 
half  an  hour ;  and  in  the  summer  would  walk  or  ride  on  horseback 
two  or  three  miles  to  some  retired  grove.  Here  his  ever  active 
mind  was  still  occupied  in  religious  meditation  and  devotion,  or  in 
study.  Having  his  pen  and  ink  with  him,  he  recorded  every  strik- 
ing thought,  that  occurred.  All  his  researches  indeed  were  pur- 
Diied  with  his  pen  in  his  hand,  and  the  miml^er  of  liis  miscellaneous 
writings,  which  he  left  behind  him,  was  above  fourteen  hundred. 
They  were  all  numbered  and  paged,  and  an  index  was  formed  for 
the  whole.  He  was  peculiarly  happy  in  his  domestic  connexions) 
for  Mrs.  Edwards  by  taking  the  entire  care  of  his  temporal  concerns 
gave  him  an  opportunity  of  consecrating  all  his  powers,  without  in- 
terruption, to  the  labors  and  studies  of  the  sacred  office. 

As  a  preacher  he  was  not  oratojical  in  his  manner,  and  his  voice 
was  rather  feeble,  though  he  spoke  with  distinctness ;  but  his  dis- 
courses were  rich  in  thought,  and  being  deeply  impressed  himself 
with  the  truths,  which  he  uttered,  his  preJM:hing  came  home  to  the 
hearts  of  his  hearers.  Though  he  usually  wrote  his  sermons  with 
great  care  and  read  his  notes,  yet  when  in  the  delivery  a  new 
thought  struck  Inm,  he  was  not  so  shackled,  but  that  he  would  ex- 
press it,  and  his  extemporary  effusions  were  frequenly  tlic  tnost  in- 
teresting and  useful  parts  of  his  discourses.  Towards  th«  close  of 
life  he  was  inchned  to  think,  that  it  would  have  been  better,  if  he  had 
never  used  his  notes  at  all.  He  advised  the  young  preacher  to  cow- 
mit  his  sermons  to  memory. 


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Mr.  Edwards  was  unoonniionly  zealous  and  pcriievering  in  hi^ 
search  after  truth.  He  spared  no  pains  in  procuring  tJic  necessary 
aids,  and  he  read  all  tlie  books,  which  he  could  procure,  that  pioui- 
ised  to  afford  him  assistance  in  his  inquiries.  He  contined  hiniseli 
to  no  particular  sect  or  denomination,  but  studied  the  writings  of 
men,  whose  sentiments  were  the  most  opposite  to  his  own.  But  the 
bible  claimed  his  peculiar  attention.  From  that  book  he  derived 
his  religious  principles,  and  not  Irom  any  human  system.  The 
doctrines,  which  he  supported,  were  Calvinistic,  and  wlien  these 
doctrines  were  in  any  degree  relintjuished,  or  were  not  embraced  in 
their  whole  length  and  breadth,  he  did  not  see  where  a  man  could  set 
his  foot  down,  with  consistency  and  safety,  short  of  deism  or  athekm 
itself.  Yet  with  all  his  strict  adherence  to  what  he  believed  to  be 
the  truths  of  heaven,  his  heart  was  kind  and  tender.  When  Mr. 
Whitefield  preached  for  him  on  the  sabbath,  the  acute  divine,  whose 
mighty  intellect  has  seldom  been  equalled^  wept  as  a  child  during 
tlie  whole  sermon. 

His  essay  on  the  freedom  of  the  will  is  considered  as  one  of  the 
greatest  efforts  of  the  human  mind.  Those,  who  embrace  the  Cal- 
vinistic sentiments,  think  that  he  has  forever  settled  the  controver- 
sy  with  the  Arminians  by  demonstrating  the  falsity  and  absurdity 
of  their  principles.  His  other  works,  which  are  most  celebrated,  are 
his  book  on  original  sin  in  answer  to  Tay  lor,  his  treatise  on  the  affec* 
tions,  his  dissertation  on  the  nature  of  tr  i  e  virtue,  and  that  on  the  end, 
for  which  God  created  the  world.  A  spifcndid  edition  of  his  works  is 
now  publishing  in  England,  and  an  edition  in  8  volumes,  Svo,  which 
is  intended  to  be  a  complete  collection  of  his  writings,  is  in  the  press 
at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  under  (the  rare  of  the  reverend  Dr. 
Austin,  and  will  be  published  in  the  course  of  the  year  1809. 

The  following  is  a  catalogue  of  his  publications ;  a  sermon 
preached  at  Boston  on  1  Corinth,  i.  29,30,  1731  ;  a  sermon  preach> 
ed  at  Northampton  on  Matt.  xvi.  17,  1734 ;  a  narrative  of  the  work 
of  Qod  in  the  conversion  of  many  hundred  of  souls  in  Nonhampton, 
1736;  five  discourses  on  justification  by  faith  alone,  ptessinginto 
the  kingdom  of  God)  Ruth's  resolution,  the  justice  of  God  in  the 
damnation  of  sinners,  and  the  excellency  of  Jesus  Christ,"  1738;  sin* 
ners  in  the  hands  of  an  angry  God)  a  sermon  preached  at  Enfield, 
1741 J  a  sermon  on  the  distinguishing  marks  of  a  work  of  the  Spirit 
of  God,  1741  ;  thoughts  on  the  revival  of  religion,  1742  ;  a  sermon 
at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Robert  Abercrombie,  1744 ;  at  the 
instalment  of  the  reverend  Samuel  Buell,  1746 ;  a  treatise  on  relig- 
ious affections,  1746  ;  an  attempt  to  promote  agreement  in  prayer 
for  the  revival  of  religion,  1 746 ;  life  of  the  reverend  David  Brai- 
nerd,  1749;  an  inquiry  into  the  qualifications  for  full  communion 
in  the  church,  1 749  ;  a  reply  to  the  reverend  SoUoniun  Williams' 
answer  to  the  inquiry,  1752  ;  a  sermon  preached  at  Newark,  1752; 
an  inquiry  into  the  modem  prevailing  notioiis  of  that  freedom  of 


EDW. 


2C9 


^ill,  which  is  supposed  to  be  essential  to  moral  agency)  k.c.f  1754  | 
the  great  doctrine  of  original  sin  defended,  1738.  Since  his  death 
tlie  following  works  have  been  published  from  his  manusciipta  } 
eighteen  sermons,  with  lus  life,  written  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Hop- 
kins, 1765  ;  the  history  of  redemption,  1774  ;  on  the  nature  of  truo 
virtue,  1788 ;  God's  last  end  in  the  creation  ;  thirty  three  sermons} 
krenty  sermons,  1789;  miscellaneous  observations,  1793;  misceU 
laneous  remarks,  1796. — Ifojikins'  ii/e  q/  Jidivarda  ;  U/e  fir^xed  f9 
}iis  works;  Middleton*»  biogra/i/iia  evanffelicoy  iv.  294 — 317.     j-  '.Aa 

EDWARDS  (Jonathan,  D.  D.),  president  of  Union  college  at 
Schenectady,  in  the  state  of  New  York,  was  the  son  of  the  preced- 
ing. He  was  born  at  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  June  6,  1745. 
In  childhood  an  inflammation  in  his  eyes  prevented  him  from  learn- 
ing to  read  till  an  uncommonly  lute  period.  He  was  but  six  years 
old,  when  he  was  removed  to  Stockbridge,  and  here  there  was  no 
school,  but  one,  which  was  common  to  the  Indian  children  and  the 
children  of  white  parents.  Of  the  latter  there  were  so  few,  that  he 
vas  in  danger  of  forgetting  the  English  tongue.  Here,  whilst  at 
school,  he  learned  the  language  of  the  Mohekaneew  or  Stockbridge 
Indians  so  perfectly,  that  the  natives  frequently  observed,  that  *'  he 
spoke  exactly  like  an  Indian."  This  language  he  retained  in  a  good 
degree  through  life,  and  he  published  some  interesting  remarks  upon 
it  a  number  of  years  before  his  death.  His  father  intended  him  for 
a  missionary  among  the  aborigines,  and  in  accordance  with  this  plan 
sent  him  in  October  1755,  when  he  was  ten  years  of  age,  with  thi0 
reverend  Gideon  Hawley  to  Oughquauga  on  the  Susquehannah  riv- 
er, to  learn  the  language  of  the  Oneida  Indians.  This  place  was 
in  the  wilderness  about  a  hundred  miles  from  any  English  settle- 
ment. He  remained  at  Oughquauga  but  four  months  in  conse- 
quence of  the  war  between  England  and  France,  which  now  extend- 
ed itself  to  the  colonies.  During  this  short  time  he  made  rap- 
id progress  in  acquiring  the  language  of  the  natives,  and  in  en» 
gaging  their  affections.  They  were  so  much  attached  to  him,  that* 
when  they  thought  their  settlement  was  exposed  to  inroads  from 
the  French,  they  took  him  upon  their  shoulders,  and  'carried  him 
many  miles  through  the  wilderness  to  a  place  of  security. 

He  was  graduated  at  the  college  in  New  Jersey  in  1765.  Two 
years  before  this  event,  at  a  time  when  the  students  of  the  coUeg* 
were  generally  impressed  by  the  truths  of  religion,  he  was  blessed 
with  the  hope  of  his  reconciliation  to  God  through  Christ.  This 
was  during  the  presidentship  and  under  the  impressive  preaching 
of  the  reverend  Dr.  Finley.  He  afterwards  pursued  the  study  of 
divinity  under  the  instruction  of  the  reverend  Dr,  Bellamy,  and  in 
October  1766  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  t  ac  association 
of  ministers  in  the  county  of  Litchfield  in  Connecticut.  In  1767 
he  was  appointed  tutor  of  Princeton  college,  and  in  this  office  he  re- 
mmti  two  years.    He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  at  While 


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Haven  in  the  town  of  New  Haven  January  5,  1769,  and  continued 
there  till  May  1795,  when  he  was  dismissed  by  an  ecclesiastical 
council  at  his  own  request  and  th(  request  ot  his  society.  Seine  of 
the  leading  men  of  his  parish  had  embraced  reli^^ious  sentiments  of 
»  different  stamp  from  those,  wliich  were  formerly  professed,  bnd 
which  Dr.  Edwa-ls  believed  to  be  true  ;  and  this  circumstance  wuh 
the  principal  cat.  of  his  dismission,  though  an  inability  on  the  part 
•f  the  society  t<  give  him  support  was  the  most  p.^roiiient  reason 
assigned  for  this  event.  In  January  1796  he  was  ^)iii .tiled  pastor  of 
the  church  at  Colcbrook  in  Litchfield  county.  In  this  retired  situa« 
tion,  where  he  was  enabled  to  pursue  his  theological  studies  with 
little  interruption,  he  hoped  to  spend  the  remitinder  of  his  days.  But 
in  June  1799  he  was  elected  president  of  the  college,  which  had 
been  recently  established  at  Schenectady,  as  successor  of  the  reve* 
'  rend  Mr.  Smith.  In  July  he  commenced  the  duties  of  the  ofiice. 
From  this  time  his  attention  and  talents  were  devoted  to  the  cun* 
cems  of  the  seminary,  of  which  he  was  entrusted  with  the  charge. 
He  died  August  1,  1801,  in  the  fifty  seventh  year  of  his  age. 

There  was  a  number  of  remarkable  coincidencies  in  the  lives  of 
Dr.  Edwards  and  hts  father.  Aoth  were  tutors  in  the  seminaries,  in 
which  they  were  educated,  were  dismissed  on  account  ol  their  relig. 
ious  opinions,  were  settled  again  in  retired  situations,  were  elected 
to  the  presidentship  of  a  college,  and  in  a  short  time  after  they  were 
inaugurated,  died  at  near  the  same  age.  They  were  also  remark* 
bly  similar  in  person  and  character. 

Dr.  Edwards  was  a  man  of  uncommon  powers  of  mind.  He  has 
«eldom  been  surpassed  in  acuteness  and  penetration.  His  answer 
to  Dr.  Chanricy,his  dissertation  on  the  liberty  of  the  will  in  reply  to 
Dr.  West^  -Mid  his  sermons  on  the  atonement  of  Christ  are  consid- 
ered as  ■•■■■crkh  )f  great  and  peculiar  merit.  As  a  preacher,  in  his 
mannev  ,:i  ticH/ery  he  was  bold  and  animated ;  but  he  addressed  the 
understandmi.^  and  conscience  rather,  than  the  passions  of  his  audi< 
«nce.  A  mind  like  his  could  not  in  the  progress  of  discussion  lose 
flight  of  its  subject.  His  thoughts  were  well  arranged  and  his  ar< 
f  uments  strone  and  convincing.  He  was  by  nature  pf  an  irritable 
disposition  i  but,  conscious  of  his  infirmity,  he  made  it  the  business 
of  his  life  to  subdue  it,  and  he  was  successful.  Under  many  trying 
circumstances  his  equanimity  was  conspicuous.  In  prosperity  and 
adversity  he  was  the  same,  always  sensible  of  his  dependence  upon 
God,  always  acquiescing  in  his  will,  and  confiding  in  his  mercy.  In 
his  habits  he  was  very  regular.  His  exercise,  his  studies,  and  all  his 
concerns  were  as  systematic  as  possible.  He  generally  rose  earlf 
und  his  first  thoughts  were  directed  towards  his  almighty  Creator 
and  Friend,  to  whom  in  early  life  he  had  consecrated  the  powers  of 
his  mind,  his  improvements,  his  possessions,  his  time,  his  infltiencc) 
and  all  the  means  of  doing  good,  which  should  be'  put  into  his 
hands.    At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  began  a  diary  of  his  religioiif; 


ELI. 


271 


tit'e.  Tl^i*  he  continued  ibr  a  few  month*  tnd  then  abruptlf  relin- 
quished it,  but  for  what  reason  it  is  not  known.  In  the  earlyl^tage* 
of  his  lust  illness,  when  he  retained  his  reaaon  and  the  power  of 
speech,  he  expressed  his  entire  resignation  to  the  pleasure  of  God. 
In  his  death  an  extensive  acquaintance  lamented  the  fall  of  one  of  the 
firmest  pillars  of  the  church. 

He  published  a  work  entitled,the  salvation  of  aU  men  strictly  exam- 
ined Sec.  in  answer  to  Dr .  Chauncy ;  a  dissertation  onliberty  and  neces* 
sity ;  observations  on  the  language  of  the  Mohekaneewor  Stockbridge 
Indian^, communicated  lotUe  Connecticut  society  of  arts  and  sciences^ 
and  published  at  the  request  of  the  society ;  brief  observations  on  the 
doctrine  of  universal  salvation  ;  three  sermons  on  the  atonement ; 
sermons  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Timothy  Dwight  of 
Greeniield,  17&S ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverv.nd  Dan  Bradley^ 
Hamden,  1792  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  re\  ^  V.  Brown,  Glas- 

tonbury, 1792;    at  the  ordination  of  the  ^.dward  Dorr 

tiiffin.  New  Hartford,  1795  ;  a  sermon  on  and  impoli- 

cy uf  the  slave  trade,  1791 ;  human  depravii  ^e  of  infidel- 

ity, a  sermon  in  the  American  preacher,  ii ;  ni..,  i  ^.^gi.  oi  a  wife's  sis- 
ter considered  in  the  anniversary  concio  ad  clerum  in  the  chapel  of 
Yale  college,  1792;  a  sermon  on  the  death  ot  Roger  Sherman» 
1793 ;  election  sermon,  1794 ;  a  sermon  on  a  future  state  of  exist- 
ence and  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  printed  in  a  volume,  entitled) 
sermons  collected  Sec. ;  a  farewell  sermon  to  the  people  of  Cole- 
brook  ;  and  a  number  of  excellent  pieces,  signed  I  and  O,  in  the 
New  York  theological  magazine.  He  also  edited  from  the  manu- 
scripts of  his  father,  the  history  oS  the  work  of  redemption,  two 
volumes  of  sermons,  and  two  volumes  of  observations  on  important 
theological  subjects.— Conn^r/tcur  evangelical  magazine^  ii.  377-— 
383;   Edwards*  workty  EngUah  edition^  i.  103—119;    Miller^  ii. 

453. 

ELIOT  (John),  minister  of  Roxbury,  Massachusetts,  usually 
called  the  apostle  of  the  Indians,  was  bom  in  England  in  160<4.  Hitf 
pious  parents  early  imparted  to  him  religious  instruction,  and  itwaa 
not  withovit  effect.  After  receiving  his  education  at  the  university. 
of  Cambrige,  he  waa  for  some  time  the  instructer  of  youth.  In  1 63 1 
he  came  to  this  country,  and  arriving  at  Boston  harbor  November 
third,  immed!?.tely  joined  the  church  in  that  town,  and  preached  to 
them,  as  Mr.  Wilson,  their  minister,  was  then  in  England.  Here 
he  was  earnestly  requested  to  remain,  but  he  was  settled  as  teacher 
of  the  church  in  Roxbury  November  5,  1632.  In  the  following 
year  Mr.  Welde  was  ordamed  as  his  colleague,  with  the  title  of  pas- 
tor. These  two  ministers  lived  together  in  much  harmony.  In 
1737  they  both  opposed  the  wild  notions  of  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  and 
were  both  witnesses  agsunst  her  at  her  trial.  In  1 639  they  were  ap- 
pointed with  Mr.  Richard  Mather  of  Dorchester  to  make  a  new  ver^ 
sion  of  th»  psalms,  which  waa  printed  in  the  foUewing  y^ar.    Fotr 


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tuneful  poetiy  it  would  not  perhaps  yield  the  palm  eten  to  that  of 

Sternhold  and  Hopkins ;    but  it  did  not  give  perfect  satisfaction. 

The  reverend  Mr.  Shepard  of  Cambridge  thus  addressed  the  tnns- 

Itttors. 

Ye  Roxbury  poets,  keep  clear  of  the  crime     '***'*'  '  *        r 
Of  missing  to  give  us  very  good  rhyme  ;     '^  *•'      '  '*'      " 

*  -■    ■     And  you  of  Dorchester,  your  verses  lengthen) 

But  with  the  text's  own  words  you  will  them  strengthen. 

The  New  England  psalms  were  afterwards  revised  and  improved  by 

president  Dunster,  and  they  have  passed  through  twenty  editions. 

In  1641   Mr.  Welde  returned  to  England.     Mr.  Eliot's  other  col. 

leagues  in  the  ministry  were  the  reverend  Mr.  Danforth  and  Mr. 

'Walter.     '   r:n'^'n.\     i-fir^'""""'^   s^';.»   '"'    tjf.f     ■•■v>t9h  'mm   in  - 

His  benevolent  labors  were  not  confined  to  his  own  people.  Hav- 
ing imbibed  the  true  spirit  of  the  gospel,  his  heart  was  touched 
with  the  wretched  condition  of  the  Indians,  and  he  became  eagerly 
desirous  of  making  them  acquainted  with  the  glad  tidings  of  salva- 
tion. There  were  at  the  time,  when  he  began  his  missionary  ex> 
ertions,  near  twenty  tribes  of  Indians  within  the  limits  of  the  Eng- 
lish  planters.  But  they  were  very  similar  in  manners,  language, 
and  religion.  Having  learned  the  barbarous  dialect  he  first  preach- 
ed  to  an  assembly  of  Indians  at  Nonantum,  in  the  preseikt  town  of 
Newton,  October  38,  1646.  After  a  short  prayer  he  explained  the 
commandments,  described  the  character  and  sufferings  of  Christ,  the 
judgment  day  and  its  consequences,  and  exhorted  them  to  receive 
Christ  as  their  Savior,  and  to  pray  to  God.  After  the  sermon  was 
finished,  he  desired  them  to  ask  any  questions,  which  might  have 
occurred.  One  immediately  inquired,  whether  Jesus  Christ  could 
understand  prayen  in  the  Indian  language  ?  Another  asked,  how  all 
the  worid  became  full  of  people,  if  they  were  all  once  drowned  ?  A 
third  question  was,  how  there  could  be  the  image  of  God,  since  it 
was  forbidden  in  the  commandment  ?  He  preached  to  them  a  second 
time  November  eleventh,  and  some  of  them  wept  while  he  was  ad- 
dressing them.  An  old  man  asked,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  whether 
it  was  not  too  late  for  him  to  repent  and  turn  unto  God  f  Among  the 
ether  inquiries  were  these,  how  it  came  to  pass,  that  sea  water  was 
salt  and  river  water  fresh ;  how  the  English  came  to  differ  so  much 
from  the  Indians  in  the  knowledge  of  God  and  Jesus  Christ,  since 
they  all  at  first  had  but  one  father  ;  an^  why,  if  the  water  is  larger 
than  the  earth,  it  does  not  overflow  the  earth  ?  He  was  violently  op- 
posed by  the  sachems  and  pawaws,  or  priests,  who  were  apprehen- 
sive of  losing  their  authority,  if  a  new  religion  wos  introduced. 
When  he -was  alone  with  them  in  the  wilderness,  they  threatened 
him  with  every  evil,  if  he  did  not  desist  from  his  labors  ;  but  he  was 
a  man  not  to  be  shaken  in  his  purpose  by  the  fear  of  danger.  He 
said  to  them,  "  I  am  about  the  work  of  the  great  God,  and  my  God 
is  with  me ;  so  that  I  neither  fear  you,  nor  all  the  sachems  in  the 


\ ,» 


ELI. 


273 


ONintrjr ;  I  will  go  on,  and  do  jrou  touch  me,  if  you  dare.**     With 
a  body  capable  of  enduriny;  fatigue,  and  a  mind  firm  as  the  mountain 
oaks,  which  surrounded  his  path,  he  went  from  place  to  place,  rely- 
ing for  protection  upon  the  great  Head  of  the  church,  and  declaring 
the  salvation  of  the  gospel  to  the  children  of  darkness.     His  be- 
nevolent seal  prompted  him  to  encounter  with  cheerfulness  the 
most  terrifying  dangers,  and  to  submit  to  the  most  incredible  hard- 
ships.     He  says  in  a  letter,  "  I  have  not  been  dry,  night  or  dajr, 
from  the  third  day  of  the  week  unto  the  sixth ;  but  so  travelled,  and 
at  night  pull  off  my  boots,  wring  my  stockings,  and  on  with  them 
again,  and  so  continue.  But  God  steps  in  and  helps.    I  have  consid- 
ered the  word  of  God,  1  Tim.  ii.  3,  endure  hardship  as  a  good  sold- 
ier of  Jesus  Christ."     He  made  a  missionary  tour  every  fortni(;ht, 
planted  a  number  of  churches,  and  visited  all  the  Indians  in  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Plymouth  colonies,  pursuing  his  way  as  far  as  cape 
Cod.    In   1651   an  Indian  town  was  built  on  a  pleasant  spot  on 
Charles*  river^  and  called  Natick.    A  house  of  worship  was  erect- 
ed, and  a  form  of  government  was  established  similar  to  that,  which 
is  mentioned  in  £xo<lus  xviii.  2 1 .      Mr.  Eliot  was  convinced;  that 
in  order  to  the  most  permanent  success  it  was  necessary  to  intro- 
duce with  Christianity  the  arts  of  civilized  life.     He  accordingly 
made  every  exertion  to  persuade  the  Indians  to  renounce  their  sav- 
age customs  and  habits ;  but  he  never  could  civilize;  those,  who  went 
out  in  hunting  parties,  and  those,  who  lived  near  ponds  and  rivers, 
and  were  occupied  in  fishing  or  cultivating  the  ground,  though  their 
condition  was  much  improved,  could  never  be  made  equally  indus- 
trious vnth  the  English.    The  first  Indian  church,  established  by  the 
labors  of  protestants  in  America,  was  formed  at  Natick  in  1 6($0  after 
the  manner  of  the  congregational  churches  in  New  England.  Those, 
who  wished  to  be  organized  into  a  christian  body,  were  strictly  exam- 
ined as  to  their  Csdth  and  experience  by  a  number  of  the  neighbor- 
ing ministers,  and  Mr.  Eliot  afterwards  administered  to  them  bap- 
tism and  the  Lord*s  supper.    Other  Indian  churches  were  planted  in 
various  parts  of  Massachusetts,  and  he  frequently  visited  them ; 
but  his  pastoral  care  was  more  particularly  over  that,  which  he  first 
established.    He  made  every  exertion  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the 
Indian  tribes ;  he  stimulated  many  servants  of  Jesus  to  engage  in 
the  raisuonary  work  ;  and  although  he  mourned  over  the  stupidity 
of  many,  who  preferred  darkness  to  light,  yet  he  lived  to  see  twen- 
ty &ur  of  the  copper  colored  aborigines  fellow  preachers  of  the 
precious  gospel  of  Christ.'     In  1651  he  published  the  New  Testa- 
ment in  the  Indian  language,  and  in  a  few  years  the  whole  bible,  and 
•evend  other  books,  best  adapted  fior  the  instruction  of  the  natives. 
He  possessed  an  influence  over  the  Indians,  which  no  other  mission- 
ary could  obtain.    He  was  tlieir  shield  in  1675  during  Philip's  war, 
when  some  of  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  actuated  by  the  most 
infuriate  ajdrit,  intended  to  have  destroyed  them.    He  sufTered  ere- 


I        .! 


liip  r:- 


H 

hnf 

4   m 


It 


ril 

m4 


ill 


'     f' 


'i 


f 


f 


f! 


.ill 


i 


IH 


274 


ELK 


vf  abuse  for  hit  friendship  to  theni)  but  nothing  could  quench  th» 
divine  chuitj)  which  glowed  in  bis  heart.  His  fimuiess,  his  zesi 
his  benevolence  at  this  period  increased  the  pure  lustre  of  his  chsr' 
acter.  When  he  reached  the  age  of  fourscore  years,  he  offered  ta 
give  up  his  salary,  and  deured  to  be  liberated  from  the  labors  of  hit 
office,  as  teacher  of  the  church  at  Roxbur^.  It  was  with  joy,  that 
he  received  Mr.  Walter  as  his  colleague  m  1688.  When  he  was 
bending  under  hu  infirmiUes  and  could  no  longer  visit  the  Indians, 
he  persuaded  a  number  of  families  to  send  their  negro  servants  ts 
him  once  a  week,  that  he  might  instruct  them  in  the  truths  of  God. 
He  died  May  30,  1690,  aged  about  eighty  six  years,  saying,  that  all 
his  labors  were  poor  and  small,  and  exhorting  those,  who  surround- 
ed his  bed,  to  pray.    His  last  words  were, "  welcome  joy." 

Mr.  Eliot  was-one  of  the  moat  useful  preachers  in  New  England. 
No  minister  saw  his- exertions  attended  with  gjreater  effects.  He 
spoke  fronvthe  abundance  of  his  heart,  and  his  sermons,  being  free 
from  that  labored  display  of  learning,  from  the  quibbles  and  quaint 
turns,  with  which  most  discourses  were  at  that  Ume  infected,  were 
acceptable  in  all  the  churches.  So.  much  was  he  endeared  to  his 
own  people,  that  they  continued  his  salary  after  he  had  offered  to 
resign  it,  and  when  he  was  unable  to  preach ;  and  the  youth  were  in 
die  habit  of  visiting  him,  calling  him  their  father  and  friend.  Such 
attendons  chased  away  the  gloom,  which  usually  hangs  over  the 
head  of  the  aged,  and  cheered  the  evening  of  his  life. 

His  moral  and  religious  character  was  as  excellent,  as  his  minis, 
terial  qualifications  were  great.  He  carried  his  good  principles 
with  him  in  every  Mtuatioui  viewing,  all  things  in  reference  to  God. 
He  habitually  lifted  up  his  heart  for  a  blessing  upon  every  person, 
whom  he  met,  and  when  he  went  into  a  family,  he  would  sometimes 
call  the  youth  to  him,  that  he  might  lay  his  hands  upon  them,  and 
^ve  them  his  benedicdon.  Such  was  his  charity,  that  he  gave  to 
the  poor  Indians  most  of  his  salary  o^  <fty  powids,  which  he  re- 
ceived annually  from  the  society  fov  p:  ating  the  gospel.  In  his 
manner  of  living  he  was  very  simple,  .wie  plain  dish  was  his  re- 
past at  home,  and  when  he  dined  abroad,  he  seldom  tasted  any  of  the 
luxurifer  before  him.  He  drank  water ;  and  said  of  wine, "  it  is  a 
noble,  generous  liquor,  and  v  e  should  be  humbly  thankful  for  it,  but, 
as  I  remendier,  water  was  made  before  it.'*  Clotl^g  himself  with 
humility,  he  actuall]!^  wore  a  leathern  girdle  about  his  loins.  In  do- 
mesdc  life  he  was  peculiarly  happy.  By  the  prudent  management 
of  his  wife,  who  looked  well  to  the  ways  of  her  household,  he  was 
enabled  to  be  generous  to  his  friends,  and  hospitable  to  strangers, 
and  with  a  small  salary  to  educate  four  sons  at  Cambridge,  of  whom 
John  and  Joseph,  ministers  of  Newton  and  of  Guilford,  were  the 
best  preachers  of  that  age. 

In  his  principles  of  church  government  he  was  attached  to  the 
congregadonal  order.    Yet  he  contended  eamesdy  for  frequent  synr 


ELL 


275 


^  01-  counciltf  M  necessary  for  the  presenrtdon  of  uiuon*  for  the 
suppression  of  dangerous  opinions  and  heresies,  for  the  correction 
of  abuses,  and  the  healing  ef  divisions.  He  thought,  that  every 
particular  church  should  have  ruling  elders  to  assist  the  minister  in 
the  duties  of  government  and  instruction.  In  his  admission  to  the 
church,  he  required  of  the  candidates  some  evidence,  that  they 
trere  truly  Christians,  renewed  in  their  hearts  by  the  Spirit  of  God. 
He  withstood  the  attempts,  which  were  made,  to  change  the  old 
practice  of  giving  a  relation  of  the  work  of  divine  grace,  which 
practice  in  his  view  honored  the  Savior,  and  produced  an  intimate 
union  among  his  disciples.  He  could  not  in  conscience  give  the  cup 
of  the  Lord  to  any  one,  who  did  not  give  some  evidence  of  being 
a  sincere  Christian. 

With  all  hb  excellencies  he  had  some  singularities  and  Strang* 
nctions.  He  had  a  most  deep  rooted  prejudice  agunst  wigs.  He 
preached  a^unstl  the  custom  of  wearing  them ;  he  prayed  agunst 
it ;  he  attnbuted  to  it  the  evils,  which  overwhelmed  the  country. 
He  thought,  as  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  who  himself  wore  a  wig,  informs 
us, "  that  for  men  to  wear  their{hair  with  a  luxurious,  delicate,  fem- 
inine prolixity,  or  to  disfigure  themselves  with  hur,  which  was  none 
of  their  ovm,  but  above  all  for  ministers  of  the  gospel  to  ruffle  it  in 
excesses  of  this  kind"  was  an  enormous  sin.  But  fashion  would 
bear  sway,  notwithstanding  his  remonstrances,  and  he  finally  ceased 
to  complsun,  saying, "  the  lust  is.become  insuperable.'*  His  prei* 
udice  against  tobacco  was  as  strong  as  his  aversion  to  wigs ;  but  m 
contempt  of  all  his  admonitions  the  hairless  head  would  be  adorned 
with  curls  of  foreign  growth,  and  the  pipe  would  send  up  volumes 
of  smoke.  In  his  old  age,  not  long  before  his  death,  he  used  to  say 
that  he  was  shoriy  going  to  heaven,  and  would  carry  a  deal  of  good 
news  with  him  ;  he  would  carry  tidings  to  the  old  founders  of  New 
England,  that  our  churches  still  remained,  and  that  their  number 
was  continually  increasing.  So  remarkable  was  he  for  his  charitiest 
that  the  parish  treasurer,  when  he  once  pai^him  the  money  due  for 
his  salary,  tied  the  end:*  of  a  handkerchief,  into  which  he  put  it,  in 
as  many  hard  knots  as  he  could,  to  prevent  him  from  giving  away  the 
money  before  he  should  reach  home.  The  good  man  immediately 
went  to  the  house  ef  a  sick  and  necessitous  family,  and  told  them, 
that  G(^  had  sent  them  some  relief.  'Being  welcomed  by  the  sufier- 
ers  with  tears  of  gratitude,  he  began  to  untie  the  knots.  After  ma- 
ny fruitless  efforts,  and  impatient  of  the  perplexity  and  delay,  he 
gave  the  handkerchief  and  all  the  money  to  the  mother  of  the  family, 
saying, "  here,  my  dear,  take  it ;  I  believe  the  Lord  designs  it  idl 
for  you." 

Mr.  Eliot  published  several  letters  in  a  work,  entitled,  the  glori- 
ous  progress  of  the  gospel  among  the  Indians  Sec.  1649  ;  tears  of 
repentance,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Mayhew,  1653  ;  a  late  and  fur- 
ther manifestation  of  Uie  progress  of  the  gospel  among  the  Indians 


<'ir^ 

-III!'      " 

m|;[  '  ^^ 

■     ^         '   i 

.♦, 


i-|  jli'Siif '  •  a-. 

I      ■    ■      1 1 

-if:':'!;' 


ft 


,1       ;.  I ' 


i.     ■»!"   \i 


itllii 

':  ■     '  I'  iTi 


.-■v; 


M 


1 ,  'Hit 


270 


ELL 


;f 


S  ii 


I   I 


8cc.  1655;  of  the  gospel  amongst  the  Intliansi  kc.  1659;  a  brief 
narrative  of  the  progress  of  the  gospeli  Sec.  1 670.  A  wora  of  his, 
entitled  the  christian  comnionwealth  &c.  was  published  in  England 
about  the  year  1 660,  Mrritten  nine  or  ten  years  before.  When  it  was 
receired  in  Massachusetts,  the  governor  and  council,  viewing  it  n 
full  of  seditious  principles  against  all  established  governments,  ea. 
pecially  against  the  monarchy  of  their  native  country,  required  Mr. 
Eliot  to  make  a  recantation,  which  he  accordingly  did,  acknowledge 
ing,  that  government  by  kings,  lords,  and  commons  was  not  anti. 
christian.  The  book  was  suppressed.  In  1661  he  published  his 
translation  of  the  New  Testament  into  the  Indian  tongue  ;  and  in 
1663  his  immense  work,  the  translation  of  the  whole  bible,  in  4to, 
A  second  edition  was  printed  in  1685,  revised  bf  Mr.  Cotton,  and 
both  of  them  were  printed  at  Cambridge.  The  longest  word  is  in 
Mark  i.  40.  Wuttappesittukqussunnoohwehtunkquoh.  Mr.  Eliot 
also  published  the  Jews  in  America,  1660,  intended  to  prove,  tliat 
the  Indians  were  descendants  of  the  Jews  ;  an  Indian  grammar, 
1666  ;  the  logic  primer  lor  the  use  of  the  Indians,  1673  ;  the  psalmi 
translated  into  Indian  metre,  and  a  catechism,  annexed  to  the  edition 
of  the  New  Testament  in  1680  j  a  translation  of  the  practice  of 
piety,  of  Baxter's  call  to  the  unconverted,  and  of  several  of  Shep* 
ard's  works ;  the  harmony  of  the  gospels  in  English,  4to,  11^78  ;  the 
divine  management  of  gospel  churches  by  the  ordinance  of  councils, 
designed  for  the  reconciliation  of  the  presbyterians,  and  congreg^ 
tionalists.  Nine  of  his  letters  te  sir  Robert  Boyle  are  in  the  third 
volume  of  the  historical  collections^-— MirAcr**  magnaliuy  iii.  170 
—211;  EUot*a  Itfe and  death  f  MoPm  JV.  E.i.lS  1,  343. 358  ;  ii.  98 ; 
CoUectioTu  hiaioricalaodetyt'i.  176  ;  iii.  177— .188  ;  v.  356 — 266 ;  vii. 
34  ;  viii.  5—35  ;  x.  8—13,  134,  186  ;  DougUus^  ii.  113  ;  Hutch, 
inson,  i.  163—169,313  ;  Hoimet*  anmz/«,  i.  391 ;  H,  Adanu*  K,  E. 
83—87  ;  Morse  and  Parish* »  JV,  E.  330—333. 

ELIOT  (John),  minister  of  Newton,  was  the  son  of  the  preced* 
ing,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1656.  He  was  or* 
dained  at  Cambridge  viHage,  or  Nonantum,  now  Newton,  in  1664, 
and  in  this  place  he  died  October  1 1,  1668  in  the  thirty  third  year  of 
his  age.  His  abilities  as  a  preacher  were  preeminent.  He  gave 
his  father  much  assistance  in  his  missionaiy  employment.  During 
his  ministry  at  Newton  he  usually  preached  once  a  fortnight  to  the 
Indians  at  Pequimmit,  or  Stoughton,  and  sometimes  at  Natick^-. 
Gookin^  ch.  v  ;  Homer's  history  qfJVevfton  in  Collect,  hist,  soc.  v.  266. 

ELIOT  (And&ew,  d.  d.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  bora  about 
the  year  1719  and  in  1737  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college.  He 
early  felt  the  impressions  of  rehgion  and  was  in  consequence  indue* 
ed  to  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  the  Lord  Jesus.  He  was  or* 
dained  pastor  of  the  new  north  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with 
the  reverend  Mr.  Webb,  April  14,  1743.  Here  he  continued  in 
high  reputotiop  dll  his  d^)  September  13,  1778,  aged  fifty  nine 
years. 


ELL 


377 


Dr.  EUot  wu  highly  respected  for  hit  talenu  and  Yirtues.  He 
bclievedt  and  be  preached  the  dittinguishing  doctrine*  of  the  gee- 
pel ;  but  hit  lermont  were  not  filled  with  inveciWes  against  thoee, 
who  differed  from  him.  He  was  anxious  to  promote  the  interests 
of  pracdcal  godliness,  and  destitute  of  bigotry  he  embraced  all,  who 
appeared  to  have  an  honest  regard  to  religioua  truth.  His  discours- 
es were  written  in  a  style  perspicuous  and  oorrectt  and  he  delivered 
them  with  dignity,  gracefulness,  and  unaffected  fervor.  His  audi- 
eDce  was  never  inattentive.  The  various  duties  oi  the  pastoral  ofr 
fice  he  ever  discharged  with  fidelity.  He  revered  the  constitutioii 
of  the  churches  of  New  England,  and  delighted  in  seein|;  their 
prosperity.  In  1743  he  united  with  many  other  excellent  nunistere 
in  Imssachusetts  in  giving  his  testimony  in  bvor  of  the  very  remarks 
able  rerival  of  religion,  which  had  taken  place  in  this  country. 
When  the  British  took  possession  of  Boston,  he  sent  his  family  out 
of  the  town  with  the  intention  of  following  them ;  butanumber  of  the 
people,  belonging  to  his  society  and  to  other  societies,  being  oblig- 
ed to  remain,  requested  him  not  to  leave  them.  After  seeuog  ^- 
vine  direction,  he  thoug^ht  it  his  duty  to  comply  with  their  request, 
and  in  no  period  of  his  life  was  he  more  eminently  useful.  He  was 
a  friend  to  the  freedom,  peace,  and  independence  of  America.  By 
hb  benevolent  offices  he  contributed  much  toward  alleviating  the 
suffermgs  of  the  inhabitants;  he  ministered  to  his  sick  and 
wounded  countrymen  in  prison ;  he  went  about  doing  good  ;  atod 
he  appeared  to  be  more  than  ever  disengaged  from  the  world,  and 
attached  to  things  heavenly  and  divine.  He  was  a  friend  of  literature 
and  science,  and  he  rendered  important  services  to  Harvard  college 
both  as  an  individual  benefactor,  and  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  over- 
seers and  of  the  corporation.  So  highly  were  his  literary  acquire- 
ments and  general  character  estimated,  that  he  was  once  elected 
president  of  the  university ;  but  his  attachment  to  his  people  was 
such,  that  he  declined  the  appointment.  In  his  last  sickness  he  ex- 
pressed unshaken  fidth  in  those  doctrines  of  the  grace  of  God,  which 
he  had  preached  to  others,  and  would  frequenUy  breathe  out  the  pi- 
ous ejaculation,  **  come.  Lord  Jesus,  come  quickly." 

Dr.  EUot  wrote  a  long  account  of  the  effects  of  the  dispute  between 
Great  Britain  and  America  in  1768,  which  he  sent  to  afriend  in  Eng- 
land. It  is  spoken  of  with  high  respect  both  on  account  of  its  style, 
and  of  the  candor  aiiu  moderation,  with  which  it  was  written.  The 
following  is  a  catalogue  of  hispublications.  A  sermon  at  his  own 
ordination,  1743  ;  inordinate  love  of  the  world  inconsistent  with  the 
love  of  God,  1744 ;  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  John  Webb,  1750  ; 
a  fast  sermon,  1753  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Joseph  Rob- 
erts, 1754  ;  a  thanks^ring  sermon  for  the  conquest  of  Quebec, 
1759;  election  sermon,  1765  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend 
Ebenezer  Thayer,  1766  ;  Dudleian  lecture,  1771  ;  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  the  reverend  Joseph  Willard,  1773 ;  at  the  execution  of  Le- 


'tlii 


rPi\-- 


'  I .  I 


t 

I  IV 


278 


ELL. 


vi  Ames*  1773  ;  at  the  ordinaUon  of  hit  sont  th«  reverend  Anditir 
Eliot,  1774;  a  Tolume  of  twentjr  sermons,  8vo,  1774»  which  are 
considered  as  yery  inhuble^-^TThaeher't/imeral  termon  i  Hohnet* 
mHnaiaili,  410  {  Memoirt  qf  nonuu  Htittt. 

ELLSWORTH  (Olitbe,  ll.  d.)»  chief  justice  of  the  United 
States,  was  bom  at  Windsor,  Connecdcut,  April  99,  174s,  and  wai 
graduated  at  the  college  in  New  Jersej  in  1 766.  He  soon  afterwards 
commenced  the  practice  of  tlie  law,  in  which  profession  he  attained 
an  acknowledged  eminence.  His  perceptions  were  unusually  rap- 
id,  his  reasonmg  clear  and  condusiTe,  and  his  eloquence  inmost  ir- 
resistible. In  the  year  1777  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  conti- 
nental congp'esa.  He  found  himself  in  a  new  sphere  ;  but  his  ex- 
traordinary powers  did  not  fidl  him,  and  he  met  the  exigencies  of 
the  timet  without  shrinking.  In  1780  he  was  elected  into  the 
council  of  his  native  state,  and  he  conduued  a  member  of  that  body 
till  1 784,  when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court.  In 
1 787  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention,  which  framed  the 
fedend  constituden.  In  an  assembly,  illustrious  for  talents,  erudi- 
tion, and  patriotism,  he  held  a  distinguished  place.  Ifis  exertions 
essentially  aided  in  the  production  of  an  instrument,  which,  under 
the  divine  blesung,  has  been  the  mun  {nllar  of  American  prosperity 
and  glory.  He  was  immediately  afterwards  a  member  of  \the  state 
convention,  and  contributed- his  efforts  towards  procuring  the  ratifi- 
cation of  that  instrument.  When  the  federal  goverament  wasor- 
gamzed  in  1789,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  senate.  Thn  ele- 
vated station,  which  he  filled  with  his  accustomed  dignity,  he  occu- 
pied till  in  March  1796  he  was  nominated  by  president  Washington 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  UnSted  States.  Though 
his  attention  had  been  for  many  years  abstracted  from  the  study  of 
the  law,  yet  he  presided  in  that  high  court  with  the  greatest  repu- 
tation. The  difig^nce,  with  which  he  discharged  ms  ofiuial  du- 
ties, could  be  equalled  only  by  his  inexhaustible  patience.  His 
charges  to  the  jury  were  rich  not  only  in  legal  prinqples  butin  mond 
sentiments,  expressed  in  a  umple,  concise  style,  and  delivered  in  a 
manner,  which  gave  them  a  tenfold  energy  and  impression.  To- 
'watrds  the  close  of  the  year  1799  he  was  appointed  by  president  Ad- 
ams envoy  extraordinary  to  France  for  the  purpose  of  accommodat- 
ing existing  difficulties,  and  setUing  a  treaty  with  that  nation. 
Whh  much  reluctance  he  accepted  thie  appointment.  In  conjunc- 
tidn  whh  governor  Davie  and  Mr.  Murray,  his  associates,  he  nego- 
tiated a  treaty,  which  though  it  did  not  answer  the  just  claims  and 
■expectations  of  the  American  public,  vras  undoubtedly  the  best,  that 
could  be  procured.  Having  accomplished  the  buuness  of  his  em* 
bisaj  he  repaired  to  England  for  the  benefit  of  the  mineral  waters, 
as  his  heahh  had  suffered  much  in  his  voyage  to  Europe.  Convinc- 
ed that  his  infirmities  must  incapacitate  him  for  the  future  dis- 
•cfaarge  of  his  duties  on  the  bencb>  he  transmitted  a  resignation  <of 


ELL. 


S79 


li$  oflBce  of  chief  jiitdce  at  the  close  of  the  jreu*  1 800.  On  his^retum 
to  Connecticutt  his  fellow  citizenti  detirout  of  still  enjoying  the 
benefit  of  his  extraordinary  talents,  elected  him  into  the  council ; 
and  in  May  1807  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  state.  This 
office)  however)  he  declined  from  apprehension^  that  be  could  not 
long  survive  under  the  pressure  of  his  distres^g  maladies,  and  of 
domestic  lections.  He  died  November  36,  1807»  in  ^e  sixty 
thhrd  year  of  his  age. 

Mr.  Ellsworth  was  admired  as  an  accomplished  advocate,  an  up- 
right legislator,  an  able  and  impartial  judge,  a  wise  and  incorrupt- 
ible ambassador,  and  an  ardent,  uniform,  and  indefatigable  patriot, 
who  devoted  every  faculty,  every  literary  acquisition,  and  almost 
every  hour  of  his  life  to  his  country's  good.    He  moved  for  more 
than  thirty  years  in  a  most  conspicuous  sphere,  unasaailed  by  the 
shafts  of  sluxier.    His  integrity  was  not  only  unimpeached  but  un- 
suspected. In  his  debates  in  legislative  bodies  he  was  sometimes  ar- 
dent, but  his  ardor  illuminated  the  subject.      His  purposes  he 
he  pursued  with  firmness,   independence,   and  intrepidity.     In 
private  life  he  was  a  model  of  social  and  personal  virtue.    He 
iras  just  in  his  dealings,  frank  in  his  communications,  kind  and 
obti^ng  in  his  deportment,  easy  of  access  to  all,  beloved  and  re- 
spected by  his  neighbors  and  acqutdntance.    Amid  the  varied  hon- 
ors, accumulated  upon  him  by  his  country,  he  was  unassuming  and 
humble.    Hb  dress,  his  equipage,  and  mode  of  living  were  regu- 
lated by  a  principle  of  republican  economy  ;  but  for  the  promotion 
of  useful  and  benevolent  designs  he  communicated  with  readiness, 
and  liberality.    The  purity  and  excellence  of  his  character  are  rare 
m  any  station,  and  in  the  higher  walks  of  life  are  almost  unknown. 

If  it  be  asked,  to  what  cause  is  the  uniformity  of  his  virtue 
to  be   attributed  ?    The   answer  is  at   hand.      Mr.   Ellsworth 
was  a  Christian.     He  firmly  believed  the  great  doctrines  of  the 
gospel.    Having  its  spirit  transfused  into  his  own  heart  and  be- 
ing directed  by  its  maxims  and  impelled  by  its  motives,  he  almost 
instinctively  and  at  all  tines  pursued  a  course  of  upright  conduct. 
The  prindples,  which  governed  him,  were  not  of      ;nd,  which  ard 
liable  to  be  weakened  or  destroyed  by  the  opportunJ  :y  of  conceal- 
ment, the  security  from  dishonor,  the  authority  of  numbers,  or  the 
prospects  of  interest.    He  made  an  explicit  and  public  confession 
of  chrisUanity  in  his  youth  ;  and  in  all .  his  intercourse  with  the 
polite  and  learned  world  he  was  not  ashamed  of  the  gospel  of  Christ. 
In  the  midst  of  mutdplied  engagements  he  made  theology  a  study, 
and  attended   with  unvarying  punctuality  on  the  worship  of  the 
sanctuary.    The  sage,  whose  eloquence  had  charmed  the  senate* 
and  whose  decisions  from  the  bench  were  regarded  as  almost  oracu-  •- 
lar,  sat  with  the  simplicity  of  a  child  at  the  feet  of  Jesus,  devoutly 
absorbed  in  the  mysteries  of  redempUon.     His  religion  was  not 
eSldandheartiesS)  but  practical  and  vital.     Meetings  for  social 


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wonhip  and  doiu  conference  he  countenanced  bf  hb  presence. 
He  was  one  or  Che  truiteet  of  the  mliiionary  societr  of  ConnecU- 
cut)  and  engaged  with  ardor  in  the  benerolent  design  of  dissenU. 
nathtg  the  truths  of  the  goepel.  In  hb  last  tUness  he  was  humble 
and  tranqidl.  He  expressed  the  submissionf  the  views,  and  the 
consolations  of  a  Christian.  His  speech  in  the  convention  of  Con* 
necticut  in  &vor  of  the  constitution  is  preserved  in  the  American 
muMit\km.i-^Pttnopliat  and  nuM.  mag.  united^  i.  193—197  }  Br(ntnU 
American  reguter,  ii.  9S— 98  ;  Jmeriean  mtM<r«m,  iii.  334^-338. 

EMERSON  (Joskph),  minister  of  Maiden,  Massachusetts,  wu 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1717,  and  ordained  Oct(4>er3l, 
173 1.  For  near  half  a  centurv  he  continued  his  benevolent  kjjon 
Without  being  detained  from  his  pulpit  but  two  sabbaths.  He  died 
suddenly  July  13,  1767,  In  the  uxty  eighth  year  of  his  age.  He 
left  seven  sons,  several  of  whom  were  ministers.  He  was  pious 
in  early  life,  and  hia  parents  witnessed  the  eifect  of  their  inttruc> 
tions  and  prayers.  As  a  preacher  of  the  gospel  he  searched  the 
scriptures  ixdth  ^gence,  that  he  might  draw  his  doctrines  from 
tlie  ptire  fountidns  of  truth.  He  preaclud  with  earnestness  the  real 
dirinity  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  special  agency  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  in  the  conversion  of  rinners,  the  sovereignty  of  God,  the 
depravity  and  guilt  of  man  rince  the  apostasy,  the  necesuty  of  rt- 
ceiving  the  righteousness  of  Christ  in  order  to  justification,  the 
perseverance  of  sunts,  and  the  indispensable  importance  of  holi< 
ness  in  heart  and  life.  In  the  various  relations,  which  he  susttdnedt 
he  was  just,  amiable,  kind,  and  benevolent.  One  tenth  of  his  in< 
come  was  devoted  to  charitable  uses.  He  at  stated  times  every 
day  addressed  himself  to  heaven,  and  never  engaged  in  any  im- 
portant alTair  without  first  seeking  the  divine  blessing.  Such  ym 
ids  humility,  that  when  unguarded  words  fell  from  his  lips,  he 
would  ask  forgiveness  of  his  children  and  servants.  He  published 
the  importance  and  duty  of  a  titjnely  seeking  of  God,  1737  ;  meat 
out  of  the  eater,  and  sweetneu  out  of  the  strong,  17 3  5  .^-mFuiferal 
temum  by  tut  ton.  I 

ENDICOT  (John),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  sent  to 
this  country  by  a  company  in  England  as  their  agent  to  carry  on  the 
plantation  at  Naumkeag,  or  Salem,  in  the  summer  of  1638.  It  ^ras 
here,  that  he  liud  the  foundation  of  the  first  permanent  town  ^thin 
the  limits  of  the  Massachusetts  patent.  He  was  a  suitable  person 
to  be  entrusted  vn  ith  the  care  of  a  new  settlement  in  the  wilderness; 
for  he  was  bold,  undaunted,  sociable,  and  cheerful,  fiuniliar,  or  aus- 
tere and  distant,  as  occasion  required.  The  company  in  April  1629 
chose  him  the  governor  of  ^  London's  plantation;'*  but  in  August 
it  was  determined  to  transfer  the  charter  and  the  gove;nment  of  the 
colony  to  New,  England,  and  John  Winthrop,  who  ai'rived  in  the  fol* 
lowing  year,  was  apjpointed  governor.  In  1636  Mr.  Endicotwas 
sent  out  on  an  expedition  against  the  Indians  on  Block  island)  an^ 


ERV. 


1281 


in  the  Pc(|Uot  country,  lie  coniiiuied  At  Salem  till  1644,  vlicn  h« 
y(M  elected  governor  of  MasMchusettSt  and  removed  to  Doiton. 
He  was  a\w  governor  from  1649  to  I654|  and  from  16S5  to  1665. 
He  (lied  March  I S*  166S,  in  the  aeventy  seventh  year  of  hit  age,  and 
was  succeeded  by  Bellingham.  He  wai  a  sincere  and  lealous  pu« 
Htan,  rigid  in  his  principleH,  and  severe  in  the  execution  of  the  laws 
■gainst  sectaries,  or  tliose,  who  differed  from  the  religion  of  Massa- 
chusetts. Two  episcopalians,  who  accused  the  members  of  the 
church  of  Salem  of  being  separatists,  were  sent  back  to  England  by 
his  orders.  He  was  determined  to  establish  a  reformed  and  a  pure 
church.  The  quakers  and  the  baptists  tiad  no  occasion  to  remem- 
ber him  with  affection.  So  opposed  was  he  to  every  thingt 
^fdich  looked  like  popery,  that,  through  the  influence  of  Roger 
Williams,  he  cut  out  the  cross  from  the  military  standard.  Heln- 
^ite'd  at  Salem,  that  the  women  should  wear  veils  at  chtirch.  In 
1^49,  when  he  was  governor,  he  entered  into  an  association  with 
the  other  magistrates  against  long  hair.  As  the  pracUce  of  wearing 
it,  **  after  the  manner  of  ruflians  and  barbarous  Indians,  had  begun 
to  uivade  New  England,"  they  declared  their  detestation  of  the  cus- 
toTn«  **  as  a  thing  uncivil  and  unmanly,  whereby  men  do  deform 
diemselves,  and  offend  sober  and  modest  men,  and  do  corrupt  good 
manners."  In  1 659,  during  his  administration,  four  quakers  were 
pot  to  death  in  Boston.— Ara/'*  M  England^  i.  139,  364 ;  Hutchiti' 
nn^  i.  8— ir,  38,  58, 134, 151, 17S,  189,  335  ;  Winthrop,  105  ;  Col* 
leet.  Mtt.  toe.  vi.  345, 361 ;  ix.  5 ;  H,  Admn%*  A*.  £nglandy  37, 100  ; 
Holmes*  annaU,  i.  343,  345,  389,  396 ;  MortoiifSlf  188  ;  Magnolia, 
ii.  18. 

ERVING  (William),  a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  was 
graduated  at  that  institution  in  1753,  and  quitted  the  British  army, 
in  which  he  was  an  officer,  at  the  commencement  of  the  American 
revoludon.  He  died  at  Roxbury  in  June  179 1,  bequeathing  to  the 
university,  in  which  he  was  educated,  one  thousand  pounds  towards 
establishmg  a  professorship  of  chemistry  and  materia  medica. 
This  professor  takes  the  name  of  the  founder. 

EUSTACE  (John  Sket),  a  brave  officer  in  the  American  war, 
entered  into  the  service  of  his  country  not  long  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolntion,  and  continued  one  6if  her  active  de* 
fenders  till  the  conclusion  of  the  contest.  He  served  for  some  time 
as  an  aid  de  camp  to  general  Lee,  and  afterwards  as  an  aid  do  camp 
to  general  Greene*  When  the  war  was  ended,  he  retired  to  Georg- 
ia, and  was  there  admitted  to  the  bar  as  an  advocate.  In  that 
state  he  received  the  appointment  of  adjutant  general.  In  the  year 
1794,  as  he  was  fond  of  a  militiary  life,  he  went  to  France,  and  there 
received  the  appointment  of  a  brigadier  general,  and  was  afterwards 
promoted  and  made  a  major  general.  In  that  capacity  he  served 
the  French  nation  for  some  time.  He  commanded  in  1797  a  di- 
vision of  the  French  army  in  Flanders.    In  1800  he  returned  a^aiA 

37 


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EVA. 


to  hi*  native  country  uul  took  up  hit  rciidenca  in  Ortnn  coontw 
Now  York*  where  he  led  a  retiredi  ttudiout  life*  till  hi*  death.  !(« 
devoted  to  literature  tdl  the  timet  which  the  tute  oi  hit  hcsilib 

would  permit.  Hedied  at  Ncwburgh  Aufpitt  31,  ItOSftgcdiorty 
five  jreart.— Vrw  York  sftettator^  Sr/ttemder  4,  180S. 

£v  ANS  (Nathamikl),  a  minitter  in  New  Jertef ,  and  a  poeL 
Wai  bom  in  Philudelphia  June  8,  1743,  and  wat  graduated  at  th« 
college  in  that  city  in  1765,  having  guined  a  high  reputation  for  hit 
genius.  He  immediately  afterwurtit  embarked  for  England,  rec- 
ommended to  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel*  and  wai  on 
dained  by  the  bishop  of  London.  He  arrived  at  Philadelphia  oa 
his  return  December  36, 1765,  and  entered  soon  upon  the  butineii 
of  his  mission  at  Gloucester  county,  in  New  Jersey.  His  season  of 
labor  was  short,  for  it  pleased  God  to  remove  him  ironi  this  preieot 
life  October  39,  1767,  in  the  twenty  sixth  year  of  his  age.  He 
was  remarkable  for  the  excellence  of  his  temper,  the  correctneu 
of  his  morals,  and  the  soundness  of  his  doctrines.  He  published  a 
short  account  of  Thomas  Godfrey,  prefixed  to  Godfrey's  poems, 
and  an  elegy  to  his  memory.  After  his  death  a  selection  of  hit 
writings  was  published,  entitled,  poems  on  several  occasions,  with 
some  other  compositions,  Philttdelphia,  1773.  Annexed  to  this 
volume  is  one  of  his  sermons —^mffrtcan  mtueum^  vii.  405  }  l*r(;f^ 
ace  to  the  above  fioema  ;  Hardie*M  biog,  dictionary, 

CVANS  (Lewis),  eminent  for  his  acqutdntance  vrith  American 
geography,  was  a  surveyor  in  Pennsylvania.  He  made  many  jour* 
neys  into  the  neighboring  colonies,  and  had  been  frequently  em* 
ployed  in  surveying  lands,  purchased  of  the  natives.  He  also  trav* 
ersed  considerable  tracts  of  the  country,  which  they  had  not  sold  to 
the  whites.  He  had  collected  a  great  store  of  materials  from  other 
sources.  From  these  he  compiled  a  map  of  the  middle  colonies, 
and  of  the  adjacent  country  of  the  Indians,  lying  northward  and 
westward.  The  first  edition  of  it  was  published  at  Philadelphia  in 
1749,  and  a  second  in  1755,  accompanied  with  an  explanatory  pam* 
phlet.  Some  expressions,  countenancing  the  title  of  France  to  fort 
Frontenac,  brought  him  into  a  controversy  with  a  writer  in  Game's 
New  York  mercury  in  1756.  In  the  course  of  the  same  year  he 
wrote  a  full  and  elaborate  reply  to  this  and  other  charges  against 
him*  and  caused  the  pamphlet  to  be  published  in  London.  They 
are  both  offered  to^the  public  under  the  title  of  geographical,  his- 
torical, political,  philosophical,  and  mechanical  essays ;  number  I, 
and  II.  The  first  edition  of  this  celebrated  map  was  chiefly  limited 
tQ  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware.  The  second  edition  was 
much  enlarged  by  the  author,  being  made  a  general  map  of  the  mid* 
die  British  colonies,  Virginia,  Maryland,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey, New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Islandj  and  the  coun- 
try of  the  confederate  Indians.  It  was  inscribed  to  Mr.  Pownall. 
Afterwards  in  1776,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  between  Great 


EVE. 


383 


Sritito  wnA  her  coloniet*  Mr.  Pownull  himielf  gtr*  •  new  edition 
of  Etraiw'  map  with  large  addiiioii»«  entitleu  ti  luap  of  the  iiriii»h 
colooie*  ill  North  America,  it  comprehended  all  New  England 
ind  the  bordering  parii  ol  Canttdu.— >/r(/ira/  refioritory^  hejiade  iiy 
li.  78t  Ul ;  Monthly  ontMofy,  vi.  'J05. 

EVEi  ^TT  (Olivbr))  mini»ier  in  Bottoot  was  graduated  at 
Harverd  cc'lege  in  1779t  and  was  ordained  paatoroi  the  church  in 
lumnier  strectf  as  succetvor  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Howe^  January  3y 
1783.  Altera  ministry  ot  ten  years,  and  alter  .>aving  acquired 
s  high  MDUtation  lor  the  very  extruordinary  powers  ol  his  niijid« 
the  state  ol  hit  health  induced  him  to  ask  a  dismission  from  his  peo- 
ple in  1793.  He  was  succeeded  in  1794  by  the  present  minister 
of  this  church,  the  reverend  Dr.  Kirkland.  After  he  resigned  the 
Mcred  office,  Mr.  Everett  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  court  of  com- 
mon pleas  for  the  county  of  Norlolk.  He  died  at  Dorchester  No- 
umber  19,  1803,  in  tike  fifty  first  year  ol  his  a^^e. 

EWING  (John,  p.  o.),  minister  in  Philadelphia,  and  provost  of 
the  college  in  that  city,  was  born  in  EUist  Nottingham  in  Maryland 
June  33,  1733.  His  classical  studies  were  begun  under  the  rever- 
end Dr.  Allison,  with  whom,  after  finishing  the  usual  studies,  he 
lemained  three  years  as  a  tutor.  During  thut  time  he  made  some 
progress  in  the  science  of  mathematics,  in  which  he  afterward-,  lie- 
came  so  eminent  Such  was  his  ardor  in  his  scientific  pursuiu,  and 
luch  were  the  difficulties,  with  which  he  had  to  struggle,  that  he 
frequently  rode  thirty  or  lorty  miles  to  obtain  books,  which  would 
give  him  assistance  in  his  favorite  speculations.  He  removed  in 
1754  to  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  and  cnttering  the  senior  class 
was  the  favorite  pupU  of  president  Burr.  He  was  graduated  in 
1755,  and  afterwards  accepted  the  appointment  of  tutor.  Having 
resolved  by  divine  permission  to  become  a  minister  of  the  gospelt 
be  pursued  bis  theological  studies  under  the  direction  of  the  rever- 
end Dr.  Allison.  At  the  age  of  twenty  six  he  was  employed  as 
the  instructer  of  the  phiiosuphicul  classes  in  the  college  of  Phila- 
delphia during  the  absence  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Smith,  who  was 
then  the  provost.  In  1759  he  accepted  an  unanimous  call  from 
the  first  presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  continued 
a  minister  till  his  death.  In  1773  he  was  sent  to  Great  Britain  to  so- 
licit benefactions  for  the  academy  of  Newark  in  Delaware.  He  was 
every  where  received  with  respect.  Among  his  acquaintance  and 
friends  were  Dr.  Robertson,  Dr.  Webster,  Mr.  Balfour,  and  Dr.  Black- 
lock.  In  1775  he  returned  to  America,  as  the  revolution  was  com- 
mencing, notwithstanding  the  most  tempting  oifers,  which  were 
made  to  induce  him  io  remain  in  England.  In  1779  he  wa9  elected 
provost  of  the  university  of  Pennsylvania.  To  this  stationi  which  he 
beldUU  his  death,  he  brought  large  stores  of  information  and  a  pater- 
nal tenderness  toward  the  youth,  who  were  committed  to  his  care. 
He  died  in  1803  in  the  seventy  first  year  of  his  age,  having  been  a 


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miniiter  more  than  forty  years.  During  his  last  sickness  no  muN 
mur  escaped  his  lips,  and  he  was  patient  and  resigned  to  the  will  of 
his  heavenly  Father.  His  colleague)  the  reverend  Dr.  Linn,  sur> 
vived  him. 

In  all  the  branches  of  science  and  literature,  usually  taught  in 
eolleges,  Dr.  Ewing  was  uncommonly  accurate,  and  in  his  mode  oi 
communicating  information  on  the  most  abstruse  and  intricate  sub> 
j^cts  he  was  seldom  surpassed.  In  mathematics,  astronomy,  and 
every  branch  of"  natural  philosophy  ;  in  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  He* 
brew  languages  ;  and  in  logic,  metaphysics,  and  moral  philosophv 
ho  was  one  of  the  most  accurate  and  profound  scholars,  which  his 
country  can  boast  of  having  reared.  Such  was  his  attachment  to 
the  original  language,  in  which  the  Old  Testament  was  written,  that 
in  ^he  latter  part  of  his  life  one  could  seldom  enter  his  room  with« 
out  seeing  his  Hebrew  bible  on  the  couch  beside  him.  He  was  a 
distin^^uished  member  of  the  American  philosophical  society.  His 
qualifications  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  were  many  and  eminent. 
Science  was  with  him  a  handmaid  to  religion.  He  was  mighty  in 
the  scriptures.  To  the  fountains  of  all  religious  knowledge  he 
went  for  instruction,  and  from  them  he  drew  his  religious  opinions. 
He  examined  and  decided  for  himself.  With  the  works  of  com* 
mentators  and  systematical  writers  he  was  familiar,  vievling  them 
as  indispensable  assistants  to  the  student,  though  not  to  be  implicitly 
confided  in.  His  own  investigation  confirmed  him  in  his  belief  of 
the  doctrines  of  grace,  which  he  endeavoured  to  impress  upon  the 
hearts  of  his  people.  His  sermops  were  written  with  great  accu* 
racy  and  care,  in  a  styfe  always  perspicuous,  and  generally  sober 
and  temperate,  though  sometimes  ornamented.  Mere  declamation 
was  never  heard  from  his  lips.  His  deportment  was  easy  and  affa. 
ble.  He  had  a  freeness  of  salutation,  which  sometimes  surprised 
the  stranger ;  but  which  was  admired  by  those,  who  knew  him,  as 
it  proceeded  from  an  open  and  honest  heart.  His  talents  in  con. 
versation  were  remarkably  entertsdning.  He  could  unbend  from 
severer  studies  and  become  the  companion  of  innocent  mirth,  and  of 
happy  gaiety.  Perfectly  free  from  pedantry,  he  could  accommodate 
himself  to  the  most  unlettered.  His  talent  of  narration  was  uni* 
versally  admired.  An  extract  of  his  sermon  on  the  death  of  the 
reverend  Dr.  Allison  is  preserved  in  the  assembly's  magazine.  He 
jiublished  also  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  George  Bryan,  179 1  ;  the 
design  of  Christ's  coming  into  the  world,  in  the  American  preacher, 
ii ;  and  several  communications  in  theitransactions  of  the^ American 
philosophical  society  .•>.£tnn*«  funeral  aermon  }  ^a»embly*9  miu, 
mag.  i.  409—414,  458  ;  Miller* 9  retrosfieety  ii.  372  ;  Jlolmea*  annaltf 
ii.  505. 

FAIRFAX  (Brian),  minister  of  the  episcopal  church  in  Alexan- 
dria, Virginia,  died  at  mount  Eagle,  near  Cameron,  August  7, 1802, 
m  the  seventy  sixth  year  of  his  age.    He  was  a  man  of  upright 


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FAN. 


285 


principle*)  of  unfeigned  piety*  and  of  simple  manners.  His  long 
illness  he  bore  with  firmness  and  resignation.  He  published  a  ser* 
mon  oD  the  forgetfulness  of  our  sins  in  the  American  preacher* 

fol.  i> 

FANEUIL  (Pbtsa))  founder  of  Faneuil  hall  in  Boston*  died 
Msrch  3)  1743.  He  possessed  a  large  estate  and  he  employed  it  in 
doing  good.  While  his  charities  vrere  extensive*  his  liberal  spirit 
induced  him  to  present  to  the  town  of  Boston  a  stately  edifice  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  at  their  public  meetings.  %:' 

FAUGERES  (Maroarbtta  V.)*  distinguished  for  her  literary 
accomplishments*  was  the  daughter  of  Ann  Eliza  Bleecker*  and  was 
bom  about  the  year  1771.  The  first  years  of  her  life  were  spent 
with  her  parents  in  the  retired  village  of  Tomhanic*  about  eighteen 
miles  above  Albany.  Here  through  the  instructions  of  her  mother 
her  mind  was  much  cultivated,  but  the  loss  of  this  excellent  parent 
at  an  age*  when  her  counsels  were  of  the  utmost  importance*  was 
irreparable.  Mr.  Bleecker*  who  was  in  affluent  circumstances* after 
the  termination  of  the  war  removed  to  New  York*  and  as  his  daugh- 
ter grew  up*  saw  her  engaging  in  her  manners*  lively  and  witty*  of 
an  equal  and  sweet  temper*  and  diffusing  cheerfulness  around  heri 
Of  her  admirers  she  placed  her  affections  upon  one  of  a  disupated 
charalcter*  and  notwitiistar.ding  the  most  earnest  remonstrances  of 
her  nther  she  in  1792  married  Mr.  Peter  Faugeres,  a  physician  in 
New  York.  It  was  not  long,  befoi*e  she  perceived  the  folly  of  hav- 
ing  been  governed  l^  passion  rather  than  by  reason*  and  her  disre- 
gard of  paternal  advice  and  preference  of  external  accomplishments 
to  correct  morals  and  the  virtues  of  the  heart  overwhelmed  her 
with  trouble.  In  three  or  four  years  the  ample  fortune*  which  she 
had  brought  to  her  husband*  was  entirely  expended.  Before  the 
death  of  her  &ther  in  1795  his  affection  shielded  her  from  many 
evils  ;  but  in  the  summer  of  1796  she  was  glad  to  procure  a  reu- 
dence  in  a  garret  with  the  author  of  her  woes  and  one  child.  Mr. 
Faugeres  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever  in  the  fatal  autumn  of 
1798,  and  she  soon  afterwards  engaged  as  an  assistant  in  an  cxad- 
emy  for  young  ladies  at  New  Brunswick.  For  this  station  she  was 
peculiarly  qualified  by  the  variety  of  her  talents  and  the  sweetness 
of  her  temper.  In  about  a  year  she  removed  to  Brooklyn*  where 
she  undertook  the  education  of  the  children  of  several  families. 
Her  declining  health  having  rendered  her  incapable  of  this  employ- 
ment* she  was  received  by  a  friend  in  New  York*  whose  attentions 
were  peculiarly  grateful*  as  she  was  sinking  into  the  grave.  She 
was  resigned  to  the  will  of  God,  and*  cheered  by  the  truths  ofsrelig- 
ion,  she  died  in  peace  January  9,  1801,  in  the  thirtieth  year  of  her 
age. 

Mrs.  Faugeres  had  a  taste  for  poetry,  and  many  of  the  produc- 
tions of  her  pen,  which  were  much  admired*  were  published  in  the 
New  York  magazine  and  the  Ameriran  museum.    In  1793  she 


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published,  prefixed  to  the  works  of  Mrs.  BIeecker,her  mother*  rat* 
moirs  of  her  life?  and  several  of  her  own  essays  were  annexed  to 
the  volunae.  Thouj^h  she  had  never  once  entered  a  theatre,  site 
gave  the  world  in  1795  or  1796  Belisarius,  a  tragedy.  Her  most 
valuable  manuscripts  are  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Hardie  of  New  York, 
who  has  declared  his  intention  of  committing  them  to^the  press.-. 
Hardie*a  biog.  dictionary. 

FINLEY  (Samuel,  d.d.),  president  of  the  college  of  New  Jer« 
sey,  was  bom  of  pious  parents  in  the  county  of  Armagh  in  Ireland 
in  the  year  1715,  and  was  one  of  seven  sons,  who  were  all  esteem- 
ed pious.  Very  early  in  life  it  pleased  God  to  awaken  and  convert 
him.  He  first  heard  a  sermon,  when  he  was  six  years  old,  and  from 
that  time  resolved  to  be  a  minister.  He  left  his  native  country  at 
the  age  of  eighteen,  and  arrived  at  Philadelphia  September  28,1734, 
After  his  arrival  in  America  he  spent  several  years  in  completing 
his  studies,  and  was  particularly  attentive  to  theology.  Having 
been  licensed  to  preach  in  August  1740,  he  was  ordained  on  the 
thirteenth  of  October  by  the  presbytery  of  New  Brunswick.  The 
first  part  of  his  ministry  was  spent  in  fatiguing  itinerant  labors. 
He  contributed  his  efforts  with  the  reverend  Gilbert  Tennent  and 
Mr.  Whitefield  in  promoting  the  revival  of  religion,  which  was  at 
this  period  so  remarkable  throughout  this  country.  His  benevolent 
zeal  sometimes  brought  him  into  unpleasant  circumstances.  The 
legislature  of  Connecticut  had  made  a  law,  prohibiting  itinerants 
from  entering  parishes,  in  which  a  minister  was  settled,  unless  by 
his  consent.  For  preaching  to  a  presbyterian  congregation  in  New 
Haven  Mr.  Finley  was  in  consequence  of  this  law  seized  by  the 
civil  authority,  and  carried  as  a  vagrant  out  of  the  colony.  But  per* 
secution  could  not  shake  him  from  his  purpose  of  being  occupied 
in  preaching  the  everlasting  gospel.  His  exertions  were  greatly 
blessed  in  a  number  of  towns  in  New  Jersey,  and  he  preached  for 
six  months  with  great  acceptance  in  Philadelphia.  In  June  1744 
he  accepted  an  invitation  from  Nottingham  in  Maryland  on  the  bor> 
der  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  continued  near  seventeen  years, 
faithfully  and  successfully  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office. 
Here  he  established  an  academy,  which  acquired  great  reputation. 
Under  his  instruction  many  youths  received  the  rudiments  of  learn- 
ing, and  correct  moral  sentiments,  which  have  since  contributed 
much  towards  rendering  them  the  most  useful  members  of  society, 
ypon  the  death  of  president  Davies  Mr.  Finley  was  chosen  his  suc- 
cessor. It  was  with  reluctance,  that  he  left  a  people,  so  much  en- 
deared to  him,  and  with  whom  he  had  so  long  lived  in  friendship. 
He  removed  to  Princeton  in  July  1761  and  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  his  new  office.  The  college  flourished  under  his  care ;  but  it 
enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his  superintendence  for  but  a  few  years.  He 
died  at  Philadelphia,  whither  he  had  gone  for  medical  assistance, 
July  17,  1766,  in  the  fifty  first  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  by 
the  side  of  his  friend,  the  reverend  Gilbert  Tennent. 


FIN. 


287 


In  bis  religious  opinions  Dr.  Finley  was  a  Calvihist.    His  ser- 
mons were  not  hasty  productions,  but  the  result  of  study,  and  filled 
wit'ii  good  S7rise  and  well  digested  sentiment,  expressed  in  a  style 
pleasin!!!?  ('      -^  i^^^n  of  science,  yet  perfectly  intelligible  by  the 
illiterate.      ~^i  was  remarkable  for  sweetness  of  temper  and  polite 
behavior,  iiu^pitabie,  charitable,  and  diligent  in  the  performance  of 
the  various  duties  of  life.    During  his  last  sickness  he  was  perfect- 
ly resigned  to  the  divine  will ;  he  had  a  strong  faith  in  his  Savior  i 
and  he  frequently  expressed  an  earnest  desire  of  departing,  that  he 
might  dwell  with  the  Lord  Jesus.     A  short  time  before  his  death 
be  sat  up,  and  prayed  earnestly,  that  God  would  enable  him  to  en- 
dure patiently  to  the  end,  and  keep  him  from  dishonoring  the  min* 
istry.    He  then  said,  <'  blessed  be  God,  eternal  rest  is  at  hand. 
Eternity  is  but  long  enough  to  enjoy  my  God.     This,  this  has  ani- 
mated me  in  my  severest  studies ;  I  was  ashamed  to  take  rest  here. 
0,  that  I  might  be  filled  with  the  fulness  of  God  !"  He  then  ad- 
dressed himself  to  all  his  friends  in  the  room,  *'>  O,  that  each  of  you 
may  experience  what,  blessed  be  God,  I  do,  when  you  come  to  die ; 
may  you  have  the  pleasure  in  a  dying  hour  to  reflect,  that  with 
ftdth  and  patience,  zeul  and  sincerity,  you  have  endeavored  to  serve 
the  Lord  ;  and  may  each  of  you  be  impressed,  as  I  have  been,  with 
God's  word,  looking  upon  it  as  substantial,  and  not  only  fearing,  but 
being  unwilling  to  ofiend  against  it.'*    To  a  member  of  the  second 
presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia  he  observed,  **  I  have  often 
preached  and  prayed  among  you,  my  dear  sir,  and  the  doctrines  I 
preached  to  you  are  now  my  support ;  and,  blessed  be  God,  they 
are  without  a  flaw."    To  a  person  from  Princeton  he  said,  <<  give 
my  love  to  the  people  at  Princeton,  and  tell  them,  that  I  am  g<Hng 
to  die,  and  that  I  am  not  afraid  to  die.**    On  being  asked  how  IfUK 
felt,  he  replied,  "  full  of  triumph  !   I  triumph  through  Christ ! 
Nothing  clips  my  wings,  but  the  thoughts  of  my  dissolution  being 
delayed.    O*  that  it  were  to  night !  My  very  soul  thirsts  for  eternal 
rest."    When  he  was  asked,  what  he  saw  in  eternity  to  excite  such 
vehement  desires,  he  said,  **  I  see  the  eternal  love  and  goodness  of 
God  ;  I  see  the  fulness  of  the  Mediator ;  I  see  the  love  of  Jesus. 
0,  to  be  dissolved  and  to  be  with  him  !  I  long  to  be  clothed  vrith 
the  complete  righteousness  of  Christ."    Thus  died  this  excellent 
roan  in  the  full  assurance  of  salvation. 

He  published  a  sermon  on  Matthew  xii.  28,  entitled,  Christ  tri- 
umphing and  satan  raging,  preached  at  Nottingham  January  20, 
1741  ;  a  refutation  of  Mr.  Thompson's  sermon  on  the  doctrine  of 
convictions,  1743  ;  satan  stripped  of  his  evap.^elical  robe,  against 
the  Moravians,  1743  ;  a  charitable  plea  for  the  speechless  in  answer 
to  Abel  Morgan's  anti-pedo-rantism,  1747  ;  a  vindication  of  the 
preceding,  1748  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  John 
Rodgersat  St;  George's,  Penrsylvania,  March  16,  1749  ;  a  sermon 
«n  the  death  of  president  Davies,  prefixed  to  his  works.— .<f«Mm6/t/** 


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288 


FIS. 


mita.  mag.  i.  fl— .77;  ^ano/ki^/,  i.  38 1—386  ;  and  new  aeriea,  {, 
341—357  ;  Chriatian**  magaxineji.  301---307}  419—436  ;  Afbtta. 
mUa.  mag.  iv.  34 1~.347. 

FISKE  (John))  first  minister  of  Wenham  and  Chelmsford,  Mat* 
8achusett8)Was  bwn  in  England  in  1601,  and  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge.  He  camp  to  this  country  in  1637,  and  being  in  the  same 
ship  with  the  reverend  John  Allen,  they  preached  two  sermons  al. 
most  every  day  during  the  voyage.  He  was  for  some  time  the 
teacher  of  a  school  at  Cambridge.  As  his  property  was  large,  he 
made  considerable  loans  to  the  province.  He  lived  almost  three 
years  at  Salem,  preaching  to  the  church,  and  instructing  a  number 
of  young  persons.  When  a  church  was  gathered  in  Enon,  or 
Wenham,  October  8, 1 644,  he  was  settled  the  ministei*,  and  here 
he  continued  till  about  the  year  1656,  when  he  removed  to  Chelms* 
ford,  then  a  new  town,  wiUi  the  majority  of  his  church.  Having 
been  an  able  and  useful  preacher  in  this  place  twenty  years,  he  died 
January  14,  1677.  He  was  a  skilful  physician,  as  well  as  an  excel- 
lent minister.  One  of  his  sons  was  minister  of  Braintree.  Among 
the  severest  afflicdons,  to  which  he  was  called,  says  Dr.  Mather, 
was  the  loss  of  his  concordance  ;  that  is,  of  bis  wife,  who  was  so 
expert  in  the  scriptures,  as  to  render  any  other  concordance  unnec* 
essary.  He  published  a  catechism,  entitled,  the  olive  branch  wa* 
tered.— 'MijTia/ia,  iii.  141— •143  ;  Collect.  hi»t.  toe.  vi.  339,  240. 

FISKE  (Nathan,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Brookfield,  Massachusetts, 
tras  bom  in  Weston  September  20,  1733.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1754,  and  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  in  the 
third  parish  in  Brookfield  May  38, 1758.  Here  he  continued  more 
than  forty  years.  After  preaching  on  the  Lord's  day  November 
34»  1799,  he  retired  to  his  bed  at  his  usual  hour  in  apparent  health, 
and  in  a  short  time  died  vrithout  a  struggle,  aged  sixty  six  years. 
By  incessant  study  Dr.  Fiske  gradually  perfected  his  talents,  and 
gained  the  public  esteem.  Few  men,  with  his  advantages,  had  ac« 
cumulated  a  greater  store  of  rich  and  various  knowledge.  In  pros* 
perity  and  adveruty  he  possessed  the  same  serenity  of  mind.  With 
a  small  salary  he  found  means  to  practise  a  generous  hospitality, 
and  to  give  three  sons  a  collegia!  education.  He  published  a  his< 
torical  sermon  on  tlie  settlement  and  growth  of  Brookfield,  deliver- 
ed December  31,  1775  ;  a  fast  sermon,  1776 ;  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Joshua  Spooner,  1 778  ;  on  the  death  of  the  honora- 
ble judge  Foster,  1779  ;  an  oration  on  the  capture  of  lord  Com- 
wallis,  October  1781  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Josiah  Hobbs, 
1784  ;  sermons  on  various  subjects,  8vo,  1794  ;  Dudleian  lecture, 
1796  ;  the  moral  monitor,  3  vol.  12mo,  1801,  containing  a  number 
of  essays,  originally  published  in  the  newspapers.— -Pre/bcr  to  the 
monitor  ;  Monthly  anthology,  i.  639. 

FITCH  (Jambs),  first  minister  of  Saybrook  and  of  Norwich  in 
Connecticut,  was  bom  in  the  county  of  Essex  in  England  Decern- 


FIT. 


289 


[jfiT^t  l^^^.i  ao4.came  to.  this  country  In  1638.  He  had  already 
acquired  a  correct  knowledge  of  the  learned  languages  ;  but  he 
spent  seven  years  under  the  instruction  of  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr. 
Stone«  In.  1^46  he  was  ordidned  over  a  churchy  which  was  at  that 
tiine  g^tl^red  ip  Saybrooki  and  it  h  said»  that  the  brethren's  hands 
oply  were  imposed.  In  1660  he  re^rioved,  with  the  greater  part  of 
huch^rch  to  Norwich,  and  in  that  town  passed  the  remaning  ac- 
Uve  days  of  his  life.  When  the  infirmities  of  age  obliged  him  to 
cease  from  his  public  labors,  he  retired  to  his  children  at  Lebanon, 
where  he  died  November  18,  1702,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age. 
lie  married  a  daughter  of  the  reverend  Henry  Whitfield.  He 
was  distinguished  for  the  penetration  of  his  mind,  the  energy  of 
his  preaching,  and  the  sanctity  of  his  life.  He  was  acquunted  with 
the  Mohe^n  language,  and  preached  the  gospel  of  salvation  to 
the  Indians  in  the  neighborhood  of  Norwich.  He  even  g^ve  some 
of  his  own  lands  to  induce  them  to  renounce  their  savage  manner 
of  living.  A  letter  of  his  on  the  subject  of  his  missionary  labors 
is  published  in  Gookin.^Mi/Affr's  magnaUa%  iii.  300 ;  Trumbull* 
Connecticut,  i.  107,  399,  503,  503  ;  Collect.  /u»t.  aoc,  i.  308  ;  ix.  86 ; 
MderCa  account  of  Porttmouth. 

FITCH  (Jab«z),  minister  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  at  Norwich  in  April  1672. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1694,  and  was  afterwards 
fellow,  in  1703  he  was  ordained  at  Ipswich  as  colleague  of  the 
reverend  John  Rogers.  On  account  of  the  incompetency  of  his 
-maintenance  he  withdrew  from  his  pastoral  office  in  December 
1723,  and  about  the  year  1735  was  established  at  Portsmouth.  Af« 
ter  continuing  here  more  than  twenty  years  he  died  November  33, 
1746,  in  the  seventy  fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  had  a  taste  for  his- 
toncal  researches,  and  began  in  1738  to  make  a  collection  of  facts 
reladve  to  New  Hampshire.  Dr.  Belknap  had  access  to  his  papers. 
He  published  a  sermon,  occasioned  by  the  great  earthquake,  Octo- 
ber 39, 1737 ;  at  the  ordinadon  oi  the  reverend  John  Tucke  at  Gos^ 
pqrt,isle  of  Shoals,  in  1733,  from  these  words, "  I  will  make  you 
fishers  of  men;*'  two  sermons,  designed  to  make  a  religious  im- 
provement of  the  throat  distemper,  which  prevailed  in  1 735  and 
1736 ;  and  an  account  of  that  disease,  as  it  appeared  in  NewHamp* 
^xtf'^lden*a  account  qfreligioua  aocietiet  in  Portamouth  ;  Collect, 
faat.  aoc.  vii.  351,  357  ;  x.  50. 

FLYNT  (Hbnrt),  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Braintree,  Masr 
sachiisetts,  was  ordained  as  teacher  March  17,1640.  When  the 
church  was  first  organized  September  17,  1639,  he  was  chosen  col- 
league with  the  reverend  Mr.  Thomson,  who  was  ordained  pastot 
September  twenty  fourth  ;  but  his  settlement  was  delayed  for  a  feW 
months.  He  dIed.'April  37,  1668,  and  his  colleague  in  December 
following.  He  was  a  man  of  piety  and  integrity,  and  well  qualified 
for  the  work  of  the  ministry.  His  son,  the  reverend  Josiah  Flynt^ 
■■ ■       38.    ■     '    *■ 


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Was  settled  at  Dorcheittei*  in  1671  and  died  in  1680v— 'Mij^no/ia,  Q, 
132  ;  Hancock**  cent,  aermon  ;■  Morton^  300  ;  Winthrofi^  igg . 
Holtnem*  annalty  i.  311,  403. 

FLYNT  (Hknry))  tutor  and  fellow  of  Harvard  college)  was  the 
son  of  the  reverend  Josiah  Flynt  of  Dorchester*  and  received  his  de- 
gree of  bachelor  of  arts  in  1693.  He  was  chosen  a  tellow  of  the 
university  in  1700,  and  in  1705  was  appointed  tutor.  Thisofiice 
he  sustained  till  his  resignation  September  25,  1754.  He  died 
February  13,  1760,  in  the  eighty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  Many  of 
the  most  eminent  men  in  the  country  were  educated  under  his  care. 
Dr.  Chauncy  pronounces  him  a  solid,  judicious  man,  and  one  of  the 
best  of  preachers.  He  was  not  contemptible  for  his  learning ;  but 
he  would  have  been  more  conspicuous  for  it,  if  he  had  not  yielded 
so  much  to  a  very  indolent  temper.  Though  his  spirit  was  catho- 
lic, he  yet  contended  for  the  substantial  parts  of  religion.  Having 
a  sound  judgment,  he  was  firm  in  maintaining  any  position,  which 
he  had  deliberately  taken.  The  few  foibles,  which  he  exhibited, 
were  ascribed  to  his  living  in  a  single  state.  In  his  last  illness  he 
viewed  the  approach  of  death  with  perfect  calmness,  for  he  trusted 
in  the  mercy  of  God  through  the  merits  of  Christ.  He  published 
an  appeal  to  the  consciences  of  a  degenerate  people,  a  sermon 
preached  at  the  Thursday  lecture  in  Boston,  1729  ;  a  seni[ion  to  the 
students  in  the  college  hall,  1736  ;  oratio  funebris  in  obitum  rever- 
endi  B.  Wadsworth,  1739  ;  twenty  sermons,  8vo,  \739,,-^ji/ifileton't 
Jim.  iermon  ;  Lovell*a  oratio  funebrit  ;  Collect.  Mat.  aoc.  ix.  183  ; 
X.  165. 

FORBES  (Eli,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Brookfield  and  of  Gloucester, 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Westborough  in  October  1726,  and  en> 
tered  Harvard  college  in  1744.  In  the  month  of  July  of  the  foN 
lowing  year  he  was  demanded  as  a  soldier,  and  he  cheerfully  shoul- 
dered his  musket  and  marched  more  than  a  hundred  miles  to  op. 
pose  the  French  and  Indians.  Having  been  released  by  the  inter- 
position of  his  friends,  he  returned  to  his  studies  with  a  sharpened 
appetite,  and  was  graduated  in  175 1 .  He  was  ordsdned  minister  of 
the  second  parish  in  Brookfield  June  3,  1752.  In  the  years  1758 
and  1759  he  was  a  chaplain  in  one  of  the  regiments.  In  1762  he 
Went  as  a  missionary  to  the  Oneidas,  one  of  the  six  nations  of  In- 
dians, and  planted  the  first  christian  church  at  Onaquagie,  on  the 
river  Susquehannah,  about  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  from 
lake  Otsego,  which  is  its  source.  Having  established  in  this  place 
a  sthool  for  children  and  another  for  adults,  he  returned,  bringing 
with  him  four  Indian  children,  whom  he  sent  back  again  in  a  few 
years,  after  furnishing  them  with  such  knowledge,  as  would  be  use* 
fiiil  to  them.  He  also  brought  with  hini  a  white  lad,  who  had  be- 
come a  complete  savage  ;  but  he  was  civilized,  and  being  educated 
at  Dartmouth  college,  where  he  received  a  degree,  was  the  agent  of 
(tongress  during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  was  very  useful.    Dr. 


^rm 


FOS. 


29a 


^orbesi  falling  under  the  groundless  suspicion  of  being  a  tory,  re- 
quested a  dismission  from  his  people  in  March  1776,  and  on  the 
fifth  of  June  was  installed  at  Gloucester.  Here  he  died  December 
15, 1604,  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age.  He  published  a 
small  octavo  volume,  entitled,  a  family  book,  and  a  number  of  single 
aermonst  among  which  are  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  conquest 
of  Cuwda,  1761  ;  an  artillery  election  sermon,  1771  ;  an  account 
of  the  reverend  Joshua  Eaton  of  Spencer,  prefixed  to  seven  ser- 
mons of  Mr.  Elaton,  and  a  funeral  sermon  on  his  death,  1772  ;  a 
sermon  on  the  repair  of  his  meeting  house,  \7 92^^-' Monthly  anthoi* 
$^y'u  669  ;  Whitney' a  Mat.  Worceater^  IS  ;  Chauncy'a  terjn.  at  or- 
dittation  qfj'  Bowman  ;  Piacataqua  evang.  mag.  ii.  169—173  i  Aw 
fembly*a  miaa.  mag.  i.  53,  54. 

FOSTEH  (Jbqidiah),  a  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  Andover  October  10,  1726,  and  was  graduat- 
ed at  Harvard  <^llege  in  1 744.  He  soon  established  himself  in  the 
town  of  Brookfield, .  and  married  a  daughter  of  brigadier  general 
.Dwigbt.  His  character  for  integrity  and  talents  procured  him  a 
number  of  civil  and  military  oSices.  He  received  bis  appointment 
of  judge  in  1776.  He  was  one  of  the  principal  members 
of  the  convention,  which  framed  the  constitution  of  Massa- 
chusetts, but  died  betiM'e  this  work  was  finished.  His  death 
took  place  October  17,  1779,  when  he  wus  fifty  three  years  of  age. 
He  was  early  and  firmly  attached  to  the  interest  and  freedom  of  his 
country,  in  opposition  to  the  despotic  measures  of  Great  Britain^ 
and  never  once,  in  the  most  gloomy  periods,  was  heard  to  express 
a  doubt  of  the  ultimate  success  of  America.  In  early  life  he  made 
a  profession  of  Christianity,  and  his  conduct  was  uniformly  exem- 
plary d—i''M^f*»7^w.«cn»onv  Indefiendmt  chronicle^October 2Byl779. 

FOSTER  (Bbnj  AMiw,  D.  d.),  minister  in  New  York,  was  born  in 
Danvers,  Massachusetts,  June  12,  1*750.  Although  he  was  in  ear- 
ly life  created  anew  by  the  influence  of  the  Spirit  ^f  God,  and  in- 
spired with  tHe  love  of  excellence  ;  yet  it  was  not  until  after  many 
conflicts,  that  he  obtained  that  peace,  which  the  world  can  neither 
give  nor  take  away.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  m  1774. 
While  a  member  of  this  Institution  a  controversy  respecting  bap- 
tism occupied  much  of  the  public  attention,  and  this  being  thought 
a  proper  subject  of  discussion,  Mr.  Foster  was  appointed  to  defend 
inlant  baptism  by  sprinkling.  In  preparing  himself  for  this  disput- 
ation he  beci.me  convinced,  that  his  former  sentiments  were  erro- 
neous, and  he  was  ever  afterwards  a  conscientious  baptist.  After 
pursuing  for  some  time  the  study  of  divinity  under  the  care  of  the 
reverend  Dr.  Stillman  of  Boston,  he  was  ordained  minister  of »  bap- 
tist church  in  Leicester  October  23^  1776.  The  want  of  a  suitable 
maintenance  induced  him  in  1782  to  ask  a  dismission  from  his  peo- 
ple, after  which  he  preached  about  two  years  in  Danvers.  In  Jan- 
uary 1785  he  was  called  to  the  first  church  in  Newport ;  imd  intlvc 


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flutumnbf  l^SS 'removed  to  New  Yotk)  where  he  wu  minlgter  of 
the  iiriii  baptist  ctiurch  tUl  his  death.  During  the  prevalence  of  the 
yellow  fever  in  1798,  Or.  Foster  did  not  thrinK  fh>m  his  duties  as  a 
fuithful  minister  of  JesUs  Christ.  He  visited  the  sick  and  dying, 
and  endeavored  to  impart  to  them  the  hopes  of  reli^on.  tte  fell  a 
victim  to  his  benevolence  August  26,  1798,  aged  forty  eight  years. 
He  wus  distinguished  for  his  acquaintance  with  the  Greek,  Hebrew, 
itad  Chaldean  languages.  As  a  divine  he  advocated  with  zeal  the 
doctrine  of  salvation  by  free  grace,  and  as  a  preacher  was  indefati< 
gable.  His  life  was  pure  and  amiable,  upright  and  benevolent.  He 
published,  while  he  lived  at  Leicester,  the  washing  of  regeneration, 
or  the  divine  right  of  immersion,  in  answer  to  a  treatise  of  the  rev« 
ercnd  Mr.  Fish,  and  primitive  baptism  defended,  in  a  letter  to  the 
Reverend  John  Cleveland.  He  also  published  a  dissertation  on  the 
seventy  weeks  of  Daniel,  the  particular  and  exact  fulfilment  of 
which  prophecy  is  considered  and  proved,— Abrdi>'«  biog,  dictiona' 
'ry ;  Meuaa.  mm.  niag.  i.  30 ;  Backus,  iii.  174,  230. 

FOXCROFT  (Thomas),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of 

Francis  Foxcroft,  esquire,  of  Cambridge,  and  was  graduated  at 

Harvard  college  in  1714.    His  father,  who  was  a  meniber  of  the 

church  of  England,  was  desirous,  that  his  son  should  be  an  episco* 

|>al  clergyman.    This  was  also  his  intention  till  by  diligent  study 

and  free  conversadon  with  the  reverend  NehemiaH  Walter  of  Rox. 

buryt  a  great  rcasoner  and  an  eminently  pious  man,  he  became  con> 

vinced,  that  the  congregational  mode  of  worship  and  government 

ivas  most  agreeable  to  the  scriptures.    He  was  ordained  pastor  of 

the  first  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  the  reverend  Mr. 

Wadsworth,  November  20,  1 7 1 7.     No  minister  was  more  univer* 

'sally  admired.    None  was  accounted  either  a  more  polite  and  ele* 

gant,  or  a  more  devout  and  edifying  preacher.    His  high  reputation 

continued  till  in  his  later  years  the  vigor  of  his  constitution  and  of 

his  mind  was  impaired  by  repeated  sickness.     The  reverend  Dr. 

'  Chauncy  was  settled  as  his  colleague  in  1727.    After  a  ministry  of 

mortf  than  half  a  century  he  died  June  18,  1769,  in  the  seventy 

'third  yeai'  of  his  age.     He  was  a  learned  divine.    His  powers  of 

"reasoning  were  strong,  and  few  had  a  greater  command  of  words. 

His  reli^ous  sentiments,  founded,  as  he  believed,  upon  the  scrip. 

tureS)  were  strictly  Galvinistic,  and- they  were  the  chief  subjects  of 

'liis  preaching.    He  never  conceited  or  yielded  th^m  from  the  fear 

of  man,  as  he  always  sought  the  approbation  of  God .    His  addresses 

to  the  consciences  of  his  hearers  were  pungent.     He  was,  says  Dr. 

Chauncy,  a  real,  good  christian ;   a  partaker  of  the  Holy  Ghost ; 

unifortn  in  his  walk  with  God  in  the  way  of  his  commandments; 

thoUg;h,  instead  of  trusting  that  he  was  righteous  in  the  eye  of  strict 

law,  he  accounted  himself  an  unprofitable  servant;*  fixing  his  d^ 

pendencc,not  on  hih  own  worthiness,  not  on  any  works  of  righteous' 

iness)  which  he  had  done}  but  on  the  mercy  of  God  and  the  atoning 


fHa. 


S9S 


bloofl  ahil  perfect  righteousness  of  Jesus  Christf  iht  ^^r.     Hit 
writings  evince  a  clearness  of  perception,  copiousness  of  inventioot 
Uveliness  of  imagination,  ioul  soundness  of  judgment.    They  bear 
testim<my  also  to  his  unfeigned  piety.    He  pufalUhed  a  sermon  at 
his  own  ordination,  1718  ;  on  kindness,  1730  ;  on  the  death  of  his 
mother,  1731 ;  of  Mr.  John  Coney,  1733  ;  of  dame  Bridget  Ushett 
1723 ;  of  George  I,  of  the  honorable  Penn  Townsend,  and  of  reve- 
rend  William  Waldron,  1737  ;    of  reverend  John  WilUamt  and 
Thomas  Blowers,  1739  ;  of  reverend  Benjamin  Wadsworth,  1737  ; 
an  essay  on  the  state  of  the  dead,  1733  ;  the  day  of  a  godly  man's 
death  better  than  that  of  his  birth  ;  duty  of  the  godly  to  be  inter- 
cessors and  reformers;   two  sermons  shewing  how  to  begin  and 
end  the  year  after  a  godly  sort ;  God's  face  set  against  an  incorri- 
gible people,  1734  ;  at  the  ordhiation  of  the  reverend  John  Lowell, 
1736 ;  a  discourse  preparatory  to  the  choice  of  a  minister,  1737  ;  oi) 
death ;  on  the  earthquake ;  at  the  ordination  of  reverend  John  Tay- 
lor, 1728  ;  an  answer  to  Mr.  T.  Barclay's  persuasive,  a  defence  of 
of  presbyterian  ordination,  1739;  observations  historical  and  prac- 
ticalon  the  rise  and  primitive  state  of  New  EnglUid,  with  special 
reference  to  the  first  church  in  Boston,  a  century  sermon,  August 
33, 1730 ;    pleas  of  gospel  impenitents  refuted  in  two  sermons, 
1730;  the  divine  right  of  deacons,  1731 ;  to  a  young  t^omantmder 
sentence  of  death,  1733  ;  a  sermon,  occasioned  by  the  visits  and  la- 
bors of  the  reverend  Mr.  Whitefield,  1740 ;   at  a  private  family 
meeting,  1743 ;  an  apology  for  Mr.  Whitefield,  1745 ;  saints'  uMit- 
ied  confession  in  disparagement  of  their  own  righteousness,  1750 ) 
like  precious  faith  obtained  by  all  the  true  servants  of  Christ,  1756 ; 
a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  the  conquest  of  Canada,  1760.— Oouft- 
ey'ajfttn,  sermon }  Maasa,  gazette,  June  33,  1769  ;  Chandt&r^a  life  tf 
Johnaon,  70 ;  Collect .  Mat.  aoc.  x.  164. 

FRANKLIN  (Bknjamin,  ll.  d.),  a  philosopher  aind  staitesfnah, 
was  bom  in  Boston  January  17,  1706.  His  father,  who  was  a  n&tive- 
of  England,  was  a  soap  boiler  and  tallow  chandler  in  thdt  toivn.  At 
the  age  of  eight  years  he  was  sent  to  a  grammar  school,  but  at 
the  age  of  ten  his  father  required  his  services  to  assist  him  in  his 
business.  Two  years  afterwards  he  was  bound  as  an  apprentice  to 
his  brother,  who  was  a  printer;  <  In  this  employment  he  made  great 
proficiency,  and  having  a  taste  for  books  he  devoted  much  of  his 
leisure  time  to  reading.  So  eager  was  he  in  tlie  pursuit  of  knowl- 
edge, that  he  frequently  passed  the  greater  part  of  the  night  ih  ISis 
studies.  He  became  expert  in  the  Socratic  mode  of  reasoning  by 
asking  questions,  and  thus  he  sometimes  embarrassed  peinsons  of 
understanding  superior  to  his  own.  In  1721  his  brother  bega(n  to 
print  the  New  England  courant,  which  was  the  third  newspaper^ 
published  in  America.  The  two  preceding  papers  wer^  the  Los- 
ton  news  letter  and  Boston  gazette.  Young  Franklin  w'rdte  a  num- 
ber ot  essays  for  the  courant,  which  were  so  wcU  received,  us  to 


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encourage  him  to  continue  his  literary  labors.  To  improve  hb 
style  he  resolved  to  imitate  Aildiion's  spectator.  The  method, 
which  he  took,  wms  to  make  a  summary  of  a  paper,  after  he  ha4 
read  it,  and  in  a  few  days,  when  he  had  forgotten  the  expressions  of 
the  aathor,  to  endeavor  to  restore  it  to  its  original  form.  Br 
this  means  he  was  taught  his  errors,  and  perceived  the  necessity 
•of  being  more  fully  acquainted  with  the  synonymous  words  of  the 
language.  He  was  much  asHisted  also  in  acquiring  a  facility  and 
variety  of  expression  by  writing  poetry. 

At  this  early  period  the  perusal  of  Shaftsbury  and  Collins  made 
htm  completely  a  sceptic,  and  he  was  fond  of  disputing  upon 
the  subject  of  religion.     This  circumstance  caused  him  to  be  re- 
garded by  pious  men  with  abhorrence,  ond  on  this  account  as  well 
as  on  account  of  the  ill  treatment,  which  he  received  from  his 
brother  he  determined  to  leave  Boston.    His  departure  was  facili- 
tated  by  the  possession  of  his  indenture,  which  his  brother  had  given 
him  about  the  year  1723,  not  from  friendship,  but  because  the  gen* 
erul  court  had  prohibited  him  from  publishing , the  New  England 
courant,  and  in  order  ^that  it  might  be  conducted  under  the  name  of 
Benjamin  Franklin.    He  privately  went  on  board  a  sloop,  and  noon 
4krrived  at  New  York.    Finding  no  employment  here,  lie  pursued 
iiis  way  to  Philadelphia,  and  entered  the  city  without  a  friend  and 
with  only  a  dollar  in  his  pocket.    Purchasing  some  rolls  at  a  bak- 
'«r's  shop,  he  put  one  under  each  arm,  and  eating  a  third  walked 
through  several  streets  in  search  of  a  lodging.    There  were  at  this 
dme  two  printers  in  Philadelphia,  Mr.  Andrew  Bradford,  and  Mr. 
Keimer,  by  the  latter  of  whom  he  was  employed.    Sir  William 
£,eith,  the  governor,  having  been  informed,  that  Franklin  was  a 
young  man  of  promising  talents,  invited  him  to  his  house  and 
kreated  him  m  the  most  friendly  manner.    He  advised  him  to  enter 
anto  business  for  himself,  and,  to  accomplish  this  object,  to  make  a 
srisit  to  London  in  order  that  he  might  purchase  the  necessary  arU- 
xles  for  a  printing  office.     Receiving  the  promise  of  assistance, 
lifranklin  prepared  himself  tor  the  voyage,  and  on  applying  Car, let- 
ters of  recommendation  previously  to  Siuling  he  was.told,  that  they 
•iwould  be  sent  on  board.     When  the  letter  bag  was  opened,  there 
vwas  no  packet  for  Franklin  ;  and  he  now  discovered,  that  the  gov- 
pernor  was  one  p(  those  men,  who  love  to  oblige  every  body,  and 
•who  substitute  the  most  liberal  professions  and  offers  in  the  place  of 
.activti,  substantial  kindness.     Arriving  in  London  in  1724,  he  was 
<4>bliged  to  seek  employment  as  a  journeyman  printer.     He  lived  so 
economically^  that  he  saved  a  great  part  of  his  wages.     Instead  of 
.<lrinking  si^  pints  of  beer  in  a  day,  like  some  of  his  fellow  labor- 
7«rs,  he  drank  oniy  water,  and  he  persuaded  some  of  them  tore- 
.nounce  the  extravagance  of  eating  bread  and  cheese  fpr  breakfast 
^nd  to  procure  a  cheap  soup.    As  his  principles  at  this  time  were 
rv«ry  loQjie)  his  .«eal.to  enlighten  the  world  induced  him  to  publish 


FRA. 


295 


fit  disMrtation  on  liberty  and  necemtity,  in  which  He  contendef% 
that  virtue  and  vice  were  nothing  more  than  vain  diitinctions.  This 
work  procured  him  the  acquuntance  of  Mandeville  and  othera  of 
that  licentiout  class. 

He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  October  1736  as  a  clerk  to  Mr. 
Denharo^  a  merchant,  bnt  the  death  of  that  gentleman  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  induced  him  to  return  to  Mr.  Keimer  in  the  capacity 
of  foreman  in  his  oflke.  He  was  very  useful  to  his  employer) 
for  he  gave  him  assistance  as  a  letter  founder.  He  engraved  various 
ornaments,  and  made  printer's  ink.  He  soon  began  business  in 
partnership  with  Mr.  Meredith,  but  in  1729  he  dissolved  the  con- 
nexion with  him.  Having  purchased  of  Keimer  a  paper,  which 
had  been  conducted  in  a  wretched  manner,  he  now  conducted  it  in 
a  style,  which  attracted  much  attention.  At  this  time,  though 
destitute  of  those  religious  principles,  which  give  stabiUty  and  ele- 
vadon  to  virtue,  he  yet  had  discernment  enough  to  be  convinced', 
that  truth,  probity,  and  sincerity  would  promote  his  interest  and  be 
useful  to  him  in  the  world,  and  he  resolved  to  respect  them  in  his 
conduct.  The  expenses  of  his  establishment  in  business,  notwith- 
standing his  industry  and  economy  brought  him  in  a  short  time  into 
embarrassments,  from  which  he  was  relieved  by  the  generous  assist- 
ance of  William  Coleman  and  Robert  Grace.  In  addition  to  his 
other  employments  he  now  opened  a  small  stationer's  shop..  Bat 
the  claims  of  business  did  not  extinguish  his  taste  for  literatureuid 
science.  He  formed  a  club,  which  he  called  the  junto,  composed 
of  the  most  intelligent  of  his  acquuntance.  Questions  of  morality, 
politics,  or  philosophy  were  discussed  every  Friday  evening,  and 
the  institution  was  continued  almost  forty  years.  As  books  were 
frequently  quoted  in  the  club,  and  as  the  members  had  brought 
their  books  together  for  mutual  advantage,  he  was  led  to  form  die 
plan  of  a  public  library,  which  was  carried  into  eflfect  in  1731,  and 
became  the  foundation  of  that  noble  institution,  the  present  library- 
company  of  Philadelphia.  In  1733  he  began  to  publish  poor  Rich- 
ard's almanac,  which  was  enriched  with  maxims  of  frugality,  tem- 
perance, industry,  and  integrity.  So  great  was  its  reputation,  that 
he  sold  ten  thousand  annually,  and  it  was  continued  by  him  about 
twenty  five  years.  The  maxims  were  collected  in  the  last  almanae 
in  the  form  of  an  address,  called  the  way  to  wealth,  which  has  ap- 
peared in  various  publications,  tn  1736  he  was  appointed  clerk  of 
the  general  assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1737  postmaster  of 
Philadelphia.  The  first  fire  company  was  formed  by  him  in  1738« 
When  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania  were  endangered  in  1744  and 
an  ineffectual  attempt  was  made  to  procure  a  militia  law,  he  pro- 
posed a  voluntary  association  for  the  defence  of  the  province,  and 
in  a  short  time  obtained  ten  thousand  names.  In  1 747  he  was  chos- 
en a  member  of  the  assembly,  and  continued  in  this  station  ten 
years.    In  all  important  discussions  his  presence  was  considered  as 


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iodUpenuUe.  He  leldom  spoke,  and  never  ^ihihlted  taj  oratorvj 
but  b^  e  tingle  observMioa  he  •ometimes  determined  the  fiite  or  i 
quetuon.  .In  the  long  controrer^ee  with  the  proprleteiiet  or  their 
govemortt  he  took  the  moet  actire  put,  end  dUpUyed  a  firm  spirit 
of  liberty. 

He  WM  now  engaged  for  a  number  of  jreare  in  a  c^ree  of  electrical 
experimentt,  of  which  he  published  an  account.  His  gre«|  (Uicovery 
was  the  indentitjr  of  the  electric  fluid  and  lightning.  I'lids  discoTcry  he 
made  in  the  summer  of  1 753.  To  the  upright  stickof  a  Hite  he  attach* 
ed  an  iron  point ;  the  string  was  of  hemp,  excepting  the  part,  which  he 
held  in  his  hand,  which  ^us  of  silk  ;  and  a  key  was  fastened  where 
the  hempen  string  terminated.  With  this  apparatus,  oq  the  ap* 
proach  of  a  thunder  storm,  he  rused  his  kite.  A  cloud  passed  over 
it,  and  no  signs  of  electricity  appearing,  he  began  todespidr;  but 
obaerving  the  loose'  fibres  of  his  string  to  move  suddenly  toward  an 
ejrect  position,  he  presented  his  knuckle  td  the  key,  and  receivei^  . 
strong  spark.  The  success  of  this  experiment  completely  tsiui" 
lishea  his  theory.  The  practical  use  of  this  discovery  in  «co.urin^ 
houses  from  lightning  by  pointed  conductors  is  well  knov «  /i\  A- 
merica  and  Europe.  In  1753  he  was  appointed  deputy  '^it  ii../aftter 
general  of  the  British  colonies,  and  in  tho  same  vc  it  the  academy 
of  Philadelphia,  projected  by  him,  was  established.  In  1 7^4  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners,  who  attended,  the  congress  at  Albany  to 
devise  the  best  means  of  defending  the  country  against  the  French. 
He  drew  up  a  plan  of  umon  for  defence  and  general  govcmmenti 
which  was  adopted  by  the  congress.  It  was  bswever  rejected  by 
the  board  of  trade  in  England,  because  it  gave  too  much  power  to 
the  representatives  of  the  people  j  and  it  was  rejected  by  Uieaasem. 
blies  of  the  colonies-  bi  cause  it  gave  too  much  power  to  the  president 
general.  After  the  defeat  of  Braddock  he  was  appointed  colonel  of 
1^  regiment,  and  he  repaired  to  the  frontiers,  and  built  a  fort.  In 
1757  he  was  sent  to  England  as  the  agent  of  Pennsylvania  and 
while  residing  there  was  appointed  agent  of  Massachusetts,  Mary- 
land, and  Georgia.  He  now  received  the  reward  of  his  philosophl* 
cal  merit.  He  was  chosen  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society,  and  wu 
honored  with  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  by  the  univeruties  of  St. 
Andr^nfs,  Edinburgh,  and  Oxford,  and  his  correspondence  waa 
sought.by  the  most  eminent  philosophers  of  Europe.  During  his 
residence  in  Elngland  he  published  a  pamphlet,  showing  the  ad- 
vantages, which  would  spring  from  tb  f>r  s'lefft  of  Canada,  uad  he 
formed  that  elegant  Instrument,  whirb  he  <-allod  the  Fc*"nonicit. 
He  returned  in  1762,  and  resumed  I  -  •  -i  the  asstoiblv;  but 
in  1764  was  agun  sent  to  London  as  an  agent  for  the  province  to 
procure  a  change  of  the  proprietary  government.  In  1766  he  was 
examined  at  the  bar  of  the  house  of  commons  respecting  the  repeal 
of  the  stamp  act ;  and  here  he  evinced  the  utmost  self  possession 
mdm  Ikstonishing  accuracy  loid  «3|;t<;nt  oC  inf9rnif^Uc|ii*    P^ring  the 


FRA. 


297 


Mine  and  the  following  yeiir,  bjr  tisitinK  Holland,  Germany,  and 
France  he  became  iic<|uuinti-.tt  with  mont  of  the  literary  churacters 
of  Europe.  About  th*-  <  ear  1773  some  letters  of  Hutchinson,  Ol- 
iver, andcrthers  in  MasHui  Inisetts  fulling  into  hiBhundi,he  sent  them 
to  the  legislature  of  thut  Htace  ;  but  he  ever  rclused  to  tell  how  he 
procured  them.  He  returned  lu  America  in  1 775  and  the  day  after 
his  arrival  Was  elected  a  ac<nber  ut  cutgresH.  He  was  sent  to 
the  camp  before  Boston  toconfirti  the  army  in  their  decinive  mcus- 
ures,  and  to  Canada  to  (>.  iHimde  the  citixens  to  join  iii  the  common 
cause.  In  this  mission  however  he  was  not  ^ucceHsiul.  He  wus  in 
1776appointed  a  committee  with  John  Adams  and  hd  ward  Rutled^o 
to  inquire  into  the  powers,  with  which  lord  H^we  was  invested  in 
regard  to  the  adjustment  of  our  diflerences  with  Great  Britain. 
When  his  lordship  expressed  his  concern  at  being  obliged  to  dis- 
fU  those,  whom  he  so  much  regarded.  Dr.  Franklin  asMtured  him 
tilt  the  Americans,  out  of  reciprocal  regard,  would  endeavor  to 
Ibbsen,  as  much  as  possible,  the  pain,  which  he  might  tecl  on  their 
account,  by  taking  the  utmost  care  of  themselves.  In  the  discus- 
sion of  the  great  question  of  independence  he  was  decidedly  in  fa- 
vor of  the  measure.  He  was  in  the  same  year  chosen  president  of 
the  convention,  which  met  in  Philadelphia  to  form  a  new  constitu- 
tion for  Pennay^vania.  The  single  legislature  and  the  plui-ul  execu- 
tive seem  to  have  been  his  favorite  principles,  in  th  latter  end  of 
year  1776  he  was  sent 'to  France  to  assist  in  negotiuuon  with  Mr. 
Arthur  Lee  and  Silas  Deane.  He  had  much  influence  an  forming 
the  treaty  of  alliance  and  commerce,  which  was  signed  J'cbruary  6, 
1778,  and  he  afterwards  completed  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce 
with  Sweden.  In  conjunction  with  Mr.  Adams,  Mr.  Jay,  and  Mr. 
Laurens,  he  signed  the  provsional  articles  of  peace  November  30, 
1782,  and  the  definitive  treaty  September  30,  1 783.  Wh  ile  he  was 
in  France  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  to  examine 
Mesmer's  animal  magnetism  in  1784.  Being  desirous  of  returning 
to  his  native  country  he  requested,  that  an  ambassador  mif;!  t  be  ap- 
pointed in  his  place,  and  on  the  arrival  of  his  successor,  Mi .  Jeffer- 
son, be  immediately  sailed  for  Philadelphia,  where  he  an  ived  in 
September  1785.  He  was  received  with  universal  applause,  and 
was  soon  appointed  president  of  the  supreme  executive  council.  In 
1787  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  grand  convention,  which  formed  the 
constitu^aon  of  the  United  States.  Some  of  the  articles,  which  com- 
posed it,  did  not  altogether  please  him,  but  for  the  sake  of  union  he 
ijgned  it.  In  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  the  first  president  of 
two  excellent  societies,  which  were  established  in  Philadelphia  for 
alleviating  the  miseries  of  public  prisons,  and  for  promoting  the  ab- 
olition of  slavery .  A  memorial  of  the  latter  society  to  congress  gave 
occasion  toa  debate,  in  which  an  attempt  was  made  to  justify  the  slave 
trade.  In  consequence  of  this  Dr.  Franklin  published  in  the  fede- 
ral gazette  March  25,  1789  an  essay,  sis^ed  historicus,  communt- 


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eadng •  pretended  speech, delivered  in  the  dinnof  A^ltct  b  168T 
against  the  petition  of  a  sect,  called  Erika  or  Purists,  for  the  aboli> 
tion  of  piracy  and  slavery.  The  arguments,  urged  in  favwr  of  the 
African  trade  by  Mr.  Jackson  of  Georgia,  are  here  appli'^d  with 
equal  force  to  justify  the  plundering  and  enslaving  oi  Eluropeans.  Iq 
1788  he  retired  wholly  from  public  life,  and  he  now  approached  the 
end  of  his  days.  He  had  been  afflicted  lor  a  number  of  years  with 
a  complication  of  disorders.  For  the  last  twelve  months  he  was 
confined  almost  entirely  to  his  bed.  In  the  severity  of  his  pains  he 
would  observe,  that  he  was  afraid  he  did  not  bear  them  as  he  ought, 
and  he  expressed  a  grateful  sense  of  the  many  blessings,  received 
from  the  Supreme  Being,  who  had  rsused  him  from  his  humble  f.ri* 
gin  to  such  consideration  am<M)g  men.  He  died  April  17,  17il^0,  in 
the  eighty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  The  following  epitc^h  was  written 
by  himself  many  years  previously  to  his  death. 
'  .  The  body  of  ;..r/\ . 

'  Benjamin  Franklin,  printer, 

Like  the  cover  of  an  old  bookj 

Its  contents  torn  out,  w,j>     .       ,j 

'<  And  stript  of  its  lettering  and  gildingi        •  u '; 
'  '  Lies  here  food  for  worms ;  ?|; /?*.■. 

•  ■    '«       ■       Yet  the  work  itself  shall  not  be  losf,:' \  f    , 
For  it  will,  (as  he  believed),  appear  once  more 

In  a  new         •  ,u.  ^.  ...\  . 

And  more  beantiful  edition^ 
>'■•  .^  i.L        Corrected  and  amended  ir 
;•: ■:,•,,•' v<f-^  ,  ;.;,,  by  .-  >ipr 

The  Author. 
But  although  he  thus  expressed  his  hope  of  future  happiness;  jtt 
from  his  memoirs  it  does  not  appear,  whether  this  hope  was  found- 
ed  upon  the  mediation  of  Jesus  Christ.  Some  have  even  considered 
him  as  not  unfriendly  to  infidelity ;  but  the  following  anecdote  seemi 
to  prove,  that  in  his  old  age  he  did  not  absolutely  reject  the  scrip* 
tares.  As  a  young  gentleman  was  one  day  ridiculing  reli^on  as  a 
vulgar  prejudiice,  he  appealed  to  Dr.  Franklin,  expecting  his  appro- 
bation. **  Young  man,*'  said  the  philosopher  emphatically, "  it  is  best 
to  believe."  President  Stiles  addressed  a  letter  to  him,  dated  Jan* 
uary  38,  1790,  in  which  he  expressed  a  denre  to  be  made  acquunt- 
ed  with  his  sentiments  on  Christianity.  The  following  is  an  extract 
At>m  it.  **  You  know.  Sir,  I  am  a  Christian ;  and  would  to  heaven 
all  others  were  as  I  am  except  my  imperfections.  As  much  as  I 
know  of  Dr.  Franklin,  I  have  not  an  idea  of  his  religious  sentiments. 
I  wish  to  know  the  opinion  of  my  venerable  friend  concerning  Jesus 
of  Nazareth.  He  will  not  impute  this  to  impertinence,  or  improper 
curiosity  in  one,  who  for  many  years  has  continued  to  love,  esti- 
mate, and  reverence  his  abilities  and  literary  character  with  an  ardor 
tif  affection.    If  I  have  said  too  mucby  let  the  request  be  blotted  ou( 


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^  be  M  more.**  To  fhb  Dr.  Franklin  replied  March  9,  but  a  few 
weeks  before  his  death.  **  I  do  not  take  your  curiosity  amiss,  and 
gball  endeavor,  in  a  few  words,  to  gratify  it^— As  to  Jesus  of  Naza- 
leth,  my  oj^nion  of  whom  you  particularly  desire,  I  think  the  sys- 
tem of  morals  and  his  religion,  as  he  left  them  to  us,  the  best  the 
world  ever  saw,  or  is  likely  to  see ;  but  I  apprehend  it  has  received 
various  oorrupdng  changes ;  and  I  have,  with  most  of  the  present 
dissenters  in  England,  some  doubts  as  to  his  divinity."  It  may  not 
be  unnecessary  to  remark,  that,  if  we  may  credit  Dr.  Priestley^ 
Dr.  Franklin  was  not  correct  ui  estimating  the  sentiments  of  a  ma- 
jority of  the  dissenters  in  Elngland.  He  left  one  son,  governor 
William  Franktin  of  New  Jersey,  a  zealous  royalist,  and  a  daughter* 
who  mariied  Mr.  William  Bache,  merchant  in  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  Franklin  acquired  a  lugh  and  deserved  reputation  asa  philos* 
opher,  for  ids  philosophy  was  of  a  practical  and  useful  kind,  and  he 
seemed  to  be  continually  desirous  of  advancing  the  welfare  of  socie- 
ty. In  company  he  was  sententious  and  not  fluent,  and  he  chose 
rather  to  listen  to  others,  than  to  talk  himself.  Impatient  of  inter- 
ruption, he  often  mentioned  the  custom  of  the  Induns,  who  always 
remain  silent  for  some  time  before  they  ^ve  an  answer  to  a  ques- 
tion. When  he  resided  in  France  as  a  miiuster  from  this  country* 
it  has  been  thought,  that  he  was  somewhat  Intoxicated  by  the  un- 
bounded applauses*  which  he  received,  and  was  too  much  disposed 
to  adopt  the  manners  of  the  French.  One  of  his  colleagues  was 
immersed  in  the  pleasures  of  a  voluptuous  dty,  and  between  him- 
self and  the  other,  Mr.  Lee,  there  was  some  colHsion. 

Scon  after  his  death,  his  grandson  went  to  England  to  publish  a 
complete  collection  of  his  writings,  wkh  has  life,  brought  down  bf 
himself  to  the  year  1757,  and  continued  by  one  of  his  decendants. 
But  on  account  of  the  want  of  encouragement  the  manuscripts  have 
as  yet  been  withheld  from  the  public,  though  they  are  not  lost.  He 
published  experiments  and  observations  on  electricity,  made  at 
Philadelphia,  in  two  parts,  4to,  1753  ;  new  experiments,  1754  ;  a 
lustorical  view  of  the  constitution  and  government  of  Pennsylvania, 
1759  ;  the  interest  of  Great  Britain  considered  with  respect  to  her 
colonies,  1760  ;  Ins  experiments  with  the  addition  of  explanatory 
notes,  and  letters  and  papers  on  philosophical  subjects,  1 769  ;  political* 
miscellaneous,  and  philosophical  pieces,  1779  i  and  several  papers  in 
the  transactions  of  the  American  philosophical  society.  Two  vol- 
umes of  his  essays,  with  his  life,  brought  down  by  himself  to  the  year 
1730,  were  published  in  England  in  1 792.  A  collection  of  his  works 
was  first  published  in  London  in  1 806,  entitled,  the  complete  works  in 
philosophy,  politics,  and  morals  of  Dr.  Franklin,  first  collected  and 
arranged,  vrith  a  memoir  of  him,  3  vol.  Svo.—mFranMn's  life  ;  En- 
eychfiedia,  Phitadclfihia  edit.y  mfi/ilement ;  Holmes*  life  of  Stilea^  309, 
310;  Monthly  onthology^  iii.  662  ;  Warren*s  American  revolution^  il. 
132, 133 ;  Hardie'a  biog.dict.;  Briaaotynouveauvoyage,x.3ll—^i7:i 
Montkhj  revieWi  new  aeries,  Wii.  441, 442. 


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FRE* 


FRELINGHUVSEN  (Tubodorus  Jacobus),  minister  of  the 
reformed  Dutch  church  at  Raritan,  New  Jersey,  came  from  Holland 
in  the  year  1730.  His  zealous  labors  in  preaching  the  puredoctrinei 
of  the  gospel,  especially  in  inculcating  the  necessity  of  an  entire 
renovation  of  the  corrupt  heart,  were  eminently  useful  in  «  number 
of  towns.  He  was  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  Dutch  ministers  in 
1738,  which  formed  the  plan  of  a  cGetus,  or  assembly  of  ministers 
and  elders  to  meet  in  this  country,  though  subordinate  to  the  classis 
of  Amsterdam.  This  proposition  convulsed  the  Dutch  churches 
in  America,  for  it  was  apprehended,  and  the  apprehension  was  ver. 
ified,  that  these  churches  would  be  led  in  time  to  throw  off  entirely 
their  subjection  to  a  distant  ecclesiastical  body.  Mr.  Frelinghuysen 
was  an  able,  evangelical,  and  eminently  successful  preacher.  He 
left  five  sons,  all  ministers,  and  two  daughters  married  to  ministers. 
•^Christian's  magazine^  ii.  4,  5  ;  Prince's  Christian  history  for  I744 
292,399. 

FRISBIE  (Levi),  minister  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  was  bom 
at  Branford,  Connecticut,  in  April  1748,  anO  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
or  seventeen)  having  the  character  of  a  pious  youth  of  promising 
talents,  was  placed  under  the  patronage  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Wheel- 
ock,  with  a  special  view  to  the  missionary  service.  In  1767  he  en- 
tered Yale  college,  where  he  continued  more  than  thre^  years ; 
but  his  coUegial  studies  were  completed  at  Dartmouth  college, 
where  he  was  graduated,  in  the  first  class,  in  1 77 1 .  He  was  ordsdn- 
ed  in  1775,  and  then  commenced  his  missionary  career.  After 
extending  his  labors  to  different  parts  of  the  country  and  into  Can- 
ada, the  convulsed  state  of  America  obstructed  his  progress.  He 
was  settled  the  minister  of  the  first  church  in  Ipswich,  as  successor 
of  the  reverend  Nathaniel  Rogers,  February  7,  1776,  and  after 
a  ministry  of  thirty  years  he  died  February  25,  1806,  in  the  fifty 
eighth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  faithful,  evangelical  preacher, 
whose  labors  at  different  periods  it  pleased  God  to  render  eminently 
useful.  His  discerning  mind  was  strengthened  by  a  close  applica- 
tion to  study,  and  furnished  with  the  most  useful  knowledge ;  and 
all  his  acquisitions  were  consecrated  to  moral  and  religious  purpos- 
es. His  life  displayed  the  humility,  meekness,  and  benevolence  of 
the  Christian.  Interesting  and  instructive  in  conversation,  remark- 
ably tender  of  the  character  of  others,  upright,  sincere,  and  affec- 
tionate in  all  the  r^ations  of  life,  he  was  respected  and  beloved. 
■His  distrust  of  himself  led  him  to  place  his  entire  dependence  up- 
on C^Uxl,  and  to  ascribe  all  hope  to  the  riches  of  divine  mercy  in  Je- 
sus, the  Redeemer.  He  published  an  oration  on  the  peace,  1783 ; 
an  oration  at  the  interment  of  the  reverend  Moses  Parsons,  1784  ; 
tvro  sermons  on  a  day  of  public  fasting  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon ;  a 
eulogy  on  Washington,  1800  ;  a  sermon  before  the*  society  for 
propagating  the  gospel  among  the  American  Indians,  1804.— i^unN 
:fngton*9  Juneral  sermon  I  /*cno/i/w/,  i.  471,  472. 


Bi.      ijj  i 


FRO. 


301 


FRONTENAC  (Loutt)  count),  governor  general  of  Canada» 
succeeded  Courcelles  in  1673)  and  in  the  spring  of  the  following 
year  built  upon  laAe  Ontario  the  fort,  which  bore  his  name.  He 
was  recalled  in  1683,  but  was  reinstated  in  his  office  in  1689.  He 
died  November  38,  1698,  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age. 
His  exertions  conduced  in  a  great  degree  to  the  protection  and  pros- 
perity of  Canada  ;  but  he  was  a  man  of  haughty  feelings,  suspicious, 
revengeful,  aud  outrageous.  Notwithstanding  his  professions  of  re- 
gard to  religion,  it  was  very  evident,  that  he  was  almost  completely 
under  the  influence  of  ambition.*— CAar/rvoix,  hiat.  nouv.  Jtrance^  i. 
444 — 469,  543—570  ;  ii.  43,  237  ;  Bolmea*  annaU,  ii.  46. 

GADSDEN   (Christopher),    lieutenant    governor  of  South 
Carolina,  and  a  distinguished  friend  of  his  country,  was  bom  about 
the  year  1724.    So  high  was  his  reputation  in  the  colony,  in  which 
he  lived)  that  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress, 
which  met  at  New  York  in  October  1765  to  petition  against  the  stamp 
act.  He  was  also  chosen  a  member  of  the  congress,  which  met  in  1774, 
and  on  his  return  early  in  1 7  7  6  received  the  thanks  of  the  provincial  as> 
sembly  for  his  services.    He  was  among  the  first,  who  openly  advo- 
cated republican  principles,  and  wished  to  make  his  country  inde- 
pendent of  the  monarchical  government  of  Great  Britain.      ^^  The 
decisive  genius,*'  says  Ramsay,  <^  of  Christopher  Gadsden  in  the 
south  and  of  John  Adams  in  the  north  at  a  much  earlier  day  might 
hare  desired  a  complete  separation  of  America  from  Great  Britain ; 
but  till  the  year  1776,  the  rejection  of  the  second  petition  of  congress, 
and  the  appearance  of  Paine's  pamphlet,  cominon  sense,  a  reconcilia- 
tion with  the  mother  country  was  the  unanimous  wish  of  almost 
every  other  American."   During  the  siege  of  Charleston  in  1 780  he 
remained  within  the  lines  with  five  of  the  council,  while  governor 
Rutledge,  with  the  other  three,  left  the  city  at  the  earnest  request 
of  general  Lincoln.      Several  months  after  the  capitulation  be  was 
taken  out  of  his  bed  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  August,  and  with 
most  of  the  civil   and  military  officers  transported  in  a   guard 
ship  to  St.  Augustine.      This  was  done  by  the  order  of  lord  Com- 
wallis,  and  it  was  in  violation  of  the  rights  of  prisoners  on  parole. 
Guards  were  left  at  their  houses,  and  the  private  papers  of  some  of 
them  were  examined.    A  parole  was  offered  at  St.  Augustine ;  but 
such  was  the  indignation  of  lieutenant  governor  Gadsden  at  the  un- 
generous treatment,  which  he  had  received,  that  he  refused  to  ac- 
cept it,  and  bore  a  close  confinement  in  the  castle  for  forty  two 
weeks  with  the  greatest  fortitude.     In  1 782,  when  it  became  neces- 
sary, by  the  rotation  established,  to  choose  a  new  governor,  he  was 
elected  to  this  office ;  but  he  declined  it  in  a  short  speech  to  the  fol- 
lowing effect.    "  I  have  served  you  in  a  variety  of  stations  for  thirty 
years,  and  I  would  now  cheerfully  make  one  of  a  forlorn  hope  in  an 
assault  on  the  lines  of  Charleston,  if  it  was  probable,  that  with  the 
loss  of  my  life  you  would  be  reinstated  in  the  possession  of  your 


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capital.  What  I  «an  do  for  my  country  I  am  willing  to  do.  My 
•entiments  of  the  American  cause  from  the  stamp  act  downwards 
have  never  changed.  I  am  still  of  opinion,  thiit  it  is  the  cause  of 
liberty  and  of  human  nature.— The  present  times  require  the  vigor 
and  activity  of  the  prime  of  life  ;  but  I  feel  the  increasing  infirmities 
oi  old  age  to  such  a  degree,  that  i  am  conscious  I  cannot  serve  you 
to  advantage.  I  therefore  beg  for  your  sakes  and  for  the  sake  of 
the  public,  that  you  would  indulge  me  with  the  liberty  of  declining 
the  arduous  trust."  He  continued,  however,  his  exertions  for  the 
good  of  his  country  both  in  the  assembly  and  council,  and  notwith- 
standing the  injuries  he  bad  suffered  and  the  immense'loss  of  his  prop' 
erty  he  xealously  opposed  the  law  for  confiscating  the  estates  of  the 
adherents  to  the  British  government,  and  contended  that  sound  pol- 
icy required  to  forgive  and  forget.  He  died  in  September  1805, 
aged  eighty  one  years.p— *^Ofi;en'«  /iin.  aermon  ;  Hamaay'a  CuroUnaf 
1.  35,  55,  61,  164  ;  ii.  125,  161, 167,  349  ;  Warreuy  ii.  348—350  ; 
Gordon^  iv.  256. 

GAGE  (Thomas),  the  last  governor  of  Massachusetts  appointed 
by  the  king,  after  the  conquest  of  Canada  in  1760  was  appointed 
governor  of  Montreal.  At  the  departure  of  general  Amherst  in 
1763,  he  succeeded  him  as  commander  in  chief  of  his  majesty's 
forces  in  America.  Being  considered  as  the  most  proper  person 
to  execute  the  parliamentary  laws,  intended  to  suodue  the  rebell- 
ious spirit,  which  had  manifested  itself  in  Massachusetts,  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  that  province,  and  arrived  at  Boston  May  13, 
1774.  He  was  a  suitoble  instrument  for  executing  the  purposes 
of  a  tyrannical  ministry  and  parliament.  Several  regiments  soon 
followed  him,  and  he  began  to  repair  the  fortifications  upon  Boston 
neck.  The  powder  in  the  arsenal  in  Charlestown  was  seized ;  de- 
tachments iVera  sent  out  to  take  possession  of  the  stores  in  Salem 
and  Concord  ;  and  the  battle  of  Lexington  became  the  signal  of  war. 
In  May  1775  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts  declared 
genersd  Gage  to  be  an  inveterate  enemy  of  the  country,  disqualified 
from  serving  the  cok>ny  as  governor^  and  unworthy  of  obedience. 
From  this  time  the  excercise  of  his  functions  was  confined  to  Bos- 
ton. In  June  he  issued  a  proclamation,  offering  pardon  to  all  the 
rebels,  excepting  Samuel  Adams  and  John  Hancock,  and  ordered 
the  use  of  the  martial  law.  But  the  affidr  of  Bunker's  hill  a  few 
days  afterwards  proved  to  him,  that  he  had  mistaken  the  character 
of  the  Americans.  In  October  he  embarked  for  England,  and  was 
succeeded  in  the  command  by  sir  William  Howe.  His  conduct  to- 
wards the  inhabitants  of  Boston  in  promiung  them  liberty  to  leave 
the  town  on  the  delivery  of  their  arms,  and  then  detaining  many  of 
them,  has  been  reprobated  for  its  treachery.  He  died  in  England  in 
April  \7%7^~^Stedmany  i,  95—1 10 ;  GordoriyX. 360,  487  ;  ii.  35,  53, 
136 ;  Hofmea*  armaU^  ii.  246,  308,  480  ;  MarahaUy  i.  391,  446 ;  it 
1«3,  1«5,2764  iik21;  Warren,  i,  127—132,241. 


GAL. 


SOS 


GALLOWAY  (Joseph)i  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Pennsylvania,^ 
tras  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  that  province  in  May  1764,  whea 
the  subject  of  a  petition  in  favor  of  a  change  of  the  government  from 
that  of  a  proprietary  to  a  royal  government  was  discussed.  John  Dick- 
inson was  opposed  to  the  petition  and  Mr.  Galloway  answered  his 
speech  with  much  warmth.  Both  speeches  were  printed,  and  Mr, 
Diclunson,after  an  ineffectual  challenge,  wrote  his^  answer  toapiecC} 
called  the  speech  of  Joseph  Galloway,  esquire."  After  having 
been  for  some  time  speaker  of  the  house  of  assembly,  he  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774.  He  afterwards 
deserted  the  American  cause,  joining  the  British  at  New  York  in 
December  1776,  and  remaining  with  the  army  till  June  1778.  Hi» 
counsels  and  exertions  were  of  little  aviui  agidnst  the  resolute  spirit 
of  millions,  determined  to  be  free.  By  his  own  account  he  abandon- 
ed an  estate  of  the  value  of  forty  thousand  pounds  sterling.  In  1 779 
he  was  examined  before  the  house  of  commons  on  the  transactions 
in  America,  and  his  representaUon  did  not  do  much  credit  to  the 
Biitish  commanders.  He  died  in  England  in  September  1 803,  in  the 
seventy  fourth  year  of  his  age.  The  preface  to  his  speech,  which 
was  published  in  1 7  64,  was  written  by  Dr.Franklin,  who  supported  the 
same  cause.  It  presents  a  history  of  the  proprietary  government. 
Mr.  Galloway  published  also  observations  on  the  conduct  of  sir 
William  Howe,  in  which,  notwithstanding  his  attachments,  he  dis- 
closes and  reprehends  the  shocking  brut^ty  of  the  British  troops, 
especially  in  New  Jersey.  The  following  work,  it  is  believed,  is 
the  production  of  his  pen ;  brief  commentaries  upon  such  parts  of 
the  revelation  and  other  prophecies,  as  immediately  refer  to  the 
present  times,  London,  1 802. «—Co//tfcf.  hiit.  soc.  ii.  93 ;  IVarren  i. 
S76,  440 }  Monthly  rev.  xxxii.  67  ;  Ixi.  71 ;  Franklin*9  vforksiili.  163. 

GANO  (John),  minister  in  New  York,  collected  the  first  baptist 
society  in  that  city,  and  was  ordained  its  pastor  in  1762.  Early  es- 
pousing the  cause  of  his  country  in  the  late  contest  with  Great  Brit- 
ain, at  the  commencement  of  the  war  he  joined  the  standard  of  free- 
dom in  the  capacity  of  chaplain.  His  preacling  contributed  to  im- 
part a  determined  spirit  to  the  soldiers,  and  he  continued  in  the 
army  dll  the  conclusion  of  the  war.  He  left  his  society  in  New 
York  in  1788,  and  removed  to  Kentuckv.  He  died  at  Frankfort 
August  10, 1804,  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age,  resigned  to 
the  divine  will,  and  in  the  hope  of  everlasting  blessedness  in  the 
presence  of  his  Redeemer.  Memoirs  of  his  life,  written  principal- 
ly by  himself,  were  published  in  12  mo,  1806.— Gano*«  mtrmoir*; 
Monthly  anthology,  i.  525  ;  Backus*  abridg.  258. 

GARDEN  (Alexander,  M.D.),  a  scientific  physician  of  South 
Carolina,  was  a  member  of  the  royal  society  at  Upsal.  He  in- 
troduced into  medical  use  the  Vir^nia  pink  root,  and  published 
in  the  year  1764  an  account  of  its  medical  properties,  and  gave 
Sk  botanical  description  of  the  plant.    An  edition  of  this  work  was' 


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GAR. 


also  published  in  1 7f2.  He  was  much  devoted  to  the  study  of  nat« 
ural  history,  particularly  of  botany,  and  made  a  number  of  commu' 
nications  on  those  subjects  to  Itis  philosophical  friends  in  Europe. 
In  compliment  to  him  the  greatest  botanist  of  the  age  gave  the 
name  of  Gardenia  to  one  of  the  most  beautiful  flowering  shrubs  in 
the  world.  He  died,  it  is  believed,  in  the  year  1771  .-^Hanuuy'a  re- 
view of  medicine^  43,  44  ;  MiUer*»  retrotfieet^  i.  319, 

GARDEN  (Alexanobr),  minister  in  Charleston,  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  made  several  publications  on  theological 
subjects.— iWrV/rr,  ii.  365. 

GATES  (Horatio),  a  major  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  was  a  native  of  England.  In  early  life  he  entered  the  Brit- 
ish army,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  his  future  military  excellence. 
Without  purchase  he  obtained  the  rank  of  major.  He  was  idd  to 
general  Monkton  at  the  capture  of  Martinico,  and  after  the  peace  of 
Aix  la  Chapelle  he  was  among  the  First  troops,  which  landed  at  HaU 
ifax  under  general  Cornwallis.  He  was  with  Braddock  at  the  time 
of  his  defeat  in  1755,  and  was  shot  through  the  body.  When  peace 
was  concluded,  he  purchased  an  estate  in  Virginia,  where  he  resided 
until  the  commencement  of  the  American  war  in  1775»  when  he 
was  appointed  by  congress  adjutant  general,  with  the  rank  of  brig* 
adier  general.  He  accompanied  Washington  to  Cambridg^,  when 
he  went  to  take  the  command  of  the  army  in  that  place.  In  June 
1776  Gates  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  arjjny  of  Canada. 
He  was  superseded  by  general  Schuyler  in  May  1777,  but  in  Au- 
gust following  he  took  the  place  of  this  officer  in  the  northern  de- 
partment. The  success,  which  attended  his  arms  in  the  capture  of 
Burgoyne  in  October,  filled  America  with  joy.  Congress  passed 
a  vote  of  thanks,  and  ordered  a  medal  of  gold  to  be  pre^nted  by 
the  president.  His  conduct  towards  his  conquered  enemy  was 
marked  by  a  delicacy,  which  does  him  the  highest  hohor.  He  did 
not  permit  his  own  troops  to  witness  the  mortification  of  the  British 
in  depositing  their  arms.  After  general  Lincoln  was  taken  prison- 
er, he  was  appointed  on  the  thirteenth  of  June  1780  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  southern  department.  On  the  sixteenth  of  August 
he  was  defeated  by  Cornwallis  at  Camden.  He  was  superseded  oK 
the  third  of  December  by  general  Greene  ;  but  was  in  1782  re- 
stored to  his  command.  '  \':^h 

After  the  peace  he  retired  to  his  farm  in  Berkley  county,  Vir» 
ginia,  where  he  remained  until  the  year  1790,  when  he  went  to 
reside  at  New  York,  having  first  emancipated  his  slaves,  and  made 
a  pecuniary  provision  for  such,  as  were  not  able  to  provide  for 
themselves.  Some  of  them  would  not  leave  him,  but  continued  in 
his  family.  On  his  arrival  at  New  York  the  freedom  of  the  city 
was  presented  to  him.  In  1800  he  accepted  a  seat  in  the  legis- 
lature, hut  he  retained  it  no  longer,  than  he  conceived  his  services 
might  be  useful  to  the  cause  of  liberty,  which  he  never  abandoned. 


« 


GAY. 


305 


Hit  political  opinions  did  not  separate  him  from  many  respectable 
cidzensi  whose  views  differed  widely  from  his  own.  He  died  April 
10, 1806,  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  ot  his  age.  A  few  weeks  before 
hitt  death  he  wrote  to  his  friend,  Or.  Mitchill,  then  at  Washington, 
on  some  business,  and  closed  his  letter,  dated  February  37,  1806, 
irith  the  following  words.  "  I  am  very  we:^  and  have  evident 
^gns  of  an  approaching  dissolution.  But  I  have  Ihted  long  enough, 
lince  1  have  lived  to  see  a  mighty  people  animated  vHth  a  spirit  to 
be  free,  and  governed  by  transcendent  abilities  and  hohor."  He 
retained  his  faculties  to  the  last.  He  took  pleasure  in  professing 
bis  attachment  to  religion  and  his  firm  belief  in  the  <tbctrines  of 
Christianity.  The  will,  which  was  made  not  long  before  his  death, 
exhibited  the  humility  of  his  faith.  In  an  article  dictated  by  himself, 
be  expressed  a  sense  of  his  own  unworthiness,  and  his  reliance 
solely  on  the  intercession  and  sufferings  of  the  Redeemer.  In 
gnother  paragraph  he  directed,  that  his  body  should  be  privately  bu» 
ried,  which  was  accordingly  done.  General  Gates  was  a  whig  in 
England  and  a  republican  in  America.  He  was  a  scholar,  well 
versed  in  history  and  the  Latin  classics.  While  he  was  just,  hos- 
pitable, and  generous,  and  possessed  a- feeling  heart,  his  manners 
and  deportment  yet  indicated  his  military  character.— JVcrw  York 
tfiectator,  April  19,  1806 ;  Daily  advertisevj  jlfiril  12  ;  Polyanthot^ 
iii.  13—17 ;  MavBhaU,  ii.  237  ;  iii.  3,  226,  273,  336 ;  iv.  169—182, 
334,  596  }  BriMoti  nouv.  voy.  ii.  50  ;  Stedman^  i.  336,  343  ;  ii. 
300, 233  ;  Gordon^  ii.  276,  572  ;  iii.  39 1,  439, 472  ;  iv.  26. 

GAY  (Ebknbzbr,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Hingham,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  August  26,  1 696.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1714,  and  ordained  June  11,  1718.  After  continuing  his  labors 
in  the  ministry  for  almost  an  unequalled  length  of  time,  he  died 
March  18,  1787  in  the  ninety  first  year  of  his  age,  and  the  sixty 
ninth  of  his  ministry.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Dr. 
Ware.  His  mental  powers  were  continued  to  him  in  an  uncom- 
mon degree  till  his  death.  On  the  day,  which  completed  the  eigh- 
ty fifth  year  of  his  age,  he  preached  a  sermon,  which  was  much 
celebrated  and  was  reprinted  in  England.  Dr.  Chauncy  pronounces 
him  to  hrive  been  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  valuable  men  in  the 
country.  His  sentiments  were  not  so  rigid  as  those  of  some  of  his 
brethrei^in  the  ministry  ;  but  he  was  zealous  for  the  interests  of 
practical  goodness.  *  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of 
the  reverend  Joseph  Green,  1725  ;  at  the  artillery  election,  1728$ 
on  the  transcendent  glory  of  the  gospel,  to  which  is  added  a  pillar 
of  salt  to  season  a  corrupt  age,  a  sermon  to  bring  Lot's  wife  to 
remembrance,  1728  ;  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  John  Hancock, 
1744;  election  sermon,  1745  ;  a  sermon  at  the  -annual  convention 
of  ministers,  1746  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Jonathan 
Dorby,  1753  j  at  the  instalment  of  the  reverend  Ezra  Carpenter, 
1753 ;  of  reverend  Grindal  Rawson,  1756  \  Dudleian  lecture, 

40 


# 


,1 


\<Hi 


506 


GEE. 


1759  ;  two  sermona  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Ma^heir 
1766  ;  at  the  ordination  oi  the  reverend  Caleb  Gannett,  176B  ;  » 
thaiiittigiving  sermon,  1771  ;  the  old  man's  calendar,  a  sermon  on 
Joshua  xiv.  10,  preached  on  the  Inrth  day  of  the  author^  1781^^ 
ShuU-'a  funeral  neryn'm  ;  CoUectiona  hitt.  »oc.%.  159  ;  Mastacfauettt 
centineiy  March  30,  1787. 

GEE  (Joshua),  minister  in  Boston,  -was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1717;  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  second  or  old  north 
church,  as  collea{<;ue  with  Dr.  Cotton  Mather*  December  18,  1723. 
In  1732  hfe  received  for  his  colleague  Mr.  Sumuel  Mather,  and  he 
died  May  23,  1748,  aged  fifty  years.  He  possessed  a  strong  and 
penetrating  mind.  His  powers  of  reasoning  were  very  uncommon. 
Few  were  more  discerning,  or  could  more  completely  develop  a 
subject.1  He  possessed  also  a  considerable  share  of  learning.  His 
foible  was  a  strange  indolence  of  temper.  He  preferred  talkin? 
with  his  friends  to  every  thing  else.  He  published  in  1743  a  letter 
to  the  reverend  Nathaniel  Eells,  moderator  of  a  convention  of  pas- 
tors in  Boston,  containing  some  remarks  on  their  printed  testimony 
against  disorders  in  the  land.  From  this  pamphlet  it  appears,  that 
there  wa^  present  in  the  convention  not  one  third  of  the  pastors  of 
Massachusetts,  and  that  of  these,  seventy  in  number,  but  a  small 
majority  voted  for  the  last  paragraph  of  the  testimony,  which  caused 
such  debates  respecting  an  attestation  to  the  work  of  God's  grace 
appearing  of  late  years  in  a  remarkable  revival  of  religion  among 
the  churches.  Mr.  Gee  complains  of  the  testimony,  that  it  is  par- 
tial, that  it  speaks  of  the  prevalence  of  antinomian  but  not  of  Ar- 
minian  errors,  that  it  holds  up  to  view  the  disorders  consequent 
upon  the  revival,  and  not  the  great  and  beneficial  effects  of  the  re* 
▼ival  itself;  he  complains  of  the  convention,  that  they  admitted 
pastors,  who  did  not  live  in  the  province,  to  vote,  and  rudely  inter- 
rupted pustors,  who  wished  to  represent  the  happy  influence  of  the 
revival  in  places,  where  they  were  acquainted,  in  rendering  men 
better  and  promoting  the  interests  of  morality  and  order.  He  was 
one  af  the  assembly  of  ministers,  who  met  in  Boston  July  7,  1743, 
and  gave  their  attestation  to  the  progress  of  religion  in  this  coun- 
try. He  published  also  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Cotton 
Mather,U728t;  two  sermons  entitled,  the  strait  gate  and  the  narrow 
way  infinitely  preferable  to  the  wide  gate  and  the  broad  way,  1729. 
*—Collectiana  qfthe^histor.  society ^k.  157  ;  Prince's  Christian  hiatoryf 
i.  164. 

GEORGIA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  originally 
a  part  of  Carolina.  It  was  granted  to  twenty  one  trustees  on  the 
ninth  of  June  1732  by  king  George  II,  and  received  its  name  in 
honor  of  him.  The  design  of  the  found^'s  of  this  colony  was 
most  benevolent  and  generous.  It  was  intended  to  strengthen  the 
province  of  Carolina,  to  open  an  asylum  for  the  oppressed,  and  to 
attempt  the  conversion  of  the  natives.    The  parliament  gave  ten 


GEO. 


307 


ihoosand  pounds  to  encourage  the  desi(^.    The  territory  was  by 
charter  erected  into  a  separate  and  independent  goviiikineut  for 
twenty  one  years^  at  the  expiration  of  which  period  siit.  ti  a  I'onn  of 
government  was  to  be  established)  as  the  king  shoald  upp      \  The 
trustees  engaged  immediately  in  the  prosecution  of  theii   design. 
Large  contributions  were  obtained  for  the  assistance  of  the  poor, 
who  should  engage  in  the  settlement.     On  the  fifteenth  of  January 
1733  James  Oglethorpe,  one  of  the  trustees^  at  the  head  of  up- 
wards of  a  hundred  persons,  arrived  at  Carolina.     He  proceeded 
immediately  to  Savannah  river,  and  having  fixed  upon  a  spot  for 
commencing  the  plantation,  his  people  joined  him  on  the  first  of 
February.    On  the  ninth  with  the  assistance  of  colonel  William 
Bull  from  Ashley  river  he  laid  out  the  streets,  squares,  and  forty 
lots  for  houses,  and  the  town  was  called  Savannah,  after  the  river,  so 
denominated  by  the  Indians.     A  fort  was  suon  completed  for  the 
safety  of  the  colony,  and  a  treaty  was  concmded  with  the  eight 
tribes  of  the  lower  Creek  Indians.  Every  thing  seemed  to  promise 
future  prosperity  ;  but  some  regulations  were  established,  which 
tended  to  retard  its  growth,  although  considerable  accessions  were 
received  from  Scotland  and  Germany.     In  1737  the  depredations, 
committed  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  English  by  sea,  threatening  a 
war  between  the  two  (powers,  a  regimint  of  six  hundred  men  was; 
sent  to  Georgia  for  the  protection  of  that  colony.      In  1742  the 
Spaniards  from  Florida  invaded  Georf  ia  with  hear  six  thousand 
men,  including  Indians:;  but  tlve  militaiy  skill  of  Oglethorpe,  un- 
<ler  a  kind  providence,  was  the  means  of  saving  the  colony.     The 
charter  was  surrendered  by  the  trustees  to  the  king  in  1752  in  con- 
sequence of  the  languishing  state  of  the  colony  and  of  the  com-  ' 
plaints  of  ihe  people.  The  fundamental  regulations  were  ill  adapted 
to  the  drcumstances  of  the  poor  settlers,  and  to  the  situation  of 
the  territory.     The  restrictions  upon  the  descent  of  estates  drove 
setders  to  other  colonies,  where  lands  could  be  obtained  on  better 
terms,  and  held  by  a  better  tenure.     By  the  prohibition  of  negroes 
the  culture  of  the  lands  was  rendered  difficult,  and  by  forbidding 
the  importation  of  rum,  the  colonists  were  cut  off  from  much 
trade  with  the  West  Indies,  as  well  as  from  an  article,  which  was 
thought  necessary  to  health,  especially  by  those,  whose  taste  was 
eager  for  it.    A  royal  government  was  now  established,  and  the 
people  were  favored  with  the  same  privileges,  which  were  enjojed 
by  their  neighbors  in  Carolina.  .  ^  >  . 

From  1752  to  the  peace  of  Paris  in  1763  Georgia  straggled  with 
many  difficulties,  arising  from  the  want  of  credit,  and  the  frequent 
molestations  of  enemies.  The  good  effects  of  ihe  peace  were 
soon  perceived.  From  this  time  It  flourished  under  the  care  of 
governor  Wright.  This'colony  united  with  the  other  colonies  in 
opposition  to  Great  Britain  in  the  summer  of  1775,  and  appointed 
delegates  to  attend  the  continental  congress.     During  the  war  ij 


'       !/ 


m 


• ' "  1' 


• 


i^ 


a .-  • 


Ir'  ] 


308 


GIS. 


WM  oTcmin  by  the  British  troops,  and  the  inhabitants  were  obliged 
to  flee  into  the  neighboring  states  lor  safety.  Since  the  war  popu* 
latioU)  agriculturet  and  commerce  have  increased  with  great  ra- 
judityt  though  the  frontiers  have  suffered  much  from  the  frequent 
attacks  of  the  Creek  Indians.  A  treaty  w{w  concluded  with  them 
by  the  United  States  on  the  thirteenth  of  August  1790,  since  which 
time  immigrations  have  been  numerous. 

Georgia  by  an  act  of  the  legislujLure,  passed  January  7,  1795,  sold 
to  four  different  companies  about  twenty  two  million  acres  of  its 
western  territory^  and  the  purchase  money,  amounting  to  live  hun- 
dred thousand  dollarSf  was  paid  into  the  state  treasury.  By  an  act 
of  the  next  legislature*  passed  February  13, 1796,  the  law  relating 
to  the  sale  of  the  said  lands  was  declared,  on  the  ground  of  bribery 
and  corruption,  unconstitutional  ar.d  void,  and  the  records  were  or- 
dered to  be  burned.  By  these  proceedings  the  purchasers,  under 
the  original  companies,  were  placed  in  a  most  unpleasant  situation. 
The  constitution  of  Georgia  was  revised  and  adopted  in  its  present 
form  by  a  convention  of  the  state  May  30,  1798.  By  the  articles 
of  this  constitution  the  governor  is  to  be  elected  by  the  general  as- 
■embly,  for  the  term  of  two  years  ;  the  jud/^es  of  the  superior 
court  to  be  chosen  for  the  term  of  three  yeaib,  and  to  he  liable  to 
removal  by  the  governor  on  the  address  of  two  thirds  of  both  houses 
of  the  legislature^  In  other  respects  the  constitution  of  this  state 
differs  but  little  from  that  of  Massachusetts.— A.or«f'«  geog.; 
Hewatt't  Idat,  account  qf  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia  ;  Wynne j  ii.  301— 
315  ;  EncycloftediOi  Phil.  edit.  ;  British  empire  in  .America^  i.  525-. 
541  ;  Holme%* annaUi'n.  131,  183. 

•  GIST  (MoRBECAi),  a  brigaQ;>.r  general  in  the  American  war, 
cbmmanded  one  of  the  Maryland  brigades  in  the  battle  of  Camden 
August  16,  1780.  He  died  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  Sep- 
tember, 1793.— Mxr^Aa//,  iv.  178  ;  Holmev* annaU^ii.  ^Z\. 

GODFREY  (Thomas),  the  inventor  of  Hadley's  quadrant, was 
by  trade  a  glazier  in  the  cit^y  of  Philadelphia.  The  extent  of  his 
education  was  only  to  read,  and  write,  and  apply  the  common  rules 
of  arithmetic.  Having  met  with  a  mathematical  book,  he  was  so 
delighted  with  the  study*  that  without  an  instructer,  by  the  mere 
strength  of  his  genius  he  soon  made  himself  master  of  it,  and  of 
every  book  of  the  kind,  which  he  could  procure  in  English.  Find- 
ing that  the  kivowledge  of  the  Latin  would  open  to  him  new  treas- 
ures of  mathematical  science,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study  oi 
that  language  till  he  was  enabled  to  read  a  Latin  author  on  his  fa- 
vorite subject.  He  then  borrowed  Newton's  principia  of  Mr.  Lo- 
gan, to  whom  about  the  year  1730  he  communicated  his  invention 
oif  the  quadrant.  The  royal  society  of  London,  being  fnade  acquaint- 
ed with  it  by  means  of  Mr.  Logan,  sent  Mr.  Godfrey  as  a  reward 
household  furniture  to  the  value  of  two  hundred  pounds.  Tiie 
iDoney  was  not  sent  on  account  of  a  halnt  of  intemperance,  to  which 


IF 


GOD. 


Of 


the  artist  was  subject.  The  manner,  in  which  thi  ventor  ¥>  de- 
prived of  the  honor  of  having  the  iitstrument  cuiicii  by  hU  <aiue, 
was  the  following.  He  put  it  for  trial  into  the  hands  of  an  iuge* 
niouB  navigator  in  a  voyage  to  Jamaica.  On  reaching  that  place,  it 
was  shown  to  the  captain  of  a  ship,  about  suling  to  England,  bf 
which  means  it  came  to  the  knowledge  of  Mr.  Hadley.  These 
facts  seem  to  be  well  established.  Mr.  Godfrey  died  in  Philadel- 
phia about  the  middle  of  December  1749.  He  was  a  member  of 
a  literary  club,  established  by  Dr.  Franklin,  and  having  confined  hit 
attention  to  mathematical  pursuits,  he  was  almost  insufferable  in 
conversation,  requiring  an  unusual  precision  in  every  thing,  which 
was  said,  continually  contradicting,  and  making  trifling  distinctions. 
—•MUler't  retroafiecty  i.  468  ;  .American  magazine  for  July  and  ^u- 
guilt i  1758  }  Franklin* »  Itfe  j    Preface  to  Go{(frey*»  fioema. 

GODFREY  (Thou as),  a  poet,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding, and 
was  bom  in  Philadelphia  in  1736.     The  only  advantages  of  cduca« 
tion,  which  he  enjoyed,  were  found  in  a  common  English  school. 
Such  however  was  his  desire  of  knowledge,  that  he  prosecuted  his 
studies  with  unwearied  diligence  ;  and  having  perused  the  best  of 
the  English  poets,  he  soon  exhibited  proofs  of  poetical  talents.  He 
had  a  fine  ear  for  music,  and  a  propensity  to  paintinf^.     After  the 
death  of  his  father,  he  was  put  an  apprentice  to  an  ingenious  watch- 
maker ;  but  the  muses  and  graces,  poetry  and  painting  sttrie  his  at- 
tention.   He  devoted  all  his  hours  of  release  from  mechanical  la- 
bor to  writing  those  pieces,  which  were  published  with  such  favor- 
able notice  in  the  American  magazine.     At  length  he  was  recom- 
mefided  to  a  lieutenant's  commission  in  the  Pennsylvania  forces, 
raised  in  1758  for  an  expedition  against  fort  du  Qucsne.     In  this 
station  he  continued  till  the  troops  were  disbanded.    He  was  settled 
in  the  succeeding  spring  as  a  factor  in  North  Carolina,  where  he 
continued  upwards  of  three  years.    He  died  near  Wilmington  of  a 
fever*  occasioned  by  violent  exercise  in  a  very  warm  day,  August  3, 
1763,  in  the  twenty  seventh  year  of  his  age.     With  an  amiable 
disposition,  and  an  engaging  diffidence  and  modesty  of  manners,  he 
united  an  integrity  of  character,  which  procured  him  esteem  and 
respect.    The  productions  of  his  pen,  which  exhibit  more  of  na- 
ture than  of  the  refinements  of  art,  were  collected  by  his  friend,  Mr. 
Evans,  and  published  in  1765,  entitled,  juvenile  poems  on  various 
subjects,  with  the  prince  of  Parthia,  a  tragedy,  4>\.o^-~Account  firem 
fired  to  poems  ;  American  muaeum^  vi.  47 1, 472.         ^  JMii<  H>0 

GOERING  (Jacob),  many  years  minister  of  the  German  Lu- 
theran church  in  York,  Pennsylvania,  commenced  the  labors  of  the 
sacred  office,  when  only  twenty  years  of  age,  and  it  pleased  God 
to  g^ve  such  success  to  bis  faithful  exertions  at  this  early  period  of 
life,  that  a  revival  of  religion  took  place  wherever  he  ])reached. 
He  died  in  1807  in  the  fifty  third  year  of  his  ajye.  He  was  presi- 
dent of  the  synod  of  the  German  Lutheran  church  in  the  states  of 


m     ' 


!  J* 


M" 


in 


!  n 


1.  I 


tr 


% 


301 


OOF. 


§>.A 


PenniylTania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia.  In  his  character  were 
connbined  the  Christian,  the  gentleman,  and  the  scholar.  He  was  « 
man  of  profound  erudition  ;  and  among  the  languages,  with  which 
he  waa  acquainted,  the  Hebrew  and -Arabic  were  his  favoritcn. 
Though  warmly  interested  in  his  country's  welfare,  he  yet  declined 
a  civil  station,  in  which  his  fellow  citizens  would  gladly  have  placed 
him,  dedicating  himself  wholly  to  the  ministry.  He  died  in  the 
full  assurance  of  obtaining  und  enjoying  a  perpetual  happiness 
through  the  merits  of  his  Kedeemer.— i^rofv/<'«  American  rrgiater^ 
ii.  84,  85. 

GOFFE  (William),  one  of  the  judges  of  king  Charles  T,  and 
a  major  general  under  Cromwell,  Iclt  London  before  Charles  H 
was  proclaimed,  und  arrived  at  Boston  with  yyeiieral  Whalley  in  Ju> 
ly  1660.  Governor  Endicot  gave  tl>em  a  friendly  reception.  But 
when  the  act  of  inderauity  arrived  in  November,  and  their  names 
were  not  found  among  those,  to  whom  pardon  was  offered,  the  gov- 
ernment of  Massachusetts  was  alarmed.  Perceiving  their  danger, 
they  left  Cambridge,  where  they  had  resided,  February  26,  1661, 
and  arrived  at  New  Haven  on  the  seventh  of  March.  They  were 
here  concealed  by  deputy  governor  Leet,  and  the  reverend  Mr.  Dav« 
«nport.  From  New  Haven  they  went  to  West  Rock,  a  mountain  three 
hundred  feet  in  height  at  the  distance  of  two  or  three  miles  from  the 
town,  where  they  were  hid  in  a  cave.  They  afterward  lived  in  con< 
cealment  at  Milford,  Derby,  und  Branford,  and  in  October  1664  re- 
aioved  to  Hadley  in  Massachusetts,  and  were  concealed  for  fifteen 
«r  sixteen  years  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Russel,  the  minister.  On  the 
first  of  September  1675  the  town  of  Hadley  was  alarmed  by  the  In- 
dians in  the  time  of  public  worship,  and  the  pe(^le  were  thrown  in- 
to the  utmost  confusion.  But  suddenly  an  aged,  venerable  man  in 
an  uncommon  dress  appeared  in  the  midst  of  them,  revived  their 
courage,  and,  putting  himself  at  their  head,  led  them  to  the  attack 
and  repulsed  the  enemy.  The  deliverer  of  Hadley  immediately 
disappeared,  and  the  inhabitants,  overwhelmed  with  astonishment, 
supposed  that  an  angel  had  been  sent  for  their  protection.  He  died 
in  Hadley,  it  is  thought,  about  the  year  1 679.  Under  the  oppres- 
sion of  constant  fear  during  his  residence  in  this  country,  his  mind 
seems  to  have  found  some  relief  in  the  consolations  of  religion.-— 
Stiles*  hiat.  of  the  judges  ;  HutcMtuorit  i.  2 1 S-— 3  \  9,  SS2 ;  Holmet* 
annaUy  i.  377,  424,  425.  !<>  -  /j,  .< -     '  •   .;r4|>  ,p  v    it 

GOODRICH  (Elizur,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Durham  in  Connect- 
icut, was  born  in  Wethersfield  November  6,  1734,  and  was  gradua- 
ted at  Yale  college  in  1752.  He  was  ordained  to  the  work  of  the 
ministry  November  24,  1756.  After  his  character  as  an  excellent 
minister  and  a  friend  of  literature  was  established,  he  w^s  chosen 
in  1776  a  member  of  the  corporation  oi  Yale  college.  He  died  at 
Norfolk  in  November  1797,  in  the  sixty  fourth  year  of  his  age,  and 
the  forty  second  of  his  ministry.    Dr.  Goodrich  conciliated  the  es- 


* 


GOO. 


Sll 


teem  of  hi»  acquaintance^  and  was  faithful  in  ull  the  relations  of 
Ufe.  He  Wtis  (liHiiitguished  for  his  literary  und  HciuntiBc  acquire* 
nientH,  as  well  as  fur  his  piety  and  patriotism.  W  hilo  he  was  uc« 
quuintcd  wiiii  the  Latin^  Greeks  and  Hebrew  languagea*  he  was 
not  deficient  in  inathcniutical  and  philusophicul  knowledge.  As  a 
preacher,  he  followed  the  exumplus  of  the  apostles,  preaching  re- 
pentance und  faith.  }Ie  taught  his  hearers  that  man  was  depraved, 
and  guilty,  and  lost,  condemned  by  the  law,  and  having  no  hope 
but  in  <  hrist,  and  that  salvation  was  of  grace  and  not  of  works. 
mm,Dvfight*B  funeral  termon. 

GDOKIN  (Damikl),  author  of  the  historical  collections  of  the 
Indians  in  New  England,  und  major  general  of  Massachusetts,  waa 
t)orn  in  the  county  of  Kent  in  England.  He  came  to  Virginia  io 
162 1  with  his  father,  who  brought  cuttle  to  the  colony  from  Ireland^ 
and  who  established  himself  at  a  plantation,  called  Newport's  News. 
Ill  the  year  1643  Mr.  Thomson  and  other  ministers  from  Massu- 
•husetts  were  sent  to  Virginia  to  preach  the  gospel  to  a  people,  but 
little  acquainted  with  the  truth.  When  they  were  forced  to  with- 
draw from  this  colony,  because  they  would  not  conform  to  the 
church  of  England,  such  was  the  attachment  of  Mr.  Gookin  to  their 
preaching,  that  he  soon  followed  them.  In  1644  he  removed  with 
his  family  to  New  England,  and  settled  in  Cambridge,  that  he  might 
enjoy  the  ordinances  of  the  gospel  in  their  purity.  Soon  after  his 
arrival  he  was  appointed  captain  oi  the  military  company  in  Cam- 
bridge, and  a  member  of  the  house  of  deputies.  In  1652  he  was 
elected  assistant  or  magistrate,  and  four  years  after  was  appointed 
by  the  general  court  superintendent  of  all  the  Indians,  who  had  sub- 
mitted to  the  government  of  Massachusetts.  He  executed  this  of- 
fice with  such  fidelity,  that  he  was  continued  in  it  till  his  death.  In 
1656  he  visited  England,  and  had  an  interview  with  Cromwell,  who 
commissioned  him  to  invite  the  people  of  Massachusetts  to  trans- 
port themselves  to  Jamaica,  which  had  been  conquered  from  the 
Spaniards.  In  1662  he  was  appointed,  with  the  reverend  Mr. 
MitcheK  one  of  the  licensers  of  the  printing  press  in  Cambridge. 
When  Philip's  war  commenced  in  1675,  several  severe  laws  were 
passed  against  the  friendly  Indians,  to  whom  religious  instruction 
had  been  imparted,  through  apprehension,  that  they  would  join  the 
enemy,  and  the  rage  of  the  people  against  their  red  colored  breth- 
ren was  violent  and  alarming.  Mr.  Eliot  stood  forth  as  the  friend 
and  protector  of  the  Indians,  and  Mr.  Gookin,  who  had  zealously  co- 
operated with  Mr.  Eliot  in  his  benevolent  exertions,  and  who  fre- 
quently accompanied  him  in  his  missionary  tours,  was  equally  their 
friend.  He  was  the  only  magistrate,  who  endeavored  to  prevent 
the  outrages  of  the  populace.  He  was  in  consequence  much  abus- 
ed, and  even  insulted  as  he  passed  the  streets  ;  but  he  had  too  much 
of  the  elevation  of  Christian  virtue  to  feel  any  resentment,  and  the 
effects  of  licentiousness  did  not  inspire  him  with  the  desire  of  abridgf> 


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ing  the  liberties  of  the  people.  He  soon,  however,  recovered.the  es* 
teem  and  confidence,  which  he  had  lost,  by  tirmljr  resisting  the  at- 
tempts, which  were  made  to  destroy  the  charter  of  Massachusetts. 
In  1681  he  was  appointed  major  general  of  the  colony,  and  he  con- 
tinued in  the  magistracy  till  the  dissolution  of  the  charter  in  1 686. 
He  died  March  19,  1687,  aged  seventy  five  years.  In  the  inscrip. 
tion  upon  his  monument  in  the  burying  ground  in  Cambridge,  which 
is  yet  legible,  his  name  is  written  Gookings.  Such  was  his  pover- 
ty, that  Mr.  Eliot  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Boyle,  not  long  after  his  decease, 
solicits  that  charitable  gentleman  to  uestow  ten  pounds  upon  his 
widow.  He  was  u  man  of  good  understanding,  rigid  in  his  relig- 
ious and  political  opinions,  zealous  and  active,  of  inflexible  integrity 
and  exemplary  piety,  disinterested  and  benevolent,  a  firm  patriot, 
and  uniformly  and  peculiarly  the  friend  of  the  Indians,  who  lament* 
ed  his  death  with  unfeigned  sorrow.  His  two  sons,  Daniel  and  Na- 
thaniel, were  ministers,  the  former  of  Sherburne,  whose  care  ex- 
tended also  to  the  Indians  at  Natick,  and  the  latter  of  Cambridge, 
who  was  ordsuned  November  15,  1682,  and  died  August  7,  1692  in 
the  thirty  fourth  year  of  his  age.     He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Brattle. 

Mr.  Gookiu  wrote  in  1674  historical  collections  of  the  Indians  in 
New  England,  which  remained  in  manuscript  till  it  was  published 
in  the  first  volume  of  the  collections  of  the  Massachusetts  historical 
society  in  1792.  In  this  work  he  gives  many  interesting  particu- 
lars of  the  various  tribes  of  Indians  in  Massachusetts,  of  their  cus- 
toms, manners,  religion,  and  government,  and  of  the  exertions, 
which  were  made  to  civilize  them,  and  to  bring  them  to  an  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Christian  religion.  He  also  wrote  a  history  of 
New  England  ;  but  it  is  not  known,  that  the  manuscript  is  now  in 
existence. — Collect.  Mat.  aoc  i.  228,  329;  vii.  23  ;  Holmea*  Mat.  of 
Cambridge'^  and annala^'x.  418;  Hutchinaon,  i.  136,  191,257,296, 
322— "332  ;  Mugnalia^  ii.  2 1 ;  Johnaon*a  wonder  work.  firovidencCf 
109,  192  ;   Stith,  205. 

GOOKIN  (Nathanibl),  minister  of  Hampton,  New  Hamp- 
shire, was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Gookin  of  Cambridge,  and  < 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1703.  He  was  ordained  in 
17 10  as  successor  of  Mr.  John  Cotton.  After  a  prudent  and  faith- 
ful ministry  of  about  twenty  four  years,  he  died  in  1734,  in  the  for- 
ty seventh  year  of^his  age.  His  son  Nathaniel  was  settled  in 
North  Hampton,  New  Hampshire,  in  1739  and  died  in  1766.  Mr. 
Gookin  published  three  sermons  occasioned  by  the  earthquake  in 
October  1727,  to  which  is  added  an  account  of  the  eariiiquake,  and 
something  remarkable  of  thunder  and  lightning  in  Hampton.— Co/- 
iectiona  hiat.  «ooe/y,vii.  55  ;  Shurtleff'aaerm.  at  the  ordination  of  Mr, 
Gookin,  1739. 

GORDON  (William,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Roxbury,  Massachu- 
•etts,  and  a  historian  of  the  American  war,  was  a  native  of  Hitchin 
in  Hertfordshire,  England,  and  had  his  academical  education  io  Lon- 


* 


GOR. 


Sid 


doB  under  Dr.  Marryatt.    He  was  early  settled  as  pastor  of  a  largo 
independent  church  at  Ipswich,  where  he  continued  in  good  esteem 
many  years.      He  removed  from  this  situation  in  consequence  of 
some  uneasiness,  occasioned  by  his  reprehension  of  the  conduct  of 
one  of  his  principal  hearers  in  employing  his  workmen  on  public 
business  on  the  Lord's  day.     After  the  death  of  Dr.  David  Jennings 
he  was  chosen  to  be  his  successor  in  the  church  at  old  gravel  lane, 
Wapping.     Here  he  might  have  continued  much  respected,  but  in 
the  year  1770  his  partiality  to  America  induced  him  to  force  him- 
self away, in  order  to  settle  in  this  country.     After  having  preached 
about  a  year  to  the  third  church  in  Roxbury,  he  was  ordained  its 
minister  July  6,  1773.    He  took  an  active  part  in  public  measures 
during  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  was  chosen  chaplain  tof'the 
provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts.      While  in  this  office  he 
preached  a  fast  sermon  on  Isaiah  i.  36,  which  strongly  expressed 
his  political  sentiments.     In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1776  he 
formed  the  design  of  writing  a  history  of  the  great  events,  which 
had  of  late  taken  place  in  America,  and  which  would  yet  be  present- 
ed to  the  observation  of  mankind.      Besides  other  sources  of  in- 
formation, he  had  recourse  to  the  records  of  congress,  and  to  those 
of  New  England,  and  was  indulged  with  the  perusal  of  the^pers 
of  Washington,  Gates,  Greene,  Lincoln,  and  Otho  Williams.    Af- 
ter the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  returned  to  his  native  country  in 
1786,  and  in  1788  published  the  work,  which  had  for  a  number  of 
years  occupied  his  attention.      After  spending  some  time  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  had  many  friends,  he  obtained  a  settlement  at  St. 
Neots  in  Huntingdonshire,  the  place  where  Mr.  David  Edwards, 
who  succeeded  him  in  Ipswich,  had  been  minister.     This  situation 
was  much  inferior  to  either  of  the  former  settlements,  which  he  had 
enjoyed.    The  congregation  gradually  declined  in  consequence  of 
his  want  of  that  popular  address,  to  which  they  had  been  accustom- 
ed, and  of  the  failure  of  his  mental  powers.      The  infirmity  of  his 
mind  was  at  length  so  visible,  that  his  friends  advised  his  reagna- 
tion,  and  raised  a  subscription  for  him.     He  afterwards  returned  to 
Ipswich,  where  he  had  some  agreeable  connexions  left.      Here  he 
preached  a  few  occasional  sermons  ;  but  his  memory  soon  failed 
him  to  such  a  degree,  as  to  render  him  unfit  for  all  public  service. 
Though  his  sight  continued  so  good,  that  he  could  read  without 
glasses,  and  though  his  attachment  to  books  was  undiminished  to 
the  last ;  yet  he  appeared  to  know  little,  and  to  retain  nothing  of 
what  he  read.      He  even  lost  all  recollection  of  his  most  intimate 
friends.      After  living  to^^experience  this  melancholy  extinction  of 
the  powers  of  his  mind,  he  died  at  Ipswich  October  19,  1807,  in 
the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  religious  sentiments  Dr.  Gordon  was  a  strict  Calvinist ; 
yet  he  possessed  a  liberal  mind,  and  a  very  sociable  disposition. 
JHe  was  even  sometimes  facetious.     His  abilities,  which  were  nat- 

41 


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314 


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iirally  good^  were  improved  by  diligent  studf.  Dr.  Owen  wa»one 
of  his  favorite  authors.  Though  his  temper  was  warni}  he  was  yet 
friendly  and  benevolent.  His  sermons  were  composed  with  care  ; 
but  as  they  were  written  in  a  very  systematical  form,  and  were  read 
with  slavish  adherence  to  his  notes,  he  was  not  interesting  as  a 
preacher.  His  fluency  mit^ht  have  rendered  him  popular,  if  he 
had  adopted  a  different  manner  oi  preaching. 

He  published  a  plan  of  a  society  for  making  provision  for  Mridows, 
by  annuities  for  life,  1772;  a  fast  sermon  on  Isaiah  i.  6;  two 
thanksgiving  discourses,  1775  ;  a  sermon  before  the  house  of  rep- 
resentauves,  1775;  election  sermon,  1775  ;  a  sermon  before  the 
general  court  on  the  anniversary  of  the  declaration  of  independence^ 
1777 ;  doctrine  of  universal  salvation  examined  and  shown  to  be  un« 
scriptural,  1783.  His  history  of  the  rise,  progress,  and  establishment 
of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  4  vol.  8vo, 
1788,  though  not  written  with  elegance,  is  allowed  to  have  con> 
siderable  merit  as  a  minute  and  in  general  a  faithful  narrative  of 
facts.  While  he  was  minister  of  Ipswich,  betbre  he  came  to  this 
country,  he  published  a  judicious  abridgment  of  president  £d< 
wards*  treatise  on  the  affect\ons.F--PreJ'ace  to  hi*  history  of  the  A. 
mericati  v>ar  j  Monthly  refiository,  London^  for  M/vember  1807. 

GORTON  (Samuel),  the  first  settler  of  Warwick,  Rhode  Isl- 
and,  came  to  this  country  in  1636,  and  in  a  few  years  occasioned 
much  disturbance  in  the  church  of  Boston  by  the  vidid  sentiments 
on  religion,  which  he  advanced.  He  soon  went  to  Plymouth,  in 
which  colcmy  he  was  subjected  to  corporal  punishment  for  his  er> 
rors,  and  whence  he  removed  in  June  1638  to  Rhode  Island.  At 
Newport  he  received  the  same  discipline  on  account  of  his  con* 
tempt  of  the  civil  authority.  He  purchased  some  land  near  Paw- 
tuxet  river,  in  the  south  part  of  Providence,  in  January  1641.  Un- 
der  the  cover  of  this  purchase  he  encroached  upon  the  lands  of 
others,  and  complaints  having  been  entered  against  him  in  the  court 
of  Massachusetts,  he  was  required  to  submit  himself  to  the  juris* 
diction  of  that  colony,  and  to  answer  for  his  conduct.  This  sum* 
mons  he  treated  with  contempt ;  but  being  apprehensive,  that  he 
was  not  in  a  place  of  safety,  he  crossed  the  river  at  the  close  of 
1 642,  and  with  eleven  others  purchased  of  Miantonimoh,  the  Nar* 
raganset  sachem,^  tract  of  land  at  Mishawomet,  for  which  he  paid 
one  hundred  and  forty  four  fathoms  of  Wampum.  The  deed  was 
signed  January  17,  1643.  The  town,  of  which  he  now  laid  the 
foundation,  was  afterwards  called  Warwick.  In  May  following  he 
and  his  party  were  seized  by  order  of  the  general  court  of  Massa- 
chusetts, and  carried  to  Boston,  where  he  was  required  to  answer 
to  the  charge  of  being  a  blasphemous  enemy  of  the  gospel  and  its 
ordinances,  and  of  all  civil  government.  His  ingenuity  embarrass- 
ed the  judges,  for  while  he  adhered  to  his  own  expressions,  which 
plainly  contradicted  the  opinions^  which  were  embraced  in  Massa- 


• 


GOR. 


315 


<^sett8f  he  yet)  when  examined  by  the  ministers,  professed  a  coin* 
cidence  with  them  g  tmraliy  in  their  religious  sentiments.  The 
letter,  wliich  he  wrote  to  the  governor  bctore  his  seizure,  was  ad- 
dressed ^^  to  the  great,  honored,  idol  gentleman  of  Massachusetts," 
and  was  filled  with  reproaches  of  the  magistrates  and  ministers ; 
but  in  his  examination  he  declured,  that  he  had  reference  only  to 
tne  corrupt  state  of  mankind  in  general.  He  had  asserted,  that 
Christ  suffered  actually  before  he  suffered  under  Pontius  Pilate  ;  but 
his  meaning  was,  as  he  said  to  the  court,  that  the  death  of  Christ  was 
actual  to  the  faith  of  the  fathers.  The  ordinances,  he  thought,  were 
abolished  after  the  revelation  was  written,  and  thus  he  could  admit, 
that  they  were  the  ordinances  of  Christ,  because  they  were  established 
for  a  stiort  time  by  him.  But  this  equivocation  did  not  avsul  him. 
His  opinions  were  undoubtedly  erroneous,  and  if  errors  are  to  be 
punished  by  the  civil  magistrate,  his  punishment  was  not  unjust. 
All  the  magistrates  but  three  were  of  opinion,  that  he  should  be 
put  to  death,  but  the  deputies  were  in  favor  of  milder  measures, 
Gorton,  with  a  number  of  his  companions,  was  sentenced  to  impris- 
onment and  hard  labor,  and  prohibited  from  passing  the  limits  of  the 
town,  to  which  he  was  sem,  and  from  propagating  his  heresies  un- 
der pain  of  death.  After  a  lew  months,  dissatisfaction  of  many  people 
with  his  imprisonment  and  other  causes  induced  the  court  to  sub- 
stitute banishment  in  its  place.  In  i  644  he  went  to  England  with 
a  deed  from  the  Narraganset  Indians  transferring  their  territory  to 
the  king  ;  and  he  obtained  an  order  from  parliament,  securing  to 
him  the  peaceable  possession  of  his  lands.  He  arrived  at  Boston 
in  1648,  and  thence  proceeded  to  Shawomet,  which  he  called  War- 
wick in  honor  of  the  earl  of  Warwick,  who  had  given  him  much 
assistance  in  effecting  his  object.  Here  he  officiated  as  a  minister, 
and  disseminated  his  doctrines,  in  consequence  of  which  a  large 
part  of  the  descendants  of  his  followers  have  neglected  all  religion 
to  the  present  day.  He  died  after  the  year  1676  at  an  uivanced 
age.  Without  the  advantages  of  education,  he  made  himself  ac- 
quainted with  the  Hebrew  and  Greek  languages,  that  he  might  bet- 
ter understand  the  scriptures,  though  he  had  affected  to  despise  hu- 
man learning.  He  violently  opposed  the  quakers,  as  their  princi- 
ples were  hostile  to  his  antimouian  senUments.  He  believed,  that 
the  sufferings  of  Christ  were  within  his  children,  and  that  he  was  as 
much  in  this  world  at  one  time  as  at  another ;  that  all,  which  is  re- 
lated of  him,  is  to  be  taken  in  a  spiritual  sense  ;  that  he  was  in- 
carnate in  Adam,  and  was  the  image  of  God,  wherein  he  was  creat- 
ed. Jble  was  zealous  for  a  pure  church,  and  represented  those  as 
Pharisaical  interpreters,  who  could  establish  churches,  that  admit- 
ted of  falling  from  God  in  whole  or  in  any  part,  as  the  true  church- 
es of  Christ.  He  published  simplicity's  defence  aj^'ainst  the  seven 
headed  policy,  which  was  answered  by  Mr.  Winslow;  antidote 
Against  Pharisaical  teachers;  saltmarsh  returned  from  the  dead, 


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1655;  a  glass  for  the  people  of  New  England.— M^nrAro^,  309 
—318,325;  MortoTtjllT — 120;  Hutchinaon,i.72j\l7 — 124,549. 
Backiu*  abr.  50—55  ;  Collect,  hiat.  soc.  ix.  35—38  ;  Holmes* annaU^ 
i.  298,  323  ;  JVeaCa  JV.  E.  i.  196  ;  Callendery  36,  37  ;  Magnalia^  vii. 
1 1  ;  Joaaelyriy  259  ;  H.  Adamtt*  JV*.  E.  64—66. 

GOSNOLD  (Bartholomew),  an  intrepid  mariner  of  the  west 
of  England,  sailed  from  Falmouth  for  the  coast  of  America  March 
26,  1602.  Instead  of  approaching  this  country  by  the  way  of  the 
West  Indies,  he  was  the  first  Englishman,  who  directly  crossed  the 
ocean.  He  discovered  land  on  the  fourteenth  of  May,  and  a  capo 
on  the  fifteenth,  near  which  he  caught  a  great  number  of  cod,  from 
which  circumstance  he  named  the  land  cape  Cod.  The  Indians, 
which  he  met  at  different  places,  wore  ornaments  of  copper,  and 
used  the  pipe  and  tobacco.  He  passed  Sandy  Point,  and  in  a  few 
days  caqie  to  an  island,  which  he  named  Martha's  Vineyard,  as  there 
were  many  vines  upon  it.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been,  not  the 
island,  which  now  bears  that  name,  but  the  small  island,  which  is 
called  No  man's  land.  He  resided  three  weeks  on  the  most  west- 
em  of  the  Elizabeth  islands,  on  which  he  built  a  fort  and  store  house. 
But  finding,  that  he  had  not  a  supply  of  provisions,  he  gave  up  the 
dedgpi  of  making  a  settlement.  The  cellar  of  his  store  house  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  Belknap  in  1797.  After  his  return  to  England, 
he  embarked  in  an  expedition  to  Virginia,  where  he  was  a  member 
of  the  council.  But  he  died,  soon  after  his  arrival,  August  22, 1607. 
Belknafi*8  Amer.  biog.  ii.  100—122  ;  Holmes*  annals,  i.  142—144; 
Purchas^xv,  1690;  v.  1646— 1653;  5ftVA,  30,35,45  ;  Brit.emfiircy 
i.  353  ;  Harris*  voy,  i.  816  ;   Utiiv.  hist,  xxxix.  269, 270. 

GRAYSON  (William),  a  senator  of  the  United  States,  was 
a  native  of  Virginia,  and  was  appointed  a  representative  to  congress 
from  that  state  in  1784,  and  continued  a  number  of  years.  In  June 
1788  he  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention,  which  was  call- 
ed'for  the  purpose  of  considering  the  present  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  In  that  assembly,  rendered  illustrious  by  men  of 
the  first  talents,  he  was  very  conspicuous.  His  genius  united  with 
the  eloquence  of  Henry  in  opposing  the  adoption  of  {the  constitution. 
While  he  acknowledged  the  evils  of  the  old  government,  he  was 
afraid  that  the  proposed  government  would  destroy  the  liberty  of 
the  states.  His  principal  objections  to  it  were,  that  it  took  from 
the  states  the  sole  right  of  direct  taxation,  which  was  the  highest 
act  of  sovereignty  ;  that  the  limits  between  the  national  and  state 
authorities  were  not  sufficiently  defined  ;  that  they  might  clash,  in 
which  case  the  general  government  would  prevail;  that  there 
was  no  provision  against  raising  such  a  navy,  as  was  more  than 
sufficient  to  protect  our  trade,  and  thus  would  excite  the  jeaU 
ousy  of  European  powers  and  lead  to  war ;  and  that  there  were  no 
adequate  checks  against  the  abuse  of  power,  especially  by  the  pres- 
ident, who  was  responsible  only  to  his  counsellors  and  partners  in 


#!* 


ORE. 


317 


erime^  the  members  of  the  senate.  After  the  constitution  was 
udoptedf  Mr.  Grayson  was  appointed  one  ot  the  senators  from  Vir- 
ginia in  1789.  His  colleague  was  Richard  Henry  Lee.  He  died 
at  Dumfries,  whither  he  had  come  on  his  way  to  the  congresS) 
March  12,  1790,  and  his  remains  were  deposited  in  the  family  vault 
at  the  reverend  Mr.  Spencc  Grayson's.  His  great  abitiiies  were 
united  with  unimpeached  integrity.— Gorrffe  o/*  U.  S.  i.  395  ;  Dc' 
bates  in  Virginia  convent,  sec.  edit,  198,  304,  309,  348,  438. 

GREEN  (Samukl),  the  first  printer  in  North  America,  was  an 
inhabitant  oi  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  so  early  as  1639.     hi  this 
year  a  press  was  set  up  in  that  town  by  a  Mr.  Daye,  at  the  charge 
oi  the  reverend  Joseph  Glover,  who  died  on  his  passage  to  this 
country.     Nothing  of  Daye's  printing  is  to  be  iound.      The  press 
was  very  soon  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Green.     The  first  thing,  which 
was  printed,  was  the  freeman's  oath ;  the  next  an  almanac,  made 
for  New  England  by  Mr.  Pierce,  a  mariner ;  the  next  was  the  ver- 
sion of  the  psalms  made  by  Mr.  Eliot  and  others,  published  in  1 640; 
Mr.  Green  printed  Eliot's  Indian  bible  in  1663  ;  the  body  of  the 
laws  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  Connecticut  in  1672;  and  the  laws 
of  Plymouth,  and  the  second  edition  of  the  Indian  bible  in  1685. 
The  time  of  his  death  has  not  been  ascertsdned.  His  descendants  in 
every  succession  to  the  present  day  have  supported  the  honor  of  the 
typographic  art.    Mr.  Benjamin  Green,  who,  it  is  believed,  was  his 
son,  published  the  first  number  of  the  Boston  newsletter,  the  first 
newspaper  in  America,  April  1 7,  1 704.    Another  of  his  descendants 
Mr.  Timothy  Green,  went  to  New  London  in  1714  at  the  request 
of  the  government  of  Connecticut  as  a  printer  to  the  colony,  and  a 
number  of  his  descendants  were  printers.— Co/Zec/.  hist.  aoc.  v.  209  ; 
vii.  19  ;  Holmes*  annalsy  i.  3f2  ;   Winthrop,  171  ;  Trumbull* a  Con» 
nehticut,  i.  478.  '* 

GREENE  (Nathaniel),  a  major  general  of  the  army  of  the 
United  States,  was  bom  in  Warwick,  Rhode  Island,  about  the  year 
1740.  '  His  parents  were  quakers.  His  father  was  an  anchor  smith* 
who  was  concerned  in  some  valuable  iron  works,  and  transacted 
much  business.  While  he  was  a  boy,  he  learned  the  Latin  lan- 
guage chiefly  by  his  own  unassisted  industry.  Having  procured  a 
small  library,  his  mind  was  much  improved,  though  the  perusal  of 
military  history  occupied  a  considerable  share  of  his  attention. 
Such  was  the  estimation,  in  which  his  character  was  held,  that  he 
was  at  an  early  period  of  his  life  chosen  a  member  of  the  assembly 
of  Rhode  Island.  After  the  battle  of  Lexington  had  enkindled  at 
once  the  spirit  of  Americans  throughout  the  whole  continent,  Mr. 
Greene,  though  educated  in  the  peaceful  principles  of  the  f'iends, 
could  not  extinguish  the  martial  ardor,  which  had  been  excited  in 
his  own  breast.  Receiving  the  command  of  three  regiments  with 
the  title  of  brigadier  general,  he  led  them  to  Cambritige  ;  in  con- 
isquence  of  which  the  quakers  renounced  all  connexion  with  him 


ill  Nff: 

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as  a  member  of  their  religious  body.  On  the  arrival  of  Washing. 
ton  at  Cambridge,  he  was  ttie  hrst,  who  expressed  to  the  commander 
in  chief  his  saiisiactiou  in  his  appointment,  and  he  soon  gained  his 
entire  confidence.  He  was  appointed  by  congress  major  general 
in  August  1776.  In  the  buttlesi  ol  Trenton  on  tiie  twenty  sixth  of 
December  following,  anO  of  Princ,«.on  on  the  third  of  January  1777 
he  was  much  distinguished.  He  commanded  the  left  wing  ot  the 
American  army  at  tae  battle  of  Germantown  on  the  fouith  of  Oc- 
tober. In  March  1778  he  was  appohited  quarter  master  general, 
Hrliich  office  he  accepted  on  condition,  that  his  rank  in  the  army 
should  not  be  affected,  ana  that  he  should  retain  his  command  in  the 
time  of  action.  This  right  he  exercised  oh  the  twenty  eighth  of 
June  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth.  His  courage  and  skill  were  again 
displayed  on  the  twenty  ninth  of  August  in  Rhode  Island.  He  re- 
signed  in  this  year  the  office  of  quarter  master  general^  and  was 
succeeded  by  colonel  Pickering.  After  the  disasters,  which  attend- 
ed the  American  arms  in  South  Carolina,  he  was  appointed  to  su- 
persede Gates,  and  he  took  the  command  in  the  southern  depart- 
ment December  3,  1780.  Having  recruited  the  army,  which  had 
been  exceedingly  reduced  by  defeat  and  desertion,  he  sent  out  a 
detachment  wider  tlie  brave  general  Morgan,  who  gained  the  im- 
portant victory  at  the  Cowpens  January  17,  1781.  Greekic  effect- 
ed a  junction  with  him  on  the  seventh  of  February,  but  on  account 
of  the  superior  numbers  of  Comwallis  he  retreated  with  great  skill 
fio  Virginia.  Having  received  an  accession  to  his  forces,  he  return- 
ed to  North  Carolina,  and  in  the  battle  of  Guilford  on  the  fifteenth 
of  March  was  defeated.  The  victory  however  was  dearly  bought 
by  the  British,  for  their  loss  was  greater  than  that  of  the  Americans, 
and  no  advantages  were  derived  fron#it.  In  a  few  days  Comwallis 
began  to  march  towards  Wilmington,  ieavingOmany  of  his  woutid- 
ed  behind  him,  which  had  the  appearance  of  a  retreat,  and  Greene 
followed  him  for  some  time.  But  altering  his  plan,  he  resolved  to 
recommence  offensive  operations  in  South  Carolina.  He  accord- 
ingly marched  ^directly  to  Camden,  where  on  the  twenty  fifth  of 
April  he  was  engaged  with  lord  Rawdon.  Victory  inclined  for 
some  time  to  the  Americans,  but  the  retreat  of  two  companies  oc- 
casioned the  defeat  of  the  whole  army.  Greene  retreated  in  good 
order,  and  took  such  measures  as  effectually  prevented  lord  Raw- 
don from  improving  his  success,  and  obliged  him  in  the  beginning 
of  May  to  retire  beyond  the  Santee.  While  he  was  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Santee,  Greene  hung  in  one  day  eight  soldiers,  who  had 
deserted  from  his  army.  For  three  months  afterwards  no  instance 
of  desertion  took  place.  A  number  of  forts  and  garrisons  in  South 
Carolina  now  fell  into  his  hands.  He  commenced  the  siege  of 
Ninety  six  on  the  twenty  second  of  May,  but  h6  was  obliged  on  the 
approach  of  lord  Rawdon  in  June  to  raise  the  siege.  The  army, 
which  had  been  highly  encouraged  by  the  late  success,  wasnov 


n  \' 


GRE. 


319 


^educed  to  the  ibelancholy  necessity  of  retreating  to  the  extremitjr 
of  the  state.  The  American  commander  was  advised  to  retire  t<» 
Virginia  ;  but  to  suggestions  of  this  kind,  he  replied,  **  I  will  recov- 
er South  Carolina,  or  die  in  the  attempt."  Waiting  til)  the  British 
forces  were  divided,  he  faced  about,  and  lord  Ruwdon  was  pursued 
in  his  turn,  and  was  offered  battle  after  he  reached  his  encampment 
at  Orangeburgh,  but  he  declined  it.  On  the  eighth  of  September 
Greene  covered  himself  with  glory  by  the  victory  at  the  Eutaw 
springs,  in  which  the  British,  who  fought  with  the  utmost  bravery, 
lost  eleven  hundred  men,  and  the  Americans  about  half  that  num- 
ber. For  his  good  conduct  in  this  action  congress  presented  him 
with  a  British  standard  and  a  golden  medal.  This  engagement 
may  be  considered  as  closing  the  revolutionary  war  in  South  Caro- 
lina. During  the  remainder  of  his  command  be  had  to  struggle 
with  the  greatest  difiiculties  from  the  want  of  supplies  for  his  troops. 
Strong  symptoms  of  mutiny  appeared,  but  his  firmness  and  decisioa 
completely  quelled  it.  ,    ';     '•        "'    '-  ' 

After  the  conclusion  of  the  war  he  returned  to  Rhode  Island, 
where  the  greatest  dissensions  prevailed,  and  his  endeavors  to  re- 
store harmony  were  attended  with  success.  In  October  1785  he 
suled  to  Georgia,  where  he  had  a  considerable  estate  not  far  distant 
from  Savannah.  Here  he  passed  his  time  as  a  private  citizen,  occu« 
pied  by  domestic  concerns.  While  walking  without  an  umbrella« 
the  intense  rays  of  the  sun  overpowered  him,  and  occasioned  an  in- 
flammation of  the  brain,  of  which  he  died  June  19,  1786,  in  the  forty 
seventh  year  of  his  age.  In  August  following  congress  ordered  a 
monument  to  be  erected  to  his  memory  at  the  seat  of  the  federal 
government.  jj  r  >.  .;  - 

General  Greene  possessed  a  humane  and  benevolent  disposition, 
and  abhorring  the  cruelties  and  excesses,  of  which  p..rdzans  on 
both  sides  were  guilty,  he  uniformly  inculcated  a  spirit  of  modera- 
tion. Yet  he  was  resolutely  severe,  when  the  preservation  of  dis- 
cipline rendered  severity  necessary.  In  the  campaign  of  1781  he 
displayed  the  prudence,  the  military  skill,  the  unshaken  firmness^ 
and  tlK  daring  courage,  which  are  seldom  combined,  and  which 
place  him  in  the  first  rank  of  American  officers.  His  judgment 
was  correct,  and  his  self  possession  never  once  forsook  him.  In 
one  of  his  letters  he  says,  that  he  was  seven  months  in  the  field 
without  taking  off  his  clothes  for  a  single  night.  It  is  thought,  that 
he  was  the  most  endeared  to  the  commander  in  chief  of  all  ■  his  as- 
sociates in  arms.  Washington  often  lamented  his  death  with  the 
keenest  sorrow.— ^HtUhouae*a  oration  on  his  death  ;  American  muse 
Mm,ii.  337—343;  iii  23;  vii.39 — 41,  107—109,210,311  ;  Mi««o. 
magazine.,  iv.  616,  671  j  Gordon^  ii.  65  ;  iii.  473;  iv.  168,  406  ; 
Marshall.,  iii.  219  ;  iv.  263,  335,  540,  556  ;  v.  116  ;  Pamtay*s  S, 
Carolina^  ii.  190 — 193,  204 — 225,  245 — 251  ;  Rardie  f  Holme**  an- 
mis,  ii.  440-- 449  ;  Stedman,  it.  376  ;   Warren^  iii.  56^—59. 


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GRIDLEY  (Jkekmy),  attorney  general  of  the  province  of  Mas* 
•achusetts,  was  graduuicd  at  Harvard  college  in  1725.  He  was  ed- 
itor oi  the  weekly  rehcai-iiul,  a  newspaper^  which  commenced  in 
BoaioT)  September  27,  1781,  and  continued  only  for  one  year.  He 
toon  became  prcenuticnt  as  a  lawyer,  and  was  appointed  lein^^'s  at- 
torney. In  this  capacity  he  in  1761  defended  the  writs  of  assist, 
ance,  which  the  custom  nouse  officers  had  applied  for  to  the  superior 
court,  and  by  which  they  would  be  authorized  to  enter  at  their  dis- 
creiiou  suspected  houses.  He  was  opposed  with  great  force  of  ar- 
gument by  his  former  pupil,  Mr.  Otis.  He  died  September  lo 
1767,  being  colonel  of  the  first  regiment  of  militia,  and  grand  mas- 
ter of  the  free  musons.  His  streuj^h  of  understanding,  and  his 
extensive  knowledge,  particularly  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
classical  literature  (;ave  hiin  the  first  rank  among  men  of  intellect 
and  learning,  while  his  thoropgii  knowledge  of  the  canon  and  civil 
law  placed  him  at  the  head  of  his  profession.  He  possessed  at  the 
same  time  a  sensibility  of  heart,  wl.ich  endeared  him  to  those,  who 
were  connected  with  him  in  social  and  domestic  lite.  His  fortitude 
in  his  last  moments  resulted  from  tiie  principles  of  religion.^. 
Collect.  hi»t.  soc.  iii.  301  ;  v.  3 12  ;  Boston  fioat  boy^  Sefit.  14,  1767  ■ 
^Minoty  ii.  88—90  ;  Gordon,  i.  141  ;  Memoirs  qf  T.  HolUsy  29o', 
-400.  , 

.  HAMILTON  (Andrkw),  an  eminent  lawyer  of  Philadelphia, 
^ied  in  the  summer  of  1 74 1 .  He  had  been  speaker  of  the  house 
of  assembly,  but  he  resigned  this  office  in  1739  on  account  of  his 
«ge  and  infirmities.  He  filled  several  stations  with  honor,  integrity, 
iand  ability.  In  Zenger's  trial  at  New  York  he  acquired  much  rep- 
utation as  a  lawyer.  His  son,  James  Hamilton,  was  repeatedly 
governor  of  Pennsylvania  between  the  years  1748  and  1771.-.. 
rProuVs  Mat.  Pennsylvania,  ii.  316»319  ;  Holmes*  annals,  ii.  141. 

HAMILTON  (Alexander),  first  secretary  of  the  treasury  of 
■the  United  States,  was  a  native  of  the  island  of  St.  Croix,  and  was 
bom  in  1757.  His  father  was  the  younger  son  of  an  English  fami- 
ly, and  his  mother  was  an  American.  At  the  of  age  sixteen  he  ac- 
companied his  mother  to  New  York,  and  entered  a  student  of  Co- 
tumbia  college,  in  which  he  continued  about  three  years.  While  » 
member  of  this  institution  the  first  buddings  of  his  intellect  gave 
!presages  of  his  future  eminence.  The  contest  with  Gi*eat  Britain 
called  forth  the  first  ^talents  on  each  side,  and  his  juvenile  pen  as- 
serted the  claims  of  the  colonies  against  very  respectable  writers. 
His  papers  exhibited  such  evidence  of  intellect  and  wisdom,  that 
they  were  ascribed  to  Mr.  Jay,  and  when  the  truth  was  discovered, 
America  saw  with  astonishment  a  lad  of  seventeen  in  the  list  of  her 
able  advocates.  At  the  af;e  of  eic;hteen  he  entered  the  American 
army  as  an  officer  of  artillery.  The  first  sound  of  war  awakened 
bis  martial  spirit,  and  as  a  soldier  he  soon  conciliated  the  regard 
of  his  brethren  in  arms.     It  was  not  long  before  he  attracted  the 


II  !V  1 


HAM. 


321 


ttDtic*  of  Wa&hiu^toDt  who  in  1777  selected  him  as  an  aid  with  tli« 
rank  of  lieutenant  colonel.    His  sound  understanding,  comprehen- 
sive views,  application,  and  promptitude  soon  gained  him  the  entire 
confidence  of  his  patron.     la  such  a  school,  it  was  impossible  but 
that  bis  genius  should  be  nourished.    By  intercourse  with  Wash* 
ington,  by  surveying  his  plans,  observing  his  consummate  prudence^ 
and  by  a  minute  inspection  of  the  springs  of  national  operadons  he 
became  0tted  tor  comr^'    d.     Throughout  the  campaign,  which 
terminated  in  the  capture  of  lord  ComwalUs,   colonel  Hamilton 
commanded  a  battalion  of  light  infantry.    At  the  siege  of  York 
in  1781,  when  the  second  parallel  was  opened,  two  redoubts,  which 
flanked  it  and  were  advanced  three  hundred  yards  in  front  of  the 
British  works,  very  much  annoyed  the  men  in  the  trenches.    It 
was  resolved  to  possess  them,  and  to  prevent  jealousies  the  attack 
of  the  one  was  committed  to  the  Americans  and  of  the  other  tp 
the  French'    The  detachment  of  the  Americans  was  commanded 
by  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette,  and  colonel  Hamilton,  at  his  own 
camest  request)  led  the  advanced  corps,  consisting  of  two  battalions. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  day  on  the  fourteenth  of  October  the 
troops  rushed  to  the  charge  without  firing  a  single  gun.     The 
works  were  assaulted  with  irresistible  impetuosity,  and  carried  with 
but  little  lossk     Eight  of  the  enemy  fell  in  the  action  ;  but  notwith- 
ftandin?  the  irritation  lately  produced  by  the  infamous  slaughter  in 
fort  Griswold,  not  a  man  was  killed,  who  ceased  to  resist. 

Soon  after  the  capture  of  ComwalUs,  Hamilton  sheathed  his 
sword)  and  being  encumbered  with  a  family  and  destitute  of  funds, 
at  the  age  of  twenty  five  applied  to  the  study  of  the  Uw.  In  this 
profession  he  soon  rose  to  disdncdon.  But  Ids  private  pursuits 
oould  not  detach  him  from  regard  to  the  public  welfare.  The  vio- 
lence,  which  was  meditated  against  the  property  and  persons  of  all, 
who  remained  in  the  city  during  the  war,  called  forth  his  generous 
exertions,  and  by  the  ud  of  governor  Clinton  the  fsuthless  and  re- 
vengeful scheme  was  defeated.  In  a  few  years  a  more  important 
afiur  demanded  his  talents.  After  witnessing  the  debility  of  the 
confederation  he  was  fully  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  an  effi- 
cient general  government,  and  he  was  appointed  in  1787  a  member 
of  the  federal  convendon  for  New  York.  He  assisted  in  forming 
the  constitution  of  our  country.  It  did  not  indeed  completely 
meet  his  wishes.  He  was  afraid,  that  it  did  not  contain  sufficient 
means  of  strength  for  its  own  preservation,  and  that  in  consequence 
we  should  share  the  fate  of  many  other  republics  and  pass  through 
anarchy  to  despotism.  He  was  in  favor  of  a  more  permanent  ex- 
ecutive and  senate.  He  wished  for  a  strong  government,  which 
would  not  be  shaken  by  the  conflict  of  different  interests  through 
an  extensive  territory,  and  which  should  be  adequate  to  all  ^e 
forms  of  nadnnal  exigency.  He  was  apprehensive,  that  the  in. 
cfeftsed  wealth  and  population  of  the  states  would  \e%d  to  enccfach- 

42  *  V 


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ments  on  the  anions  and  he  anticipated  the  day*  when  the  general 
goTernment,  unable  to  support  itself,  would  fail.  These  were  hi» 
views  and  feelings,  and  he  freeljr  expressed  them.  But  the  patri- 
otism of  Hamilton  was  not  of  that  kind,  which  yields  every  thmg, 
because  it  cannot  accomplish  all,  that  it  desires.  Believing  the  con> 
stitution  to  be  incomparably  superior  to  the  old  confederation,  |\c 
exerted  all  his  talents  in  its  support^  though  it  did  not  rise  to  his 
conception  of  a  perfect  system.  By  his  pen  in  the  papers  signed 
Publius,  and  by  his  voice  in  the  convention  of  New  York  he  con- 
tributed much  to  its  adoption.  When  the  government  was  organ- 
ized  in  1789,  Washington  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  treasury. 
In  the  new  demands,  which  were  now  made  upon  his  talents,  the 
resources  of  his  mind  did  not  fail  him.  In  his  reports  he  proposed 
plans  for  funding  the  debt  of  the  union  and  for  assuming  the  debts 
of  the  respective  states,  for  establishing  a  bank  and  mint,  and  for 
procuring  a  revenue.  He  wished  to  redeem  the  reputation  of  his 
country  by  satisfying  her  creditors,  and  to  combine  with  the  govern- 
ment such  a  monied  interest,  as  might  facilitate  its  operations. 
But  while  he  opened  sources  of  wealth  to  thousands  by  establishing 
public  credit,  and  thus  restoring  the  public  paper  to  its  original 
value,  he  did  not  enrich  liimself.  He  did  not  take  advantage  of  his 
situation,  nor  improve  the  opportunity  he  enjoyed  for  fcqniruig  a 
fortune*  Though  accused  of  amassing  wealth,  he  did  liot  vest  a 
dollar  in  the  public  funds.  He  was  exquisitely  delicate  in  regard  to 
his  official  character,  being  determined  if  possible  to  prevent  the 
impeachment  of  his  motives,  and  preserve  his  integrity  and  good 
name  unimpaired. 

In  the  early  stage  of  the  administration  a  disagreement  existed 
between  Mr.  Hamilton  and  the  secretary  of  state,  Mr.  Jefferson, 
which  increased  till  it  issued  in  such  open  hostility,  and  introduced 
such  confusion  in  the  cabinet,  that  Washington  found  it  necessary  to 
address  a  letter  to  each,  recommending  forbearance  and  moderation. 
Mr.  Hamilton  was  apprehensive  of  duiger  from  the  enbroachment 
of  the  states  and  wished  to  add  new  strength  to  the  general  govern- 
inent ;  while  Mr.  Jefferson  entertained  little  jealousy  of  the  state 
sovereignties,  and  was  rather  desirous  of  checking  and  limitmg  the 
exercise  of  the  national  authorities,  particularly  the  power  of  the 
executive.  Other  pointa  of  difference  existed,  and  a  reconciliation 
could  not  be  effected.  In  the  beginning  of  1793,  after  intelligence 
of  the  rupture  between  France  and  Great  Britain  had  been  received, 
Hamilton,  as  one  of  the  cabinet  of  the  president,  supported  tlie 
opinion,  that  the  treaty  with  France  was  no  longer  binding,  and  that 
a  nation  might  absolve  itself  from  the  obligations  of  real  treaties, 
when  such  a  change  takes  place  in  the  internal  situation  of  the  other 
contracting  party,  as  renders  the  continuance  of  the  connexion  dis- 
advantageous or  dangerons.  He  advised  therefore,'  that  the  ex- 
pected French  minister  should  not  be  received  in  an  unqualified 


HAM. 


323 


jnamier.  The  secretary  of  state  on  the  other  hand  waa  of  opinion 
that  the  revolution  in  France  had  pnuluccd  no  change  in  the  rela- 
tions between  the  two  countries,  and  could  not  weaken  the  oblitca- 
uon  of  treatien  ;  and  this  opinion  was  embraced  by  Washington. 
The  fldyice  of  Hamilton  was  folk>wed  in  regard  to  the  insurrection 
in  Pennsylvania  in  1794,  and  such  a  detachment  was  sent  out  under 
Ins  own  command,  that  it  was  suppressed  without  effusion  of  blood. 
He  remained  but  a  short  time  afterwards  in  oSVce.  As  his  property 
had  .been  wasted  in  the  public  service,  the  care  of  a  rising  family 
made  it  his  duty  to  retire^  that  by  renewed  exertions  in  his  profes- 
sion he  might  provide  for  their  support.  He  accordingly  resigned 
his  office  on  the  last  of  January  1795,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Wolcott.  Not  long  after  this  period,  aa  he  was  accused  of  pecula- 
tion) he  was  induced  to  repel  the  charge,  and  in  doing  this  he 
thought  it  necessary  to  disclose  a  circumstance,  which  it  would 
Jiave  been  more  honorable  to  lus  character  to  have  left  in  oblivion. 
This  was  an  rdulterous  connexion  with  a  Mrs.  Reynolds,  while  he 
was  secretary  of  the  treasury.  When  a  provisional  army  was  rsdsed 
in  1798  in  consequence  of  the  injuries  and  demands  of  France, 
Washington  suspended  his  acceptance  of  the  command  of  it  on 
the  condition,  that  Hamilton  should  be  his  associate  and  the  second 
in  command.  This  arrangement  was  accordingly  made.  After 
the  adjustment  of  our  dispute  with  the  French  republic,  and  the 
discharge  of  the  army,  he  returned  agsun  to  his  profession  in  the 
city. of  New  York.  In  this  place  he  passed  the  remamderof  his  days. 
7n  June  1804  colonel  Burr,  vice  president  of  the  United  States, 
addressed  a  letter  to  general  Hamilton,  requiring  his  acknowl- 
edgment or  denial  of  the<  use  of  any  expression  derogatory  to 
the  honor  of  the  former.  This  demand  was  deemed  inadmissible, 
and  a  duel  was  the  consequence.  After  the  close  of  the  circuit 
court,  the  parties  met  at  Hobc^en  on  the  morning  of  Wednesday, 
July  the  eleventh,  and  Hamilton  fell  on  the  same  spot,  where  his 
son  a  few  years  before  had  fallen,  in  obedience  to  the  same  princi- 
ple of  honor,  and  in  .the  same  violation  of  the  laws  of  God  and  of 
man.  He  was  carried  into  the  city,  and  being  desirous  of  receiving 
the  sacnunent  of  the  Lord's  supper,  he  immediately  sent  for  the 
reverend  Hr.  Mason.  As  the  principles  of  his  church  prohibited 
him  from  administering  the  ordinance  in  private,  this  minister  of 
the  gospel  informed  general  Hamilton,  that  the  sacrament  was  an 
exhibition  and  pledge  .of  the  mercies,  which  the  Son  of  God  has 
purchased,  and  that  the  absence  of  the  sign  did  not  exclude  from 
the  mercies  signified,  which  were  accessible  to  him  by  faith  in  their 
gracious  Author:  He  replied, "  I  am  aware  of  that.  It  is  only  as  a 
sign  that  I  wanted  it.'*  In  the  conversation,  which  ensued,  he  disa- 
vowed all  intention  of  taking  the  life  of  colonel  Burr,  and  declared 
his  abhorrence  of  the  whole  transaction.  Whon  the  sin,  of  which  he 
hoA  been  guilty,  was  intimated  to  him,  he  assented  with  strong 


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emotion ;  tnd  wheh  the  infinite  merit  of  the  Redeemer,  as  the  pro. 
pitiMtion  for  tin,  the  aole  ground  of  our  ncceptance  with  God,wM 
8ugKested»  he  said  with  emphatis,  **  1  have  a  tender  reliance  on  the 
mercy  of  the  Almightjr  through  the  merits  of  the  Lord  Jeaun 
Christ."  The  reverend  bishop  Moore  was  afterwards  sent  for,  tmd 
titer  maldng  suitable  inquiries  of  the  penitence  and  faith  of  gene. 
ral  Hamilton)  and  receiving  his  assurance,  that  he  would  never 
iigain,  if  restored  to  health,  be  engaged  in  a  similar  transaction,  but 
xitrould  employ  all  his  influence  in  society  to  discountenance  the  bar* 
barous  custom,  administered  to  him  the  communion.  After  this  hit 
mind  was  composed.  He  expired  about  two  o'clock  on  Thursday 
July  13,  1804t  aged  about  forty  seven  years. 

General  Hamilton  possessed  very  uncommon  powers  of  mind. 
To  whatever  subject  he  directed  his  attention,  he  was  able  to  grasp 
it,  and  in  whatever  he  engaged,  in  that  he  excelled.  So  stupend* 
ouB  were  his  talentsand  so  patient  was  his  industry,  that  no  investiga- 
tion presented  difHculties,  which  he  could  not  conquer.  In  the  class 
tkf  men  of  intellect  he  held  the  first  rank.  His  eloquence  was  of  the 
most  interesting  kind,  and  when  new  exertions  were  required,  he 
rose  in  new  strength,  and  touching  at  his  pleasure  every  string  of 
pity  or  terror,  of  indignation  or  grief,  he  bent  the  passions  of  oth« 
ers  to  his  purpose.    At  the  bar  he  guned  the  first  eminence. 

With  regard  to  his  political  designs  the  most  contradictory  opin- 
ions were  entertained.  While  one  party  believed  his  object  to  be 
the  pretervation  of  the  present  constitution,  the  other  party  imput- 
ed to  him  the  intention  of  subverting  it ;  his  friends  regarded  him 
^  an  impartial  statesman,  while  his  enemies  perceived  in  his  con> 
duct  only  hostility  to  France  and  attachment  to  her  rival.  What- 
ever may  be  the  decision  with  regard  to  the  correctness  of  his  prin* 
ciples,  his  preference  of  his  country's  interest  to  hb  own  cannot  be 
questioned  by  those,  who  Are  acquainted  with  his  character.  He 
took  no  measures  to  secure  a  transient  popularity,  but,  like  evei7 
true  friend  of  his  country,  was  willing  to  rest  his  reputation  upon 
the  integrity  of  his  conduct.  So  far  was  he  from  flattering  the 
people,  that  he  more  than  once  dared  to  throw  himself  into  the 
torrent,  that  he  might  present  some  obstruction  to  \x%  course. 
He  was  an  honest  politician ;  ■  and  his  frankness  has  been  com- 
mended  even  by  those,  who  considered  his  political  principles 
as  hostile  to  the  American  confederated  republic.  His  views  of 
the  necessity  of  a  firm  general  government  rendered  him  a  dc> 
tided  friend  of  the  union  of  the  American  states.  His  feelings 
and  language  were  indignant  towards  every  thing,  which  pointed  at 
its  dissolution.  His  hostility  to  every  influence,  which  leaned  to- 
wards the  project,  was  stem  and  steady,  and  in  every  shape  it  en- 
countered his  reprobation.  No  man,  of  those,  who  were  not  friend- 
ly to  the  late  administration,  possessed  so  wide  and  command- 
log  an  mftuence  \  and  he  seems  not  tq  have  been  ignorant  of  the 


{.'■■ 


HAM. 


325 


•levated  height,  on  which  he  stood.  In  assigning  the  reasoos  for 
accepting  the  challenge  of  coloitel  Burr,  while  tic  seems  to  intimate 
his  cpprehensions,  that  the  dvbility  of  the  general  govcmroent 
would  be  followed  by  convulsions,  he  also  alludes  to  the  demandf 
which,  in  suchTan  event,  might  be  made  upon  liis  military  talents. 
His  words  are,  **  the  ability  to  l)e  in  future  useful,  whetlier  in  re« 
sisting  mischief  or  effecting  good,  in  those  crises  of  our  public  af- 
f;*irs,  which  seem  likely  to  happen,  would  probably  be  inseparablo 
from  a  conformity  with  public  prejudice  in  this  particular." 

With  all  his  preeminence  of  talents,  and  amiable  ns  he  was  in 
private  life,  general  Hamilton  is  yet  a  melancholy  proof  of  the  influ> 
ence,  which  intercourse  with  «  depraved  world  has  in  perverting 
the  judgment.  In  principle  he  was  opposed  to  duelling,  his  con> 
science  was  not  hardencti,  and  he  was  not  indifTercnt  to  the  happiness 
of  his  wife  and  children  ;  but  uo  consideration  was  strong  cno\igh 
to  prevent  him  from  ex|X)sing  his  life  in  ningle  combat.  His  own 
tiors  of  usefulness  were  followed  in  contrariety  to  the  injunctions 
of  his  Maker  and  Judge.  He  had  been  for  some  time  convinced 
of  the  truth  of  Christianity,  and  it  was  liis  intention,  if  his  life  hod 
been  spared,  to  have  written  a  work  upon  its  evidences. 

General  Hamilton  possessed  many  friends,  apd  he  was  endeaivd 
to  them,  for  he  wa»  gentle,  tender,  and  l)cnevoient.    While  he  v  as 
great  in  the  eyes  of  tlie  world,  familiarity  with  him  only  increased 
the  regard,  in  which  he  was  held.    In  his  person  hu  was  small,  and 
short  in  stature.    He  married  a  daughter  of  general  Schuyler,  and 
loft  an  afllicted  widow  and  a  number  of  children  to  mourn  his  loss. 
He  published  the  letters  of  Phocion,  which  were  in  favor  of  the 
loyalists  after  the  peace.     The  federalist,  a  series  of  essays,  which 
tppearedin  the  public  papers  in  the  interval  between  the  publication 
and  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  Stales,  or  soon  af- 
ter, and  which  was  designed  to  elucidate  and  support  its  principles, 
was  written  by  him  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Jay  and  Mr.  Madison.  He 
wrote  all  the  numbcra,  excepting  numbers  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  54,  which 
were  written  by  Mr.  Jay  ;  numbers  10,  14,  and  37  to  48  inchtsive 
by  Mr.  MadSson ;  and  numbers  IS,  19,  and  20,  which  he  and  Mr. 
Madison  wrote  conjointly.      This  work  has  been  published  in  two 
volumes,  and  is  held  in  the  highest  estimation.     His  reports  while 
secretary  of  the  treasury  are  very  long,  and  display  great  powers  oi 
mind.     Some  of  them  are  preserved  in  the  American  museum. 
In  the  report  upon  manufactures  he  c<  u^roverts  the  principles  ol 
Adam  Smith.      In  the  papers  signed  Pacificus,  written  in  1793, 
while  he  justified  the  proclamation  of  neutrality,  he  also  supported 
his  opimon,  that  we  were  absolved  from  the  obligation  of  our  treat- 
ies writh  France,  and  that  justice  was  on  the  side  of  the  coalition 
of  the  European  powers  for  the  reestablishment  of  the  French 
monarchy.      He    published   also    observations   on    ceitain  docu- 
ments kc.  being  a  defence  of  himself  against  the-  charge  of  pecnla- 


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lion,  1797 ;  and  a  letter  concerning  the  public  conduct  and  cliai*actcr 
•of  his  excellency  John  AdamS)  president  of  the  United  States, 
1800.  In  this  letter  he  endeavors  to  show,  that  the  venerable  pa- 
triot)  who  was  more  disposed  than  himself  to  msuntain  peace  with 
France,  was  unworthy  of  being  replaced  in  the  high  station,  which 
he  occupied.— iTia«on'«  oration  on  hia  death;  JVbtt'a  diacourae ; 
Mbrria*  Jun.  oration  ;  Otia*  eulogy  ;  Amea"  aketch  ;  Marahally  v. 
131,  212,  234,  350—360,405,  607—611;  Briaaot^nouv.voy.i. 
243,  244  ;  Public  Jiaficra  for  July  and  August  1804 ;  American  mu- 
Jteum,xi.  1—5.1  :62— 78  ;  Hardie  \  Public  characterafor  1806,  363; 
Monthly  anthology,  iv.  601. 

HANCOCK  (John),  minister  of  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  was 
JpoYXi  in  1670,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1689.  He 
was  ordained  November  2,  1698.  After  a  ministry  of  more  than 
half  a  century,  he  died  very  suddenly  December  6,  1752,  in  the 
eighty  second  year  of  his  age.  About  a  fortmght  before  his  death 
he  officiated  at  the<or^nation  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Cuslung  of  Wal- 
tham.  Two  of  his  sons  were  mimsters,  one  of  whom,  Ebenezcr 
Hancock,  was  settled  as  his  colleague  January  2,  1733,  and  died 
January  28, 1740.  Mr.  Hancock  possessed  a  facetious  temper,  and 
in  general  his  wit  was  used  with  discretion.  Being  a  friend  to  peace 
he  exerted  himself,  and  with  success,  to  preserve  harmony  in  his 
parish.  By  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  he  was  Mghly  respected 
and  beloved}  and  as  he  was  for  many  years  senior  minister  in  the 
county,  liis  services  were  frequently  requested  in  ecclesiastical 
councils.  He  had  given  the  charge  to  twenty  one  ministers.  He 
retained  uncommon  vigor  to  the  last.  He  published  the  electioD 
sermon*  ^722  ;  a  sermon  preached  in  Boston,  November  21, 1724 ; 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  his  son,  1726 ;  a  sermon  at  the  bstal- 
lalion  of  the  leverend  Timothy  Harrington,  \7^%.—^fitUetonUfun' 
(tralaermon. 

HANCOCK  (John),  minister  of  Braintree,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  is 
1719.  He  was  ordtdned  as  successor  of  the  reverend  Joseph  Marsh 
November  2,  1726.  His  death  took  place  May  7, 1744,  in  the  for- 
ty second  year  of  i»s  age.  Possessing  good  talents,  he  applied 
with  diligence  to  the  studies  of  the  ministerial  office.  During  the 
revival  of  religion,  which  was  so  remarkable  in  different  parts  of 
America  a -short  tinle  before  his  death,  It  was  his  wish  to  guard  his 
people  against  what  lie  considered  as  enthusiasm  on  the  one  hand, 
and  against  infidelity  and  indifference  to  religion  on  the  other.  Af* 
ter  a  life  of  uprightness  and  sobriety^  .he*iexprcssed  in  his  last  mo- 
ments the  satisfaction  which  he  felt  in  the  testimony  of  a  good  con- 
science, and  looked  for  the  mercy  of  the  Lord  Jesus  to  eternal  life. 
He  published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  honorable  Edmund 
Quincy,  1738  ;  a  century  sermon  preached  September  16,  1739; 
4>n  the  good  work  of  grace,  1743  ;  an  expostulatory  and  pacific  let- 
ter in  reply  to  Mr,  Ccc,  1743. — Gai/s  sermon  en  hia  death. 


HAN. 


327 


HANCOCK  (Thomas),  a  benefactor  of  Plarvard  college*  was 
the  son  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Hancock  of  Lexington^  and  died  in 
Boston  August  1,  1764.  His  portrait  at  full  length  ialnrthe  phiios* 
ophy  chamber  of  the  college.  His  nephew,  the  late  governor 
Hancock,  inherited  most  of  his  property  ;  but  he  bequeathed  one 
thousand  pounds  sterling  for  foundutg  a  prol'essorship  of  the  He- 
brew and  other  oriental  languages  in  Hanrard  college  ;  one  thou- 
sand pounds  lawful  money  to  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel 
among  the  Indians  in  North  America  ;  and  six  hundred  pounds  to 
the  town  of  Boston  towards  erecting  a  hospital  for  the  reception  of 
such  persons,  as  are  deprived  of  their  reason.  Stephen  Sewall,^ 
the  first  Hancock  professor  of  Hebrew  in  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, was  inducted  into  his  office  in  176  5  .r'-^/innuai  register 
for  1764,  116;  Hohneu*  tmnala,  ii.  277. 

HANCOCK  (JoHK,  LL.  D.),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  wa% 
the  son  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Hancock  of  Braintree,  and  was  bom 
about  the  year  1737.  He  was^  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1754. 
On  the  death  of  his  uncle,  Thoinas  Hancock,  esquire,  he  received 
a  very  cx}nsiderable  fortune,  and  sotm  became  an  eminent  merchant. 
In  1766  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives 
for  Boston  with  James  Otis,  Thomas  Cushing,  and  Samuel  Adams. 
The  seizure  of  his  sloop  Liberty  in  1768  for  evading  the  laws  of 
trade  occasioned  a  riot,  and  several  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
customs  narrowly  escaped  with  their  lives.  As  the  controversy 
with  Great  Britain  assumed  a  more  serious  shape,  and  affairs  were 
hastening  to  a  crisis,  Mr.  Hancock  evinced  his  attachment  to  the 
rights  of  his  country.  He  was  president  of  the  provincial  congress 
in  1774.  On  the  twelfth  of  June  of  the  following  year  general 
Gage  issued  lus  proclamation,  offering  pardon  to  all  the  rebels,  ex- 
cepting Samuel  Adams  and  John  Hancock,  "whose  offences,*'  it  is 
declared,  ^<  are  of  too  flagitious  a  nature  to  admit  of  any  other  con- 
^deration,  than  that  of  condign  punishment."  Mr.  Hancock  was 
at  this  time  a  member  of  the  continental  congress,  of  which  he 
was  chosen  president  on  the  twenty  fourth  of  May  in  the  place  of 
Peyton  Randolph,  who  was  under  the  necessity  of  returning  home. 
In  this  office,  as  the  head  of  the  illiistiious  congress  of  1776,  he 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence.  In  consequence  of  the  ill 
state  of  his  health  he  tc'>k  his  leave  of  congress  in  October  i777, 
and  received  their  thanks  for  his  unremitted  attention  and  steady 
impartiality  in  discharging  the  duties  of  his  office.  Henry  Laurens 
was  his  successor. 

On  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution  of  Massachusetts,  he 
was  chosen  the  first  governor  in  October  1780,  and  was  annually  re-- 
elected and  continued  in  that  office  till  February  1785,  when  he 
resigned.  In  1787  he  was  again  chosen  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Bow- 
doin  and  remained  in  the  chair  till  his  death,  October  8,  1793,  aged 
fifty  six  years.    His  administration  was  very  popular.    It  was  ap^ 


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prehended  by  some,  that  on  his  accession  the  dtgnltjr  ot  gorerih 
ment  would  not  be  sufficiently  maintained  ;  but  his  language  on 
assuming  the  chair  was  manly  and  decisiTev  and  by  his  moderation 
and  lenity  the  civil  convulsion  was  completely  quieted  without  the 
shedding  of  blood  by  the  hand  of  the  civil  magistrate.  Fourteen 
persons,  wlio  received  sentence  of  death)  were  pardoned^  In  his 
public  speeches  to  the  legislature  he  acquitted  himself  with  a  de* 
gree  of  popular  eloquence,  which  is  seldom  equalled.  In  one  of 
his  last  acts  as  governor  he  supported  in  a  dignified  manner  the 
sovereignty  of  the  individual  states.  By  a  process  commenced 
agunst  Massachusetts  in  favor  of  William  Vassal,  esquirci  he  way 
summoned  by  a  writ  to  answer  to  the  prosecution  in  the  court  of 
the  United  Stetc:;.  But  he  declined  the  smallest  concession,  which 
might  lessen  the  independence  of  the  state,  whose  interests 
were  entrusted  to  his  care,  and  he  supported  his  opinion  with  firm- 
ness and  dignity.  Litigations  of  this  nature  were  soon  afterwards 
precluded  by  an  amendment  of  the  constitution  of  the  United 
Staten. 

Mr.  Hancock  is  represented  as  not  favored  with  extraordinary 
powers  of  mind,  and  as  not  honoring  tlie  sciences  very  much  by  liis 
personal  attentions.  But  he  was  easy  in  his  address,  polished  in 
manners,  affable,  and  liberal ;  and  as  president  of  congress  he 
exhibited  a  dignky,  impartiality,  quickness  of  conception,  and 
constant  attention  to  business,  which  secured  him  respect.  As  the 
chairman  of  a  deliberative  body,  few  could  preside  with  such  repu* 
tation.  In  the  early  periods  of  his  public  career,  it  has  been  said, 
that  he  was  somewhat  inconstant  in  his  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
his  country.  Though  this  representation  should  be  true  ;  yet  from 
the  commencement  of  the  war  the  part,  which  he  took,  was  decided 
and  uniform,  and  his  patriotic  exertions  are  worthy  of  honorable 
remembrance.  By  the  suavity  of  his  manners  and  his  insinuating 
address,  he  secured  an  almost  unequalled  popularity.  He  could 
speak  with  ease  and  propriety  on  every  subject.  Being  contudered  as 
A  republican  in  principle  and  a  finn  supporter  of  the  cause  of  free* 
dom,  whenever  be  consented  to  be  a  candidate  for  governor,  he  was 
chosen  to  that  office  by  an  undisputed  majority.  In  private  life  he 
was  charitable  and  generous.  With  a  large  fortune  he  had  also  « 
disposition  to  employ  it  for  useful  and  benevolent  purposes.  The 
poor  shared  liberally  in  his  bounty.  He  was  also  a  generous  bene- 
factor of  Harvard  college.  He  published  an  oration,  which  he  de* 
livcrcd  on  the  Boston  massacre,  l774,.—mT,hacfier'*  sermon  on  fax 
death  ;  Gordon^  i.  208, 23 1 ;  ii.  31 ;  iii.  18 — 2 1, 498  ;  fVarreriy  I 
312 — 2 15, 430 ;  Minot*a  liist.  imurrect.  179,  184 ;  Maata.  mercurth 
October  1 1,  1793  ;  ffolmea*  annala^t  ii.  S^IS  ;  Brfaaot  notiv.  voy.  i. 
152. 

HARDENBERGH   (Jacobcb   R.  d.  d.)>    first   president  of 
Queen's  college  in  New  Jersey,  was  a  native  of  this  country      "• 


He 


nottv.  voy.  i. 


HAH. 


329 


Xfti  n6t  fairored  with  the  same  advantages  in  the  early  part  of  his 
education)  which  some  of  his  contemporaries  enjoyed ;  yet  with  a 
powerful  mind)  and  habits  of  perseverini;  application  he  made  such 
progress  in  knowledge,  that  he  was  justly  esteemed  a  great  divine. 
He  was»  ordained  by  that  party  in  the  Dutch  churches,  which  was 
denominated  the  Ccetus,  and  was  its  most  distinguished  and  able 
supporter.  He  cheerfully  exerted  himself  with  the  reverend  Dr. 
livingston  in  1771,  when  he  was  minister  of  Raritan,  to  heal  the 
division  of  the  Dutch  churches,  and  a  union  was  completed  in  the 
following  year.  After  the  charter  of  Queen's  college  at  New 
Brunswick  was  obtained  in  1770  he  was  the  first  president,  and  di- 
ed in  that  office  in  November  1790.  This  institution  was  designed 
for  educating  young  men  for  the  ministry.  Dr.  Hardenbergh's 
piety  was  ardent ;  his  labors  indefatigable  ;  and  his  ministry  great* 
ly  blessed  wCArM/tan*«  magazine,  ii.  13,  270. 

HART  (Oliveh),  minister  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  w<»8 
bom  at  Warminster,  Bucks  county,  Pennsylvania,  July  5, 1723.  At 
the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  impressed  with  the  importance  of  re- 
ligion and  was  baptized.  He  was  ordained  at  Southampton  Octo- 
ber 18,  1749,  and  in  the  same  year  went  to  Charleston,  where  he 
succeeded  the  reverend  Mr.  Chanler,  and  was  minister  of  the  bap- 
tist church  in  that  city  for  thirty  years.  In  such  estimation  was 
his  character  for  patriotism  and  talents  held  by  the  council  of  safety 
''Carolina,  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  revolution  he  was  appointed 
.  them,  with  the  honorable  William  Henry  Drayton  and  the  rev- 
..end  William  Tennent,  to  visit  the  frontiers  in  order  to  reconcile 
some  of  the  disaffected  inhabitants  to  the  change,  which  had  taken 
place  in  public  affairs.  In  February  1780  the  warm  interest,  which 
he  took  in  promoting  the  American  revolution,  induced  him  to 
leave  Charleston,  lest  he  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  British, 
who  were  about  to  besiege  the  city.  In  December  following  he 
was  settled  at  Hopewell  in  New  Jersey,  where  he  remdned  till  his 
death  December  31,  1795,  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age. 
Mr.  Hart  possessed  strong  powers  of  mind.  His  imagination 
was  lively  and  his  judgment  sound.  Though  not  favored  with  a 
liberal  education,  by  diligent  study  and  habitual  reflection  he  became 
very  respectable  for  his  knowledge  of  Chrisdan  truth.  He  was  a 
uniform  advocate  of  the  doctrines  of  free  and  sovereign  grace.  As 
a  preacher  his  manner  was  pleasing  and  his  delivery  animated.  As 
a  citizen  he  was  a  firm  and  decided  patriot.  He  possessed  a  liberal 
spirit  and  exhibited  the  beneficence,  which  he  recommended.  In 
his  last  moments  he  enjoyed  the  consolations  of  the  gospel,  resting 
his  hopes  upon  the  righteousness  of  Christ.  He  published  several 
sermons  and  tracts,  namely,  dancing  exploded  ;  a  discourse  on  the 
death  of  the  reverend  William  Tennent ;  the  Christian  temple  ; 
a  circular  letter  on  Christ's  mediatorial  character  ;  American's 
"pmembrancer  :   a  gospel  church  portrayed  ;  and  a  thanksgiving 


'  hi 


£iO 


llAR. 


termoQ}  1789.  He  had  a  turn  for  poetryt  and  wrote  much)  thou^ 
none  of  hu  productions  were  published.  A  variety  of  his  papers 
•n  different  subjects,  which  he  highly  valued)  and  many  of  his  best 
books  were  destroyed  by  the  Brititth  army)  when  they  overrun  the 
southern  states.-^/?ojr^'«  ttnd  FurmcaC*  ducour»e»  on  his  death  \ 
Hardie'a  biog.  diet. 

HART  (LkvI)  o.  d.))  minister  of  Preston)  Connecticut)  was  the 
'ion  of  Thomas  Hart,  esquire,  of  Southington)  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1  r60.  While  a  member  of  college  he  made  a  pub. 
Uc  profession  of  that  religion)  which  regulated  his  whole  Ufe. 
Having  pursued  the  study  of  divinity  for  some  dme  with  the  rev- 
erend Dr.  Bellamy)  he  on  the  fourth  of  November  1763  was  settled 
{IB  the  minister  of  the  second  church  in  Preston.  Here  he  contin- 
ued to  perfornt  the  various  duties  of  the  sacred  office  until  a  short 
time  before  his  death)  which  took  place  October  27)  1808)  in  the 
sevendeth  year  of  liis  age.  Receiving  from  the  gift  of  God  « 
sound  and  vigorous  mind)  k  was  much  improved  by  his  scientific 
and  literary  acouisiiions.  Many  young  men  were  trained  up  by 
him  for  the  ministry.  As  he  unrted  a  keen  discernment  of  charac- 
ter to  a  social  and  communicative  turn  of  mind)  and  was  shvays 
governed  by  the  desire  of  promoting  the  interests  of  reSi^on,  he 
was  very  useful  in  his  private  intercourse  with  hi»  ^people,  as 
well  as  in  his  public  labors.  He  sought  out  the  abodes  of  affliction) 
of  poverty)  and  of  distress ;.  loid  while  he  soothed  the  poor  by  his 
conversaUoU)  he  was  enabled  also  by  an  exact  economy  to  contribute 
something  from  a  small  salary  for  the  relief  of  their  wants.  His 
disposition  wa»  placid ;  his  manners  amiable  and  unassuming ;  and 
in  the  various- relations  of  life  he  was  faithful  and  affectionate.  He 
engaged  zealously  in  the  support  of  missionary  institutions)  and  the 
progress  of  the  gospel  was  the  theme  of  his  correspondence  with  a 
number  of  respectable  friends  of  religion  in  Europe.  He  publish- 
ed  a  sermon  preached  to  the  corporation  of  freemen  in  Farmington 
September  20)  1 774  i  election  sermon)1786;  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  the  reverend  Dr.  HopkinS)  1803«— /'ano/t^  and  mitt, 
mag.  united^  i.  287,  388. 

HARVARD  (John))  the  founder  of  Harvard  college)  died  in 
Charlestown,  Massachusetts)  in  1638)  soon  after  his  arrival  intlus 
country.  He  had  been  a  minister  in  England  and  he  preached  a 
short  time  in  ChaVlestown.  He  left  a  legacy  of  seven  hundred  and 
seventy  nine  pounds,  seventeen  shillings)  and  two  pence  to  the 
school  at  Newtown,  or  Cambridge.  The  next  year  the  general 
court  constituted  it  a  college.  The  first  president  was  the  reverend 
IKr.  Dunster.-— Mt^TwA'a)  iv.  136 ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  i.  342 ;  Hutth- 
huWf  I.  90 ;  J\real*a  JV.  E.  i.  199 ;  Holwa*  annalsy  I.  303. 

HAVEN  (Samuel,  d.d.),  minister  ot  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp. 
shire)  was  bom  in  Frdmin-!:ham)  Massachusetts)  August  15,  1727, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1749.    During  the  revi^'^l 


HAV. 


SSI 


of  i«fig^on»  which  took  place  about  the  time  of  his  residence  at  col- 
lege* tus  mind  was  impressed  by  the  truths  of  God)  and  he  was  a 
great  admirer  of  the  preachers,  whose  labors  appeared  to  be  blessed 
by  the  Holy  Sjurit.  Though  he  censured  the  irregularities,  which 
existed,  yet  he  ever  retuned  the  persuasion,  that  in  this  period 
there  was  a  remarkable  exhibition  of  divine  power  and  grace.  Soon 
after  he  began  to  preach,  he  was  invited  to  settle  at  Brookline ;  but 
the  unanimity  of  the  invitation,  which  he  at  the  same  time  received 
from  the  south  church  in  Portsmouth,  determined  him  to  settle  in  a 
place  more  remote  from  the  university,  to  which  he  wus  much  at* 
tached.  He  was  ordidned  May  6,  1753,  and  continued  here  till  his 
death,  which  took  place  March  3, 1806,  in  the  seventy  ninth  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  fifty  fourth  of  his  ministry.  His  first  wile  was  the 
daughter  of  the  reverend  Or.  Apptetou  of  Cambridge.  It  is  re- 
markable that  his  second  wife,  who  attended  him  in  his  sickness,  and 
closed  his  eyes,  died  herself  in  a  few  hours  afterwards.  They 
were  both  buried  at  the  same  time,  and  twelve  children  followed 
them  to  the  grave. 

Dr.  Haven  possessed  respectable  talents,  and  was  acquainted 
with  various  departments  of  science.  Having  paid  considerable 
attention  to  the  study  of  physic,  his  usefulness  was  thus  increased 
among  his  people.  His  mind  was  r<&ther  of  the  sprightly  cast,  than 
inclined  to  abstruse  researches  and  deep  investigation.  In  bis  the- 
ological sentiments  he  was  moderately  Calvinistic,  though  in  the 
latter  part  of  his  life  he  possessed  a  spirit  of  cutholicism  and  charity 
so  excessive,  as  led  him  privately  to  speculate  with  Dr.  Chauncy  ob 
the  sentiment  of  imiversal  restitution.  But-  he  never  proclaimed 
this  seatiment  from  the  pulpit,  and  he  declared,  that  he  never 
meant  to  risk  his  salvation  on  that  ground.  His  common  sermons 
were  plain,  serious,  and  practical.  His  delivery  was  manly  and  in- 
teresting. He  had  a  happy  talent  for  all  CKtempoi'ary  services. 
He  excelled  in  the  tender  and  sympathetic.  In  scenes  of  affliction 
and  sorrow  he  was  a  son  of  consolation.  On  funeral  occauons,  for 
variety,  copiousness,  tenderness,  and  pertinency  of  address  he  was 
rarely  equalled,  and  he  was  often  instrumental  in  awakening  the 
careless  and  convincing  the  imconvinced. 

He  pubtished.thp,  following  Bei*mons ;  a  sermon  at  the  request  of 
the  congregational  ministers  of  New  Hampshire^  1760  ;  on  the 
death  of  George  II  ai)^  the  accession  of  George  III,  1761  j  on  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  and  the  declaration  of  peace,  1763 ;  at  tlie  or- 
dination of  Jeremy  Belknap  at  Dover,  1767  ;  on  the  death  of  the 
honorable  Henry  Sherburne,  1767;  a  sermon  preached  at  Cambridge 
and  published  at  the  request  of  the  students,  1.768  ;  one  preached 
at  Medfield,  1771 ;  election  sermon  in  New  Hampshire,  1786  ;  on 
the  death  of  the  reverend  Benjanlin  Stevens,  1791;  on  the  rea- 
«onablene8S  and  importance  of  practical  religion,  1794{  the  Dud- 
Man  lecture  at  Cambridge,  1798  ;  a  sermon  soon  after  the  ordina^ 


tii'^i-  ^' 


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HAV. 


txon  of  the  reverend  T.  Aiden  jun.  as  hU  colleague,  1  t)00.>.^i-. 
Buckminater*$  termon  on  hit  death  f  Mden*t  account  of  relig.  aocietiet 
in  Portsmouth . 

HAVEN  (Jason),  minister  of  Dedhamy  Massachusetts,  was  born 
at  FrumiAgham  March  13, 1733,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  coU 
lege  in  1754.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Ded< 
ham  February  5,  1756.  In  1779  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
convention,  which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  state,  in  which  he 
lived.  In  his  old  age  his  impaired  health  rendering  a  colleague 
necessary,  the  reverend  Joshua  Bates  was  ordained  March  16, 1803. 
l^r.  Haven  died  May  17,  1803,  in  the  seventy  first  year  of  his  age, 
rA  nd  the  forty  eighth  of  his  ministry.  He  was  furnished  with  tal< 
rats  for  the  acceptable  discharge  cf  the  various  duties  of  the  sacred 
ofiice.  His  discourses  were  very  evangelical ;  he  was  eminent  in 
prayer  ;  and  his  appearance  and  manners  uniformly  dignified  his 
station.  Besides  several  smaller  works,  he  published  the  following 
sermons;  on  the  anniversary  thanksgiving  November  21,  1758; 
Ht  the  artillery  election,  1761;  at  a  private  meeting  in  Frammg- 
ham,  1761  i  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Edward  Brooks,  July 
4,  1764;  election  sermon,  1769  ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Hannah 
Richards,  1770  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Ephraim  Ward, 
October  23,  1771  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  A^oses  Eve- 
rett, September  28,  1774  ;  at  the  funeral  of  the  reverend  Samuel 
Duiil  ar,  1783;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Stephen  Palmer, 
November  7,  1792  ;  a  sermon  to  his  own  people  forty  years 
lifter  his  or^nation,  February  7,  1796.— PrmriW  sermon  on  hit 
death. 

H  AWLEY  (Josbph),  distinguished  as  a  statesman  and  patriot, 
vras  born  in  Northampton,  Massachusetts^  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1742.  Soon  after  finishing  his  collegia!  education 
he  engaged  in  the  study  and  the  practice  of  the  law  in  his  nadve 
town.  In  this  science  he  became  a  great  proficient  and  was  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  counsellors  in  the  province.  Among  his 
other  studies  he  attained  to^such  an  eminence  of  knowledge  }n  po* 
litical  history  and  the  principles  of  free  government,  that  during 
the  disputes  between  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies  he  was  regard* 
ed  as  one  of  the  ablest  advocates  of  American  liberty.  His  integri- 
ty both  in  public  and  in  private  life  was  inflexible,  and  wa^  not  even 
<|uestioned  by  hisv  political  opponents.  He  was  repeatedly  elected 
a  member  of  the  council,  but  refused  in  every  instanee  to  accept 
the  office,  as  he  preferred  a  seat  in  the  hoiise  of  representadves, 
where  his  character  for  disinterested  patriotism  and  his  bold  and 
manly  eloquence  gave  him  an  ascendency,  which  has  seldom  been 
equalled.  He  was  first  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature  in 
1764.  In  the  latter  part  of  1776  major  Hawiey  wa^  afflicted  with 
hypochondriacal  disorders,  to  which  he  had  been  frequently  subject 
in  former  periods  of  his  life ;  and  after  this  he  declined  public 


HAW. 


335 


business.  He  died  March  10,  1788,  aged  tkxij  four  vears.  A 
letter,  which  he  wrote  in  1760,  preserved  in  the  life  of  Edwards, 
does  him  the  highest  honor,  for  it  proves  him  not  incapable  of  hum* 
blin^  himself  for  his  fdilin^.  He  had  been  active  in  effecting  the 
removal  of  Mr.  Edwards  irom  Northampton,  and  he  deplores  the 
part,  which  he  took  in  that  affair. 

HAWLEY  (Gidbom),  many  years  a  missionary  to  the  Indians, 
was  a  native  of  Connecticut  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1749.     He  commenced  his  missionary  labors  in  February  175S 
at  Stockbridge,  in  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts.    Thence  in 
September  he  made  an  excuruon  to  Schoharie  in  the  country  of 
the  Mohawk  Indians,  and  after  his  return  to  Stockbridg^e  he  opened 
bis  school  again  at  the  beginning  of  winter  under  the  patronage  of 
the  reverend  Mr.  Edwards.     Here  he  was  the  instructer  of  the 
children  of  a  number  of  Mohawk,  Oneida,  and  Tuscarora  fiimilies, 
and  preached  to  them  on  the  sabbath.    It  being  determined  by  the 
commisuoners  for  Indian  affairs  in  Boston  to  establish  a  mission  in 
the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  or  Indians  of  the  six  nations,  Mr.  Haw* 
ley  engaged  in  the  plan.     In  May  1753  he  commenced  his  journey 
towards  the  wilderness,  accompanied  by  the  honorable  Timothy 
Woodbridge,  a  gentleman  of  abilities,  and  of  great  influence  among 
the  Indians.    Haviilg  visited  sir  William  Johnson  at  h^s  seat  upon 
the  Mohawk  river  and  secured  his  patronage,  they  proceeded  to- 
vrards  the  head  of  the  Susquehannah,  adoring  every  night  and 
morning  that  kind  providence,  which  attended  and  preserved  them 
in  the  recesses  of      s  forest.    On  the  fourth  of  June-  they  reached 
the  place  of  their  ^estitiation,  Onohoghgwage,  or  as  it  is  sometimes 
called  Oughquauga,upon?the  Susquehannah  river.    Here  an  inter- 
view was  held  with  the  Indians,  who  gave  them  a  good  reception. 
On  the  thirty  first  of  July  1754  Mr.  Hawley  wasordained  at  Boston, 
that  his  usefulness  might  be  increased  by  being  authorized  to  ad- 
minister the  ordinances  of  the  gospel.    He  soon  returned  to  Onb- 
hoghgii4ge,  and  was  there  till  May  1756,  when  the  French  war 
obUged  hun  to  withdraw  from  that  country.    He  went  to  Boston  in 
June,  and  entering  as  chapldn  in  the  regiment  of  colonel  Gridley, 
he  soon  join<ed  the  army  above  Albany,  which  was  destined  i^;ainst 
Crown  Point,    Afterrthe  campaign  he  made  an  attempt  to  return 
^  the  place  of  his  mission,  but  was  deterred  by  the  dangers  of  the 
enterprise.    A  church  was  established  here  by  the  reverend  Dr. 
Forbes  in  )763.    In  December  Mr.  Hawley  went  to  Stockbridge, 
where  h^  spent  the  Vinter.    In  1757  the  commissioners  of  the  so- 
dety  for  propagating  the  gospel  persuaded  him  to  visit  the  tribe  of 
Indians  at  Marshpee,  whose  pastor,  Mr.  Briant,  had  been  dismissed, 
and  who  were  dissatisfied  with  the  labors  of  Mr.  Smith.    Here  he 
was  installed  April  10,  1758,  and  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
being  occupied  in  this  place  more  than  half  a  century  in  benevolent 
exertion  to  enlighten  the  darkened  mind,  and  to  promote  the  aalva- 


!  I 

I    ^    •       I 

t  I     I 


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I 


a 


HM 


334 


HAY. 


I  Ml 


tion  of  hit  Indian  brethren.  He  died  October  3, 1807,  aged  eighty 
yeara.  In  hia  laat  sickneaa  he  observed,  "  I  have  hope  uf  accept* 
ance  with  God,  but  it  is  founded  wholly  on  free  and  sovereign  gruce, 
and  not  at  all  on  my  own  works.  It  is  true,  my 'labors  have  been 
many  ;  but  they  have  been  so  very  imperfect,  attended  with  so 
great  a  want  of  charity  and  humility,  that  I  have  no  hope  in  them 
aa  the  ground  of  my  acceptance."  fie  expressed  his  regret,  at  the 
aame  time,  that  Uie  distincuon  between  grace  and  works  was  not 
more  clearly  pointed  out  by  modem  preachers.  His  own  discours- 
es from  the  pulpit  were  always  impresuve,  and  marked  with  the 
peculiar  chuw:ter  of  Christian  sincerity  and  goodness.  He  was 
amiable  in  private  life,  happy  in  his  domestic  connexions,  hospita- 
ble,  and  benevolent.  An  extensive  correspondence  was  the  source 
of  much  satisfaction  to  him.  As  a  missionary  he  was  peculiarly 
well  qualified,  for  there  was  a  dignity  in  his  manner,  and  an  author- 
ity in  his  voice,  which  had  great  influence  with  tlie  Indians.  He 
published  in  the  collections  of  the  Massachusetts  historical  society 
biographical  and  toponfraphical  anecdotes  respecting  Sandwich  and 
Marshpee,  and  an  interesting  letter,  giving  a  narrative  of  his  jour- 
ney to  Onohoghgwage.— Pano/k/M/,  iii.  431i  Columbian  ceruinel, 
dctober  7, 1807  ;  CoUeet.  hut  toe.  iiL  188 — 193 ;  iv.  50-^67. 

HAYNES  (John),  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  of ,  Connecti- 
cut, was  a  naUve  of  Essex  in  England,  and  arrived  at  ^Boston  in 
company  with  Mr.  Hooker  in  1633.  He  was  soon  chosen  an  as- 
Mstant,  and  in  1635  governor.  The  next  year  he  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.  Vane.  In  1 636  he  removed  to  Connecticut,  of  which  colo- 
ny he  was  one  of  the  principal  founders.  He  was  elected  its  fir;t 
governor  in  April  1639,  and  was  replaced  in  this  office  every  second 
year,  which  was  as  often  as  the  constitution  would  permit,  till  his 
death  in  1654.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  abilities,  prudence, 
piety,  and  public  spirit,  being  considered  as  in  no  respect  inferior 
to  governor  Winthrop.  His  estate  and  talents  were  devoted  to  the 
interests  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut.  He  pud  strict  attention  to 
^^Txalj  worship,  and  the  religious  instrucdon  of  his  children.  His 
son,  the  reverend  Joseph  Haynes,  was  the  minister  of  the  first 
church  in  Hartford ;  but  the  tiame  is  now  extinct.  One  of  gover- 
tnor  Uaynes*  daughters  married  Mr.  James  Russell  of  Charlestown. 
■^^IVumMtU**  Conneeticutyi.  34, 333,324 ;  Magnaliiif  ii.  17 ;  Hutch- 
inaon,  i.  34, 43,  53 ;  Holmea*  atmaUy  1.  365. 

HAYWOOD  (Hsnrt),  a  minister  in  South  Carolina,  arrived  in 
Charleston  from  England  in  17S9,  from  whitlh  time  till  his  death 
in  1755  he  was  minister  to  the  Socinian  Baptnts  in  that  city.  He 
translated  into  English  Dr.  Whitby's  treati<ie  on  original  sin,  and 
had  prepared  for  the  press  a  large  volume  in  defence  of  Dr.  Whit* 
by  against  Dr.  Gill,  and  also  a  catechism.^— M//rr,  ii.  C65. 

HENRY  (Patrick),  governor  of  Virginia,  and  a  most  eloquent 
«i«tor9  took  an  early  and  decided  part  in  support  of  the  rights  of  bSf 


HEN. 


335 


I    yd 


tiountiy  agidnst  the  tyranny  of  Great  Britain.    In  the  yew  1765  he 
was  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  Virginia,  and  he  introduced 
some  resolutions,  which  breathed  a  spirit  of  liberty,  and  which  were 
accepted  by  a  small  majority  on  the  twenty  ninth  of  May.     Theae 
were  the  first  resolutions  of  any  assembly  occasioned  by  the  stamp 
Kt.     One  of  the  resolutions  declared,  that  the  general  aaacmbly 
had  the  exclusive  riKht  and  power  to  lay  taxes  and  impositions  up« 
on  the  inhabitants  of  the  colony.     Such  was  the  warmth,  excited  in 
tlie  debate,  that  Mr.  Henry,  according  to  the  relation  of  Mr.  Sted- 
man,  after  declaiming  against  the  arbitrary  measures  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, added,  *'  Caesar  had  hh  Brutus,  Charles  the  first  an  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  George  the  third  — — ,"  when  he  was  stopped  from 
proceeding  farther,  and  called  to  order.      He  was  elected  in  1774 
one  of  the  deputies  from  Virginia  to  the  first  congress,  and  was  in 
this  year  one  of  the  committee,  which  drew  up  the  petition  to  the 
king.     In  May  1775,  after  lord  Dunmore  had  conveyed  on  board  a 
ship  a  part  of  the  powder  from  the  magazine  of  Williamsburg,  Mr. 
Henry  distinguished  himself  by  assembling  the  independent  com- 
panies ot  Hunover  and  king  Vvilliam  counties,  and  directing  them 
towards  Williamsburg  with  the  avowed  design  of  obtaining  payment 
for  the  powder,  or  of  compelling  to  its  restitution.     The  object  was^ 
effected,  for  the  king's  receiver  general  gave  a  bill  for  the  value  oC 
the  property.    The  governor  immediately  fortified  his  palace,  and 
issued  a  proclamation,  charging  those,  who  had  procured  the  bi]I». 
with  rebellious  practices.     This  only  occasioned  a  number  of  coun- 
ty meetings,  which  applauded  the  conduct  of  Mr.  Henry,  and  ex- 
pressed a  determination  to  protect  him.      In  August  1775,  when  a 
new  choice  of  deputies  to  congress  was  made,  he  was  not  reelected^ 
for  his  services  were  now  demanded  more  exclusively  in  his  own 
state.    After  the  departure  of  lord  Dunmore  he  was  chosen  the 
first  governor  in  June  1 776,  and  he  held  this  office  several  succeed- 
ing years,  bending  all  his  exertions  to  promote  the  freedom  and  inde- 
pendence of  his  country.    In  the  beginning  of  1778  an  anonymoua 
letter  was  addressed  to  him  vrith  the  design  of  alienating  his  affec- 
tions from  the  commander  in  chief.     He  enclosed  it  to  Washington 
both  to  evince  his  friendship  and  to  put  him  on  his  guard.    In 
another  letter,  written  a  few  days  afterwards,  when  he  had  heard  of 
a  plan  to  effect  the  removal  of  Washington,  he  says  to  him,  **  while 
you  face  the  armed  enemies  of  our  liberty  in  the  field,  and,  by  the 
hyor  of  God,  have  been  kept  unhurt,  I  trust  your  country  will 
never  harbor  in  her  bosom  the  miscreant,  who  wculH  ruin  her  best 
supporter ;  but  when  arts  unworthy  honest  men  are  used  to  de- 
fame and  traduce  you,  I  think  it  not  amiss,  but  a  duty  to  assure 
you  of  that  estimation,  in  which  the  public  hold  you.'* 

In  June  1778  he  was  a  member,  with  other  illustrious  citizens  of 
Virginia,  of  the  convention,  which  was  appointed  to  consider  the  con- 
sUtution  of  the  United  States ;   and  he  exerted  all  the  force  of  hiii 


iM. 


.1 


I'  wn 


i\-m 


336 


HEN. 


1.1: 


tiu«t«rlf  eloquence*  day  After  duft  to  prevent  iti  adoption.  He 
contended  that  change*  were  dangerous  to  Ubertr ;  that  the  old  coq. 
federation  had  carried  u»  through  the  war*  and  secured  our  inde- 
pendence*  and  needed  only  amendment }  that  the  proposed  govern* 
ment  was  a  consolidated  government,  in  which  the  sovereignty  of 
the  states  would  be  lost,  and  all  pretensions  to  rights  and  privileget 
would  be  rendered  insecure  ;  that  the  want  of  a  bill  of  nghts  was 
an  essential  defect }  that  general  warrants  should  have  been  pro* 
hibited ;  and  that  to  adopt  the  constitution  with  a  view  to  subse* 
fjueDt  amendments  was  only  submitting  to  tyranny  in  the  hope  of 
being  liberated  from  it  at  some  future  time.  He  therefore  offered  a 
resolution,  containing  a  bill  of  rights  and  amendments  for  the  great- 
er security  of  liberty  and  property  to  be  referred  to  the  other  states 
before  the  ratification  of  the  proposed  form  of  government.  His 
resolution  however  was  not  accepted.  The  argument  of  Pendle- 
Lun,  Randolph,  Madison,  and  Marshall  prevailed  against  the  elo> 
quence  of  Henry,  and  the  constitution  was  adopted,  though  by  a 
small  majority.  Mr.  Henry's  bill  of  rights  and  Ids  amendments  were 
then  accepted,  and  directed  to  be  transmitted  to  the  several  states. 
Some  of  these  amendments  have  been  ingrafted  into  the  federal 
constitution,  on  which  account  as  well  as  on  account  of  the  les- 
sons of  experience  Mr.  Henry  in  a  few  years  lost  in  a  degree  his 
repugnance  to  it.  After  the  resignatbn  of  Mr.  Randolph  in 
August  1795  he  was  nominated  by  president  Washington  as  secre- 
tary of  state,  but  considerations  of  a  private  nature  induced  him  ts 
decline  the  honorable  trust.  In  November  1796  he  was  again 
elected  governor  of  Virginia,  and  this  office  also  he  alnwst  imme- 
diately  resigned.  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1799  he  was 
appointed  by  president  Adams  as  an  envoy  to  France  with  Messrs. 
Ellsworth  and  MuiTay.  His  letter  in  reply  to  the  secretary  of 
state  is  dated  in  Cfaiariotte  county  April  the  sixteenth,  and  in 
it  he  speaks  of  a  severe  indisposition,  to  which  he  was  then  subject, 
and  of  his  advanced  ^e  and  increasing  debility,  and  adds, "  nothing 
short  of  absolute  necessity  could  induce  me  to  withhold,  my  little 
aid  from  an  administration,  whose  abilities,  patriotism,  and  virtue 
deserve  the  gratitude  and  reverence  of  all  their  fellow  citizens." 
Governor  Davie  of  North  Carolina  was  in  ronsequence  appointed 
in  his  place.  He  lived  but  a  short  time  aftei^^his  testimony  of  the 
respect,  in  which  liis  talents  and  patriotism  were  held,  for  he  ^ed 
at  Red  Hill  in  Charlotte  county  June  6,  1799. 
;,  Mr.  Henry  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents,  of  ardent  attachment 
to  liberty,  and  of  most  commanding  eloquence.-  The  Virginians 
boast  of  him  as  an  orator  of  nature.  His  general  appearance  and 
Imanners  were  those  of  a  plun  farmer.  In  this  character  he  always 
entered  on  the  exordium  of  an  oration.  His  unassuming  looks  and 
expressions  of  humilit^r  induced  his  hearers  to  listen  to  him  with 
the  same  easy  opennesS}  with  which  they  would  converse  with  an 


HEN. 


337 


bonctt  Migkbor.  After  he  hatl  thus  disarmed  prejudice  and  pride 
and  opened »  way  to  the  heart,  the  intpiralioa  of  hia  eloquencet 
vrhen  little  expected^  would  invest  him  with  the  authority  ot  a 
prophet.  With  a  mind  of  great  powers  and  a  heart  of  keen  sensi* 
liilitft  he  would  sometimes  rise  in  the  majesty  of  his  genius,  and) 
while  he  filled  the  audience  with  admiration,  would  with  almost  ir- 
resistible influence  bear  along  the  passions  of  others  with  him.  % 
In  private  'ife  he  was  as  amiable  and  virtuous,  as  he  was  coospic* 
uoas  in  his  public  career.  His  principles  of  liberty  and  regard  to 
Christianity  led  him  to  deplore  the  practice  of  slavery.  On  this 
subject,  in  a  letter  written  in  1773,  he  inquires,  **  is  it  not  amaaing, 
that  at  a  time,  when  the  rights  of  humanity  are  defined  and  under^ 
stood  with  precision,  in  a  country  above  all  others  fond  of  liberty ; 
that  in  such  an  age  and  such  a  country  we  find  men,  professing  n 
religion,  ths  most  kumano,  mild,  gentle,  and  generous,  adopting  a 
prini'iple,  a^  repugnant  to  humanity,  as  it  is  inconsistent  with  the  bi- 
ble, aiid  destructive  to  liberty  ?— Would  any  one  believe,  that  I  am 
master  of  slaves  of  my  own  purchase  ?  I  am  drawn  along  by  the  general 
inconvenience  of  being  here  without  them.  Iwillnot— I  cannot  juatify 
it/— I  believe  a  time  will  come,  whein  an  opportunity  will  be  offered  to 
abolish  this  lamentable  evil.  Every  thing  we  can  do  istoimprove  it,  if  it 
happens  in  our  day ;  if  not,  let  us  transmit  to  our  descendants,  togeth- 
er with  our  slaves,  a  pity  for  their  unhappy  lot,  and  an  abhorrence  of 
slavery."  In  another  letter  to  Archibtdd  Blair,  esquire,  written 
but  a  few  months  before  his  death,  after  lamenting  the  violence  of 
parties  in  Virginia,  and  reprobating  French  infidelity,  and  manners, 
and  politics,  he  adds,  **  I  am  too  old  and  infirm  ever  again  to  under- 
take public  concerns.  I  hve  much  retired  amidst  a  muldplicity  of 
blessings  from  that  gracious  Ruler  of  all  things,  to  whom  I  owe 
unceasing  acknowledgments  for  his  unremitted  goodness  to  me.— 
And  if  I  were  permitted  to  add  to  the  catalogue  one  other  blessing, 
it  should  be,  that  my  countrymen  should  team  wisdom  and  virtue^ 
and  in  this  their  day  to  know  the  things,  that  pertain  to  their 
peace."  The  following  afTectionate  tribute  to  the  memory  of  Hen- 
ry, which  appeared  in  the  Virginia  papers  immediately  after  liis 
death,  though  not  a  specimen  of  perfect  taste,  will  yet  further  illus- 
trate his  character  by  showing  the  estimation,  in  which  he  was 
held  by  those,  who  knew  him.  <*  Mourn,  Virginia,  mourn  ;  your 
Henry  is  gone.  Ye  friends  to  liberty  in  every  clime,  drop  a  tear. 
No  more  will  his  social  feelings  spread  delight  through  his  happy 
house.  No  more  will  his  edifying  example  dictate  to  his  nume- 
rous offspring  the  sweetness  of  virtue,  and  the  majesty  of  patriot- 
ism. No  more  will  his  sage  advice,  guilded  by  zeal  fojr  the  com- 
mon happiness,  impart  light  and  utility  to  his  caressing  neighbors. 
No  n»ore  will  he  illuminate  the  public  councils  with  sentiments 
drawn  from  the  cabinet  of  his  own  mind,  ever  directed  to  his  coun- 
tty's  goody  and  clothed  in  eloquence  sublime,  delightful,  and  com- 

44 


iiC 

,    I' 


:  i  1 


r  n 


i. 


'  if 


III 


» ;' 


t 

/ 

i' 

i 

1 

^1 

"" 

1   ^, 

■1 

ji. 

338 


HER. 


manding.  Farewell,  tint  rate  patriot,  (iMvweU.  Aa  long  aa  en* 
rivera  flow,  or  mountaina  atand,  ao  long  wUk  four  excellence  and 
worth  be  the  theme  of  ouv  homage  and  endearment }  and  Virginia, 
bearing  in  mind*  her  loaa*  will  any  to  lieing  generationa,  imitate  m* 
lienry."^/Mbn/A/y  antholofyy  k  AS^  489,  543  ;.  MafkaU^  ii.  88, 
1*80,309,210;  a/k^nu/.  35— 37 ;  iii.  o/^rni/.  13,  15  {  y.afiftend. 
SI,  33  ;  Virginia  debatety  tec.  edit.  37,  43, 309,  316t  337,  336,  3S7, 
416,  430 ;  Stedtnariy  i.  33  ;  Gordon^  ii.  85,  86 ;  ^Annual  regitterfor 
1.776,  19,  30  ;  Oayfioole'a  udvertiter^  June  3 1,  1799  }  Coiumk.  cm. 
tinel,  Mtvember  5,  1800  ;  Hoimet*  annai^t  ii.  499. 

HERSEY  (Ebkkibl),  an  eminent  physician  of  Hingham,  Mas> 
aachuaetta,  and- a  benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  waa  eraduated  at 
that  aeminary  in  1738,  and  died  December  9, 1770.  He  bequeath- 
ed to  the  college,-  in  which  he  waa  educated,  one  thouaand  poundi 
sterling  towards  founding  a  professorship  of  anatomy  and  surgery. 
His  widow  also  gave  the  same  aum  for  the  same  purpose.  Dr. 
Warren,  the  present  professor,  was  the  first)  who  waa  established 
on  thia  foundation.— /ToAn^**  annuity  ii.  397. 

HERSEY  (Abner),  an  eminent  physician  of  Barnstable,  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  the  brother  ef  the  preceding  and  died  not  manv 
years  after  him.  He  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college  five  hundred 
pounds  towards  the  establishment  of  a  professorship  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  physic.  The  first  professor  in  this  depdrcment  was 
the  present  one.  Dr.  Waterhouse.  Dr.  Hersey  also  bequeathed 
about  five  hundred  pounds,  the  interest  of  which  he  directed  to  be 
applied  annually  to  the  purchase  of  religious  publications,  which 
should  be  distnbuted  in  all  the  towns  on  cape  Cod.  He  directed 
what  books  should  be  selected  for  a  hundred  years  ;  after  the  expi- 
ration of  which  time  the  ministers  and  deacons  of  the  several  towns, 
to  whose  care  his  donation  is  entrusted,  are  authorized  to  select  any 
religious  books  at  their  pleasure,  excepting  on  every  fourth  year, 
when  the  books,  which  he  designated,  among  which,  are  some  of 
Doddridge's  works,  are  to  be  distributed  forever. 

MI  ACOOMES,  the  first  Indian  in  New  England,  who  was  con« 
verted  to  Christianity  and  a  minister  at  Martha's  Vineyard,  lived 
upon  thia  island,  when  a  few  English  families  first  settled  here  is 
1'64^.  Under  the  instruction  of  the  reverend  Thomas  Mayhew  he 
eagerly  received  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  Having  learned  to  read» 
Jie  in  1 645  begun<  to  teach  his  copper  colored  brethren  the  Christ* 
ian  doctrines,  and  he  did  not  labor  in  vain.  A  number  of  them 
were  soon  impressed  wiUi  a<  sense  of  their  guilt  in  living,  as  they 
had  done,  and  sought  for  pardon  fi*em  him,  who- is  the  propitiation 
for  the  sina  of  the  world.  The  saohems>and  pawaws,  or  priests,  did 
not  observe  this  progress  of  Christianftjr  ^th  indifference.  While 
the  latter  threatened  to  destroy  all  the  praying  Indians  with  witch- 
craft, their  menaces  were  particularly  directed  agaihst  Hiacoomes ; 
but  he  said  to  them, "  I  believe  in  God  and  pjut  my  trust  in  him,  anal 


Hia 


239 


Uierefbre  aU  the  ptwiw*  can  do  me  no  hurt/'  In  1650,  when  ho 
|o«t  •  xoung  child*  the  iunenl  wm  performed  in  the  English  man^ 
■er.  The  mourners  did  not  discolor  their  faces,  nor  deposit  anjr 
utenaiJs  or  goods  in  tlie  grave,  nor  bowl  over  the  dead.  After  tho 
death  of  Mr.  Mayhewin  1657,  he  continued  his  benevolent  laborat 
though  he  greatly  Umented  the  loss  of  that  good  man,  hy  whom  he 
had  been  enlightened  in  tlie  knowledge  of  the  truth,  and  whose  in- 
sUMCtiont  gave  him  the  power  of  instructing  others.  In  August 
1670  an  Indian  church  was  regularly  formed  on  MarthVs  Vineyard, 
sod  Hiacoomes  and  Tackanash  were  ordained  its  pastor  and  teach- 
er  by  the  reverend  Messrs.  Eliot  and  Cotton.  Hiacoomes  survived 
bis  colleague,  and  died  aboutthe  year  1690,  aged  near  eighty  years. 
He  was  a  faithful  and  successful  minister,  slow  in  speech,  grp"^  in 
manners,  and  blameless  in  his  life.  While  he  taught  tlte  kdibia 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  the  fall  ot  Adam,  the  wretched  state  of 
h]»  descendants,  and  the  way  of  redemption  by  Jesus  Christ,  he  was 
also  courageous  in  reprehendinf;  them  for  vorahipping  the'r  false 
gods  and  adhering  to  their  pawaws.  He  was  'not  elnted  by  the 
high  office,  'Which  he  sustained,  but  ever  continued  humble.  At 
the  ordination  of  Mr.  Japbet,  who  succeeded  T&ckanaih as  his  col- 
league, he  prayed,  imposed  hands,  and  gave  ihe  cliu'/;^e  with  r  uch 
propriety.  In  his  last  sickness  he  expressed  the  hopes  of  a  C.  Hst> 
ian,  and  gave  good  exhortations  to  those  around  him  ;  vflx  t  his 
death  he -without  doubt  entered  into  that  rest,  from  which  many  of 
the  learned  and  refined,  who  love  not  the  Lord  Jesu  C  •cis^.,  will  be 
txcbidtdf—Afayhew**  Indian  convert*  i  Mat^er^a  mi  jnaiiat  lii'  199  ; 
XeaPtJV.  £.i.  363— 371. 

HIGGINSON  (Francis),  first  nuiuster  of  Salem,  Maseachu- 
setts,  after  receiving  his  education  at  Kmouuel  college  in  Cam- 
bridge, became  the  minister  of  a  church  at  L<eicester  in  England. 
Here  he  devoted  himself  to  the  duties ^of  .his  office,  bending  all  his 
efforts  to  produce  thi^  innovation  of  heart  and  holiness  of  life,  with- 
out which  no  man<can  aee  Xhe  lungdom  of  God.  While  his  popular 
talents  filled  his  church  wath  attentive  hetfrers,  such  was  the  divine 
blesung  upon  his  .labors,  that  a  deep  attention  to  religious  subjecta 
was  excitod  among  his  people,  and  he  witnessed  with  pleasure  the 
progress- of  uprightness,  benevolence,  t?*)  piety  among  .the  dishon- 
est, the  selfish,  and  the  impious.  Becv  ir '^^g  at  length  a  conscien- 
tieus  .nonconformist  to  the  rites  of  the  English  church,  some  of 
wl^eh  .he  thought  not  only  were  unsupported  by  scripiuvef  but  cor- 
rupted the  purity  of  Christian  wors'iip  and  discipline,  he  ivas  exclud- 
ed from  the  parish , pulpit.  In  Buch  estimation  howQver  was  he 
heki  by  a  number  of  <confonnist  ministers,  that  they  frequently  re- 
quested bis  services  as  long  as -they  could  do  it  without  exposing 
themselves  to  trouble.  He  also  obtained  liberty  to  preach  a  lecture 
in  Leicester,  and  often  attended  private  meetings  for  prayer  and  re- 
ligious conference  with  a  number  of  excellent  Christians-    As.tho 


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•piiit  of  ecelesiutical  tyraAny  became  more  jeahnis  and  rigorout, 
information  was  lodtred  a^^ainst  Mr.  Higginsdn,  and  while  he  was 
daily  expecting  tu  be  dragged  away  by  pursuinmu  to  the  high 
commission  court*  a  kind  providence  interposed,  remarkably  in  bis 
favor,  and  provided  for  him  a  place  of  security.  One  day  tw» 
messengers  came  to  his  house,  and  with  loud  knocks  cried  out, 
"  where  is  Mr.  Higginson  ?  We  must  speak  withvMl-.  Higginsoii  I" 
Uis  wife  ran  to  his  chamber  and  entreated  him  to  conceal  himself; 
but  he  replied,  that  he  should  acquiesce  in  the  %Till  of  God.  He 
went  down,  and  as  the  messengers  entered  t|ie  hall  they  presented 
him  with  some  papers,  saying  in  a  rough  manner,  "  sir,  we  came 
-^m  London,  and  our  businestt  is  to  convey  you  to  London,  as  you 
may  see  by  those  papei-s."  "  I  thought  so,"  exclaimed  Mrs.  Hig- 
ginson  weeping  ;  but  a  woman's  tears  could  have  little  effect  upon 
^ard  hearted  pursuivants.  Mi\  Higginson  opened  the  packet  to 
mad  the  form  of  his  arrest,  but  instead  of  an  order  from  bisho[^ 
Laud  for  his  seizure  he  found  a  copy  of  the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  letters  from  the  governor  and  company,  inviting  him  to 
embark  with  them  for  New  England.  The  sudden  transition  of 
feeling  from  despondence  to  joy  inspired  him  with  the  same  good 
humor,  which  induced  his  friends  to  act  the  part  ot  his  enemies, 
and  a  pleasant  interview  succeeded.  .4«4>t7.l 

Having  sought  adv<ce  and  implored  the  divine  direction,  he  re* 
solved  to  accept  the  invitation,  In  his  farewell  sermon,  preached 
before  avast  assembly,  he  declared  his  persuasion,  that  England 
utrould  be  chastised  by  war,  and  that  Leicester  would  have  more  than 
an  ordinary  share  of  sufferings.  It  was  not  long  before  his  predic- 
tion  was  verified.  It  is  not  meant,  that  he  claimed  the  power  of 
foretelling  future  events ;  but  he  could  reason  with  considerable  ac> 
curacy  from  cause  to  effect,  knowing  that  iniquity  is  generally  foU 
lowed  by  its  punishment,  and  he  lived  in  an  age,  when  it  was  usual 
for  mihister^  to  speak  with  more  confidence,  and  authority,  and  effi< 
cacy,  than  at  present.  He  sailed  from  Gravesend  April  25, 1629, 
accompanied  by  the  revet^end  Mr.  Skelton,  whose  principles  accord< 
ed  with  his  own.  When  he  came  to  the  land's  end,  he  called  his 
children  and  the  other  pa^engers  on  deck  to  take  the  last  view  of 
their  native  country ;  and  he  now  exclaimed,  *<  farewell  England, 
farewell  the  church  of  God  in  England,  and  ^1  the  Christian:friends 
there.  We  do  not  go  to  America  as  separatists  from  the  church  of 
England,  though  we  csiiinot  but  separate  from  its  corruptions.":He 
theh  concluded  with  a  fervent  prayer  for  the  kin^,  church,  and 
State  in  England.  He  arrived  at  cape  Anh,  June  87,  1629,  and 
having  spent  the  next  day  here,  which  'v^^s  Sunday,  on  the  twenty 
ninth  he  entered  the  harbor  of  Salem.  July  the  twentieth  was  ob- 
served as  a  day  of  fasting  by  the  appointment  of  governor  Endicot, 
luid  the  church  then  made  choice  of  Mr.  Higginson  to  be  their 
ti^Bcheri  an4  Mr,  Skeltm  their  p::istor.    £)ach  with  the  assistance  of 


HIO. 


Ui 


some  6f  the  grayest  mehiben  of  the  church  laid  his  hands  at  this 
time  on  the  other  with  prayer.    A  more  solemn  investiture  took 
place  on  the  sixth  of  August,  when  about  thirty  persons  accepted  a 
confession  of  faith  and  church  covenant,  which  had  been  drawn  up 
by  Mr.  Higginson,  and  the  two  ministers  were  again  ordained  by 
the  iihpoution  of  hands.     Governor  Bradford  and  others  from  the 
church  of  Plymouth  gave  them  the  right  hand  of  fellowship.    As 
both  these  ministers  had  been  ordained  by  bishops  in  Engluid,  and 
as  Mr.  Higginson  professed  not  to  be  a  separate  from  the  establish- 
ed church,  this  ordination  cannot  be  considered  as  investing  them 
with  the  sacred  office,  but  only  as  introducing  them  to  the  pastoral 
care  of  a  particular  flock.      Thus  auspicious  was  the  commence-^ 
ment  of  thfe  settlement  of  Naumkeak,  or  Salem  ;  but  the  scene  was 
9oon  changed.     During  the  first  winter  about  one  hundred  persons 
^ed,  and  Mr.  Higginson  was  soon  seized  with  a  hectic,  which  ter- 
minated his  d&ys  in  August  1 6S0,  in  the  forty  third  year  of  lus  age. 
In  his  last  sickness  he  was  reminded  of  his  benevolent  exertions  in 
the  service  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.    To  consoling  suggestions  of 
this  kind  he  replied, "  I  have  been  an  unprofitable  servant,  and  all 
my  desire  is  to  win  Christ,  and  be  found  in  him,  not  having  my  own 
righteousness."    His  famiiy,  consisting  of  his  wife  and  eight  chil- 
dren, whom  he  was  about  to  leave  without  a  suitable  provision  for 
their  tanaintenance,  he  cheerfully  commended  to  the  care  of  God, 
being  fully  persuaded,  that  his  favor  would  attend  them.  '*^<  vr 

HiB  was  a  zealous  and  useful  preacher,  mild  in  his  doctrines,  but 
strict  in  discipline.  He  admitted  nohe  into  the  church  without  sat- 
isfactory evidence,  that  they  were  truly  religious^  and  excluded 
the  ignorant  and  immoral  from  the  table  of  the  Lord.  In  his  de- 
portment he  was  grave,  and  pure  in  morals,  and  though  not  rash  in 
his  decisions,  he  was  not  easily  shaken  from  his  purposes.  In  his 
person  he  was  slender  and  not  tall.  His  son,  Francis  Hig|^son> 
went  to  Europie,  and  after  residing  some  tim^e  as  a  student  at  L<^y- 
den,  and  visiting  other  universities  upon  the  continent,  was  settled 
a8&  miinisterat  Kerby  Steven  in  Westmoreland,  England,  where 
he  di^d  about  the  year  1670,  in  the  fifty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  He 
was  the  first,  who  wrote  against  the  quakers,  and  he  published  also 
a  latin  treatise  concerning  the  five  principal  lights,  uncreated  and 
created  light,  and  the  light  of  nature,  grace,  and  iglory. 

Mr.  Higginson  of  Salem  wrote  an  account  of  his  voyage,  which 
is  preserved  in  Hutchinson's  collection  of  papers.  He  wrote  also 
a  short  accdUnt  of  that  part  of  Massachusetts,  which  was  now  set- 
tling, ahd  of  the  Indians,  entitled,  New  England's  plantation,  or  a 
short  and  true  description  of  the  commodities  and  discommodities 
of  that  ccuntiy.  It  was  published  in  4to  in  16S0,  and  has  been 
lately  reprinted  in  the  collections  of  the  historical  society.  This 
curious  account  is  generally  correct,  though  the  isle  of  slates,  and 
the  marble,  and  the  lions  existed  only  in  report  and  imacjl  nation  .—i 


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Mather's  magnaOay  i.  1 8, 19  j  iii.  70—75  ;  Collect,  hut.  aoc.  i.  117^ 
134  ;  vi.  231,  242 — 244  ;  ix.  2 — 3  ;  J^eaPa  M  E.  i.  145  ;  Morte 
and  ParinhU  JV.  JB.  96—101  ;  Prineey  348 ;  Ilutchtmon^  i.  10,  U ; 
hit  collection,  32-— 50 ;  Holmea*  annals,  i.  350. 

HIGGINSON  (John),  minister  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  son  of  tlie  preceding,  and  was  born  in  Elngland  August  6,  1616. 
Some  time  after  the  death  of  his  £ither,  with  whom  he  came  to 
this  country  in  1639,  he  was  the  instructer  of  a  school  at  Hartford, 
CojmecUcut,  his  mother  with  six  of  her  children  being  somewhat 
dependent  upon  his  exertions  for  her  support.  Having  become  a 
preacher^  he  was  chaplain  at  Saybrook  fort  a  number  of  years.  In 
1 64 1  he  went  to  Guilford,  and  preached  about  two  years  as  an  as« 
sistant  to  Mr.  Whitfield,  whose  daughter  he  married.  In  1643  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  seven  pillars  of  Guilford.  The  practice  of 
chooung  from  among  the  brethren  seven  persons,  who  were  called 
pillars,  to  whom  the  other  church  members  were  gathered,  had  be'. 
fore  been  adopted  m  N^w  Haven  and  Milford.  After  the  church 
was  completely  organized  in  Guilford  in  1643,  Mr.  Higginson  was 
elected  teacher  to  assist  Mr.  Whitfield  ;  but  he  was  not  ordained. 
About  the  year  1 650  Mr.  Whitfield  returned  to  England,  and  Mr. 
Higginson  remained  as  teacher  of  the  chtuxh.  But  in  1659  he  left 
that  town  with  the  intention  of  revisiting  his  native  cou^itry.  On 
his  arrival  at  Salem  he  was  persuaded  to  preach  one  year  in  the 
church,  where  his  father  had  been  settled,  and  was  ordained  in  Au* 
gust  1660.  Here  he  continued  near  half  a  century  till  his  death 
December  9,  1708,  in  Ibe  ninety  third  year  of  his  age.  He  had 
been  seventy  two  years  in  the  ministerial  office.  His  colleague, 
Mr.  Nicholas  Noyes,  survived  him. 

The  ordination  of  Mr<  Higginson,  it  seems,  took  place  in  a  man- 
ner somewhat  peculiar.  The  hands  of  the  deacons  and  of  one  of 
the  brethren  were  imposed  in  the  presence  of  the  neighboring 
churches  and  elders.  Whether  they  united  in  this  ceremony  is  not 
known  ;  but  Mr.  Norton  of  Boston  gave  the  right  hand  of  fellow- 
ship. Mr.  Higginson  was  at  first  zealous  ag^nst  the  quakers,  and 
he  lived  to  lament,  that  his  zeal  was  so  warm.  As  a  preacher  he 
was  Inghly  respected.  Judge  Sewall  calls  him,  "  that  aged  and 
venerable  divine  ;"  and  Dr.  Mather  speaks  of  him,  in  the  eighty 
eighth  year  of  bis  age,  as  then  performing  the  duties  of  his  oHicq 
with  cuch  manly;  pertinent,  judicious  vigor,  and  with  so  little  decay 
of  his  intellectual  abilities,  as  excited  admiration.  In  hia  worldly 
aifairs  he  was  often  embairrassed,  being  supported  during  part  o^ 
his  ministry  by  voluntary  contribution.  It  is  con8ide)*able  evidence 
of  his  good  sense  and  of  his  benevolence,  that  he  took  no  part  in 
the  proceedings  relating  to  witchcraft  in  1693.  He  published  aa 
election  sermon,  entitled,  the  cause  of  God  and  his  .people  in  New 
England,  1663  j  our  dying  Savior's  legacy  of  peace  to  hisdisci- 
plct  ifi  a  troublesome  world,  with  a  discourse  on  the  duty  of  CIvist' 


\^ 


HIL. 


343 


£aD»  to  be  witnesses  unto  Christ)  unto  which  is  added  some  help  to 
self  examination,  1686  ;  an  attestation  to  Dr.  Mather's  magnalia, 
or  church  history  of  NewEngland)  prefixed  to  that  work,  and  dated, 
1697  ;  a  testimony  to  the  order  of  the  gospel  in  the  churches  of 
•New  England  with  Mr.  Hubbard,  1701  }  an  epistle  to  the  reader, 
prefixed  to  Hale's  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  witchcrait,  1702  ;  a 
preface  to  Thomas  Allen's  invitation  to  thirsty  sinners  ;  the  de- 
plorable state  of  New  England,  170B j-^Magnatiaj  iii.6&,  76  ;  Collect, 
hut.  «oc.iv.  187  ;  vi.  343,  344,  359 — 364,  271,  272  ;  Hutctdnmn^ 
i.425;  ii.  176;  IVumbuir*  Connect,  i.  293,  398,310;  Mye»* 
elegy  ;  Holme»*  annal*^  ii.  74. 

HILLIARD  (Timothy),  minister  of  Cambridge,  Messachu- 
setts,  was  bom  in  Kensington,  New  Hampshire,  in  1746,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1764.  When  he  entered  the  pul- 
pit as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel,  his  labors  were  very  acceptable, 
and  he  was  thought  not  only  to  have  just  views  of  the  Christian 
doctrines,  but  to  have  experienced  their  efRcacy  on  his  own  heart. 
In  1768  he  was  appointed  chaplain  of  castle  William,  and  after  offi- 
ciating a  few  months  was  elected  a  tutor  of  the  college,  in  which 
be  was  educated.  He  was  ordained  the  minister  of  Barnstable 
April  10,  1771,  as  the  successor  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Green  ;  but 
after  continuing  his  benevolent  exertions  in  this  place  for  twelve 
years,  respected  and  beloved  by  his  people,  he  was  induced  in  con- 
sequence cf  his  impured  health,  occasioned  by  the  dampness  of 
the  sea  air,  to  request  a  dismission,  which  was  given  him  April  30, 
1783.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  John  MeDen.  On  the 
twenty  seventh  of  October  following  he  was  installed  at  Cambridge, 
as  colleague  with  the  venerable  Dr.  Appleton.  He  was  peculiarly 
well  qualified  for  the  conspicuous  station,  in  which  by  divine  provi- 
dence he  was  now  placed  ;  for  he  possessed  an  easy  and  pleasing 
elocution  and  a  devotional  manner,  and  his  discourses  were  pure  in 
language,  replete  with  judicious  sentiments,  well  arranged,  instruc- 
tive, and  truly  evangelical.  But  the  pow<?r  of  doing  good  was 
continued  to  him  but  a  few  years.  In  the  midst  of  his  usefulness 
aud  with  an  increasing  repvitation  he  died  suddenly  May  9,  1790,  in 
the  forty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  A  short  time  before  he  expired, 
he  expressed  his  full  confidence  in  God,  and  said,  that  he  enjoyed 
those  consolations,  which  he  had  endeavored  to  impart  to  others. 

While  he  was  respected  for  his  talents  and  acquisitions,  and  made 
himself  pleasing  in  social  intercourse,  he  also  possessed  an  amiable 
temper,  kind  and  sympathetic  feelings,  and  the  genuine  benevo- 
lence of  the  gospel.  Though  firm  in  the  maintenance  of  his  re- 
ligious sentiments,  he  was  yet  conspicuous  for  his  candor.  He 
published  a  fast  sermon,  preached  at  Barnstable  ;  a  sermon  at  the 
execution  of  three  persons,  1785  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reve- 
rend Bezaleel  Howard,  Springfield ;  of  the  reverend  John  An- 
drews, 1789  ;  and  a  Dudleian  lecture.— WtV/ard'*  fun.  sermon  ; 
Holmes*  /liat.  of  Cambridt^e  ;   Collect,  hist.  soc.  iii.  16  ;  vii.  63 — 67. 


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HIT. 


HITCHCOCK  (Enos,  d.dOi  minister  of  Providence,  Rhode  Isl. 
and)  was  a  natiTe  of  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1767.  He  was  ordained  m  177 1  a  colleague 
of  the  aged  Mr.  Chipman,  pastor  of  the  second  phurch  in  Beverly. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  war  his  zeal  for  his  country's  rights 
induced  him  to  become  a  chaplain  in  the  American  am^y.  BeKcv- 
ing,  that  his  duty  to  the  public  and  to  his  fiEimlly  required,  that  his 
connexion  with  the  church  in  Beverly  should  be  dissolved,  he  was 
dismused  in  1780.  In  intervals  of  leisure  from  duty  in  the  camp 
he  prear'ied  at  Providence,  and  was  installed  October  1,  1783.  He 
died  Feuruary  27,  1803,  in  the  fifty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  Oistin* 
guishecl  by  active,  habitual  benevolence  through  life,  at  hisdeath:hc 
bequesthcu  twenty  five  hundred  dollars  for  the  establishment  of  a 
fund  for  the  support  of  the  ministry  in  his  society.  He  paid  great 
attention  to  the  education  of  youth,  and  while  he  wrote  upon  the 
subject  he  projected  and  promoted  the  establishmentof  free  schools. 
He  was  an  excellent  preacher  and  died  in  peace.  He  published  a 
book  of  catechetical  instructions  and  forms  of  devotion  for  children 
and  youth  ;  memoirs  of  the  Bloomsgrove  fiimily,  a  work  on  cdu* 
cation,  3  vol.  12mo,  1790  ;  a  sermon  at  the  dedicadon  of  his  meet* 
ing  house,  \795,-^-Ta/ifian*aaermon  on  M» death. 

HOAR  (Leonard,  m.  d.),  president  of  Harvard  cpUege,  was 
graduated  in  that  seminary  in  1650,  and  in  1653  went  to  England, 
and  took  the  degree  of  doctor  in  medicine  at  the  university  in  Cam- 
bridge. He  was  afterwards  settled  as  the  minister  of  Wensted  in 
Sussex,  from  which  parish  he  was  ejected  for  his  nonconformity  in 
1 603.  He  returned  to  this  country  in  1 672  and  preached  a  short  time 
as  an  assistant  to  the  revei^nd  Thomas  Thacher  at  the  south  church 
in  Boston.  In  July  he  was  chosen  president,  to  supply  the  loss  of 
the  reverend  Mr.  Chauncy,  and  was  inducted  into  this  ofiice  on  the 
tenth  of  September.  As  a  scholar  and  a  Cliristiau  he  was  very 
respectable  ;  but  falling  under  the  displeasure  of  a  few  men  of  in- 
fluence in  the  neighborhood,  the  students  were  thus  encouraged  to 
array  themselves  ag^nst  him,  and  his  situation  was  rendered  so 
unpleasant,  that  he  was  under  tlie  necessity  of  resigning  his  office 
March  15,  1675.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Oakes.  The  inju- 
ries, which  he  had  suffered,  visibly  affected  his  health,  and  induccci 
a  consumption,  of  which  he  died  November  28,  1675.  While  he 
was  i>resident,  there  was  a  conlriljution  through  the  colony  for 
erecting  a  new  building  for  the  college,  and  eighteen  hundred  and 
ninety  five  pounds  were  collected.  A  valuable  letter  of  Dr.  Hoar 
to  Josiah  Flynt,  jijiving  him  direction  in  his  studies,  is  published 
in  the  collections  of  theodVIassarhusctts  historical  society  .—Ma.^nn- 
Uuy  iv.  129  ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  vi.  100 — 108  ;  MaPa  JV.  E.  i.  390 ; 
HutchinaoTtn  i.  174 ;  Nonconform,  memorial^  ii.  222.. 

HOBART  (Peter),  first  minister  of  Hingham,  MassachuseUs, 
was  bom  in  the  town  of  the  same  name,  in  England  in  1604,  and 


HOB. 


345 


w»l  educated  at  the  univenity  of  Cambridge.  After  he  began  to 
preach,  the  impositions  of  the  prelatical  party  induced  him  to  come 
to  this  country.  He  arrived  June  8,  1635,  and  in  September  fol- 
lowing he  began,  with  a  number  of  his  friends,  a  new  plantation  at 
Hingham.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death,  January  20,  1679. 
Four  oi  his  sons  were  respectable  ministers,  of  whom  JosliUa  was 
settled  at  Southold  on  Long  Island,  Jeremiah  at  Uadd^m,  and  Ger- 
shom  at  Groton,  Connecticut.-— Mc^stio/io,  lii.  15J— 135;  Brain* 
rf<f*  Hfes  1  ;  Holmet*  annals,  i.  28 1 . 

HOBART  (NftHBMi ah), minister  of  Newton,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding^,  and  was  bom  November  S 1 ,  1 648.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1667.  After  preaching  two  years  at  Newton, 
he  was  ordained  December  23, 1674,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Eliot,  and 
died  August  12,  1713,  in  the  sixty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  Mr. 
Cotton  succeeded  him.  He  was  humble,  pious,  and  learned.  He 
published  a  sermon  entitled,  the  absence  of  the  Comforter  described 
and  lamented.— -Co//ffcf.  hiat.  aoc.  v.  267—269  ;  ix.  196.       <  -;j«i;*i 

HOBART  (Noah),  minister  of  Fairfield,  Connecticut,  Was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard  college  in  1724,  and  about  the  year  1734  was  or- 
dained as  the  successor  of  the  reverend  Joseph  Webb.  In  a  few 
years  a  number  of  persons  in  Fairfield  county  adopted  the  episco- 
palian worshipi  separating  themselves  from  the  congregational 
churches,  and  aome  of  the  episcopal  missionaries  represented  the 
ministers  of  the  country  as  not  the  true  ministers  of  Christ.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  Mr^  Hobart  was  induced  to  write  upon  the  subject 
of  presbyterian  ordination  and  to  vindicate  its  validity  in  a  sermon, 
which  he  preached  at  the  close  of  the  year  1 746.  In  answer  to  him 
Mr.  Wetmore  wrote  his  vindication  of  the  professors  of  the  church 
of  England  lA  Connecticut.  A  controversy  now  commenced,  in 
which  Mr.  Hobart  had  for  his  opponents  Dr.  Johnson,  Mr.  Wetr 
more,  Mr.  Beach,  and  Mr.  Caner.  He  contended,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  American  plantations  were  not  obliged  by  any  laws  of  God 
or  man  to  conform  to  the  prelatic  church,  as  established  in  the  south 
part  of  Great  Britain,  that  it  was  not  prudent  to  embrace  the  epis- 
copal communion,  and  that  it  was  not  Uwful  for  members  of  the 
New  England  churches  to  separate  from  them  and  produce  a  schism. 
He  also  animadverted  upon  the  conduct  of  the  society  for  propagat- 
ing the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  and  upon  the  misrcpresetuations  of 
its  missionaries.  This  controversy  lasted  a  number  of  years.  Mr. 
Hobart  died  iDecember  6, 1773,  in  the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age, 
and  the  forty  first  of  his  ministry.  In  his  life  he  exhibited  the  vir- 
tues, and  in  his  death  the  resignation  and  peace  of  the  Christian. 
Not  long  before  his  departure  from  tlu^  \vorld,  as  some  one  remark- 
ed to  him,  that  he  was  going  to  receive  his  reward,  he  replied,  "  I 
am  going,  I  trust,  to  receive  the  incrcy  of  God  through  Jesus 
Christ."         .    tir^>h-m:i'»pi^  ■;;? 

Mr.  Hobart  had  few  equals  in  this  country  for  acuteness  of  ge* 

45 


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tans  and  learning.  A  sound  judgpnent*  a  retentive  memory,  aae 
an  uno<:ninonly  social  and  communicative  temper>  joined  to  r 
knowled,.*f;  of  book^i  and  an  extenuve  acquuntance  with  most 
branches  of  science,  especially  with  history  and  divinity,  which 
vrere  his  iavorite  studies,  rendered  Mr  conversation  very  interest- 
ing and  useful.  In  the  public  offices  of  religion  he  acquitted  him- 
ijclf  with  graceful  dignity»  and  with  a  solemnity,  which  indicated 
a  deep  impression  of  the  majesty  t^  that  B&«.»g->  «a  whose  presence 
he  appero'&d.  In  his  preaching  he  avJrcsued  lum  v»lf  i;v<  the  under* 
standmg  rather  than  to  the  imaginaaon  mil  fpati^donts  inculcating 
the  great  doctrines  oS  regeneration,  of  i\<!^*entttice  ovrda  God, 
arid  faith  in  Jesus  Christ,  and  pressbti^  with  e;Lr<3Stv.f.;t'i  upon  his 
hearers  the' necessity  of  that  holiness,  without  which  v>o  ;aan  will  be 
admitted  tu  heaven.  He  published  a  *  ermon  at  the  oidination  of 
the  reverem!  IS^h-  Wt;  Ues>  f74T  ^  a  serious  address  to  the  mem* 
hers  of-  die  ep«.>»copal  iic^^aration  in  New  England,  1748  ■;  election 
sermon,  !  750 ;  a  second  addr(>ss  &n  !:he  members,  ol  the  episcopal 
^paration  in  N;;w  Eugl'Jiid,  i75l  ^  a  vindication  o!f  tbepiece, en- 
titieiU  the  principles  of  congregational  church  he.  &pptiedto  the 
case  of  the  late  ordination  at  Waliingfoi  ci.  occ»Ai<Mied  by  remarks 
made  therron  by  Mr.  ^art,  lY&lr-^lVeitei)'  /itn.temtoni  Hobiua'- 
aK'icilif,  W,  J07.  ^   .  \  ^ 

HOBA.RT  (JotoM  Sloss),  judge  of  the  district  court  of  New 
\os*k,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  dited  February  4,  1805,  ia 
the  HxrAy  seventh  year  of  his  age,  having  sustained  through  life  a 
blameless  character.  During  the  late  w^r  he  was  placed  in  some  of 
the  most  important  and  confidential  stations  in  New  York.  Mb;  Jby, 
Mr.  Hobart,  and  Mr.  Yates  were  appointed  the  thvee  judges  of  the 
supreme  court  first  appointed  after  die  revolutionr  This  pktee  he 
held  for  a  number  of  years.  In  1798  he  was  chosen  a  senator  of  the 
United  States-— A*.  York  s/iectater,  February  5,  1805 ;  Monthly  an- 
thology, ii.  111. 

HOLDEN  (Samuel),  a  benefactor  of  the  province  of  Massachu* 
settfli,  died  in  London  in  1 740.  A  sermon  on  his  death  was  preach* 
ed  in  Boston  by  Dr.  Colman  before  the  general  court.  Mr.  Hol- 
den  was  at  the  head  of  the  dissenters  in  England,  and  at  the  head  of 
the  bank  of  England.  Such  was  his  benevolence  and  regard  to  re- 
ligiouj  that  he  sent  to  Dr.  Colman  thirty  nine  sets  of  Baxter^  prac- 
tical works  in  four  massy  folios,  to  be  distributed  amonr  our  church- 
es. The  amount  of  his  charities  for  promoting  t]  ^spel  md 
Dther  usefiil  purposes  was  four  thousand  eight  hunared  and  forty 
seven  pounds,  New  England  currency.  After  his  deatii  his  widow 
^«nd  daughters  gave  in  the  same  liberal  and  benevolent  spirit  five 
tiuHiaand  five  hundred  and  eighty  five  poundsi  Hoiden  chapel  for 
ttkt  college  at  Cambridge  was  built  by  their  donation.  Mr.  Holden 
was  a  man  of  unfeigned  piety.  He  says  in  a  letter,  <*  I  hope  my 
Keasure  is^in  heaven,  and  would  to  Goci  my  heart  were  more  theit 


HOL. 


3i7 


jIbAtract  from  God  and  futurity,  I  would  not  accept  of  an  eternity 
here  in  any  given  circumstances  whatever.'*— Cci/man*«  termon  on 
Mi  death  t  Colman*9  life^  lU,  114. 

HOLLIS  (Thomas),  a  most  liberal  benefactor  of  Harvard  col- 
jege,  was  bom  in  £ng;land  in  1659  of  pious  parents,  and  being  im- 
pressed 4>y  religious  truth  and  having  embraced  the  principles  of 
the  baptists,  he  was  baptized  in  1679.     About  the  year  1700  he 
ifss  chosen  a  deacon  of  ihe  reverend  Mr.  Palmer's  church  in  Lon- 
don,  and  he  ilied  in  February  1731,  aged  about  seventy  two  years. 
Jie  was  for  many  years  an  eminent  merchant,  and  while  success  at- 
tended his  exertions,  it  pleased  God  to  incline  him  also  to  charita- 
4)le  and  benevolent  deeds  in  proportion  to  his  wealth.    He  founded 
tvo  professorships  in  Harvard  college,  the  professorship  of  divinity 
and  of  mathematics.      He  also  presented  a  valuable  apparatus  for 
mathematical  and  philosophical  experiments,  and  at  different  times 
augmented  the  library  with  many  valuable  books.    In  1727  the  net 
j>roduce  of  his  donations,  exclusive  of  gifts  not  vendible,  amounted 
to  four  thousand  and  nine  hundred  pounds,  New  England  currency, 
the  in^terest  of  which  he  directed  to  be  appropriated  to  the  support 
of  the  two  professors,  to  the  treasurer  of  the  college,  ai^d  to  ten 
poor  students  in  divinity.    The  liberality  of  Mr.  HoUis  seemed  to 
proceed  from  a  pious  heart.    He  says  in  a  letter,  after  speaking  of 
some  of  his  efforts  ^to  do  good,;  "  I  think  not  hereby  to  be  justifi- 
ed.    My  rejoicing  is  in  Jesus  Christ,  my  God  and  Savior."      He 
also  ascribes  all,  that  he  was,  "to  lich,  free,  and  sovereign,  clectii^ 
love."     Being  a  Calvinist  in  his  sentiments,  he  required  his  pro- 
fessor of  divinity  to  be  "  of  sound  or  orthodox  .principles.'*    Still  he 
was  not  governed  by  a  sectarian  spirit;  he  did  not  require  the 
preference  of  his  own  baptist  denonunation ;  but.  the  professorship 
was  open  to  every  one,  who,  in  his  view,/embraced  the  impoitani 
and  fundamental  doctrines  of  the  gotifpel.     ^His  first  professor  was 
fthe  reverend  Dr.  Wigglesworth.       His  nephew,  Thomas  Hollis. 
who  died  in  1774,  had  a  most  ardent  attachment  to  liberty,  and.en- 
<]cavored  to  promote  it  by  the  publication  and  distribulion  of  books, 
which  vindicate  the  rights  of  man.    His  benefactions  to  the  library 
of  Harvard  college  amounted  to  about  fourteen  hundi'ed  pounds 
sterling.— Co/jii««'«  and  PVigglea^orth*»  aermont.  Greenwood's  dis- 
couraCf  and  Iiudd*s  fioem  on  hi»  death  ;  Menwira  qf  Th^maa  Hollisy  i. 
1;    ii.59d— 601;    M<^rae*a  true  reaaona^  isfc.  ;    Hilmea*  ayniiiU^  it. 
130. 

HOLYOKE  (EnwAHi)),  president  of  Marvard  college,  wa^s 
graduated  in  that  seminary  in  1705,  and  after  being  a  tutor  for  u 
few  years  w«a  ordained  the  minister  of  a  new  society  in  Marble- 
head  April  85,  1716.  He  continued  in  this  place  until  1737,  when 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  college,  in  which  he  was  educated. 

He  was  inducted  into  this  office  as  the  successor  of  president  Wads- 
vprtb  «\  the  twenty  eighth  of  September.    He  died  June  1,  1769. 


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ki  the  ciifhtieth  year  of  his  age,  retaining  the  vigor  of  his  mind 
and  considerable  strength  of  body,  and  discharging  the  duties  oi 
his  station  until  u  few  months  before.  He  was  succeeded  by  tlu 
reverend  Mr.  Locke.  As  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  while  Mr.  Hul. 
yoke  contended  lor  the  free  and  sovereign  grace  of  God  in  our  sal* 
ration,  he  was  also  zealous  for  good  works,  and  by  his  benevolence, 
uprightness,  and  tlie  uniform  integrity  of  his  conduct  he  exempli. 
fied  the  lessons,  which  he  inculcated  upon  others.  His  excelleii  e. 
as  a  preacher  was  such,  as  gained  him  a  high  reputation.  At  the 
head  of  the  university  he  pussessed  a  dignity  peculiar  to  himself 
His  majestic  appearance,  his  speech,  and  demeanor  were  calculated 
to  impress  with  awe  ;  out  notwithstandinp;  his  air  of  dignity  and 
authority  he  was  humble  in  heart.  He  sought  not  praise  from 
men,  but  endeavored  to  secure  the  approbation  of  God.  Having  a 
vigorous  constitution,  and  knowing  the  value  of  time,  his  hours 
were  appropriated  to  particular  duties,  and  he  was  remarkable  Toi 
liis  punctuality,  exactness,  and  order.  He  was  eminent  in  the  vu- 
rious  walks  of  literature,  but  he  principally  excelled  in  his  acquaint* 
ance  with  mathematics  and  natural  philosophy.  He  published  an 
election  sermon,  1736;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  James  Diman, 
1737  }  at  a  convention  of  ministers,  174 1  .-—^/ipleton^a  sermons  on  hk 
death;  Sevfall*8  oratio  funehria  j  Collect,  hint.  aoc.  viiij  70—75  }  x. 
•158;  Hofmea*  annahy  ii.  294. 

HOOKER  (Thomas),  the  first  minister  of  Cambridge,  Mas* 
sachusetts,  pnd  one  of  the  founders  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut, 
was  bom  in  Leicei^tershire,  England,  !in  1586,  and  was  educated  at 
Emanuel  college,  Cambridge.  In  his  youth  he  had  such  a  deep 
sense  of  his  guilt,  as  filled  his  mind  with  anguish  ;  but  at  length  he 
found  peace  through  the  blood  of  the  Redeemer,  and  an  exemplary 
life  of  piety  and  goodness  proved,  that  his  hope  would  not  make 
|iim  ashamed.  After  preaching  for  some  time  in  London  he  was 
chosen  lecturer  and  assistant  to  Mr.  Mitchel  at  Chelmsford  in 
1639.  He  was  remarkably  successfut  in  his  labors  j  but  being 
ftilenced  in  about  four  years  for  his  nonconformity,  he  established  a 
grammar  school,  and  continued  to  exert  i;iis  whole  influence  for  the 
Chrifi-  an  cause.  Forty  seven  conforming  clergymen  in  his  neigh- 
|x)rhood  petitioned  the  bishop  of  London  on  his  behalf ;  but  Laud 
was  of  too  imperious  and  determined  a  spirit  to  suffer  any  circum- 
stance to  shake  -him  from  his  purpose,  when  he  had  an  opportunity 
to  lay  his  hands  upon  a  puritan.  Mr.  Hooker  was  obliged  to  flee  to 
HoUand  about  the  year  1630,  and  he  preached  sometimes  at  Delft, 
andf  sometimes  at  Rotterdam,  being  an  assistai.>;  to  the  celebrated 
Dr.  Ames. 

In  1633  he  came  to  New  England  in  company  with  Mr.  Cotton 
and  Mr.  Stone,  and  was  settled  with  the  latter  at  Npwtown  or  Cam- 
bridge on  the  eleventh  of  October,  being  ordained  by  the  imposi- 
tion of  the  hands  of  the  brethren  of  the  chyrch.    In  J\me  1636  he 


HCX). 


349 


icmovcd  witi)  u.  iiundred  others  to  a  fertile  spot  on  the  banks  of  the 
Connecticut  river,  wliich  tkiey  called  Harttord,  having  travelled 
through  the  wlMemesH  with  no  other  guide  than  a  compass.  In 
this  new  colony  he  had  great  influence  in  establishing  ..e  order  of 
the  churches.  He  died  of  an  epidemical  fever  July  7,  1647,  in  the 
bixty  second  year  of  nis  age.  As  he  was  dying,  he  said,  **  I  am 
going  to  receive  mercy  ;"  and  then  closed  his  own  eyes,  and  ex- 
pired with  a  smile  on  his  countenance.  He  was  a  remarkably  ani< 
mated  and  interesting  preacher.  With  a  loud  voice,  an  expressive 
countenance,  and  a  most  commanding  presence  he  delivered  the 
truths  of  God  with  a  zeal  and  energy  seldom  equalled.  He  ap- 
peared with  such  majesty  in  the  pulpit,  that  it  was  pleasantly  said 
of  him,  that  ^  he  could  put  a  king  into  his  pocket."  He  has  been 
called  the  Luther,  and  Mr.  Cotton  the  Melancthon  of  New  £ng- 
land.  It  was  his  custom,  it  seems,  to  preach  without  his  notes.  On 
a  visit  to  Massachusetts  in  May  1639,  he  preached  on  the  Sabbath 
at  Cambridge,  and  governor  Winihrop  went  from  Boston  to  hear 
him.  Having  named  his  text  in  the  afternoon,  he  proceeded  about 
a  quarter  of  an  hour  with  great  loudness  of  voice  and  vehemence 
of  manner,  wlien  suddenly  he  found  himself  entirely  at  a  loss  what 
to  say.  After  several  ineffectual  attempts  to  proceed,  he  observed 
to  the  assembly,  that  what  he  intended  to  have  spoken  was  taken 
from  him,  and  requesting  them  to  sing  a  psalm  withdrew  for  half 
an  hour.  He  then  returned  and  preached  about  two  hours  with 
wonderful  pertinency  and  vivacity.  After  the  sermon,  he  said  to 
gome  of  his  friends,  *<"  we  daily  confess,  that  we  can  do  nothing 
without  Christ,  and  what  if  Christ  should  prove  this  to  be  the  fact 
before  the  whole  congregation  ?"  Dr.  Ames  declared, that  he  never 
met  with  Mr.  Hooker's  equal  either  in  preaching  or  disputation. 
While  he  lived  in  his  native  country  he  was  invited  to  preach 
in  the  great  church  of  Leicester,  and  one  of  the  chief  burgesses 
set  a  fiddler  in  the  church  yard  tb  disturb  the  worship.  Mr.  Hook- 
er elevated  his  voice  to  such  a  pitch  and  spoke  with  such  animation, 
as  to  rouse  the  curiosity  of  the  man  and  attract  him  ;  the  church 
door.  There  he  listened,  and  such  solemn  truths  reached  his  ears, 
as  by  the  blessing  of  God  were  the  moans  of  his  salvation.  Though 
his  own  preaching  was  generally  very  practical  and  experimental, 
he  advised  yotmg  ministers  to  preach  the  whole  system  of  divinity 
both  for  their  own  benefit  and  that  of  their  people.  In  the  gov- 
ernnicnt  of  the  church  he  would  propound  nothing  for  decision  tiU 
it  had  been  previously  considered  by  some  of  the  principal  breth- 
len,  and  would  say,  "  the  elders  must  have  a  church  in  a  church, 
if  they  would  preserve  the  peace  of  the  church."  Though  na^ 
turally  irascible  in  his  temper,  he  acquired  a  remarkable  command 
of  his  passions.  He  was  condescending;,  benevolent, and  charitable. 
It  was  no  uncommon  act  of  beneficence  with  him  to  give  five  or  ten 
ppunds  to  the  necessitous.      At  a  time,  \7hcn  there  was  a  Rveal, 


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tcarcitj  at  Southampton  upon  Long  laland,  he  wiih  Mme  CrisiHit 
^t  the  inhabitants  a  small  vessel*,  freighted  with  corn.  Ui»  be- 
ncvolenee  was  united  with  pietjr.  One  day  in  every  month  he  de* 
voted  to  private  prayer  and  fattingt  and  he  used  to  say*  that  prayer 
was  the  principal  part  of  a  minister*s  work.  In  lus  banilf  he  ex- 
hibited a  lively  devotion,  and  all,  who  resided  under  his  roof,  were 
instructed  and  edified  by  him. 

His  most  celebrated  work,  enUtled,*  survey  of  the  sum  of  churck 
discipline,  was  published  in  England  in  4to,  1648,  under  the  inspec* 
tion  of  the  famous  Dr.  Thomas  Goodwin,  who  says, "  as  touch* 
ing  this  treatise  and  the  worthy  author  of  it,  to  pretace  any  thint 
by  commendation  of  either  were  to  lay  paint  upon  burnished  mar- 
bloror  add  Ught  wsto  the  sun."  In  this  work  Mr.  Hooker  contends, 
that  each  church  hay  in  itself  lull  power  to  excercise  all  church 
discipline,  but  that  there  is  a  necesuty  for  consociations,  which  may 
proceed  against  a  church,  perdnaciouslv  oJBending,  with  a  sentence 
.of  non  communion.  J4r.  John  Higginson  transcribed  from  hit 
manuscripts  about  two  .hundred  sermons  and  sent  them  to  Eng* 
land ;  and  near  one  half  of  them  were  published.  The  titles  of 
some  of  hU  discourses  and  treatises  are  the  following ;  the  soul's 
preparation  for  Christ ;  the  souf  s  humiliation  ;  exaltation  ;  voca- 
tion; implantation;  the  unbeliever  preparing;  of  self4eniai;  du- 
ty and  dignity  of  aunts ;  on  the  Lord's  prayer «  on  church  disci- 
pline ;  four  treatises  on  the  carnal  hypocrite,  the  church's  deliver- 
ance, the  deoeitfulneps  of  sin,  the  benefits  of  afHictions,  1638  ;  the 
«oul's  possession ;  pattern  to  perCection  i  sunc*s  guide ;  the  ap- 
plica^on  of  redemption ,;  and  the  poor,  doubting  Christian  drawn  to 
Christ*  The  seventV  '^ition  of  this  last  and  excellent  work  was 
puUished  at  Boston  in  17 A3 i^-Mather* a  magnalia^  iii.  58—68 ;  Col- 
iect.  hUt.  90C,  vii.  9B—-41 ;  TrumbulPt  Connect.  4. 10,  48,  55,  3Q6 ; 
JVeaVaJ^.  £.i..289— .390;  Morton^  135 — 140;  Winthrofi^  181; 
ffutcAinsony  i.  34,  43,  45  ;  Am  coltectiont,5A ;  Jl^orte  and  ^firish**  JV. 
JE.  i43->U9  ;  Holme**  annfil»i  i*  344. 

HOOKER  (JoHw),  minister  of  Northampton,  Massachusetts, 
•was  a  descendant  of  the  preceding,  being  his  great  grandson,  and 
vvras  a  native  of  Farmington,  Connecticut.  He  >ras  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1751,  and  was  ordiuned  at  Northampton  in  1754. 
After  a  ministity  of  about  twenty  three  years  he  died  February  «, 
4777,  in  the  forty  ninth  year  of  his  age,  deeply  regretted  by  tiic 
f)eople  of  his  charge,  who  in  testimony  of  their  affection  and  his 
virtues  erected  a  iiandsome  monument  to  his  m«eroory.  Having 
yearly  imbibed  the  genuine  spirit  of  Christianity,  he  unifbmily  ex- 
hibited  the  evidence  of  it  in  his  life.  He  was  na  able  and  ffuthful 
minister,  of  distinguished  learning,  penetration,  and  prudence,  of 
uncommon  suavity  of  temper  and  the  most  engaging;manners.  He 
published  a  sermon  ut  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Thomas  Al- 
len of  Pittsfield,  1 764,  and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  reverend 
John  Hunt  of  Boston,  1776,  both  of  which  sei'mons  furnish  honor- 
^Wq  testimony  of  his  piety  and  talents. 


HOP, 


351 


HOPKINS  (Edwaid)*  goremor  of  Connecticutt  and  abencuc- 
tor  of  Harvard  college^  ^"t*  an  eminent  merchant  in  London* and  ar- 
rived at  Boston  with  th<      vcrcnd  Mr.  Davenport  in  the  aumraer  ol 
163f .    He  soon  removed  to  Coimecticutf  choosing  rather  to  eatab- 
lith  himielf  at  Hartibnl»than  to  join  Mr.  Davenport  and  Mr.  Euton, 
whose  daughter  in  law  he  married,  at  New  Haven.     He  was  chos' 
en  a  magistrate  in  1639,  and  governor  of  Connecticut  repeatedly 
between  the  yeara  1640  and  1654.     He  afterwards  went  to  Eng* 
Uuid,  where  he  was  chosen  warden  of  the  English  fleet,  commission* 
•r  of  the  admiralty  and  navy,  and  a  member  of  parliament.      He 
^ed  in  London  in  March  1657,  in  the  fifty  eightli  year  of  his  age. 
He  was  a  wise  and  upright  magistrate,  and  a  man  of  exemplary  pi- 
ety and  extensive  charity.      He  bequeathed  most  of  his  estate  in 
New  England,  estimated  at  about  a  thousand  pounds  sterling,  to 
trustees  in  Connecticut  for  the  support  of  g^mmar  sclraols  in  New 
Haven  and  Hartford  ;  and  five  hundred  pounds  out  of  his  estate  in 
England  for  promoting  the  kingdom  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  which  do- 
nation was  considered  as  made  to  Harvard  college  and  the  gram- 
mar school  in  Cambridge,  and  by  virtue  of  a  decree  in  chancery 
was  paid  in  1710.     With  this  money  real  estate  was  purchased  in  a 
township  of  Massachusetts,  named  Hoplcinton,  in  honor  of  the  do- 
nor^  and  the  legislature  of  the  state  has  made  such  ad^tion  to  the 
(\r\^i  that  six  bachelors  may  now  reude  at  Harvard  college,  and 
seven  boys  at  the  grammar  school.— Mi j7>a/'a,  ii.  33—35  ;  Hutch- 
in«ora,  i.  83,  101 ;   Trumbu^ a  Connect,  i.  341;  Holmet*   annuity  i. 
371  ;  Douglatty  it.  160. 

HOPKINS  (Samuei.),  minister  of  West  Springfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  in 8,  and  was  orduned 
in  1720.  He  died  in  1755,  much  beloved  and  esteemed.  He  pub- 
tished  historical  memoirs  relating  to  the  Housatunnuk  Indians,  or 
an  account  of  the  methods  used  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel 
anumg  that  heathenish  tribe  under  the  ministry  of  tbe  reverend 
John  Sergeant,  with  the  character  of  that  worthy  missionary,  and 
sn  address  to  the  people  of  this  country  &c.  4to,  17 SS^-^BrecIf* 
century  »ermon. 

HOPKINS  (Samuel,  d.d.),  an  eminent  divine,  from  whom  the 
Chrisdans,  called  Hopkinsians,  derive  their  name,  was  bom  in  Water* 
bury,  Connecticut,  September  17,  1731.  He  lived  with  his  parents^ 
employed  in  the  labors  of  agriculture,  until  ht  ;',!itered  his  fifteenth 
year  ;  and  such  was  the  pu^'ity  of  manners  among  the  youth  of  this 
place,  that  he  never  heard  from  any  of  them  a  profane  expression. 
After  having  been  placed  for  a  short  time  under  the  tuition  of  the 
reverend  John  Graham  of  Woodbury,  he  entered  Yale  college  in 
September  1737,  and  was  graduated  in  1741.  While  a  member  of 
this  institution  he  made  a  public  profession  of  religion.  He  diligent- 
ly studied  the  scriptures  and  was  constant  in  his  secret  devotions ; 
htithe  was  afterwards  c(mvinccd,that  he  did  nil  this  without  any  tme 


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love  to  the  clwracter  of  Oodt  and  thiU  u  yot  *i«  WMlg;ttoMit  ofritai 
religion^  which  hits  iti  seat  in  the  heart.  It  vim*  during tbc  remark* 
able  attention  to  the  things  of  a  better  wo. :«',  •s*',A'jtt\  Ui  the  college 
and  town  of  New  HaTen  by  the  praachhig  of  Mr.  Whitefleld  mm! 
Gilbert  Tennent  in  the  year  1741,  that  his  securiry  was  shaken. 
Such  was  the  extraordinary  senl  for  religioot  ^  hich  was  at  thst  time 
called  into  action,  that  a  number  of  the  memi-  ers  of  the  college  were 
impelled  to  visit  their  fellow  students  without  regard  to  the  distinc* 
tion  of  classes,  and  to  speak  to  them  of  the  important  concerns  oi' 
eternity.  At  this  period  David  Btunerd,  then  a  student,  entered 
the  room  of  Mr.  Hopkins,  and  though  he  could  draw  nothing  from 
him  and  found  him  completely  reserved,  yet  he  made  a  remark, 
which  sunk  into  his  heart.  He  observed,  that  it  was  impossi' 
ble  for  any  man  to  be  a  real  Christian,  who  was  not  aometimes  deep« 
ly  affected  in  contemplating  the  character  of  Christ.  Mr.  Hop- 
kins  could  not  but  admit,  that  a  warm  afiection  for  the  Redeemer 
would  exist  in  those,  who  had  been  saved  by  him  from  their  sins, 
and  aa  he  was  conscious  of  no  such  love  to  the  Son  of  God,  he  be- 
came  convinced,  that  he  was  destitute  of  the  spirit  of  the  gospel. 
The  sense  of  his  ignorance  and  of  his  sin  impelled  him  to  seek  in- 
BtrucUon  and  supplicate  mercy.  At  length  he  was  enlightened 
with  the  knowledge  of  the  way  of  solvation.  The  chancer  of  Je- 
sus Christ,  as  mediator  between  God  and  man,  filled  htm  with  joy, 
to  which  he  had  before  been  a  stranger.  Still  he  did  not  indulge 
the  hope,  that  he  was  a  Christian.  His  mind  was  for  some  time 
principally  occupied  by  the  consideration  of  his  unworthiness,  help* 
lessness,  and  guilt.  Many  whole  days  he  spent  in  fasting  and 
prayer. 

After  he  was  graduated  in  September  1741,  he  retired  to  his  fa- 
ther's house,  and  lived  a  recluse  for  a  number  of  months,  except 
when  he  could  hold  intercourse  with  persons  zealous  in  religion. 
In  December  he  went  to  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  to  pursue 
the  study  of  divinity  with  Mr.  Edwards,  and  while  with  him  was  led 
toconskler  the  proper  effects  and  evidences  of  tliat  renovation  of  soul, 
which  lie  believed  to  be  necessary  in  order  to  receive  the  blessings 
of  the  gospel,  and  for  the  first  time  became  satisfied  that  he  was  s 
Christian.  After  he  was  licensed  to  preach  in  May  1743,  he  still 
continued  at  Northampton,  engaged  in  his  theological  studies, 
preaching  occasidnally,  without  any  pecuniary  compensation,  in  the 
neighboring  towns.  From  December  of  this  year  till  May  1743 
he  preached  to  a  new  society  in  Sym&Uury,  Connecticut.  In  July 
he  went  to  Houssatonnoc,  now  Great  Harrington,  Massachusetts, 
where  he  was  ordained  December  38,  1743.  At  this  time  there 
were  only  thirty  families  in  the  place.  Here  he  continued  till  Jan* 
uary  18,  1769,  when  he  was  dismissed  by  an  ecclesiastical  council. 
This  event  was  occasioned  by  the  diminution  of  his  society  and  the 
want  of  support.    An  episcopal  church  had  been  established  in  the 


HOP. 


3SJ 


town  in  ordbr  to  escape  the  tax  fur  the  maintenance  of  a  ministrr 
ut'  thu  go»pel. 

Mr.  Hopktnt  was  aguin  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Newport,  Rhode 
Itlandi  Apiil  1 1,  1770.      There  were  some  circumstances  attend- 
ing his  cstabliiihincnt  in  this  plucc,  which  were  remHrkable,  and 
which  prore«  that  the  hearts  of  all  mun  are  in  the  hands  oC  God,  and 
niay  be  turned  as  tne  rivers  of  water  arc  turned.      Ai\er  he  had 
been  with  this  people  some  time,  a  meeting  was  called,  and  it  was 
voted  not  to  give  him  on  invitation  to  settle  among  them.      Many 
were  dissatisfied  with  hiti  sentiments,      lie  accordin(;ly  made  his 
preparations  to  leave  thern,  und  on  the  sabbath  preaclied  a  farewell 
discourse.      This  sermon  was  so  interesting  and  impressive,  thut  u 
different  vote  was  immediately  and  almii&t  unanimously  passed,  und 
he  consented  to  remain.      For  ulxiiit  four  years  he  was  unwearied 
in  the  discharge  of  his  pastoral  duties,  preaching  a  lecture  every 
week  in  addition  to  the  services  of  the  sabbath,  and  seizing  every  op- 
portunity to  impart  religious  instruction.      The  war  of  the  revolu- 
don  interrupted  his  benevolent  labors.     In  December  1776,  when 
the  British  took  possession  of  Ncwiiort,  he  left  the  town,  and  retir- 
ed to  his  family)  which  he  had  before  sent  to  Great  Barrington. 
During  the  summer  of  1777  he  preached  at  Newburyport  in  a  con- 
gregation, which  was  thought  to  be  the  largest  v^  America.      Its 
pastor,  the  reverend  Mr.  Parsons,  died  a  short  time  before.      He 
aRerwards  labored  in  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  in  Canterbury  and 
Stamford,  Connecticut.    In  the  spring  of  1730  he  returned  to  New- 
port, which  had  been  evacuated  by  the  British  in  the  fall  of  the  pre- 
ceding year.    He  found  his  church  and  congregation  much  dimin- 
ished.   The  town  had  been  so  long  in  tiie  hands  of  the  enemy,  that 
many,  who  had  removed,  had  become  established  in  other  places, 
«nd  were  thus  prevented  from  i*ctumlng.     The  meeting  house  had 
been  made  a  barrack  for  soldiers,  and  had  been  much  injured,  and 
the  bell  had  been  carried  aWay.     That  portion  of  his  former  socie- 
ty, which  had  remtuned  in  the  town,  had  become  so  impoverished, 
that  he  had  no  prospect  of  a  maintenance.      Yet  such  was  his  be- 
nevolence, tliat  he  preached  to  them  a  year  supported  entirely  by  a 
few  generous  friends,  and  when  he  received  a  pressing  invitation  to 
setde  at  Middleborough,  the  request  of  his  people  induced  him  to 
decline  it.     From  this  time  till  liis  death  his  maintenance  was  de- 
rived  entirely '  from  a  weekly  contribution  and  the  donations  of  hiii 
friends.    But  he  was  contented  with  his  humble  circumstances,  and 
in  a  situation,  which  would  have  filled  most  minds  with  the  great- 
est anxiety,  he  cast  himself  upon  the  providence  of  God,  and  expe- 
rienced through  a  course  of  years  many  remarkable  interpositions 
in  his  favor.     Hu  wants  were  always  supplied.     On  the  tenth  of 
January  1799  a  paralytic  affection  deprived  him  of  the  use  of  his 
limbs,  although  his  mental  powei-s  were  luunjurcd.     But  he  after- 

46 


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iitrards  recovered  from  this  attack,  so  as  to  be  able  to  preach.     He 
died  December  20,  1803,  in  the  eighty  third  year  of  his  age. 

Or.  Hopkins  was  a  very  humble,  pious,  and  beneVolent  maa. 
His  views  of  his  own  character  were  always  very  abasing.     He 
cherished  no  proud  conceptions  of  his  owii  excellence,  but  ever 
considered  hiMself  as  a  very  guilty  sinner,  meriting  everlasting 
punishment>  and  subsisting  entirely  upon  mercy.      He  therefore 
walked  humbly  with  God>    Knowing  his  own  helplessness  and  sin, 
and  thti&  being  impressed  by  a  just  view  of  the  state  of  a  depraved 
\rorld,  he  admired  the  plan  of  redemption,  which  brought  pardon 
to  the  guilty,  and  salvation  to  the  lost.     His  only  hope  was  ih  the 
infinite  merit  and  worthiness  of  Jesus  Christ.      It  was  his  constant 
prayer, "  God  be  merciful  to  me,  a  sinner  !"'    This  humility  per- 
vaded his  whole  conduct.     It  preserved  him  from  that  overbearing 
zeal,  which  is  the  offspring  of  self  confidence  and  pride.     In  his 
intercourse  with  persons  of  sentiments  different  from  his  own, 
he  exhibited  the  greatest  mildness  and  candor.    As  truth  Mras  his  ob> 
ject,and  he  never  disputed  for  victory,  he  sometime/s  carried  con^c- 
tion  to  an  opponent  by  the  force  of  his  arguments:    While  he  made 
it  his  constant  care  to  watch  against  the  intrusion  ofsinful  thoughts, 
and  wiiile  he  found  his  highest  pleasures  in  the  moments  of  retire- 
metit  from  the  world,  when  he  could  meditate  upon  the  sublime  and 
cheering  truths  of  heaven  and  could  express  the  desired  of  his  soul 
to  God,  he  also  was  careful  to  bring  forth  in  his  life  the  fruits  of 
righteousness.     He  sympathised  in  the  distresses  of  others.     He 
took  delight  in  relieving  the  wants  of  the  poor.     Though  he  had 
but  little  to  bestow,  yet  many  were  gladdened  by  his  liberality.    On 
one  occasion  he  contributed  a  hundred  dollars  for  promoting  the 
gospel  among  the  Africans.      After  a  useful  and  holy  life,  at  the 
approacn  of  death  he  enjoyed  the  peace  of  the  upright. 

Dr.  Hopkins  was  a  distinguished  divine.  His  mind  was  discern* 
ing,  and  his  application  was  almost  unequalled.  He  sometimes  do* 
voted  to  his  studies  eighteen,  hours  in  a  d^y.  With  respect  to  his 
views  of  divine  truth,  he  embraced  the  Calvinistlc  doctrines ;  and  it 
is  principally  by  the  consequences,  which  he  drew  from  these  doc- 
trines,  that  his  name  has  been  rendered  famous.  He  fully  admit- 
ted the  Calvinistic  doctrine  of  the  entire  depravity  of  the  human 
heart  and^he  sinfulness  of  all  the  doings  of  the  unregenerate  ;  but 
his  discerning^  mind  perceived'  the  discordance  between  this  doc- 
trine and  the  preaching  of  some  of  the  Ciatvinistic  divines,  vrho 
exhorted  the  unregenerate  as  such  to  perform  certain  acts  as  the 
appointed  way  to  obtsdn  that  grace,  which  should  renew  their  heaits 
and  make  them  holy.  If  men  before  conversion  could  do  nothing, 
that  was  pleasing  to  God,  he  concluded  they  could  do  nothing  to 
procure  the  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  Instead  therefore  of  ex- 
horting sinners  to  use  the  means  of  grace  in  order  to  obtain  the  di- 
vine  assistance  to  enable  them  to  repent,  when  it  was  acknowledged 


HOP. 


355 


'that  in  the  use  of  the  means  of  grace  they  would  be-^ntirely  sinful, 
he  thought  it  a  sacred  duty,  encumbent  on  the  ministers  oftUe  gos- 
pel, to  imitate  the  preaching  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  their  Master,  and 
to  call  upon  men  immediately  to  repent  and  yield  themselves  to  tlie 
love  of  God.  He  thought  that  religious  advantages,  if  in  the  use 
of  them  the  unregenerate  were  not  converted,  would  but  increase 
guilt,  as  in  this  case  there  would  be  a  gi>cater  reustance  to  the  truth. 
Another- sentiment,  which  is  considered  as  one  of  the  peculiar  sen- 
timents of  Dr., Hopkins,  is  that  the  inability  of  sinners  is  moral  and 
not  natural ;  but  this  is  only  saying,' that  their  inability  consists 
in  disinclination  of  heart  or  opposition  of  will  >  to  what  is  good. 
Combining  the  Calvinistic  doctrine,  that  God  has  foreordtdned  what- 
soever  cumes.to  pass,  with  his  views  of  the  nature  of  sin  as  consist- 
ing entirely  in  the  intention  or  disposition  of  the  mind,  he  inferred, 
that  it  was  no  impeachment  upon  the  character  of  the  most  right- 
'  «ous  Disposer  of  all  events  to  say,  not  merely  that  he  decreed  the 
existence  of  sin,  but  that  he  exerted  his  own  power  to  produce  it. 
The  design  being  benevolent,  he  contended  that  no  more  iniquity 
could  be  attached  to  this  act,  than  to  the  bare  permission  of  sin. 
-This  is  another  of  his  peculiarities.  From  his  views  of  the  nature 
of  holiness,  as  consisting  in  disinterested  benevolence,  he  also  in- 
ferred, that  a  Christian  should  be  willing  to  perish  forever,  to  be 
forever  miserable,  if  it  should  be  necessary  for  the  glory  of  God 
and  the  good  of  the  universe,  that  he  should  encounter  this  destruc- 
tion. 'Instead  of  the  Calvinistic  doctrine  of  the  strict  imputation  of 
Adani's  sin  and  of  the  righteousness  of  Christ,  he  chose  rather  to 
«dopt  the  language  of  «cripture  in  saying,  that  on  account  of  the 
first  transgression  men  were  made  ur  constituted  sinners,  and  that 
men  are  justified  on  account  of  the  righteousness  of  Christ,  or 
•tlirough  the  redemption,  which  there  is  in  him. 

.Dr.  Hopkins  published  three  sermons,  entitled,  sin  through  div  ine 
interposition  an  advantage  to  the  universe,  and  yet  this  no  excuse 
for  sin  or  encouragement  to  it,  1759,  the  second  edition  of  which 
was  published  in  Boston  in  1773,  and  another  edition  about  the 
same  time  in  Edinburgh;  an  inquiry  concerning  the  promises  of 
•the  gospel,  whether,  any  of  them  are  made  to  the  exercises  and  do- 
ings oi  persons  in  an  unregencrate  state,  containing  remarks  on 
two  «ermonsby  Dr.  May  hew,  1765-;  a  sermon  on  the  divinity  of 
Chrlit,  preached  in  Boston,  1768 ;  two  sermons  on  Romanes  vii.  7, 
and  John  i.  13,  1768,  republished,  L793  ;  the  true  state  «nd  charac- 
j^rof  the  unregenerate,  stripped  of  all  misrepresentation,  and  dis- 
guise, being  an  answer  to'therevereiid  Mr.  Mills,  176>9  ;  animad- 
versions on  Mr.  Hart's  late  dialogue,  1770 ;  an  inquiry  into  the  na- 
ture of  true  holiness,  with  an  appendix  in  answer  to  Drs.  Hemmen- 
way  and  Mather,  1773  ;  of  this  inquiry  a  second  edition  war  pub- 
iwhed  in  1791 ;  a  dialogue,  shewing  it  to  Ui  the  duty  and  interest 
rofthe  American  states  to  emancipate  all  their  African  slaves.  1776 ; 


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an  inquiry  concerning  the  future  state  of  those,  who  die  in  thmr  sinn, 
1783;  a  system  of  doctrines,  contained  in  divine  revelation,  cx> 
plained  and  defended,  to  whicli  m  added  a  treatise  on  the  miUenni. 
uvcif  2  vols.  8vo,  1793  ;  it  is  on  this  system  of  divinity,  that  the  rep- 
utation of  the  author  principally  rests }  the  life  of  Miss  Susannah 
Anthony,  1796;  the  life  of  Mr.<v.  Osborn,  1798;  and  a  volume  of 
sermons  either  a  short  timo  before  or  soon  after  his  death*  He  left 
behind  him  sketches  of  his  life  written  by  himself,  a  dialogue  on 
the  nature  p.nd  extent  of  true  Christian  sr\bnii5abn,  and  an  address 
to  professing  ChrisUans,  all  of  which  were  published  by  the  rev. 

erend  Dr.  West  of  Stockbridge  in  1805 Hofikina*  life. 

HOPKiNS  (Lemuel),  a  poet,  was  bom  in  Waterbury,  Connect- 
icut, about;  the  year  1755.  After  a  good  education  at  school  he 
engaged  in  the  study  of  physic  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Potter  of 
Wallinglbrd.  He  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Litchfield  About  the  year  1776.  Here  he  acquired  celebrity  as  a 
physician,. and  the  singularity  of  his  appearance,  manners,  and  opin- 
ions attracted  general  notice.  About  the  year  1784  he  removed  to 
Hartford,  where  he  lived  till  his  death  in  April  1 80 1 ,  aged  fifty  one 
years.  Three  small  productions  of  his  pen,  of  singular  humor,  are 
mserted  m  the  American  poems,  and  be  is  the  reputed  projector 
of  the  Anarchiad,  a  work,  which  he  assisted  in  executing. — Month- 
fy  mag.  and  Amer.  review^  i.  468. 

•  HOPKINSON  (Francis),  district  judge  of  the  United  States 
for  Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  that  state  in  1738.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  from  New  Jersey  in  1776,  in  which  year  he  signed 
the  declaration  of  independence.  He  held  an  appointment  in  the 
loan  office  for  several  years,  and  afterwards  succeeded  George  Ross, 
esquire,  as  judge  of  the  admiralty  for  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 
In  this  station  he  continued  till  the  year  1790,  when  he  was  appoint- 
ed by  "Washington  a  judge  of  the  district  court.  He  died  May  9, 
179 1 .  He  was  a  person,  whose  stature  was  a  little  below  the  com- 
mon size,  whose  features  were  small,  but  uncommonly  animated, 
and  whose  speech  and  motions  indicated  the  activity  of  his  mind. 
Hc'  was  distinguished  for  his  wit  in  conversation,  but  it  was  mild 
and  elegant.  He  contributed  not  a  little  towards  promoting  the  in- 
dependence of  AmeHca,  not  however  by  labored  discussions,  but  by 
his  inimitable  humor  said  satire.  He  began  in  1775  with  a  small 
tract,  entitled,  a  pretty  story,  in  which  in  an  allegorical  manner  he 
exposed  the  tyranny  of  Great  Britain  towards  America,  and  he  cwi- 
eluded  his  contributions  to  bis  country  in  this  way  with  the  history 
of  the  new  roof,  which  ought  to  hr.  read  with  interest,  while  the  cit- 
izens of  the  United  States  are  sheltered  under  their  present  form  of 
national  government.  His  battle  of  the  kegs  has  been  much  admir- 
ed for  its  wit.  A  few  yciivs  before  his  death  in  consequence  of  an 
act  of  the  assembly  for  cutlinp;  down  the  trees  of  Philadelphia  in  or- 
fjpr  to  guard  against  fire  said  the  evils  of  stagnant  air^  hp  wrote  u  hu- 


Jnited  States 
i  was  a  mem- 


HOV. 


S57 


roorous  s])crch  of  a  ttanding  member  of  the  assembly  against  the 
act,  and  rescued  the  devoted  trees  from  the  impending  destruction. 
]Us  satires  on  newspaper  scandal  had  the  eft'ect  to  reslrun  for  a 
iiumi>er  of  months  the  licentiousness  of  the  press.  His  specimen 
of  modem  learning  in  an  examination  of  the  properties  of  a  salt 
\-.o\  is  a  piece  of  exquisite  humor.  His  opinions  on  education  were 
bomewhat  peculiar.  He  often  ridiculed  in  conversation  the  prac- 
tice of  teaching  children  the  English  language  by  means  of  gram- 
mar. He  considered  most  of  the  yearS)  which  were  spent  in  learn- 
ing Greek  and  Latin?  as  lost,  and  he  held  several  of  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences, which  are  taught  in  colleges,  in  great  contempt.  To  hi& 
poetical  talents  he  united  uncommon  excellence  in  music,  and  some 
knowledge  of  painting.  Besides  the  above  worksy  he  published  sci- 
ence, a  poem,  1762.  After  his  death  his  miscellaneous  essays  and 
occasional  writings  were  published  in  three  vols.  8vo,I792.— .3ica«c. 
magazine,  iii.  750 — 753  ;  ^nierican  imtscum,\\\,  165  ;  ix.  39  ;  Mur^ 
die's  biog.  diet.  ^    /'  f-    .      . :.' 

HOVEY  (Ivory),  minister  of  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  was 
l)orn  at  Topsfield  July  14,  1714.  In  the  sixteenth  year  of  his  age 
he  became  a  member  of  the  church  of  Christ.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1735,  and  was  ordained  minister  of  Mctapois- 
ct,  the  second  parish  of  Rochester,  October  29,  1 740.  Having  de- 
voted much  attention  to  the  study  of  physic  in  consequence  of  liis 
impaired  health,  he  in  1744  commenced  the  practice,  and  was  thet 
principal  physician  of  Mctapoiset  till  his  dismission  in  1765.  He 
was  afterwards  installed,  April  18,  1770,  at  Monumct  ponds  in 
Plymouth,  where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  died  No- 
vember 4,  1803,  in  the  ninetieth  year  of  his  age,  having  beeu  able 
to  continue  his  public  labors  till  a  few  days  before  his  death.  He 
had  preached  about  sixty  five  years,  and  during  that  time  kept  a 
journal,  designed  to  promote  his  improvement  in  Christian  excel- 
lence, which  he  left  behind  him  in  about  seven  thousand  octavo  pag- 
es of  short  hand.  Extracts  from  it  arc  p  <  sv  rved  in  the  PiscataqiM 
magazine.  He  was  one  of  the  be;;t  of  mci.,  being  distinguished  lior 
meekness,  humility,  and  piety.  A  great  part  of  his  time  was  spent 
in  his  study,  and  few  men  ever  wrote  so  many  sermons,  though  in 
the  latter  periods  of  his  life  he  usually  preached  without  notes. 
He  published  a  valedictory  sermon  wu  leaving  Mctapoiset,  and  one 
or  two  sermons  on  the  subject  of  mortality. — Phcataqua  ex-ang. 
mg.  i.  88,  89  ;  iii.  144,  185,  229  ;  Maasa.  jnias.  wag.  iii.  20  ;  iv. 
302  ;  Prince's  Chr.  hist,  i  190. 

HOWARD  (Simeon,  d.o.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  born  at 
Bridgewatcr,  Massachusetts,  May  10,  1733,  and  was  graduated  at 
iIar^'ard  college  in  1758.  He  was  afterwards  an  instiucier  of  yout!i 
for  several  years,  during  which  time  he  was  preparing  himself  for 
tiic  ministry.  Soon  after  he  began  to  prcacli,  he  wms  Invited  to  the 
jnovincc  of  Nov:^  Scotiji,  where  he  officiuteil  about  a  year.     In  1766 


: 


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he  was  elected  a  tutor  of  Harvard  college  ;  and  on  the  sixth  ofMty 
1TQ7  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  west  church  in  Boston^  as  succes. 
sor  to  Dr.  Mayhew.  He  continued  in  this  station  till  his  death,  Au- 
gust 13)  1804,  in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age  and  thirty 
eighth  of  his  ministry.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Mr. 
i.owell.' 

•Dr.  Howard  took  an  early  part  in  vindicating  the  liberties  of  his 
country.      When  our  rights  were  invaded,  he  vas  strenuously  op- 
posed to  yielding  them.      He  heartily  engaged  in  promoting  the 
American  revolution,  and  participated  in  the  joy,  experienced  on 
the  acknowledgment  of  our  independence.    In  the^various  relations 
of  life  he  was  faithful  and  exemplary.    He  steadily  exerted  himself 
to  advance  the  interests  of  humanity  and  literature,  and  was  for 
many  years  one  of  the  governors  of  the  university.    As  a  preacher, 
though  he  was  not  eloquent  and  popular,  he  yet  was  free  from  those 
laults,  which  adhere  to  many  public  speakers.    There  was  nothing 
offensive  in  his  delivery,  nothmg  artificial  or  disgusting  in  his  tones. 
In  his  theological  sentiments  he  differed  from  the  first  fathers  of 
the  New  England  churches,  tor  he  rejected  the  system  of  Calvin. 
The  creed,  which  he  early  embraced,  he  retained  till  his  death. 
Towards  those  who  differed  from  him,  he  was  -indulgent  in  his 
thoughts,  and  tolerant  in  his  conduct.    He  never  could*  approve  of  a 
sarcastic  and  irreverent  way  of  speaking  of  objects,  which  any  sin- 
cere believer  might  deem  sacred.    He  was  indeed  so  mild  and  gen- 
tle>  that  he  could  not  express  severity,  which  he  never  felt.    There 
was  a  serenity  upon  his  countenance,  which  indicated  the  peace, 
^hat  constantly  dwelt  in  his    heart.       He   was    remarkable  for 
humility.      While  he  never  mentioned  either  his  virtues  or  his 
faults,  it  was  evident  to  ull,  who  were  intimately  acquainted  with  him, 
that  he  had  a  humble  sense  of  his  own  talents  and  moral  attainments. 
One  cause  of  that  taciturnity,  which  was  regretted  by  his  friends, 
wras  an  unwillingness  to  engage  in  the  usual  topics  of  conversation. 
Sle  did  not  choose  to  speak  of  himself ;  he  had  no  ambition  to  wound 
<he  feelings  of  his  neighbor  by  a  smart  reply  or  a  witty  sarcasm ; 
his  sincerity  discjualified  him  for  flattery  and  compliments ;  he  was 
too  candid  to  be  disposed  to  rail  against  the  opinions  of  others,  be- 
cause they  differed  from  his  own;  he  was  unwilling  needlessly  to 
offend  by  contradicting  those,  who  were  present,  and  he  could  not 
slander  the  absent.     Such  a  man  must  often'find  it  necessary  to  be 
silent.     He  was  endeared  to  his  people,  for  he  interested  himself  in 
their  welfare,  and  endeavored  to  render  them  viituous  and  good. 
All,  who  knew  him,  were  delighted  with  the  modesty,  mildness,  and 
benevolence,  wnich  he  exhibited.      He  published  an  artillery  elec- 
don  sermon,  1773  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  1777  ;  a  ser- 
mon to  freemasons,  1778  ;  a  sermon  on  not  being  ashamed  of  tli'; 
gospel,  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Winthrop,  1779  ;   election 
aermon,  1780. — Monthly  aiithUoi^nj^  i.  476  ;  iii.  115 — 110  ;  Litmn: 
mhr^Uamj^  ii.  o3j — 339. 


fe,  1777  ;  aser- 


HOW. 


ssyr 


HOWELL  (Richard),  governor  oi  New  Jersey,  was  a  native  of 
Delaware  and  having  been  admitted  to  the  bar  a  short  time  before 
the  late  struggle  between  Great  Brituin  and  America  commenced, 
hcdevoted  his  tulents  to  the  service  of  his  country.  His  abilities  a« 
a  soldier  procured  him  the  appointment  of  the  second  Jersey  regi- 
ment in  1776,  which  station  he  occupied  till  the  spring  of  177^, 
when  in  consequence  of  a  new  arrangement  of  the  army  he  resum- 
ed tlie  profession  of  the  law.  In  1788  he  was  appointed  clerk  of 
the  supreme  court,  which  office  he  h^ld  till  Jviae  1793,  when  he 
vas  chosen  governor  of  the  state.  To  this  pbcc  he  was  eight  years 
successively  elected.  He  died  April  28,  1802,  aged  forty  seven 
years.  He  possessed  a  cultivated  mind,  and  v^as  benevolent  In  his 
life. — The  balance^  i.  156. 

HUBBARD  (William),  minister  of  Ipswich,  MassachusettSr 
and  a  historian,  was  bom  in  the  year  1621,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  the  first  class  in  1 643.  The  time  of  his  ordi- 
nation is  not  known,  but  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  about  the  year 
1657,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Cobbet.  In  his  old  age  Mr.  John  Rog- 
ers was  settled  with  him  in  1692.  Mr.  Hubbard  died  September 
14,  1704,  aged  eighty  three  years.  He  was  a  man  of  teaming,  and 
of  a  candid,  benevolent  mind.  Such  was  his  attachment  to  the  ec- 
desdastical  order,  established  by  the  fathers  of  New  England,  that 
when  the  church  in  Brattle  Street,  Boston,  was  founded  on  new  and 
less  strict  principles,  he  expressed  his  indignant  feelings  at  the  in- 
novation. His  son,  Nathaniel  Hubbard,  esquire,  was  a  member  of 
the  council,  and  one  of  the  justices  of  the  superior  court. 

Mr.  Hubbard  wrote  a  valuable  history  of  New  England,  which  is 
still  in  manuscript.  It  is  a  manuscript  in  folio  of  more  than  three 
hundred  pages,  after  the  plan  of  Winthrop's  journal.  It- was  used 
by  Mather  in  writing  his  magnalia,  by  Hutchinson,  and  of  late  by 
the  reverend  Dr.  Holmes.  He  published  an  election  sermon,  en- 
titled, the  happiness  of  a  people  in  the  w^isdom  of  their  rulers  direct- 
ing and  in  the  obedience  of  their  brethren  attending  unto  what  Is- 
rael ought  to  do,  1676 ;  the  present  state  of  New  England,  beinj:;  a 
narrative  of  the  troubles  with  the  Indians  from  the  first  piantini;- 
thereofin  1607  to  1677,  butchiieflyof  the  two  last  years  1675  and 
1676,  to  which  is  added  a  discourse  about  the  war  with  the  Pe- 
qu  AS,  4tO,  1 677 ;  a  fast  sermon,  1 682  ;  a  funeral  discoui  se  on  ma- 
jor general  Denison,  1684 ;  a  testimony  to  the  order  of  the  gospel  in 
the  churches  of  New  England, with  Mr.  Higginson,  \70\ *-~Hutch' 
inioHy  ii.  147  ;  Holmes*  annals^  ii.  64  ;  Collect,  hist,  eoc.  vii.  253 ;  x. 
33^35. 

HUDSON  (Henrv),  an  eminent  navigator,  was  an  Englishman, 
who  explored  a  part  of  the  coast  of  Greenland  in  the  years  1 507  and 
1608,  while  seeking  a  passage  to  Japan  and  China.  After  his  re- 
turn to  England  from  his  second  voyage,  he  went  over  to  Holland,, 
andthe  Dutch  East  India  company  gave  him  the  command  of  a. 


mm 


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HUN. 


ship  for  discovery.      He  twiled  March  35)  1609,  and  aflerpisMng 
along  the  coast  of  Laphmd,  he  crossed  the  Atlantic,  and  dbcovercd 
cape  Cod,  at  which  place  he  landed.      He  then  pursued  his  course 
to  the  Chesapes^ke,  and  on  his  return  along  the  coast  entered  the 
river  in  the  state  of  New  York,  which  bears  his  name,  and  ascended 
in  September  as  far  as  where  the  city  of  Albany  now  stands.    A  set- 
tlement was  soon  after  made  upon  thia  river  by  the  Dutch.  In  1 6  lo;be 
Was  again  fitted  out  by  some  gentleman  to  discover  a  passage  to  the 
south  sea,  and  in  this  voyage  he  discovered  the  extensive  bay  to  the 
north,  which  bears  his  name.    He  drew  his  ship  into  a  small  creek 
on  the  third  of  November,  and  it  was  frozen  up  during  the  winter, 
Uncommon  flights  of  wild  fowl  furnished  provision,  without  whiclt 
supply  the  crew  must  have  perished.       In  the  spring  of  1611 
lie  made  several  efforts  to  complete    his    discoveries,  but  was 
obliged  to  abandon  his  enterprize  and  make    the    best    of  his 
Way  home.    He  distributed  to  his  men  with  tears  in  his  eyes  all  the 
bread,  he  had  left,  which  was  only  a  pound  to  each ;  though  it  is  said, 
that  other  provisbns  were  after\v,ird  found  in  the  ship.     In  h  3  un* 
easiness  and  despair,  he  let  fall  threatening  words  of  setting  some 
of  his  men  on  shore ;  upon  which  a  few  of  the  sturdiest,  who  had 
been  very  mutinous,  entered  his  cabin  iu  ihe  night,  tied  his  arms 
behind  him,  and  set  him  adrift  in  the  shallop  at  the  west  end  of  the 
straits  with  his  son  and  seven  of  the  most  sick  and  innrm  of  his 
men.    He  never  was  heard  of  again.     The  crew  proceeded  with 
the  shipjfor  England.     Four  of  tliem  were  killed  by  the  savages,  as 
they  went  on  ^ore  near  the  strait's  mouth,  and  the  rest,  feady  to 
ddie  for  want,  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  September  1611.    He  publish- 
ed divers  voyages  and  northern  discoveries,  1607  ;  a  second  voyage 
for  finding  a  passage  to  the  East  Indies  by  the  north  east,  1608.  Ac- 
counts of  his  other  voyages  were  published  ;  but  they  were  not  written 
by  himself.  Some  of  them  are  preserved  in  the  third  volume  of  Pur- 
chas*  pilgrims. — 3elknafi*a  .American  biografihy^  i.  394-- 407;  J^evt 
and  gen.  biog.  diet. ;    Hardie  }  ,  JSpttnes*  annals^  i.  167  ;    Forsier'f 
voyagea^  332i  42\.  '  " T 

HUNTINGTON  (Joseph,  d.d.),  minister  of  Coventry,  Con- 
necticut,  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1762,  and  died  in  the  year 
1795.  He  is  well  known  as  the  author  of  a  work,  entitled,  Calvin- 
ism improved,  or  the  gospel  illustrated  as  a  system  of  real  grace, 
issuing  in  the  salvation  of  all  men,  which  was  published  after  his 
death,  in  1796.  In  it  the  author  contends,  that  our  sins  are  trans- 
ferred to  Christ,  and  h*5  righteousness  to  us,  that  he  was  a  true  and 
proper  substitute  for  sai  mai^kind,  and  has  procured  unconditional 
salvation  for  everv  individual.  It  was  answered  in  the  same  year 
by  the  reverend  Dr.  Strong  in  a  work,  which  bears  the  title  of  the 
doctrine  of  eternal  misery  reconcileablc  with  the  ii)finite  benevo- 
lence of  God.  Dr.  Huntington  published  a  sermon  on  the  vanity 
a:id  mischief  of  presuming  on  things  beyond  our  measure,  17'74 ; 


HUN. 


361 


d  after  pasbing 
and  discovered 
ued  his  course 
ist  entered  the 
I,  and  ascended 
itands.  A  set- 
tch.Inl610;he 
passage  to  the 
sive  bay  to  the 
» a  small  creek 
ing  the  winter, 
without  which 
pring  of  1611 
sries,  but  was 
i  best  of  his 
his  eyes  all  the 
lOUgh  it  is  said, 
p.  In  h  3  un* 
»f  setting  some 
'diest,  who  had 
,  tied  his  arms 
TCst  end  of  the 
I  innrm  of  his 
proceeded  with 
the  savages,  as 
B  rest,  feady  to 
.  He  publish* 
second  voyage 
a«t,1608.  Ac* 
rere  not  written 
rolume  of  Pur- 
14 — 407;  JVevf 
57  ;    Forster's 

Coventry,  Con- 
ied  in  the  year 
)titled,  Calvin- 
of  real  grace, 
shed  after  his 
sins  are  trans- 
was  a  true  and 
unconditional 
the  same  year 
he  title  of  the 
finite  benevo- 
on  the  vanity 
leasure,  1774 , 


a  plea  before  the  ecclesiastical  council  at  Stockbtidge  in  the  cause 
of  Mrs.  Fisk)  who  was  excommunicated  for  marrying  a  profane 
and  immoral  man,  delived  October  1779  ;  an  address  to  his  anabap* 
tist  brethren^  1783. 

HUNTINGTON  (Samuel),  governor  of  Connecticut,  was 
oom  in  Windham  and  descended  from  an  ancient  family.  In  his 
youth  he  gave  indications  of  an  excellent  understanding.  With* 
out  the  advantages  of  a  collegia!  education  he  acquired  a  cotnpe* 
tent  knowledge  of  the  law,  and  was  early  admitted  to  the  bar  j  soon 
after  which  he  settled  in  Norwich,  and  in  a  few  years  became  emi- 
nent in  his  profession.  In  1764  he  was  a  representative  in  th« 
general  assembly,  and  the  following  year  was  appointed  king's 
attorney,  which  oflice  he  filled  with  reputation,  imtil  more  import- 
ant services  induced  him  to  relinquish  it.  In  1774  he  was  made 
an  assistant  judge  of  the  superior  couit.  In  177.S  he  was  elected 
into  the  council,  and  in  the  same  )ear  chosen  a  delcj^atc  to  congress. 
In  1779  he  was  president  of  that  honorable  body,  and  Avas  rcchosen 
the  following  year.  After  this  year  he  resumed  his  €cat  in  the 
council  of  Connecticut  and  on  the  bench.  In  1783  he  was  again  a 
member  of  congress.  In  1784  he  was  chosen  lieutenant  governor 
and  appointed  chief  justice.  lie  was  placed  in  the  chair  of  the 
chief  magistrate  in  1786,  and  was  annually  reelected  till  his  death. 
He  died  at  Norwich  January  8,  1796  in  the  sixty  fourth  year  of  his 
age.— Co/MWtWan  centinel^  Jan.  20,  1796  ;  Strongs  fun.  sermon. 

HUTCHINS  (Thomas),  geography  general  of  the  United 
States,  was  bom  in  Monmouth  county,  New  Jersey.  His  parents 
died  when  he  was  young,  and  possessing  an  unconquerable  diffi- 
dence and  modesty,  he  neglected  to  seek  the  assistance  of  some 
friends,  which  he  had  in  New  York.  Before  he  was  sixteen  years 
of  age  he  went  to  the  western  country,  and  was  soon  appointed 
ensign  in  the  army  and  then  paymaster.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  fort  Pitt,  the  plan  of  which  he  laid  out,  and  which  was  executed 
by  him  under  general  Bouquet.  He  afterwards  lived  several  years 
in  Louisiana)  and  was  engaged  in  a  variety  of  battles  with  the  In- 
dians while  with  the  army  in  West  Florida.  He  here  obtained  a 
captain's  commission  in  the  British  army ;  but  being  much  attached 
to  America,  he  found  it  necessary  to  relinquish  it.  He  was  in  Lon- 
don at  the  commencement  of  the  war  in  1775  and  his  zeal  in  the 
cause  of  his  country  induced  him  to  refuse  some  excellent  offers* 
which  were  made  him  in  England.  Being  suspected  in  1779  of 
holding  a  correspondence  v/ith  Franklin,  then  in  France,  he  was 
throvm  into  a  dungeon,  and  lost  twelve  thousand  pounds  in  one  day. 
In  this  dark  and  loathsome  place  he  was  kept  six  weeks.  He  was 
then  examined  and  liberated.  After  this  he  went  to  France  an<l 
ailed  thence  to  Charleston,  where  he  joined  the  army  under  gen- 
eral Greene.  It  was  not  long  before  he  was  appointed  geographer 
general  of  the  United  States.      He  ilicd  at'  Pittsbur:^h   April  ?8, 

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1789.  He  was  esteemed  and  l>elovcd)  being  remarkable  (or  pietv, 
charity,  and  benevolence.  Under  the  vicissitudes  of  lite  he  was 
patient  and  rcsi(;ncd  to  the  divine  will.  The  reverend  Dr.  Morse 
was  much  indebted  to  him  in  the  compilation  of  hi»  American  gaz* 
eitecr.  -  .    ^ 

He  published  an  historical  accwmf  of  Bouqoet*s  expedition 
against  the  Ohio  Indians  in  1764,  vtrith  military  papers,  a  map  and 
plates,  1765  ;  a  topographical  description  of  Virginia,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Maryland,  North  Carolina,  &c.  with  maps,  London  1778  ;  and 
un  historical  narrative  and  topographical  description  of  Louisiana 
and  West  Florida,  Philadelphia  1784. — 4mer.  museum,  vii.  212, 
313  J  Gazette  of  U.  S.  May  23,  1789  ;  Hardie'a  biog.  diet.  ;  Matta. 
7/tajr.  iii.  422. 

HUTCHINSON  (An?«},  an  artful  woman,  who  occasioned  much 
difficulty  in  New  England  soon  after  its  first  settlement,  came  front 
Lincolnshire  to  Boston  in  1636.  She  was  an  admirer  of  Mr.  Cot- 
ton.  The  members  of  his  church  used  to  meet  every  week  to 
repeat  his  sermons,  and  discourse  on  doctrines.  Mrs.  Hutchinson 
set  up  meetings  for  women,  and  she  soon  had  a  numerous  audi- 
ence. Afler  repealing  the  sermons  of  Mr.  Cotton,  she  added 
reflections  of  her  own  ;  she  advocated  erroneous  sentiments,  and 
warped  the  discourses  o^  her  minister  to  coincide  with  her  own 
opinions.  She  asserted  that  believers  are  personally  united  with 
the  Spirit  of  God  ;  thac  commands  to  work  out  salvation  belong 
only  to  such  as  arc  under  a  covenant  of  works ;  that  sanctification  is 
not  a  sufficient  evidence  of  a  good  state  ;  and  she  pretended  to  im- 
mediate revelation  respecting  future  cventSk.  She  soon  threw  the 
whole  colony  into  a  ilanie.  Those,  who  opposed  her,  were  said  to 
be  in  favor  of  a  covenant  of  works,  and  those,  who  supported  her, 
were  sud  to  be  vindicating  a  covenant  of  grace.  The  progress  of 
her  sentiments  occasioned  the  synod  of  1637,  the  firat  synod  in 
America.  Thl»  convention  of  ministers  condemned  eighty  two 
erroneous  opitvions,  then  propagated  in  tVe  country.  Mrs.  Hutch- 
inson, after  this  sentence  of  her  opinions,  was  herself  called  before 
the  court  in  November  of  tl^  same  year,  and  being  convicted  of 
traducing  the  ministers,  and  advancing  errors,  was  banished  the  col- 
ony. Her  trial  is  published  in  the  appendix  of  the  secoml  volume 
of  Hutchinson.  She  discovers  art,  spirit,  and  talents.  The  church 
in  Boston  excommunicated  her  for  many  evils  in  her  conversation 
as  well  as  for  corrupt  opinions.  She  went  with  her  husband  to 
Rhode  Island.  In  the  year  1642  after  her  husband^'s  death  she  re- 
moved into  the  Dutch  country  beyond  New  Haven,  and  the  next 
year  she  and  all  her  family,  consisting  of  sixteen  persons,  were 
killed  by  the  Indians,  excepting  one  dixughter,  whom  they  carried 
into  captivity.— Co/i^fc^.  hiat.soc.  vii.  16,  17  ;  ix,  28,  29  ;  Morton, 
II J  ;  Hutchinson^  i.  55—57,  06,  70 — 73  ;  JVealj  i.  183,  192—194  ; 
MagnaliOi  vii.  IT— 20  ;  Winthrop,  137— >140  ;  Holmes*  annalgt  u 
-:98  ;  T.  Weld's  aliorL  storu. 


1 


HUT. 


S63 


HUTCHINSON  (Thomas),  i^overnor  of  Massachusetts,  was  a 
native  of  Boston,  and  wus  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1727. 
His  abilities  were  not  great,  yet  by  exact  temperance  and  indcfati- 
gable  industry,  united  with  thut  discretion,  which  cun  accommodate 
itself  to  circumstances,  he  rose  to  the  highest  offices.  Though 
bred  a  merchant,  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  common  iaw  of 
England,  and  studied  the  principles  of  the  British  constitittion.  H-e 
succeeded  Mr.  Se wall  as  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts  in  1761, 
and  was  lieutenant  governor  from  1758  to  1770.  He  held  at  the 
same  time  these  two  offices,  and  that  of  counsellor  and  judge  of 
probatf  for  the  county  oi  Suffolk.  Paying  a  profound  respect  to 
the  religious  institutions  of  his  country,  and  preserving  a  gravity  of 
deportment,  while  he  condescended  to  all  classes  of  citizens,  he 
acquired  a  high  degree  of  public  confidence.  He  was  the  slave  of 
ambition,  and  his  discernment  pointed  out  to  him  the  way  of  pre- 
ferment among  a  religious  and  sober  people.  Still  however  there 
were  some,  who  knew  his  character,  and  he  hud  lost  some  of  his 
popularity  by  promoting  the  writs  of  assistance,  which  Mr.  Otis 
opposed  with  such  force  of  argument,  and  by  advocating  rather  the 
prerogatives  of  the  crown,  than  the  rights  of  the  peoj^.  H€  was 
also  suspected  of  having  forwarded  the  stam])  act  by  letters  written 
upon  the  occasion.  After  the  arrival  of  the  stamps,  a  mob  in  Bos- 
ton assaulted  his  house  August  26, 1765,  and  having  forced  him  to 
retire,  out  of  regard  to  his  personal  safety,  either  destroyed  or  car- 
ried off  his  plate,  his  family  pictures,  most  of  the  furniture,  the 
wearing  apparel,  about  nine  hundred  pounds  sterling  in  money,  and 
the  manuscripts  and  books,  which  he  had  been  thirty  years  collect- 
inj.  This  outrage  was  discountenanced  the  next  day  by  the  town 
ot  Boston  ;  but  the  suspicions  against  the  Heutenant  governor  were 
never  eradicated.  When  Bernard  returned  to  England  in  August 
1769,  Hutchinson  became  commander  in  chief,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  year  was  appointed  governor.  He  now  began  to  unmask,  ex- 
plicitly avowed  his  independence  of  the  people,  and  informed  the 
legislature,  that  his  majesty  had  made  ample  provision  for  his  sup- 
port withoxit  their  aid.  They  immediately  called  upon  him  to  re- 
linquish the  unconstitutional  stipend,  and  to  accept  such  a  salary,  as 
should  be  given  him -by  the  general  assembly.  He  replied,  that 
this  wotild  be  a  breach  of  his  instructions  from  the  king.  The  com- 
mand of  his  sovereign  was  his  constant  apology  for  every  arbitrary 
step.  He  had  been  the  means  of  bringing  the  regular  troops  to 
Boston  in  1768  to  overawe  the  people  and  to  enforce  the  tyrannical 
laws  of  parliament,  and  he  was  indexible  in  his  determination  to 
retain  them,  notwithstanding  every  ar^vii^ci^i  which  was  used  for 
their  removal.  He  said  in  one  of  his  letters  to  England,  *'  five  or 
six  men  of  war,  and  three  or  four  regiments  disturb  no'jody,  ')ut 
some  of  our  grave  people,  who  do  not  love  assemblies  and  concerts, 
^  cannot  bear  the  tioise  of  drums  'ipon  a  Sunday."    He  also  -dB- 


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claredi  that  he  slept  in  mure  tranquillity  after  tlie  arrival  of  the 
troops.  In  the  year  1773  a  nutnber  of  his  letters,  writ*  n  to  the 
members  of  the  British  cabinet,  were  obtained  by  Dr.  rvtuuklln  and 
sent  to  Massachusetts.  They  dinclosed  hiy  whole  charac  v  at  once, 
and  proved  him  the  secret  enemy  of  his  country,  who  stimulated 
th<-  ministry  to  enforce  their  plans,  and  who  even  declared  to  them, 
thtt  '  there  must  be  an  abridgment  of  tsnglish  liberties  in  colonial 
adi.imistration."  Immediately  after  Ui;  i  Ictection  of  his  treachery, 
the  general  court  passed  some  seve.e  resolves,  voted  an  impeach- 
ment, and  requested,  that  his  majesty  would  remove  him  from  of. 
fice  forever.  But  as  soon  as  he  was  informed  of  the  delecmined 
measures,  which  they  were  adopting,  he  dissolved  the  usscmbl)\ 
lie  became  at  length  so  very  obnoxious  to  the  province,  that  he  was 
superseded  by  governor  Gage  in  May  1774.  He  sailed  for  £ng> 
land  on  the  first  of  Junct  and  before  his  departure  a  few  partizans 
sent  him  «n  address,  thanking  him  for  his  services.  I'tiesc  nen 
.were  long  distinguished  by  the  appellation  of  Hutchinson's  ad- 
dressers. His  impeachment  was  without  effect;  and  the  lords  of 
the  privy  council  made  a  report  highly  in  his  favur.  But  he  soon 
experienced  the  neglect  of  those,  to  the  promotion  of  whose  plunt 
he  had  sacrificed  his  reputation  for  integrity,  and  to  whom  he  had 
been  ready  to  yield  the  rights  of  his  country.  Becoming  an  object 
of  disgust  with  all  parties  he  lived  many  months  in  a  state  of  cha« 
grin  and  despondence,  and  died  at  Brampton  in  the  beginning  of 
June  1780,  aged  sixty  nine  years. 

Governor  Hutchinson  published  a  brief  state  of  the  claim  of  the 
colonies,  8cc.  1 764  }  the  history  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
B?.y  from  the  first  settlement  thereof  in  1638  until  the  year  1750, 
in  2  vol.  Svo,  the  first  in  1760,  and  the  second  in  1767  ;  and  a  eol- 
ith tion  of  original  papers  relative  to  the  history  of  the  colony  of 
]iiassaclmsetts  Bay,  Svo,  1769.  These  works  are  held  in  high  esti- 
mation by  those,  who  are  searching  into  the  history  of  our  coun* 
try.  The  late  judge  Minot  has  brought  down  the  history  of  Mas« 
sachusetts  to  the  year  1765. — tWan-etif  i.  79—83,  11 1—126  ;  Gor- 
Jon,i.  181  ;  ii.  38 — 31  ;  M'no/ ii.  70,  104,  133,  166,  187,  198-. 
516  ;  .Hb/m(r«*anna&,  it.  372, 440.  .  ,^ . 

IRVINE  (WiLLiAii),  a  brave  officer  in  the  American  war,  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  and  was  educated  for  the  medical  profession, 
which  he  relinquished  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution. 
He  had  an  early  command  in  the  army,  and  in  the  expedition  to 
Canada  in  1775  was  conspicuous  for  his  talents  and  bravery.  In  the 
operations  in  the  middle  atates  during  the  remainder  of  the  war  he 
was  consulted  by  thexommander  in  chief,  and  was  particularly  ob« 
noxious  to  the  enemj^  After  the  war  he  was  a  member  of  congress 
{rom  Pennsylvania.  He  died  at  Philadelphia  July  '30,  1804,  aged 
sixty  thrpe  years.  Major  general  Irvine  held  for  some  time  before 
his  death  the  ofBce  of  miUtary  int^pdant.    He  was  also  president 


JOH. 


365 


af  the  Cincinnati  of  Penntylrania.  Frank  and  sincere,  he  paid 
respect  to  none  but  to  those,  whom  he  deemed  worthy,  and  thoact 
for  whom  he  had  no  regard,  he  shunned  in  silence^— Aew  York 
ifiectatory  ^ugutt  1,  1804  ;  Freeman**  journal. 

JOHNSON  (Edward),  an  inhabitant  of  Woburn,  Mas^chu- 
aettS)  was  one  of  the  military  officers,  who  were  sent  to  seize  Gor- 
ton in  1643.  He  published  the  wonder  working  providence  of 
Sion's  Savior  in  New  England,  containing  a  history  of  New  En- 
gland from  1638  to  1652,  London,  4to,  1654.  In  ihis  work  he  gives 
a  description  of  the  country,  an  account  of  the  civil  and  ecclesiasti- 
cal affairs,  with  the  names  of  the  magistrates  and  ministers.— 
Princ^t  annalty  ii  ;  Backus*  abr.  5  5  ;   Winthrofi^  309. 

JOHNSON  (Samuel,  D.  p.),  frst  president  of  king's  college, 
New  York,  was  bom  in  Giii' '  '      Connecticut,  October  14,  1696. 


He  early  felt  an  unconquci 
edge,  and  was  graduated  at 
ing  year  the  ignorance  aiv 
seminary  at  Saybrook  induce 


^f  for  the  acquisition  of  knowU 

in  1714.    In  the  succeed- 

/  of  the  instructcrs  of  the 

dents  to  abandon  it..     Some 


of  thorn  went  to  Wethersfield,  where  a  school  was  established  under 
the  care  of  Messrs.  Williams  and  Smith  ;  and  some  of  them  put 
themselves  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Johnson  at  Guilford.     In  Oc- 
tober 1716  the  trustees  and  general  court  directed  the  college  to 
be  removed  to  New  Haven,  and  Mr.  Johnson  was  chosen  one  of  the 
tutors.    The  first  commencement  in  New  Haven  was  held  in  Sep- 
tember 1717,  and  Mr.  Andrew  of  Milford  officiated  as  rector,  and 
on  the  same  day  degrees  were  conferred  at  Wethersfield.     There 
was  a  party,  who  wished  to  have  the  college  established  in  this  last 
place  ;  but  the  general  assembly  rcijuired  all  the  scholars  to  repair 
to  New  Haven.    They  complied  at  Brst,  but  soon  returned.    The 
affair  was  settled  by  an  agreement  on  the  part  of  the  assembly  to 
confirm  the  degrees,  which  had  been  conferred  at  Wethersfield,  and 
to  build  a  state  house  in  the  neighboring  town  of  Hartford  at  the 
public  expense.    Mr.  Johnson  continued  as  tutor  at  the  college  till 
March  30,  1730,  when  he  was  ordained  the  minister  of  West  Ha- 
ven.   Having  an  aversion  to  extemporary  performances,  it  was  hit 
practice  to  use  forms  of  prayer,  and  to  write  only  one  sermon  in  a 
month.    He  usually  preached  the  discourses  of  others,  minuting 
down  only  the  heads,  and  expressing  himself,  when  his  remem- 
brance of  the  words  of  the  author  failed  him,  in  language  of  his  own. 
Having  embraced  the  Arminian  doctrines,  and  by  close  examination 
having  become  a  convert  to  the  episcopalian  worship  and  church 
government,  he  resigned  his  charge  at  West  Haven,  and  embarked 
at  Boston  with  president  Cutler  for  England  Novembers,  1722. 
Having  received  ordination  as  a  missionary  for  Stratford,  Connecti- 
cut, he  arrived  at  that  place  in  November  1723.  His  predecessor  and 
friend,  Mr.  Pigot,  was  immediately  removed  to  Providence.      Mr. 
Johnson  was  now  the  only  episcopalian  minister  in  Connecticut^ 


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snd  there  were  but  a  few  families  of  the  English  church  in  tht  col- 
ony. Thejr  were  not  increased  in  Stratford  by  means  of  hislaborS) 
but  in  the  neighboring  towns,  where  he  sometimes  officiated,  many 
families  conformed.  The  desire  of  escaping  the  congregational  tax 
bv  joining  a  church,  whose  minister  received  a  salary  from  a  for- 
eign  society,  and  the  petty  quarrels,  which  exist  in  most  congrega. 
lions,  were  causes,  according  to  Mr.  Hobart,  of  no  inconsiderable 
influence  in  multiplying  the  episcopalians  in  Connecticut.  Be- 
tween the  years  1735  and  1736  Mr.  Johnson  was  engaged  in  a  con- 
troversy on  the  subject  of  episcopacy  with  Mr.  Dickinson,  Mr.  Fox* 
aroft,  and  Mr.  Graham.  Entering  on  a  new  course  of  studies,  h« 
procured  the  works  of  Mr.  John  Hutchinson,  and  embraced  many 
of  his  sentiments.  He  regarded  him  as  a  person  of  a  stupendous 
geitius,  Utde  inferior  «ven  to  that  of  sir  Isaac  Newton,  whose  prin- 
ciples he  opposed ;  and  he  thought,  that  in  his  writings  he  had  dis- 
covered many  important,  ancient  truths,  had  effectually  confuted 
the  Jews,  infidels,  Arians,  and  heretics  of  other  denominations,  and 
proved,  that  the  method  of  redemption  by  Jesus  Christ  was  better 
understood  in  the  patriarchal  and  Mosaic  ages,  than  was  generally 
imagined.  In  1754  he  was  elected  president  of  the  college,  which 
had  been  lately  instituted  at  New  York.  He  went  to  that  place  in 
April  and  soon  commenced  his  labors.  The  charter  was  procured 
October  31,  1754.  In  March  1763  he  resigned,  and  was  succeed- 
ed byHhe  reverend  Myles  Cooper.  He  passed  the  remsundcr  of 
his  days  in  the  peaceful  retreat  of  Stratford,  resuming  his  former 
charge,  and  continuing  in  the  ministry  ti'I  his  death  January  6, 
1772,  in  the  seventy  sixth  year  ot  his  age. 

Dr.  Johnson  was  in  his  person  rather  tall,  and  in  the  latter  part 
ef  his  Kfe  considerably  corpulent.      While  his  countenance  was 
majestic,  there  was  also  something  in  it,  which  was  pleasing  and 
familiar.      He  was  happy  in  a  calmness  of  temper,  which  was  sel- 
dom discomposed.    Those,  who  knew  him,  generally  loved  and  re- 
vered him.    The  same  good  disposition,  which  rendered  him  amia- 
ble in  private  life,  marked  all  his  proceedings  of  a  public  nature, 
and  may  be  discovered  in  his  controversial  writings.    Benevolence 
was  a  conspicuous  trait  in  his  character.     He  seldom  sufPereda 
day  to  pass  without  doing  to  fOthers  some  good  offices  relating  to 
their  temporal  or  spiritual  ^ifiairs.    Hisconversation  was  enlivened 
by  the  natural  cheeriulness  of  his  ^sposlition,  yet  in  his  freest  dis* 
course  he  retained  a  respect  to  hts  character  as  a  clergyman.    He 
possessed  a  quick  perception,  and  «ound  judgment,  and  by  inces- 
sant study  through  a  long  life  he  became  one  of  the  best  scholars 
and  most  accomplished  divines,  of  which  Connecticut  cw  boast. 
By  his  acquaintance  with  dean  Berkeley,  he  became,  a  convert  to  the 
peculiar  metaphysical  opinions  of  that  great  man.      liiis  piety  was 
unmingled  with  gloom  pr  melancholy,  and  he  contemplated  with 
admiration  and  gratitude'  the  wonclerful  plan  of  redemption  1^  the 


JOH. 


367 


incarnation  and  sufferings  or  the  eternal  Son  of  God.  An  account 
of  his  life)  written  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Chandler,  was  given  to  the 
public  in  1805. 

He  published  plain  reasons  for  conforming  to  the  church)  1733  ; 
two  tracts  in  the  controversy  with  Mr.  Graham  ;  a  letter  from  Ar- 
istocies  to  Authades  ;  a  defence  of  it  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Dickinson  i. 
a  system  uf  morality,  1746,  designed  to  check  the  progress  of  en- 
thusiasm ;  a  compendium  of  logic,  1752  ',  a  demonstration  of  the 
reasonablenes,  usefulness,  and  great  duty  of  prayer,  1761 ;  a  ser- 
mon on  the  beauties  of  holiness  in  the  worship  of  the  church  of 
England ;  a  short  vindication  of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gos- 
pel; an  English  grammar  and  a  catechism,  1765  ;  a  Hebrew  gram- 
mar, 1767 ;  this  evinced  an  accurate  acqutuntance  with  that  Ian- 
gtiage,  and  it  was  reprinted  with  improvements  in  1771^— CA^itk/- 
Ur*»  Ufe'qfJohntoti;  Miller,  ii.  356  ;  Literary  miKdlanyy  ii.  S95-* 
304  ;  Beach*9/un.  sermon  ;  Nolmea*^  annals,  ii.  302  ;  Monthly  an- 
thology, iii.  92. 

JOHNSON  (Sir  William),  a  major  general  of  the  militia  of 
New  York,  and  remarkable  for  the  ascendency,  which  he  gained 
over  the  Indians,  was  bom  in  Ireland  about  the  year  1714,  and  was 
a  nephew  of  sir  Peter  Warren^  the  naval  hero,  who  distinguished 
himself  especially  at  the  siege  oi  Louisbourgin  1745.    Sir  Peter, 
having  married  a  lady  in  New  York,  was  induced  to  purchase  large 
tracts  of  land  upon  the  Mohawk  river  and  the  more  interior  parts 
of  the  country,  and  he  sent  for  his  nephew  about  the  year  1734  to 
come  to  America  and  take  the  charge  of  his  affurs.    Young  John- 
son accordingly  took  up  his  residence  upon  a  certain  tract  on  the 
Mohawk,  and  cultivated  an  acquaintance  with  the  Indians.     He 
learned  their  language  ;  he  studied  their  manners,  that  he  might 
be  able  to  conciliate  their  regard  ;  his  utuation  upon  the  river  be- 
tween Albany  and  Oswego  presented  a  fine  oppoctunity  for  trade^ 
and  he  carried  on  a  large  traffic  with  them,  supplying  them  with 
such  goods,  a»  they  needed,  and  receiving  in  return  beaver  and  oth-^ 
er  skins;  at  length  he  acquired  an  influence  over  them,  which  no- 
other  man  ever  possessed.    In  1 75  5  he  was  entrusted  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  provincial  troops  of  New  York,  and  marched  to  invest 
Crown  Point,  while  Shirley  proceeded  tovrardsOntntio  agreeably  to 
the  plan  of  the  camptdgn.     General  Johnson,  after  the  defeat  of  a 
detachment  under  colonel  Williams,  which  he  had  sent  out,  was  at- 
tacked himself  in  his  camp  on  lake  George  on  the  eighth  of  Sep- 
tember.    But  as  soon  as  his  artillery  began  to  play,  the  Canadian 
militia  and  the  Indians  fled  with  precipitation  to  the  swamps.    The 
French  troops  were  repulsed,  and  baron  Dieskau,  their  general,  wa& 
taken  prisoner.     The  advantage,  however,  which  was  thus  gained^ 
was  not  pursued,  and  his  conduct  in  not  proceeding  agidnst  Crown 
Point  has  been  the  subject  of  reprehension.     Even  the  success  of 
the  battle  has  been  attributed  to  the  exertions  of  the  brave  general 


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Lyman.  But  Johnsqutwho  was  ifounded  in  the  engag;ement,  reap* 
ed  the  benefits  of  the  repulse  of  Dieskau,  which  was  magnified  into 
a  splended  victory.  The  house  of  commons  bestowed  on  him  five 
thousand  pounds  sterling,  and  the  king  conferred  on  him  the  title 
of  baronet.  About  this  time  also  he  was  appointed  superintend wt 
of  Indian  affairs  in  New  York.  In  the  year  1759  he  commanded 
the  provincial  troops  under  brigadier  general  Prideaux,  in  the  expe> 
dition  against  Niagara.  While  directing  the  operations  of  the  siege, 
Prideaux  was  killed  by  the  bursting  of  a  cohom  on  the  twentieth  of 
July ;  but  Johnson  prosecuted  the  plan,  which  had  been  formed, 
"with  judgment  and  idgor.  On  tlie  twenty  fourth  the  enemy  made 
an  attempt  to  ndse  the  siege,  but  were  defeated  through  the  excel- 
lent  dispositions  and  the  courage  of  Johnson,  and  the  next  day  the 
fort  was  taken,  and  about  six  hundred  men  made  prisoners  of  war. 
This  event  broke  off  the  communication,  which  the  French  intended 
to  establish  between  Canada  and  Louisiana.  When  Amherst  em- 
barked at  Oswego  in  June  1760  to  proceed  on  the  expedition  to 
Canadai  sir  William  brought  to  him  at  that  place  a  thousand  Indians 
of  the  Iroquois  or  five  nations,  which  was  the  largest  number,  that 
had  ever  been  seen  in  arms  at  one  time  in  the  cause  of  England. 
He  died  at  his  seat  at  Johnson  hall,  about  twenty  four  miles  *  from 
Schenectady,  on  the  Mohawk  river,  July  1 1, 1774yaged  sixty  years. 
He  left  a  large  sum  of  money  to  be  employed  in  presents  to  the  In- 
dians  of  the  Mohawk  castles,  all  of  whom^  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren had  mourning  presented  them  on  the  death  of  their  patron. 

Sir  William  Johnson  possessed  very  considerable  talents  as  an 
orator,  and  his  influence  over  the  Indians  was  not  a  little  owing  to 
the  impl^ssion  made  upon  them  by  means  of  his  elocution.  His 
discemlhent  and  address  were  such,  as  enabled  him  to  accommodate 
himself  to  men  of  very  different  dispositions.  ^  *^as  been  repre- 
sented, that  he  was  envious  towards  Shirley,  i  endeavored  to 
thwart  him  in  his  plans  by  discouraging  the  Inax^t.s  from  joining 
him  ;  and  that  in  his  private  conduct  he  paid  little  respect  to  those 
laws,  the  observation  of  which  only  can  insure  domestic  peace  and 
virtue.  He  had  wives  and  concubines,  sons  and  daughters  of  differ- 
ent colors.  He  was  zealous  in  supporUng  the  clsdms  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, which  excited  such  agitation  in  the  colonies  a  few  years  before 
his  death,  and  he  exerted  himself  to  promote  the  interest  of  the 
church  of  England.  ^  The  following  anecdote  seems  to  evince,  that 
in  his  dealings  with  the  Indians,  who  have  a  good  reputation  for 
cunning,  he  was  not  outwitted  by  them.  Having  sent  to  England  ' 
for  clothes  finely  laced,  on  their  arrival  Hendrick,  the  chief  of  the 
Mohawks,  was  dazzled  with  their  splendor,  and  he  beg^n  to  think 
how  finely  he  should  look,  dressed  in  a  similar  manner.  'His  vani- 
ty could  not  be  resisted,  and  to  gratify  it  he  hit  upon  the  following 
expedient.  He  went  to  sir  William  one  morning,  and  told  him 
very  demurely,  that  in  the  preceding  night  he  had  dreamed,  that 


m 


JON. 


369 


the  baronet  had  generously  presented  him  with  a  suit  of  hit  laced 
clotheil.  The  solemn  hint  could  not  be  mistaken  or  avoided,  and 
the  Indian  monarch  went  away,  pleased  with  his  successful  ingenu- 
ity. In  a  few  daysi  however,  sir  William  accosted  his  raujesty  and 
made  known  his  dream*  which  was,  that  Hendrick  had  given  him 
a  tract  of  land}  containing  several  thousand  acres.  "  The  land  is 
yours/'  said  Hendrick, "  but  now,  sir  William,  I  never  dream  with 
you  again ;  you  dream  too  hard  for  m^"  ,y^. 

Sir  John  Johnson  succeeded  his  father  in  his  title,  and  was  ap« 
pointed  major  general  in  his  pUce  in  November  1774.  At  the 
commencement  of  the  war  he  joined  the  British,  and  about  the  year 
1776  persuaded  the  Mohawks  to  retire  into  Canada,  from  whence 
he  repeatedly  ravaged  different  parts  of  New  York,  and  in  one  ex- 
pedition, in  which  he  destroyed  the  very  settlement,  where  he  for- 
merly lived,  ho  proved  himself  not  very  dissimilar  in  character  to 
his  savage  companions.  In  1796  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Upper  Canada.~'^ccoun//ro7n  the  reverend  Dr.  Eliot  ;  j/nnuai  reg- 
itterfor  1758,  54 ;  for  1759,  30—34,  \22  \Jor  1760,  58 ;  /or  1766, 
91  ;  for  1774,  195;  .^m^n'ran  7nu«rum,  vi.  483  ;  Mar»haUy\,  385, 
395, 446 ;  Wynne^  ii.  44—53,  99—101  ;  Collect.  hi»t.  aoc.  ii.  197  } 
iv.  58  ;  vU.  90—99,  106—115,  150 — 153  ;  Mnoty  i.  353,  387.} 
Holmea*  oiimi^f,  ii.  313,334  ;  Smithf  154  ;  Morae*9  gazetteer^  article 
Johnatoxm. 

JONES(JoaN,  M.  o.),  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians  and  sur- 
geon^ of  whom  our  country  can  boast,  was  chosen  in  1767  first  pro* 
fessor  of  surgery  in  King's  college,  New  York.  He  published  about 
the  year  1775  a  work  entitled,  plain  remarks  on  wounds  and  frac- 
tures, addressed  to  the  stude.itsand  young  practitioners  in  America. 
This  was  particularly  designed  for  the  benefit  of  the  surgeons  in  the, 
army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  is  a  monument  of  the  pro- 
fessional skill  and  patriotism  of  its  worthy  author.  He  died  at  Phil- 
adelphia June  33,  179 1.  After  his  death,  his  pupiU  James  Mease^ 
published  his  surgical  works,  with  an  account  of  his  life,  8vo,  1795. 
—•Ramsay**  review  of  medicine,  36 ;  Miller*«  retronfiect,  i.  319. 

JOSSELYN  (Jo HI?),  author  cf  New  England's  rarities,  arrived 
in  Boston  in  1663,  and  resided  in  New  England  a  number  of  years. 
He  was  brother  to  Henry  Josselyn,  a  counsellor  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Gorges.  He  does  not  deserve  much  credit  as  a  historian. 
The  following  is  the  title  of  his  principal  work  ;  New  England's 
rarides  discovered  in  birds,  fishes,  serpents,  and  plants  of  that  coun* 
try  ;  together  with  the  physical  and  chyrurgical  remedies,  where- 
with the  natives  constantly  use  to  cure  their  distempers,  wounds, 
and  sores ;  also  a  perfect  description  of  an  Indian  squaw  in  all  her 
bravery,  with  a  poem  not  improperly  conferred  upon  her ;  lastly  a 
chronological  table  of  the  most  remarkable  passages  in  that  country- 
amongst  the  English;  illustrated  with  cuts,  1673.  He  publbhed 
also  an  account  of  two  voyages  to  New  England,  wherein  you  have 

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fhe  setting  out  of  a  ship  with  the  charges,  a  description  of  the  coon- 
try,  See.  1674.— Su//ivan'«  €Utt, Maincy 382  ;  Jlutchintont'i. 367,368  } 
Dougia9»f  ii.  71. 

KALB  (Baron  dk),  a  major  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  was  a  German  by  birth,  and  had  long  been  in  the  French 
service.  In  the  battle  near  Camden,  August  16,  1780,  he  fell  after 
receiving  eleven  wounds  in  his  vigorous  exertions  to  prevent  the 
defeat  of  the  Americans.  He  died  on  the  nineteenth  in  the  forty 
eighth  year  of  his  age,  having  served  three  years  with  high  reputa- 
tion. His  last  moments  were  spent  in  dictating  a  letter,  which  ex- 
pressed his  warm  affection  for  the  men  and  officers  of  his  divisbn, 
and  his  admiration  of  their  firmness  and  courage  in  withstandbg  a 
superior  force.  An  ornamental  tree  was  planted  at  the  head  of  his 
grave  in  the  neighborhood  of  Camden,  and  congress  resolved,  that  a 
monument  should  be  erected  to  his  memory  at  Annapolis  with  a  very 
honorable  inscription.— Gor</on,  iii.  391,  443;  Hammy^  ii.  168; 
Wdrreiif  ii.  343-;  Marthal/yiv.  184  ;  Hotmet*  anna/*, ii.  433 ;  ^mer" 
icanmuaeum,  vi.  319,  330. 

KEITH  (Sir  William),  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  sustained 
this  office  from  1717  to  1736.  He  had  been  before  surveyor  gene- 
ral of  the  customs  in  America.  He  died  in  England  November 
17,  1749,  aged  near  eighty  years.  He  published  the  history  of  the 
British  plantations  in  America,  part  i,  containing  the  history  of  Vir- 
ginia, 4to,  1738.  No  other  part  was  ever  published,  and  this  is 
very  concise.  The  author  concludes  with  saying,  in  allusion  to  the 
college,  which  had  been  established,  **  they  will  probably  be  mis- 
taken, who  imagine,  that  the  advancement  of  literature,  and  im- 
provement of  arts  and  sciences  in  oui  American  colonies  can  ever 
be  of  any  service  to  the  British  state."— ^om/on  mag.  xviii.  539. 

KENTUCKY,  one  of  the  United  Stateaof  America,  was  form- 
erly a  part  of  Virginia,  and  was  well  known  to  the  Indian  traders 
many  years  before  its  settlement.  A  map  of  this  country  was  pub- 
lished by  Lewis  Evans  in  1749.  It  was  not  till  177S,  that  the  first 
family  settled  in  this  territory.  In  that  year  colonel  Daniel  Boone, 
with  five  other  families,  who  were  joined  by  forty  men  from  Pow- 
eirs  valley  took  up  their  Abode  in  the  forest.  During  the  war  of 
thie  American  revolution  the  infant  settlement  of  Kentucky  was  re- 
peatedly ravaged  and  almost  annihilated  by  the  attack  of  the  Indians, 
stimulated  to  rapine  and  murder  by  emissaries  from  the  govern- 
ment of  Canada.  Bat  reinforcements  of  emigrants,  attracted  by 
the  fertility  of  the  soil,  enabled  the  inhabitants  to  undertake  even  of- 
fensive measures.  In  the  latter  end  of  1778  the  brave  general 
Clarke  in  sevet'al  expeditions  defeated  a  number  of  tribes  of  In- 
dians, laid  waste  their  villages,  and  was  the  means  of  saving  the 
country  from  destruction.  In  1777  this  newly  settled  country  was 
erected  into  a  county,  and  in  1783  the  legislature  of  Virginia  made  it 
a  separate  district,  and  established  in  it  a  supreme  court.  This  roeas- 


KII^ 


371 


ure  conduced  much  to  the  convenience  of  the  inhabitants  and  the  in- 
terests of  justice.  Still  as  the  seat  of  government  was  at  the  dis- 
tance of  six  hundred  miles  the  necessity  of  a  separation  occasion- 
ed a  convention  of  deputies  from  the  dtflerent  counties  in  1785, 
who  determined  that  an  application  should  be  made  to  Virginia  to 
procure  her  consent  to  the  independence  of  Kentucky.  This  was 
generously  granted.  But  delays  arising  from  the  change  of  the 
government  of  the  United  Sutes  and  other  causes  prevented  the 
erection  of  this  district  into  a  separate  state  till  December  6, 1 790, 
and  its  adnussion  into  the  Union  till  June  1 , 1 793.  A  form  of  gov- 
ernment was  adopted  in  this  year,  and  the  first  general  assembly 
met  at  Lexington  >on  the  iburtb  of  lune.  The  constisution  was 
amended  and  established,  asit  now  exists,  by  a  convention  at  Fi'ank- 
ibrt  August  17,  1799.  The  general  assembly  consists  of  a  house 
of  representatives  and  of  a  senate,  the  members  of  the  former  to 
be  chosen  for  one  year,  and  of  the  latter  for  four  years.  The  gov- 
ernor also  is  elected  for  four  years,  and  is  ineligible  for  the  seven 
succeeding  years.  The  judges  are  liable  to  removal  on  an  address 
to  the  governor,  for  a  reasonable  cause,  of  two  thirds  of  each  house 
of  the  assembly.  In  1 800  the  number  of  the  inhabitants  in  Ken- 
tucky amounted  to  more  than  two  hundred  and  twenty  thousand.-— 
Eneyctofiediai  Phil,  edit.;  Morse's geog.  third  edition^  126  n  HolmeD* 
annahi  «i.  S06,  483,  486.  '    >      ;  '■/*: 

KILLEN  (William),  chancellor  of  the  state  of  Delaware,  was 
a  native  of  Ireland.  Early  in  Ufe,  before  he  had  attuned  the  age  of 
manhood,  he  arrived  in  America  possessed  of  a -decent  property, 
and  having  an  excellent  education  in  the  English  .language.  After 
pasung  through  a  varaety  of  scenes,  incidental  to  strangers,  he  set- 
tled himself  in  the  family  of  Samuel  EHcktnson,  esquire,  the  father 
of  John  Dickinson,  ^esquioe,  of  Wilmington.  There  he  devoted 
himself  most  assiduously  to  the  acquisition  of  a  competent  knowl- 
edge of  thie  Greek  and  Latin  languages  under  the  direction  of  Jacob 
Orr,  who  was  engaged  in  teaching  the  sons  of  Mr.  Dickinson,  and 
some«ther  young  gentlemen.  The  diligence  and  modesty  .of  Mr. 
Killen  made  him  a  favorite  of  ^he  whole  family,  and  pan^ularly  of 
his  instructer.  His  unwearieii  attention  was  rewarded  by  a  rapid 
proficiency  in  lus  studies.  Having  thus  become  acquainted  with 
the  learned  languages,  and  being  qualified  to  be  useful  to  his  adopted 
country,  his  talents  were  soon  called  into  action.  After  holding  the 
office  of  county  surveyor  for  some  years,  he  commenced  the  study 
of  the  law.  In  the  courts  of  Delaware  his  knowledge,  and  espe- 
cially his  skill  in  surveying,  and  in  .various  branches  of  the  mathe- 
inadcs  rendered  him  an  able  assistant  in  suits  for  land,  and  in  such 
trials  the  most  eminent  men  of  his  day  were  always  pleased  to  as- 
sociate with  him  as  their  colleague.  His  practice  soon  became 
extensive.  His  moderation,  his  modesty,  aud  his  punctuality  in 
buuness,  uded  by  his  abilities,  led  him  to  wealth  and  to  all  the  hoa- 


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ors  of  his  country.  For  many  ye&rs  before  the  revolution  he  was 
selected  by  his  .ellow  ciazens  to  represent  them  in  the  assembly  of 
Delaware.  At  the  commencement  of  tlie  contest  with  Great  Brit> 
ain  he  took  a  decided  and  active  part  in  fuv<H'  of  American  liberty. 
Soon  after  the  declaration  of  independence  he  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  state  of  Delaware^  which  office 
he  held  till  he  wus  promoted  to  that  of  chancellor  in  1793.  He 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  court  of  chancery  in  1801,  and  died  at  Do- 
ver October  3,  1803,  in  the  eighty  fourth  ]» ear  of  his  age.  In  all 
the  variety  of  public  business,  in  which  he  was  engaged,  he  exhib- 
ited the  itrictest  integrity.  As  a  legislator  he  was  wise  and  atten- 
tive  to  the  interests  of  his  constituents,  and  as  a  judge  he  was 
learn'jd,  patient,  and  impartial.  The  same  uprightness}  which 
mjriced  iiis  public  character,  was  also  conspicuous  in  all  the  rela< 
lions  of  private  life.— .Aew  York  apectatoTy  October  23,  1805. 

KINSEY  (James,  ll.  o.)  chief  justice  of  New  Jei-sey,  died  at 
Burlington  January  4,  1803,  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age.  He 
had  been  a  member  of  congress  before  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution. 

KIRBY  (Ephraim),  first  judf^e  of  the  district  court  of  the  United 
States  at  New  Orleans,  died  at  fort  Stoddert  October  20,  1804. 
He  had  sustained  this  office  but  a  s^hort  time.  '     - . 

KIRKLAND  (Samuel),  a  distinguished  mi^ionary  ^mrong  the 
Indians,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Kirkland  of  Norwich, 
Connecticut.  After  enjoying  for  some  time  the  advantages  of 
Wheelock's  school,  he  finished  hib  education  at  the  coilege  in  New 
Jersey,  where  be  was  graduated  in  1765.  He«had  before  this, 
while  at  school,  learned  the  langu^e  of  the  Mohawks,  and  he  com- 
menced a  journey  to  the  Seneka  Indians  in  order  to  acquire  their 
lianguage,  November  20,  1764,  and  did  not  return  till  May  1766. 
On  the  nineteenth  of  June  following  he  was  ordained  at  Lebanon 
as  missionary  to  the  Indians.  For  more  than  forty  years 
his  attention  was  directed  to  the  Oneida  tribe  in  New  York,  and  bfc 
died  at  Paris  in  that  state,  the  place  of  his  residence  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Oneida,  March  38,  1808,  in  the  sixty  seventh  year  of 
id% ^^e.^-Wheelock'a  narratives  ;  PanofiHst,  iii.  536. 

KNOX  (Henry),  a  major  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  July  25,  1750.  Before  hostilities  between  this 
country  and  Great  Britain  in  the  revolutionary  war  commenced,  he 
discovered  an  uncommon  zeal  in  the  cause  of  liberty .  Being  placed 
at  the  head  of  an  independent  company  in  Boston  he  exhibited  in 
this  station  a  skill  in  discipline,  which  presaged  his  future  eminence. 
It  was  at  the  unaninlous  request  of  all  the  officers  of  artillery,  that 
he  was  entrusted  with  the  command  in  that  department.  When  the 
corps  of  artillery  in  1776  was  increased  to  three  regiments,  the 
command  was  given  to  Knox,  who  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  a 
brigadier  general.    He  waa  uctively  engaged  during  the  whole  coih 


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LAI. 


S73 


iroliition  he  was 
the  assembly  of 
rith  Great  Brit- 
ncrican  liberty, 
appointed  chief 
re,  which  office 
r  in  1793.  He 
and  died  at  Do- 
his  age.  In  all 
agedf  he  exhib* 
wise  and  atten- 
,  judge  he  was 
ghtnesa,  which 
(  in  all  the  rela< 
I2f  1805.  iyj 
fersey,  died  at 
of  his  age.  He 
1  of  the  present 

irt  of  the  United 
:tobcr  30,  1804. 

nary  ^mong  the 
ind  of  Norwich, 
i  advantages  of 
I  ccrflege  in  New 
pad  before  this, 
ks,  and  he  com- 
io  acquire  their 
I  till  May  1766. 
ned  at  Lebanon 
lan  forty  years 
w  York,  and  fat 
ce  in  the  neigh« 
seventh  year  of 

y  of  the  United 
between  this 
commenced,  he 
Being  placed 
he  exhibited  in 
ature  eminence. 
3f  artillery,  that 
«nt.  When  the 
regiments,  the 
to  the  rank  of  a 
the  whole  coin 


test.    After  the  capture  of  Comyrallis  in  1781,  he  received  the 
eommissicMi  of  major  general,  having  distinguished  himself  in  the 
uege  at  the  head  of  the  artillery.     Previously  to  the  adoption  of 
the  present  constitution  general  Knox  succeeded  general  Lincoln 
as  secretary  at  war  in  March  1785  ;  and  after  our  present  govern- 
ment was  organized  in  1789  president  Washington  nominated  him 
for  the  same  office.    He  continued  to  fill  this  department  till  the 
close  of  the  year  1794,  when  he  resigned  it,  being  driven  from  the 
service  of  the  public  by  the  scantiness  of  the  compensation  alldwed 
him.    In  his  letter  to  the  president  he  says,  **  after  having  served 
my  country  near  twenty  years,  the  greater  portion  of  the  time  un- 
cer  y<^r  immediate  auspices,  it  is  witti  extreme  reluctance  I  find 
myself  conslMuned  to  withdraw  from  so  honorable  a  situation.    But 
the  natural  and  powerful  claims  of  a  numerous  family  will  no 
fonder  permit  me  to  neglect  thieir  essential  interests.    In  whatever 
sitUatiiM  I  shall  be,  I  shall  recollect  your  confidence  and  kindness 
with  all  the  fervor  and  purity  of  affection,  of  which  a  gratef\il  heart 
is  susceptible."    General  Washington  in  reply  assured  him  of  his 
uncerest  friendship,  and  declared  him  to  have  **  deserved  well  of 
his  country."    During  the  last  years  of  his  life  general  Knox  lived 
at  Thomastown  in  the  district  of  Maine.  It  was  in  that  place,  that 
he  died  after  a  short  illness  October  35,  1 806,  aged  fifty  six  years. 
His  death  was  occasioned  by  his  swallowing  the  bone  of  a  chicken. 
General  Knox  was  distinguished  for  his  military  talents,  his  braVf 
ery,  perseverance,  and  integrity.     He  possessed  in  an  uncommon 
degree  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Washington.    Though  a  sol- 
dier and  a  statesman,  he  did  not  dismiss  the  amiable  virtues  of  the 
man.    There  was  a  frankness  in  his  manners,  which  was  pleasing, 
and  his  heart  was  susceptible  of  the  kindly  affections.— J9rarf/ord'* 
senkon  on  hit  death  ;  Marafiall'a  life  of  Washington^  iii.  63  ;  iv.  495  ; 
v.  95,  313,  614;  American  register^  i.  311  ;  Thatcher's  eulogy  ; 
Columb.  centinelf  Mwentber  5  and  17,  and  Boston  Oazette^  J^ovember 
10,  1806.  '^ 

LAIDLIE  (Archibald,  d.  d.),  the  first  minister  of  the  i  \;  :ch 
church  in  America,  v/ho  officiated  in  the  English  language,  wts  a 
native  of  Scotland,  and  had  been  four  years  a  minister  of  the  Dutch 
church  of  Flushing  in  Zealand,  -when  he  received  a  call  from  New 
York.  HDe  arrived  in  America  in  the  year  1764,  and  died  at  Red 
Hook  in  the  year  1778,  during  his  exile  from  the  city,  occasioned 
by  the  revolutionary  war.  His  ministry  was  eminently  useful.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  vigorous  mind  and  of  singular  piety ;  a  sound  di- 
vine ;  an  evangelical,  commanding,  and  powerful  preacher,  and  in- 
defatigably  faithful  in  his  pastoral  labors.  His  ministry  was  much 
blessed  and  attended  with  an  uncommon  revival  of  religion^— •CAr/«/- 
ian* a  magazine^  \\.\2.  -  s^-^j-^^-'jj-^j  .»•  -»  vf        ^*.  4,v  i. 

LANGDON  (Samuel,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire,  and  president  of  Harvard  college,  was  a  native  of  Bos- 
ton, and  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Cambridge  in   1740. 


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He  was  ordained  us  the  successor  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Htch  of 
Portsmouth  February  4,  1747,  and  he  continued  in  this  place  till  he 
was  invited  to  the  presidency  of  Harvard  college.  He  was  inducted 
into  this  office  as  the  successor  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Locke  Octo- 
ber 14|  1774,  but  resigned  it,  in  consequence  of  the  disaffection  of 
his  pupils,  occasioned  by  his  want  of  dignity  and  authority,  AuguM 
30, 1 780.  The  late  president  Willard  succeeded  him.  He  now  entered 
again  on  the  milder  task  of  presiding  over  an  assembly  of  Christians. 
He  was  installed  at  Hampton  Falls,  New  Hampshire,  January  18, 
1781.  His  extensive  knowledge,  hospitality,  patriotism,  and  piety 
secured  to  him,  in  this  calm  retreat,  the  affection  and  respect  of  tht 
people  of  his  charge,  and  of  his  numerous  acquaintance.  He  died 
November  29,  1797,  in  the  seventy  fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  pub- 
lished  9  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Samuel  Macclintock,  1756 ;  a 
thnnksgiving  sermon  on  the  conquest  of  Quebec,  1759  ;  an  im- 
partial  examination  of  Robert  Sandeman's  letters  on  Theron  and 
Aspasio,  1765  ;  a  summary  of  Christian  faith  and  practice, 
1768  ;  Dudleian  lecture  sermon  at  Cambridge,  1775  ;  a  8er> 
inon  before  the  provincial  congress,  1775  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  the  reverend  Edward  Sprague,  Dublin,  1.777  j  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  professor  Winthrop,  1779  ;  New  Hampshire  election 
sermon,  1738  j  obsjorvations  on  the  revelations  of  Jesus  Christ  to 
saint  Johiv  1791  ;  thieefiicacy  of  the^spel  above  all  earthjy  wisdom, 
the  b^uuness  of  life  and  hope  in  death,  two  sermons  in  American 
preacher,  iv ;  a  discourse  bofore  the  Piscataqua  association  1793  ; 
corrections  of  some  great  mistakes  committed  by  the  reverend 
John  Cosens  Ogden  ;  remarks  on  the  leading  sentiments  of  Dr. 
Hopkins'  system  of  doctrines,  1794.— .^/</m*«  account  qf  the  reiig, 
^ocietiet  t^f  Portsmouth ;  Coiiectiona  hiat.  aoc.  x.  SJ. 

LAURENS  (Henry),  president  of  congress,  was  a  native  of 
3outh  Carolina,  and  took  an  early  part  in  «{»poaing  ihe  arbitrary 
claims  of  Great  Britain  at  the  commencement  -of  the  American 
revolution.  When  the  provincial  cong^ss  of  Carolina  met  in  June 
^775,  he  was  appointed  its  president,  in  which  capacity  he  drew  up 
a  form  of  association,  to  be  signed  by  all  the  friends  of  liberty, 
which  indicated  a  most  determined  apirit.  After  the  establishment 
oi  the  temporary  constitution  in  1776,  he  was  elected  vice  presi* 
ident.  Being  appivnted  a  member  of  the  general  congress,  after 
jthe  resign^tian4>f  |iancoc;k,  he  was  appointed  peeudent  of  that  iN 
lustrious  assembly  in  iNav^m'  ler  1777.  In  1780  he  was  deputed  to 
solicit  a  loan  from  Holland  i^d  to  negotiate  a  treaty  wi^h  the  United 
Netherlands.  But  on  his  passage  he  was  captured  by  a  British  ves« 
eel  on  th'  banks  of  Newfoundland.  He  threw  his  papers  over- 
.board,  bu  'hey  were  recovered  by  a  sailor.  Being  sent*  to  Eng- 
land, he  >v  us  committed  to  the  tower  on  th6  sixth  of  October  as  a 
Qtate  prisoner  upon  a  charge  of  high  treason.  Here  he  was  confin- 
ed JXMffi  than  a  year  and  was  treated  with  great  severity,  being  de- 


LAU. 


375 


■I  i 


filed  for  the  most  part  all  Intercoune  with  hit  friendtiand  forbidden 
the  use  of  pen,  ink,  and  paper.  His  capture  occaaionid  no  amall 
embarrassment  to  the  ministry.  They  dared  not  to  condemn  him 
n  a  rebel  through  fear  of  retaliation,  and  they  wera  unwilling  to  re- 
lease him,  lest  he  should  accomplish  the  object  of  his  mission.  The 
(liHCOveries  found  in  his  papers  led  to  a  war  with  Great  Britain  and 
Holland,  and  Mr.  Adams  was  appointed  in  his  place  to  carry  on  the 
negotiation  with  the  united  provinces.  During  hii  imprisonmcntt 
it  was  intimated  to  Mr.  Laurens,  that  it  might  be  of  advantage  to 
him,  if  he  could  induce  his  son,  then  on  a  mission  to  France,  to 
with  draw  from  that  country.  He  replied,  that  **  such  was  the  filial  re« 
gard  of  his  son,  that  he  knew  he  would  not  hesitate  to  forfeit  his 
life  for  his  father ;  but  that  no  consideration  would  induce  colonel 
Laurens  to  relinquish  his  honor,  even  were  it  possible  for  any  cir- 
cumstance to  prevail  on  his  father  to  make  the  improper  request.'* 
At  length,  in  December  1781,  enfeebled  in  health,  and  apparently 
sinking  into  the  grave  if  continued  in  confinement,  he  sent  a  peti- 
tion  to  the  house  of  commons  for  release,  stating  that  he  had  labor- 
ed to  preserve  the  friendship  between  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies, 
and  had  extended  acts  oi  kindness  to  British  prisoners  of  war.  At 
the  close  of  the  year  he  was  accordingly  released.  He  returned  to 
this  country,  and  he  died  in  South  Carolina  December  8,  1793,  in 
the  seventieth  year  of  his  age.  He  directed  his  son  to  bum  hi^ 
body  on  the  third  day  as  the  sole  condition  of  inheriting  an  estate 
of  sixty  thousand  pounds  sterling.-— Gorc/on,  iii.  31,  S3,  303,  383, 
333  ;  iv.  5,  3 19,  330  ;  RanuayU  Amer,  rev.  ii.  313;  hU  S.  CaroKncy 
i.  33,  38,  93  ;  Warren^  i.  304  ;  ii.  377—379,  394 — 300  ;  Marthall, 
iii.  339  ;  iv.  5,  573  ;  Annual  rfgiaterfor  1781,  333. 

LAURENS  (John),  a  brave  officer  in  the  American  war,  wa» 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  sent  to  England  for  his  education. 
He  joined  the  army  in  the  beginning  of  1777,  from  which  time  he 
was  foremost  in  danger.  He  was  present  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  every  action  of  the  army  under  general  Washington,  and 
was  among  the  first,  who  entered  the  British  lines  at  York  Town. 
Eariy  in  178 1,  while  he  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel,  he  was 
selected  as  the  most  suitable  person  to  depute  on  a  special  mission 
to  France  to  solicit  a  loan  of  monu/  and  to  procure  military  stores. 
He  airived  in  March  and  returned  in  August,  having  been  so  suc- 
cessful in  the  execution  of  his  commission,  that  congress  passed  a 
vote  of  thanks  for  his  services.  Such  was  his  dispatch,  that  in  three 
days  after  he  repaired  to  Philadelphia  he  finished  his  business  with 
congress,  and  immediately  afterward  rejoined  the  American  army. 
On  the  twenty  seventh  of  Aug^^t  1783,  in  opposing  a  foraging 
party  of  the  British,  near  Combahee  river  in  South  Carolina,  he  was 
mortally  wounded,  and  he  died  at  the  age  of  twenty  six  years. 
His  father,  just  released  from  imprisonment,  and  happy  in  a  son  of 
such  distinction  and  virtues,  now  witnessed  the  desolation  of  all  his 


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LAW. 


hoptf.  CoUmmI  Lmwii  UDitiag  the  ulenu  o(  a  great  ol^er  with 
thjB  hoowledgs  of  the  schoUr  aod  the  engaging  nuuuMrs  of  the 
mtlpman*  wm  the  Klorjr  of  the  arm/  and  the  idol  of  his  country. 
WaihiogtoD»  who  sdect#d  |dm  aa  hU  aid*  and  reposed  in  him  the 
liighett  confidenpei  declared  that  he  could  discover  no  fault  in  him 
unless  it.  was  intr«|Mtyi  bordering  upon  rashness.  His  abiiitiea 
were  a xhibUed  in  the  legislatm'e  wad  in  the  cablneti  aa  well  as  in 
the  field.  He  was  sealous  for  the  righu  of  humanity^  and*  living 
in  a  country  of  fluvesi. contended  that  personal  liberty  was  the 
hirt^  Hght  of  evf  rr  human  bein^t  however  diversified  by  country, 
colort  or  powers  of  fnind.  |Iis  insumating  address  won  the  hearts 
of  all  14s  acquaintance,  whilo  his  sincerity  and  virtue  secured  their 
lasting  esteem^— /Iam«ay'«  £,  CuroUnot  i^  31,  305, 306,  306,  374; 
Gordon,  iv.  23,  ^7,  163,  363  }  Warren,  U.  465  ;  iii.  54,  55  ; 
Hoimct* antfaU,ii,  46^  ;  Mdrdiall,  iii.  486,  508  ;  iv.  407,  485,  575  : 
J^Mtongatettef  Deetmter9f  1783. 

'  LA wS0N  (John),  surveyor  general  of  North  Carolina  at  the 
beginnlnlg  of  the  last  century,  published  ft  valufble  work  on  that 
coloi^y;i  9ntitU4,  a  voyagp  tp  Carolina,  containing  the  description 
and  natural  history  of  that  country,  iMid  ^  journal  of  a  thousand 
mil^s  travel  among  several  ni^tions  pf  Indians,  &c.  London^  4to, 
1709.  A  second  edition  w«|i  pul)li^edin  1714r— A£^r'«  retrttfitcty 
ii.  364. 

LAY  (Bftx^^iir),  a  benevolent  quaker  of  great  singiUarities, 
was  a  (laj^ve  of  Eng/uid  and  brought  up  to  the  se^.  About  the 
year  17 10  he  settled  in  Barbadoes.  Bearing  his  open  testimony  in 
all  con\pi(niQs  agains(  the  cjaodupt  of  the  owners  of  slaves,  he  be* 
came  so  obnoxiouf  to  the  inhabitants,  that  he  left  the  island  in  dii- 
gutt,  fmd  settled  in  Pennsylvl^lia,  He  fixed  his  i*e^dence  at  Abing* 
ton,  ten  miles  from  PhUadelphia>  On  his  arrival  he  found  many 
quak^rs,  who  kept  llaves.  He  renionstrated  against  t^e  practice 
with  indiscreet  zeal  both  in  public  and  private,  "to  express  bis 
indi^gp^ion  at  the.  practice  of  slave  keeping,  he  once  carried  a 
bladdqr  filled  yrith  bipod,  in^  a  pubU9  meedng,  and.  in  the  presence 
of  the  whole  conil^regatipn  thrv>i|t  a  swo'd  in^o  it,  which  he  had 
concealed  under  his  coat,  ej^claiming,  *'  thus  shall  God  shed  the 
blood  of  tho^e  ppraons,  yrhp  enslave  their  fellow  creatures."  Call- 
ing upon  a  friend  in  Philfu^Iphia,  he  was  asked  toait  dpwnto  break* 
fast.  He  first  inqi^ced,  ,'<  dQ.»(  thou  keep  iilayes  in  thjr  house  V*  On 
beipg  answered  in  the  a^ri)[^atiye,  he  said,  **  then  I  will  not  partake 
,^  with  thee  of  the  fruits  of  thy  mnrigbtepusuess."  After  an  ineffec* 
tual  attempt  to  convince  a. farmer  and  his  M^ife,io  C|^qs^er  county  of 
the  iniquity  of  keeping  ftUvj^^,  he  sei^d  their  only  child)  a  little 
girj^  of  three  years  of  age«, under  the  pretence  of  qarrymg  her 
away,,  and  when  the  cries  of  t^)eqhild,,. and  his  singular,  expedient 
alarmed  them,,  he  said,"yov  see  and  feel  pow  a  little,  of  the  c^stress, 
which  ypu  ocquiipnby  t^Q  ipjkui?afin  practice  of  slave,  keeping."  In 


!*. 


LAY. 


377 


I7if  1m  wrote  •  trc»tlie,  entitled*  all  slave  keepert,  that  keep  the  in* 
nocent  in  bondtgCt  apoifaiteii.  It  was  printetl  by  Dr.  Franklin,  who  told 
the  author,  wlien  the  niaiuiacript  waa  brought  to  him,  that  it  was  dcfi* 
cientin arrangement.*'  It  is  no  matter,"  said  Mr.  Lay,*«printanypart 
thoupleasest  first.*' This  worthy  quaker  died  at  his  house  in  Abing- 
toil  in  iTdO,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  temi)erate  in  his 
diet,  living  chiefly  upon  vegetables,  and  his  drink  was  pure  water. 
He  was  opposed  to  every  species  of  extravagance.     When  tea  was 
introduced  into  Pennsylvania,  his  wife  brou(;ht  home  a  smuU  quan- 
tity with  a  set  of  cups  and  saucers.     In  his  zeal  he  seized  them, and 
canning  them  back  to  the  city,  he  scattered  the  tea  from  the  balco* 
ny  of  the  court  house,  in  the  presence  of  a  multitude  of  spectators, 
and  broke  to  pieces  the  instruments  of  luxury,  delivering  at  the 
•ame  time  a  striking  lecture  upon  the  folly  of  introducing  a  perni- 
cious herb  in  the  place  of  the  v/holcsome  diet  of  the  country.     He 
often  visited  schools,  carrying  a  basket  of  religious  books  with  him, 
and  distributing  them  as  prizes  among  the  scholars,  imparting  also 
frequently  somi  advice  and  instruction.     So  much  was  he  the  en- 
emy of  Idleness,  that  when  the  inclemency  of  the  weather  confin- 
ed him  to  his  house,  or  his  mind  was  wearied  with  reading,  he  used 
to  spend  his  time  in  spinning.    All  his  clothes  were  manufactured 
by  himself.    Though  kind  to  the  poor,  he  had  no  pity  on  common 
beggars,  who*  he  said,  if  able  to  go  abroad  to  beg,  were  able  to  cam 
four  pence  a  day,  and  this  sum  wis  sufficient  to  keep  any  person 
above  want  or  dependence  in  this  country.    So  fond  was  he  of  re- 
tirement for  reading  and  meditation,  that  in  a  print  of  him  he  is  rep- 
resented as  reading  in  the  mouth  of  a  cave.    He  once  attempted  to 
imitate  our  Savior  by  fasting  forty  days ;  but  he  was  obliged  to  de- 
sist from  the  attempt.    Such  was  Benjamin  Lay.    His  weakness- 
es and  eccentricities  disappear  before  the  splendor  of  his  human- 
ity and  benevolence.      His  bold,  determined,  and  uniform  repre- 
hension of  the  practice  of  slavery,  in  defiance  of  public  opinion, 
does  him  the  highest  honor.    The  turbulence  and  severity  of  his 
temper  were  necessary  at  the  time,  in  which  he  lived ;  and  the  work, 
which  he  began,  was  completed  by  the  meek  and  gentle   Anthony 
Benezet.— Mif(it>'«  biografthical  diet,  j  Maata.  mag.  iv.  28—30. 

LEAMING  (Jb&bmiah,  o.d.),  an  episcopal  minister,  was  bom 
in  Middletown,  Connecticut,  in  1719,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college  in  1745.  He  preached  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  eight 
years ;  at  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  twenty  one  years ;  and  at  Stratford 
ei|^ht  or  nine  years.  His  death  took  place  at  New  Haven  in  Sep- 
tember 1804,  in  the  eighty  seventh  year  of  his  age.  In  the  epis- 
copal controversy,  which  for  many  years  agitated  New  England, 
and  in  which  he  took  a  part,  he  wrote  with  great  ability  upon  the 
subject.  He  published  a  defence  of  the  episcopal  government  of 
the  church,  containing  remarks  on  some  noted  sermons  on  prcsby- 
tcrian  errlmation,  1766  j  a  second  defence  of  the  episcopal  govem- 

49 


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mentof  the  church  in  answer  to  Noah  Welles^  1770|.  evidonces 
of  the  truth  of  Christianity,  1785;  dissertations  on  various  sub- 
jects* which  may  be  well  worth  the  attention  of  every  Christian^ 
1789. 

LEDYARIX  (JoBw),  a  distinguished  traveller*  was  a  native  of 
Groton  in  Connecticut.    His  father  died,  while  he  was  yet  a  child, 
and  he  was  left  under  the  care  of  a  relative  in  Hartford.    Here  he 
enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  grammar  school.    After  the  death  of 
his  patron,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  was  left  to  foliuw 
his  own  inclinations.      With  a  view  to  the  study  of  divinity  he  now 
passed  a  short  tin^  e  in  Dartmouth  college  in  New  Hampshire,  wbere 
he  had  an  opportunity  of  learning  the  manners,  of  the  Indians,  as 
there  was  a  number  of  Indian  pv^ils  in  the  sieminary .    His  acquaint* 
ance  with  the  savage  character,  g^sdned  in- this  place,  was  of  no  little 
advantage  to  him  in  the  future  |i«$riods  of  lus  life.     His  poveity 
oblig^g  him  to  withdraw  from  thei  eoUege  before  he  had  completed 
hia  education,  and  not  having  a  shilij||pg:  in  his  pocket  to  defray  the 
exfpense  of  a  journey  to;  HarUbrd,  h<iJbMUt  him  a  canoe,  fifty  feet  io 
length  and  three  in  breadth,  and  biibg  generously  supplied  with 
some  dried  venison  for  his  sea  sto|^  m  embarked  upon  the  Con> 
necticut,  and  going  down  that  river,  i^ili^h  is  in  many  places  rapid, 
and-  with  which  he  was  totally  unacfi^nted,  he  arrived  safely  at 
Hartford  at  the  distance  of  one  hundrf^'  lipid  forty  miles»     He  soon 
went  to  New  Vork,  and  sailed  for  iM^i^in  1771   as  a  commpa 
sailor.      When  ctptain  Cook  sailed  ofl  fff*  third  voyage  df  diacov* 
ery,  Ledyard,  who  felt  an  irresistiblf  desire  to  explore  those  re- 
gions of  the  globe,  which  were  yet  ifi^discovered,  or  imperfectif 
known,  accepted  the  humble  station  fjjf  corporal  of  marines,  rather 
Ihan  foregO' an  opportunity  so  inviting  to  his  inquisitive  and  adven- 
turous spirit.      He  was  a  favorite  of  the  illustrious  navigator,  and 
was  one  of  the  witnesses  4>f  his  tragici^  f  nd  in  1 7  78 .    He  surprised 
his  friends  in  America,  who  had  heard  pothing  of  him  for  ten  years, 
by  a  visit  in  178 1 .   Having  offered  hn  services  to  several  merchantt 
to  conduct  a  trading  voyage  to  the  north  west  coast,  and  meedn^; 
with  no  encouragement,  he  agidn  embarked  for  England  in  1782.  He 
now  resolved  to  traverse  the  continent  of  America  from  the  north 
west  coast*,  which  Cook  had  partly  explored,  to  the  eastern  coast, 
with  which  he  was  already  perfectiy  femiliar.      Disappointed  in 
his  intention  of  sailing  on  a  vpyag^  of  commercial^  adventure  to 
Nbotka  sound,  he  crossed  the  British  channel  to  Ostend  with  onljr 
.ten  guineas  in  hb  purse ;  determinitd  ta travel  over  land  to  Kam* 
.schatkaj  whence  the  passage  is  short  to  the  western  coast  of  A- 
merica.     When  he  came  to  the  gul^^  Bothnia,  he  attempted  to 
cross  the  ice, that  he  might  redch  Kamschatka  by  the  shortest  way; 
but  finding  that  the  water  was  not  frozen  in  the  middle,  he  return* 
ed  to  Stockholm.      He  then  travelled  northward  into  the  arctic  cir* 
cle*  and  passing  round  the  head  of  the  gulf,  descended  on  its  east* 


LEE. 


381 


dflingOTOUs  p«rt  of  the  continent  of  Africa.     Despising  the  acci- 
dental distinctions  of  societjT)  he  seemed  to  regard  no  man  as  hit 
superior  ;  but  his  manners,  though  unpolished,  were  not  disagreea* 
ble.    His  uncultivated  genius  was  peculiar  and  capacious.      The 
hardships,  to  which  he  submitted  in  the  prosecution  of  his  enter- 
prines  and  in  the  indulgence  of  his  curiosity,  arc  almost  incredible. 
He  was  sometimes  glaa  to  receive  food  as  in  charity  to  a  madman, 
for  ^at  character  he  had  been  obliged  to  assume  in  order  to  avoid 
a  heavier  calamity.    His  judgment  of  the  female  character  is  very 
honorable  to  the  sex.    "  I  have  always  remarked,"  said  be,  **  that 
women  in  all  countries  are  civil  and  obliging,  tender  and  humane  ; 
that  they  are  ever  inclined  to  be  gay  and  cheerful,  tfmorous  and 
modest ;  and  that  they  do  not  hesitate,  like  men,  to  perform  a  gen- 
erous action.    Not  haughty,  not  arrogant,  not  supercilious,  they  are 
full  of  courtesy,  and  fond  of  society  ;  more  liable  in  general  to  err 
than  man,  but'  in  general  also  more  virtuous,  and  performing  more 
good  actions,  than  he.    To  a  woman,  whether  civilized  or  savage^  I 
never    addressed  myself  in  the  language  of  decency  and  friend- 
ship, without  receiving  a  decent  and  friendly  answer.    With  man 
it  has  often  been  otherwise.     In  wr.nclering  over  the  barren  plains 
of  inhospitable  Denmark,  through  honest  Sweden  and  frozen  Lap- 
land, rude  and  churlish  Finland,  iinprincipled  Russia,  and  the  wide 
spread  regions  of  the  wandering  Tartar  ;  if  hungry,  dry,  cold,  W^, 
or  sick,  the  women  have  ever  been  friendly  to  me,  and  uniforn^y 
so.     And  to  add  to  this  virtue,  so  worthy  the  appellation  of  benev- 
olence, their  actions  have  been  performed  in  so  free  and  kind  a  man- 
ner, that  if  I  was  dry,  I  drank  the  sweetest  draught,  and  if  hungry, 
I  eat  the  coarsest  morsel  with  a  double  relish.'*  j^ 

Besides  his  communications  to  the  African  association,  Mr.  Led- 
yard  published  an  account  of  Cook's  voyage  in  1 78 1 .     A  number  oi 
his  manuscripts  were  a  few  years  ago  in  the  hands  of  his  brother, 
Dr.  Isaac  Ledyard,  health  officer  of  the  city  of  New  York.-i.jBdltn- 
burgh  encydofi.  edit.  1808,  196,  197;    Proceed,  of  African  asaoc.for 
1790,  40;  Briaaot,  nouv.  voy,  ii.  405—410  ;  Hardie*8  hiog.  dictiona" 
ry ;    Encydofi.  tufifilement^  Phil.  edit.  ;    Universal  asylum^  i.  393— 
395 :  MaMa.  mag.  iv.  94,  95  ;  Gazette  U.  S.  October  9,    1790.      ^3 
LEE  (Samuel),  first  minister  of  Bristol,    Khode  Island,  vras' 
bom  in  London  in  162  5,  and  receiving  his  education  at  Oxford  was. 
admitted  to  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1648.     He  was  soon 
settled  in  a  fellowship,  and  in  1651  was  appointed  a  proctor  of  the 
university.     He  was  afterwards  preferred  by  Cromwell  to  a  church 
near  Bishopsgate  in  London,  but  was  ejected  by  the  rump  parlia- 
ment, and  an  anabaptist  was  placed  in  his  room.     He  was  then  a 
lecturer  of  great  St.  Helen's  church  in  London.    After  the  restor- 
ation he  was  not  silenced  for  nonconformity,  for  he  had  no  prefer- 
ment to  lose ;  but  he  lived  for  some  time  in  Oxfordshire,  occasion- 
ally preaching.     In  1678  he  removed  to  Newbgton  green  near 


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LondoD)  where  he  mtos  for  several  years  minister  of  on  independ- 
ent church.  His  learned  tutor,  bishop  Wilkins,  advised  him  to  en> 
ter  the  establislied  church  ;  but  his  views  of  truth  and  duty  would 
not  suffer  him  to  do  it.  Being  apprehensive^  that  the  rights  of 
conscience  would  soon  be  further  invaded  by  the  return  of  popery, 
he  in  June  1686  removed  to  New  England,  and  preached  in  the 
town  of  Bristol.  When  a  church  was  forllMd  May  8, 1 687,  he  was 
chosen  mmister.  After  the  revolution  in  his  native  country,  he  was 
eagerly,  desirous  of  returning.  Just  before  he  sailed  in  1691,  he 
told  his  wife  that  he  had  viewed  a  star,  which,  according  to  the  rules 
of  astrology,  presaged  captivity.  He  was  accordingly  captured 
by  a  Frencb'^rivateer,  and  carried  into  St.  MaIoe,in  France,  where 
he  died  about  the  time  of  Christmas  in  1'694  in  the  sixty  fourth 
year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  without  the  city  as  a  heretic.  He 
was  a  very  learned  man,  who  spoke  Latin  with  elegance,  was  a  mas- 
ter of  physic  and  chemistry,  and  well  versed  in  all  the  liberal  arts  and 
sciences.  He  had  studied  the  astrological  art,  but  disapproving  lof 
it,  he  burned  a  hundred  books,  which  ndated  to  the  subject.  Though 
a  conscientious  nonconformist,  he  possessed  a  catholic,  liberal  spir- 
it. His  learning  was  united  with  charity,  and  the  poor  were  often 
relieved  by  his  bounty.  He  published  ichronicon  Ocstrenae,  tin  ex- 
act chronology  of  aU  the  rulers  of  Cheshire  and  Chester  in  church 
anl  state  from  the  foundation  of  the  city,  1 666 ;  orbia  miraculum, 
orjhe  temple  of  Solomon  portrayed  by  scripture  light,  folio,  1659 ; 
this  was  printed  at  the  charge  of  the  university ;  de  excidio  anti- 
christ!, folio,  1659  ;  a  sermon  on  the  means  to  be  used  for  the  con- 
version of  carnal  relations,  1 66 1 ;  contemplations  on  moitality,  Bvo, 
1669;  a  sermon  on  secret  prayer,  1674;  the  visibility  oif  the 
trtie  church,  1675  ;  the  triumph  of  mercy  in  the  chariot  of 
praise ;  a  discourse  of  secret  and  preventing  mercies,  1677 ; 
two  discourses  on  the  mournful  state  of  the  church  with  a  pros- 
pect of  her  dawning  glory,  1679  ;  a  dissertation  on  the  ancient 
and  successive  state  of  the  Jews,  with  scripture  evidence  of  their 
iOitnre  conversion  and  establishment  in  their  own  land,  1679 ;  this 
is  printed  with  Fletcher^s  Israel  redux  ;  the  joy  of  &ith,  1689 ;  an* 
-swer  to  many  queries  relative  to  America,  to  its  natural  produc- 
tions, diseases,  &c.  1690  ;  the  great  day  of  judgment,  preached  be- 
fore a  court  at  Bristol,  1695.  He  also  wrote  a  number  of  Latin 
prefaces  to  books  for  Henry  Hall,  printer  at  Oxford,  and  a  preface 
to  John  Rowe's  ImmanueU  with  his  life  and  chara6ter.<^iro(Mf '« 
jithenee  Oxonienaesi  ii.  ■682,  883  ;  CalamyU  account^  ii^  36  ;  hU  ton* 
ftnttat,  i.  53—56 ;  Nonconform,  memorial^  i.  104 ;  Mather't  magna- 
Hay  iii.  223  ;  '.Account  of  origin  qfBrittol, 

LEE  (Charlks),  a  major  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  was  bom  in  Wales  and  was  the  son  of  John  Lee,  a  colonel 
in  the  British  service.  He  entered  the  army  at  a  very  early  age ; 
3>ut  thou|;h  he  x>ossessed  a  military  spirit,  he  was  ardent  in  the  put- 


4 


LED. 


37^ 


•rn  ude  to  Peteraburgh.  There  his  extraordinary  appearance  at- 
tracted  general  notice.  Without  stockings  or  shoes,  and  too  poor 
to  proride  himself  nJ'^l'  her,  he  was  inutcd  to  dine  with  the  Por- 
tuguese ambassador,  v;  ->  supplied  him  with  twenty  guineas  on  th« 
credit  of  sir  Joseph  BankH.  Through  his  interest  he  also  obtained 
permission  to  accompany  a  detachment  of  stores,  which  was  to  be 
sent  to  Yakutz  for  the  use  of  Mr.  Billings,  an  Englishman,  who  was 
entrusted  with  the  schemes  of  noithern  discoTery,.in  which  the  em- 
press was  then  engaged.  From  Yakutz,  wliich  is  situated  in  Sibe- 
ria, six  thoasand  miles  east  of  Petersburgb,  tie  proceeded  to  Ocza- 
kow,  orOchotskjonthe  Kamschatkan  sea ;  but  as  the  navigation  was 
completely  obstructed  by  the  ice,  he  returned  to  Yakutz,  intending  to 
wait  for  Uie  conclusion -of  the  winter.  Here  in  consequence  of 
some  unaccountable  suspicion  he  was  seized  in  the  name  of  the  em- 
press by  two  Russian  soldiers,  who  conveyed  him, in  the  depth  of 
\«inter,  through  the  north  of  Tartary  to  the  frontier  of  the  Polish 
dominions ;  assuring  him  at  their  departure,  that  if  he  returned  to 
Russia,  be  should  certainly  be  hanged,  but  if  he  chose  to  return  to 
England,  they  wished  him  a.  pleasant  journey.  Poor,  forlorn,  and 
friendless,  covered  with  rags^  and  exhausted  by  fatigue,  disease, 
and  misery,  he  pixiceeded  to  Koningsberg,  where  the  interest  of  sir 
Joseph  Banks  enabled  him  to  procure  the  sum  ojf  five  guineas,  by 
means  of  which  he  arrived  in  England. 

He  immediutely  waited  on  sir  .Joseph,  who  recommended  him  to 
an  adventure  as  perilous  as  that,  from  which  he  had  just  returned. 
He  now  was  informed  of  the  views  of  the  association,  which  had 
been  lately  formed  ibr  promoting  the  discovery  of  the  interior 
parts  of  Afnca,  which  wer€  then  little  known.     Sparrman,  Pater- 
son,  and  Vaillant  had  travelled  into  Caffraiia,  and  Norden  and  Bruce 
bad  enlarged  the  acquaintance  of  Europeans  with  Egypt,  Nubia, 
and  Abyssinia.     In  regard  to  other  parts  of  this  .<|uarter  of  the 
globe,  its  geography,  excepting  in  relation  to  its  coasts,  ^vas  involved 
indariinesB.    l.edy.ard  engaged  with  enthusiasm  in  an  .enterprise, 
which  he  hafl  already  projected  for  himself?;  and  rjBceiving  from 
sir  Joseph  a  letter  .of  introduction  to  one  of  the  members  of  the 
committee  appointed  to  direct  the  business  and  promote  the  object 
of  the  association,  he  went  to  him  without  delay.   The  de8cription« 
which  that  gentleman  has  given  of  bis  first  interview,  Mrongly 
marks  the  character  of  this  hardy  traveller.  **  Before  I  llad  learned/' 
says  he,  '^  from  tiie  note  the  name  and  business  of  my  visitor,  I 
was  struck  with  the  manliness  of  his  person,  the  breadth  of  hie 
chest,  the  openness  of  his  countenance,  and  the  inquietude  of  bis 
eye.    I  sppead  the  n»ap  of  Africn  ^lefoK  him,  r  nd  tracing  a  line 
fromCsdro  to  Sennaar,  and  from  thence  westward  in  the  latitude  und 
supposed  direction  of  the  Niger,  I  told  him  that  was  the  route,  by 
which  I  was  anxious*  that  Africa  might,  if  possible,  be  explored, 
lie  mAy  he  shonld  think  himself  singularly  fortunate  to  be  entrusted 


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with  the  adrenture.    I  asked  him  when   he  would  set  out  ?  To- 
morrow  morning  was  his  answer.'* 

From  such  zeaU  decision^  and  intrepidity  the  locietf  naturally 
formed  the  most  sanguine  expectAions.  He  sailed  from  London 
June  SO,  1788)  and  in  thirty  six  days,  seven  of  which  were  spent 
in  Paris,  and  two  at  Marseilles,  arrived  in  the  city  of  Alexandria  ; 
and  having  there  assumed  the  dress  of  an  Egyptian  traveller  pro* 
ceeded  to  Cairo,  which  he  reached  on  the  nineteenth  of  August. 
He  travelled  with  peculiar  advantages.  Endowed  with  an  original 
and  comprehensive  genius  he  beheld  with  interest,  and  described 
with  energy  the  scenes  and  objects  around  him  ;  and  by  comparing 
them  with  what  he  had  seen  in  other  regions  of  the  globe  he  was 
enabled  to  give  his  narrative  all  the  varied  effect  of  contrast  and 
resemblance.  His  remarks  on  Lower  Egypt,  had  that  country 
been  less  generally  known,  might  have  ranked  with  the  most  valu- 
able of  geographical  records.  They  greatly  heightened  the  opin* 
ion,  which  his  employers  already  entertained  of  his  singular  quali> 
fications  for  the  task,  which  he  had  undertaken.  Nor  was  his  resi- 
dence at  Cairo  altogether  useless  to  the  association.  By  visiting 
the  slave  markets,  and  by  conversing  with  the  Jelabs,  or  travelling 
merchants  of  the  caravans, he  obtained  without  any  expense  abetter 
idea  of  the  people  of  Africa,  of  its  trade,  of  the  position  of  places, 
the  nature  of  the  country,  and  the  manner  of  travelling,  than  he 
could  by  any  other  means  have  acquired  ;  and  the  communications 
on  these  subjects,  which  he  transmitted  to  England,  interesting  and 
instructive  as  they  were,  afforded  the  society  the  most  gratifying 
jproofs  of  the  ardent  spirit  of  inquiry,  the  unwearied  attention,  the 
persevering  research,  and  the  laborious,  indefatigable,  anxious  zeal, 
with  which  their  author  pursued  the  object  of  his  mission. 

He  had  announced  to  his  employers,  that  he  had  received  letters 
of » earnest  recommendation  from  the  Aga  ;  that  the  day  of  his  de- 
parture was  appointed  ;  that  his  next  despatch  would  be  dated  from 
Sennaar  ;  and  the  committee  expected  with  impatience  the  result 
of  his  journey.  But  that  journey  was  never  to  be  performed.  The 
vexation,  occasioned  by  repeated  delays  in  the  departure  of  the 
caravan,  brought  on  a  bilious  complaint,  which,  being  increased  at 
first  by  incautious  treatment,  bafHed  the  skill  of  the  most  approved 

Fhysicians  of  Cairo,  and  terminated  liis  earthly  existence  January 
7,1789.     * 

The  society  heaiyl  with  deep  concern  of  the  death  of  a  man, 
whose  high  sense  of  honor,  magnanimous  contempt  of.danger,  and 
ibamest  zeal  for  the  extension  pf  knowledge  had  been  so  conspicu- 
ously displayed  in  their  service  ;  whose  ardor,  tempered  by  calm 
deliberation,  whose  daring  spirit,  seconded  by  the  most  -prudent 
caution,  and  whose  impatience  of  control,  united  with  the  power  of 
eupporting  any&tigue,  seemed  to  have  qualified  him  above  all  other 
men  for  tihe  yery  arduous  task  of  traversing  the  widest  and  most 


LEE. 


('!■ 


S8S 


Id  set  out  ?  To- 


suit  ef  knowledge.     He  acquired  a  competent  skill  in  Greek  and 
Latin)  while  his  fondness  for  travelling  made  him  acqutdnted  with 
the  Italian^  Spanish}  German,  and  French  languages.      In  1756  he 
came  to  America,  and  was  engaged  in  the  avtack  iipon  Ticonde- 
roga  in  July  1758,  when   Abercrombie  was  defeated.     In  1763 
he  bore  a  colonel's  commission,  and  served  under  Burgoyne  in  Por- 
tugal, where  he  much  distinguished  himself.     Not  long  afterwards 
he  entered  into  the  PoUsh  service.     Though  he  was  absent  when 
the  stamp  act  passed^  he  yet  by  his  letters  zealously  supported  the 
cauM  of  America.     In  the  years  177 1,  1773,  and  1 773-  he  vambled 
over  all  Europe,  for  he  could  never  stay  long  in  one  place.      Dur> 
ing  this  excursion  he  Mras  engaged  with  an  officer  in  Italy  in  an  a& 
£gdr  of  honor,  and  he  murdered  his  antagonist,  escaping  himself 
with  the  loss  of  two  fingers.     Having  lost  the  favor  of  the  ministry 
and  the  hopes  of  promotion  in  consequence  of  his  political  senti- 
ments, he  came  to  America  in  Novemtier  1773.      He  travelled 
through  the  country,  animating  the  colonies  to  resistance.  In  1774 
he  was  induced  by  the  persuasion  of  his  ftiend,  general  Gates,  to 
purchase  a  valuable  tract  of  land  of  two  or  three  thousand  acres  in 
Berkley  county,  Virginia.      Here  he  resided  tUl  the  following  year, 
when  he  resigned  a  commission,  which  he  held  in  the  British  ser- 
vice, and  accepted  a  commission  from  congress,  appointing  him  ma- 
jor general.      He  accompanied  Washington  to  the  camp  at  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  arrived  July  3,  1775,  and  was  received  with  eyery 
mark  of  respect.     In  the  beginning  of  the  following  year  he  was 
despatched  to  New  York  to  prevent  the  British  from  obtaining  pos- 
session of  the  city  and  thie  Hudson.      This  trust  he  executed  with 
Cat  wisdom  and  energy.      He  disarmed  all  suspicious  perscms  on 
ig  Island,  and  dreW  up  a  test  to  be  offered  to  every  one,  whose 
attachment  to  the  American  cause  was  doubted.  Ifisbold  measures 
carried  terror  wherever  he  appeared.   He  seems  to  have  been  very- 
fond  of  this  application  of  a  test ;  for  in  a  letter  to  the  president  of 
congress  he  informs  him,  that  he  had  taken  the  liberty  at  Newport  to 
administer  to  a  number  of  the  toriesavery  strong  oatK,one  article  of 
which  was,  that  they  should  take  arms  in  defence  of  their  country,  if 
called  upon  by  congress,  and  he  recommends,  that  this  measure 
should  be  adopted  in  reference  to  all  the  tories  in  America.    Those 
fanatics,  who. might  refuse  to  take  it,- he  thought  should  be  carried 
into  the  interior.      Being  sent  into-  the  southern  colonies,  as  com- 
mander of  all  the  forces,  which'  should  there  be  raised,  he  diffused 
an  ardor  ammig  the  soldiers,  which  was  attended  with  the  most  sal- 
utarf  consequences.     He  was  very  active  in  giving  directions  and 
making  preparations  previously  to  the  unsuccessful  attack  of  the 
British  on  Sullivan'^  island  June  28,  1776.  In  October  by  the  direc- 
tionof  congress  he  repaired  to  the  northern  army.  As  he  was  march- 
int;  from  the  Hudson  through  New  Jersey  to  form  a  junction  with 
Wasiungton  in  Pennsylvania,.he  quitted  his  camp  in  Morris,  county 


l' 

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to  reconnoitre.  In  this  employment  he  went  to  the  distance  of 
three  miles  from  the  camp  and  entered  a  house  for  breakfast  A 
British  colonel  became  acquainted  with  his  situation  by  intercepting 
a  countryman)  charged  with  a  letter  from  him)  and  was  enabled  to 
take  him  prisoner.  He  was  instantly  mounted  on  a  horse  without 
his  cloak  and  hat)  and  carried  safely  to  New  York.  He  was  detain- 
ed till  April  or  May  1778)  when  he  was  exchanged  for  general 
Prescott)  taken  at  Newport.  He  was  very  soon  engaged  in  the 
battle  of  Monmouth.  Being  detached  by  the  commander  in  chief 
to  make  an  attack  upon  the  rear  of  the  enemy)  general  Washington 
was  pressing  forwutl  to  support  him  on  the  twenty  eighth  of  JunC) 
when  to  his  astonishment  he  found  him  retreating  without  having 
made  a  single  effort  to  msdotain  his  ground.  Meeting  him  in  these 
circumstances)  without  any  previous  notice  of  his  plans,  Wash- 
ingtcm  addressed  him  in  terms  of  some  warmth.  Lee,  being  or- 
dered to  check  the  enemy,  conducted  himself  with  his  usual  brave- 
rytand  when  forced  from  the  ground,  on  which  he  had  been  placed, 
brought  off  his  troops  in  good  order.  But  his  haughty  temper 
could  not  brook  the  indignity,  which  he  believed  to  have  been  offer- 
ed  him  on  the  field  of  battlC)  and  he  addressed  a  letter  to  Washing* 
ton,  requiring  reparation  for  the  injury.  He  was  on  the  thirtieth 
arrested  for  disobedience  of  orders,  for  misbehavior  before  the  en- 
emy, and  for  disrespect  to  the  commander  in  chief.  Of  these 
charges  he  was  found  guiltjr  by  a  court  martial,  at  which  lord  Stir- 
ling presided,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  be  suspended  for  one  year. 
He  defended  himself  with  his  accustomed  ability,  and  his  retreat 
seems  to  be  justified  from  the  circumstance  of  his  having  advanced 
upon  an  enemy,  whose  strength  was  much  greater,  than  was  ap- 
prehended, and  from  his  being  in  a  situation,  with  a  morass  in  his 
rear,  which  would  preclude  him  from  a  retreat,  if  the  British  should 
have  proved  victorious.  But  his  disrespectful  letters  to  the  com- 
mander in  chief  it  is  not  easy  to  justify^  His  suspension  gave  gen- 
eral satisfaction  to  the  army,  for  he  was  suspected  of  aiming  him- 
self at  the  supreme  command.  After  the  result  of  his  trial  was 
confirmed  by  congress  in  January  1780  he  retired  to  his  estate  in 
Berkley  county,  Virginia,  where  he  lived  in  a  style  peculiar  to  him- 
self. Glass  windows  and  plaster  would  have  been  extravagances  in 
his  house.  Though  he  had  for  his  companions  a  few  select  authors 
and  his  dogs,  yet  as  he  found  his  situation  too  solitary  and  irksome, 
he  sold  his  farm  in  the  fall  of  1782,  that  in  a  different  abode  he 
niight'^cnjoy  the  conversation  of  mankind.  He  went  to  Philadel- 
phia and  took  lodgings  in  an  inn.  After  being  three  or  four  days 
in  the  city  he  was  seized  by  a  fever,  which  terminated  his  life  Oc- 
tober 2,  1782.  The  last  words,  which  he  uttered,  werO) ".stand  by 
me,  my  brave  grenadiers." 

In  his  person  general  Lee  was  rather  above  the  middle  size,  ami 
his  remarkable  aquiline  nose  refidered  his  face  somewhat  disagree* 


LEE. 


SU 


able*  Mr  Was  master  of*  moat  i^nteel  address^  but  wurudo  IflF 
his  maiiMrt  and  mccesaivelf  Mgligent  in  his  appearance  and  be^ 
havior*  His  appetite  was  ae  whimsical*  that  he  was  eveiy  wheM  « 
niesttiwiUesomevgttest<  Two  or  three  dojj^  usually  followed  Mm 
whereiref  he  went.  As  an  officer  he  was  brtive  and  abte,  and  did 
much  towards  diseipliainr  the  American  army.  With  vigevolHi 
IKMrers  of  mind  and  a  bvUliant  fiuicy  he  was  a  corr^t  and  Alegiuit 
classical  scholar^  and  he  both  wrote  and  spoke  his  nalivc  lan^^uago 
Tfith  propriety}  forces  and  beauty.  His  temper  waa  aoTer^.  TlHi 
hlHory  ot  his  life  is  little  else  than  the  history  of  ^ptrtesi  qtturreto» 
and  duels  in  every  part  of  the  world.  He  was  vindictiTei  arari^ 
ciouSf  imilloralt  impiouS)  and  pro&ne.  His  pfinciples,  as  wouM  b* 
expected  from  his  <iharacter,  were  most  idKindonedi  and  he  ridiculi 
cd  every  tenet  of  religion.  In  his  last  will  he  directed)  Ibath^ 
should  not  be  buried  in  any  church  or  church  yard)  of  witMn « 
mile  of  any  preabyterian  or  anabaptifft  meeting  houte.  He  had 
kept  so  much  ^bad  company  in  this  country)  when  liviilgj  think  -he 
was  unwilling^tts  he  ssgrs,  to  continue  It)  when  dead.  He  pttMisbed 
about  the.  year  1760  a  pamphlet  on  the^tmportance  of  retMmnd 
Canada)  which  Dr.  Franklin  spoke  of  with  respect.  After  his  deaft 
memoirs  Of  h&s  life)  with  Ins  essays  and  letters)  were  published') 
13m0)  l79i.'-^Lee*»  memoir*  ;  Hardie*a  biog.  Jict.t  wHntPrican  JVit- 
pot;  MarahaUf  li.  386^391  {  afifiend.  64 ;  iii.  37,  457)  469-..^«3| 
Stedman^  i.  936)  337 ;  ii.  33 ;  Gordon^  ii.  173)  175,  805)  344)  409^ 
iii.  136-rU^  i  iv-  305^308  ;  Warren,  \,  335)  391,  336  ^  M<  93^ 
96  {  Collect,  hitt.  90c.  ii  150 ;  Holmea*  anna/«)  ii.  466. 

LEE  (RicnAEo  Hsnrt),  president  oi  congress,  was  a  native  of 
Vir^uda,  and'  from  his  earliest  youth  devoted  his  talents  to  the  ser- 
vice of  his  country.  His  public  life  was  distin^ished  by  some  re- 
markable drcutrtstances.  I^e  had  the  honor  of  originating  the  first 
reustance  to  Bndsh  oppression  in  the  time  of  the  stamp  act  in 
1765.  He  proposed  irt  the  Virgmia  house  of  burgesses  in  17^3 
the  formatio<^  of  a  committee  of  correspondence)  whose  object  was 
to  disseiliiinate  infdrmation)  and  to  kindle  the  flame  of  liberty 
througjibut  the  continent.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  .congress, 
and  it  was  he)'who  made  and  ably  supported  the  declaration  of  i^^ 
dependence  ^line  f ,  1 776.  After  the  adoption  o^tbe  articles  of  the 
confed^ratioh  He  ims  under  the  necessity  of' ^thdrawing  from  con* 
irei^  ai  no  representadve  wts  allowed  to  continue  in  congre'i^s 
more  tlhari  three  yean  in  apv  term  of  six  years ;  but  he  was  reelect- 
ed in  liiA  and  continued  till  1707.  It  was  in  Novembeir  1 784,  tFmt 
he  iris  ctjosen  preddentof  cong^ss.  When  the  constitution  of  the 
Uidted  States  was  submitted  to  the  consideration  of  tlje  public  he 
contended  for  th^  necessity  of  amendments  pre^ously  to  ito  adop- 
tion. Afierthe  govermfrient  was  organized,  he  and  Mr.  Grayson 
were  chosen  the  first  senators  ftom  Virginia  in  1789.  This  sta- 
tion he  held  till  Ms  i^Bstgnafioh  in  1792,  when  John  Taylor  was 

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appcunted  in  his  place.  Mr.  Lee  died  at  his.  seat  at  Chntilly.  in 
Westmoreland  countjri  Virginia,  June  33,  1794,  in  the  sixtjr  thini 
year  of  his  age.  He  supported  through  life  the  character  of  a 
philosopher,  a  patriot,  and  a  sage  ;  and  he  died,  as  he  had  lived, 
Messing  his  country.  The  petition  to  the  king,  which  was  adopted 
by  the  congress  in  1774,  and  was  admirably  well  drawn  up,  has 
been  generally  attributed  to  his  pen.  A  letter,  which  he  wrote 
agunst  Deane,  is  published  in  the  Virginia  gazette  of  January  I, 
and  the  independent  chronicle  of  February  11,  1779,  and  a  letter 
to  governor  Randolph  respecting  the  constitution  in  the  American 
museum.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  author  of  observationa 
leading  to  a  fair  examination  of  the  system  of  government,  proposed 
by  the  late  convention,  in  letters  from  the  federal  fiarmer  to  the 
republican,  \7S7. -^Gazette  qf  U.  S.  July  8,  1794 ;  MarthaUj  ii.  18Q 
^183,  309,  403,  409  ;  Gordon^  ii.  374  ;  Warren^  i.  306  ;  Holmes' 
minaUf  ii.  493  ;  American  muteumj  ii.  553—558. 

LEE  (AETHUR,M.n.),  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court 

of  Versailles,  was  a  native  of  Virginia  and  the  brother  of  Richard 

Henry  Lee.      He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh, 

where  he  also  pursued  for  some  time  the  study  of  medicine.     On 

his  return  to  Uiis  country  he  practised  physic  four  or  five  years  ia 

IVilliamsburgb.     He  then  went  to  London  and  commenced  the 

study  of  the  law  in  the  Temple.    During  his  reudence  in  England 

he  kept  his  eye  upon  the  measures  of  government,  and  rendered 

the  most  important  services  to  his  country  by  sending  to  America 

the  earliest  intelligence  of  the  plans  of  the  ministry.      When  the 

'  instructions  to  governor  Bernard  were  sent  over,  he  at  the  same 

time  communicated  information  to  the  town  of  Boston  respectini; 

the  nature  of  them.    He  returned,  it  is  believed,  before  1769,  for 

in  that  year  he  published  the  monitor^s  letters  in  inndication  of  the 

colonial  rights.  In  1775  he  wa&  in  Lond<m  as  the  agent  of  Virginia, 

and  he  presented  in  August  the  second  petition  of  congress  to  the 

king.      All  his  exertions  were  now  directed  to  the  good  of  his 

country.      When  Mr.  Jefferson  declined  the  appointment  of  a 

minister  to  France,  Dr.  Lee  was  appointed  in  his  place,  and  he 

joined  his  colleagues.  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane,  at  Paris  in 

.  December  1776.  He  assisted  in  negotiating  the  treaty  with  France. 

In  1779  he  and  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  taken  the  place  of  Deane, 

were  recalled,  and  Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed  sole  minister  to 

France.    His  return  had  been  rendered  necessary  by  the  malicious 

accnaations,  with  which  Deane  had  assuled  his  pubUc  conduct.  In 

the  preceding  year  Deane  had  left  Paris  agreeably  to  an  order  of 

congress,  and  came  to  this  country  in  the  same  ship  with  the  French 

minister,  Gerard.     On  his  arrival,  as  many  suspicions  hovered 

around  him,  he  thought  it  necessary  to  repel  them  by  attacking  the 

character  of  his  colleague.  Dr.  Lee.      In  an  inflammatory  address 

to  the  public  he  vilified  hiqi  in  the  grossest  terms,  charging  him 


LEE. 


387 


^Htkiibetnictang  the  alliance  with  Franceiand  ditcloaing  the  lecreM 
ot  ooBgress  to  British  noblemen.     He  at  the  same  time  impeached 
the  ooBduct  of  his  brother*  William  Leetesquire*ageDt  for  congreaa 
It  the  courts  of  Vienna  and  Berlin.    Dr.  Lee  also  was  not  on  very 
good  terms  with  Dr.  Franklin,  whom  he  believed  to  be  too  much 
under  the  influence  of  the  French  court.      Firm  in  his  attachment 
(0  the  interests  of  his  country,  honest,  zealous ;  he  was  inclined  to 
question  the  correctness  of  all  the  commercial  transactions,  in  which 
the  philosopher  had  been  engaged.     These  dissensions  among  the 
ministers  produced  corresponding  divisions  in  congress,  .and  Mon« 
«i«ur  Gerard  had  so  little  respect  to  the  dignity  of  an  ambassauor, 
as  to  become  a  zealous  partisan  of  Deane.     Dr.   Lee  had  muny 
friends  in  congress,  but  Dr.  Franklin  had  more.  When  the  former 
returned  to  America  in  1780,  such  was  his  integrity,  that  he  did 
not  find  it  difficult  to  reinstate  himself  fully  in  the  goud  opinion  of 
the  public.     In  1784  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  comniisuoners 
for  holding  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the  six  nations.   lie  accord- 
ingly went  to  fort  Schuyjer  and  executed  this  trust  in  a  manner, 
which  did  him  much  honor.    In  February  1790  he  was  admitted  a 
coonseller  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  by  a  spe- 
dsl  order.    Altera  short  illness  he  died  December  14, 1793, at 
Urbanna  in  Middlesex  county,  Virginia.    He  was  a  man  of  uniform 
patriotism,  of  a  sound  understanding,  of  greut  probity,  of  plain 
manners,  and  strong  passions.    During  his  residence  for  a  number 
of  years  in  England  he  was  indefatigable  in  his  exertions  to  promote 
the  interests  of  his  country.      To  the  abilities  of  a  statesmtm  he 
united  the  acquisitions  of  a  scholar.      He  was  a  member  of  the 
American  philosophical  society.      Besides  the  monitor's  letters, 
written  in  17£9,  which  have  been  mentioned,  he  published  extracts 
from  a  letter  to  the  president  of  congress  in  answer  to  a  libel  by 
Silas  Deane,  1780  ;  and  observations  on  certain  commercial  trans<r 
actions  in  France,  lud  before  congress,  1780^— (Tarrfu,  ii.  131(— ^ 
139;  Gordorit  ii.  447;  Marahally  iii.  414  ;  Holnut*  annaltt  n.  iSS  ; 
Trantact.  Jtmer.  fihilot.  aoc.  iii.  414.  ,it  r-.; 

L^ESE  (Anna),  founder  of  the  sect  of  shakers,  was  born  in 
England  of  low  parentage,  and  procured  sub^stenosat  the  expense 
of  her  character.  She  first  di^vulged  her  extraordinary  pretensions 
in  the  year  1770,  assuming  the  name -of  the  elect  Jady,  but  being 
more  geoerally  denominated  the  mother.  Having  collected  about 
thirty  followers  in  Manchester,  she  established  her  religious  exer- 
cises in  the  same  manner,  as  she  afterwards  did  in  America.  But 
her  performances  were  so  clamorous,  md  her  rites  so  subveruve  of 
the  peace  of  families,  that  the  sect  was  deemed  a  public  nuisance 
and  their  assemblies  suppressed  by  civil  authority.  The  elect  lady 
with  (ve  of  her  followers  came  to  New  York  in  1774.  Being 
jmned  by  six  others  in  1776  they  purchased  land  in  Nisqueunia, 
a))0|it  ten  miles  north  west  from  Albany.  Here  they  lived  unnoticed 


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and  industrious  throe  or  four  years.  Bat  in  the  beginning  of  1780, 
vrheu  there  was  an  unusual  religious  commotion  m  New  Lebenon 
and  some  adjacent  towns,  in  the  midst  of  the  wildness  and  extrava- 
gance of  lanaticismt  some  account  of  the  elect  ladv  reached  the 
bewildered  enthusiasts.  Immediatclf  the  road  te  NiM|ueuhiA  was 
crowded  with  deluded  beings  in  quest  of  greater  delusions.  The 
mother  received  them  with  many  smiles  and  told  them  she  knew 
of  their  coming  before,  declared  herself  to  be  the  woman  clethed 
with  the  sun,  mentioned  in  the  twelfth  chapter  of  the  Revelation, 
claimed  the  power  of  ministering  the  Holy  Spirit  to  whom  she 
pleased,  asserted  that  she  was  daily  judging  the  dead  of  all  nations, 
who  came  to  her  for  that  purpose,  and  that  no  &vor  could  be  shown 
to  any  pers(m  but  through  the  contession  of  their  sins  unto  her. 
These  impious  pretensions,  enforced  upon  persons,  some  of  wh(^ 
ilrere  already  bereft  of  reaao:*,  by  the  magical  charms  of  wry  looks, 
odd  postures,  whimsical  gestures,  unintelligible  mutterings,  alter- 
nate groans  »nd  laughter,  and  the  solemn  ceremony  of  hewing, 
dancing,  and  whirling,  completed  the  work  of  converting  rati(mal 
beings  into  ideots,  and  brought  her  in  a  fine  harvest  of  deltided  fol. 
kyweis.  One  of  these  was  Mr.  Valentine  Rathbun,  a  baptist  min- 
ister,  irhq  however  in  about  three  months  recovered  Ids  senses,  and 
p:iblist)ed  a  pamphlet  against  the  imposture.  He  says,  that  there 
attei^ded  this  infatuation  an  inexplicable  agency  upon  the  body,  to 
wiiich  he  himself  was  subjected,  that  affected  the  nerves  suddenly 
and  forcibly  like  the  electric  fluid,  and  was  followed  by  tremblhigs 
and  the  complete  deprivation  of  strength.  When  the  good  mother 
had  somewhat  established  her  authority  with  her  new  disciples, 
she  Warned  them  of  the  great  sin  of  following  the  Vain  customs  of 
the  world,  and  having  fleeced  them  of  their  ear  rings,  necklaces, 
buckles,  and  every  thing,  which  might  nourish  pride,  and  having 
cut  off  their  hidr  close  by  their  ears,  she  admitted  them  into  her 
church,  Thus  metamorphosed,  they  were  ashamed  to  be  seen  by 
tbdr  old  acquaintithce,  and  would  be  induced  to  continue  shakers 
to  save  themselves  from  further  humiliation.  The  impostor  as- 
aerted,  that  she  was  not  liable  to  the  assaults  of  death,  and  that 
when  she  left  this  world,  she  should  aseend  in  the  twinkling  of  an 
eye  to  heaven.  But  unhappily  for  her  clums,  she  wto  not  ex- 
empted from  the  same  event,  which  befols  beasts,  and  her  bones 
are  mouldering  in  the  tile  ground.  She  died  in  1784.  The  sect, 
which  she  established,  has  experienced  a  number  of  revolutions. 
At  present  they  are  distinguUhi^d  for  uprijghtness  an^  industry,  but 
they  persist  in  rejecting  the  ordinances,  which  Jesud  Christ  tiost 
expressly  Onioined,  and  substituting  revelbticffis  and  itnpressions 
upon  their  minds  in  the  place  of  the  coniiMenf  and  plain  instruc- 
tions of  scripture,  they  are  to  be  classed,  with  those,  who  choose 
rather  to  be  glided  by  their  own  reason  or  imaginatictti,  than  hf 
the  Wisdom  of  God.— AWv  York  iheolo^,  amgffzinei  i.  83  |  V.  Rvth- 


^     / 


LEV. 


389 


^h'»  britfMnf  t  ^'  Hathhun*»  account  t^f  the  »hakert  t  7hytor*4 
account ;  fVnt'a  account  ;  Mamu*  view  q/'  reiigiontt  art,  •hakcra  i 
BaelnUyiXk.  194,  195. 

LE  MERCIER  (Andkew),  miniiter  in  Boston,  had  for  roanjr 
yean  the  care  of  the  protestant  French  church,  which  was  found- 
ed bf  persecuted  protestants,  driven  from  France  by  the  revocip 
don  of  the  edict  of  Nantes  in  1686.  The  society  being  very  much 
diminished,  Mr.  Le  Mercier  at  length  desisted  tram  his  public  la- 
bors, and  the  house  was  in  1748  occupied  by  Mr.  CrosVel's  church. 
He  dked  in  1763,  having  sustained  a  reputable  character.  He  pul>> 
lished  a  church  history  of  Geneva,  13  mo,  1733  ;  and  a  treatise 
on  detractien«»C«//ec/.  Utt.  toe.  iii.  364,  301. 

LEVERETT  (John),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  signalised  liim- 
eelf  by  his  bravery  in  the  early  periods  of  his  life.  He  was  long 
employed  in  public  affairs  and  places  of  great  trust.  He  was  in 
England  at  the  restoration,  and  appeared  an  advocate  foi  the  colony. 
Upon  his  return  to  this  country  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
general  court  for  Boston.  In  1664  he  was  chosen  major  general, 
aadin  1665  an  assistant.  He  was  elected  governor  in  1673  as  suc- 
cessor to  Bellingham,  and  was  continued  in  that  office  till  his  death, 
March  16,  1678.  His  administration  is  spoken  of  with  respect. 
He  Mras  succeeded  by  governor  Bradstreet.F--il/ajr'Mr/ia,  ii.  19  j 
Mali  ii.  33  ;  Hutchinton^  i.  169, 370,  333. 

LEVERETT  (Johk),  president  of  Harvanl  college,  was  jgrand- 
son  of  governor  Levcrett,  and  was  graduated  at  the  college,  wliich 
v^  afterwards  entrusted  to  his  care,  in  1680.  He  was  first  ap- 
pcunted  a  tutor  in  this  seminary.  He  next  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  then, speaker.  He  was  succes- 
sively a  member  of  his  majesty's  council,  a  justice  of  the  superiiHr 
court,  and  a  judge  of  the  probate  of  wills.  After  the  death  of  the 
vice  president  Willai^,  he  was  chosen  president  of  Harvard  col- 
lege, and  was  inducted  into  this  office  Januai7  14,  1708.  In  this 
stadon  he  continued  till  his  death,  which  .took  place  suddenly  May 
S,  1794.  He  was  succeeded  by  Wadsworth.  President  Leyerett 
received  from  thte  gift  of  God  great  powers  of  mind,  which  he  dil- 
igently cultivated.  He  was  conspicuous  for  his  learning  ;  and  he 
was  an  eminent  divine  as  well  as  statesman.  In  an  early  period  of 
bis  life  he  occaaioi^Uy  preached.  So  extensive  was  his  knowledge 
and  so  correct  was  his  judgment,  that  in  almost  every  difficult  case 
the  people  resorted  to  him  for  information  and  advice.  He  was  a 
man  of  courage,  and  resolution,  and  firmness,  as  well  as  learning. 
No  difficulties  discouraged  him,  when  he  once  engaged  in  any  tS- 
fair  of  impcitance  ;  he  encountered  them  with  cheerfulness  j  and 
by  his  perseverance  and  diligence  frequently  effected  what  >v<ould 
have  been  im^iossible  to  a  mind  of  feebler  texture.  When  his 
object  tould  not  be  accomplished,  he  yielded  it  without  disquietude. 
At  the  h^ad  of  the  university  he  was  respected,  for  he  possessed 


•  ill.-' 


"i 


' 


I  '« 


^'^'i    ^"'l 

;  '■ 

l!^''| 

1       1    , 

1  '      .  ■( 

090 


UN. 


penon«l  dignitf  ontl  a  Ulent  of  government.  There  wm  a  inuje»if 
in  hit  speech,  behavior,  uiiU  couuienancc,  wnich  secured  the  rcvcr* 
ence  of  ull,  who  conversed  with  him,  unU  impressed  tlie  youth,  who 
were  subject  to  his  authority,  with  awe.  Yet  he  did  not  iose  their 
affections,  tor  his  dignity  was  nut  the  offspring  of  pride.  He  was 
a  good  ronn,  ot  unafi'ectcd  piety  and  ot  a  hoiy  iife,  a  cordial  frie<Hito 
the  congregational  churches,  but  placing  religion  not  so  mvich  in 
particular  forms,  as  in  the  wciglitier  matters  oi  righteousness,  liutb, 
and  love.  In  his  care  of  the  college  he  was  indefatigable,  and  it 
flourished  much  during  his  prcaidcncy.  He  was  its  glory,  and  ho 
was  also  the  onmraent  uf  iiis  country  .—/^uncra/  termoru  by  ^/ijiletoat 
Coimarii  and  IVadtworth  t  FJynt*a  oration  on  WaeUwarth  {  hutchin- 
«o»,  i.  333. 

LINING  (John,  m.  d.),  on  eminent  physician  and  philosopher 
of  South  Carolina,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  received  an  excel- 
lent education.  He  came  to  America  about  the  year  17SS.  He 
corresponded  with  Or.  Fnuiklin  on  the  subject  ot  electricity,  and 
was  the  first  person,  who  introduced  an  electrical  apparatus  iuto 
Charleston.  Ue  made  and  published  a  series  of  judicious  stuiical 
experiments*  which  were  conducted  through  the  whole  of  the  year 
1740.  In  1753  he  published  a  history  of  the  vellow  fever,  whiph  was 
the  first  account  of  that  disease,  that  was  givpn  to  the  world  from 
the  American  continent.— A//VArr,  ii.  364;  Ram»ay*»  review  ^fmed- 
icinct  43,  44. 

LINN  (William,  D.D.),  minister  in  New  York,  was  )}om  b 
1753  and  was  graduated  at  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in  1773.  He 
vas  at  first  connected  with  the  presbyterian  church  in  Pennsylvania. 
During  the  war  of  the  rcvoiiru  it  he  was  chaplain  in  the  army.  A 
£ew  years  after  the  peace  he  attached  himself  ^o  the  reformed  Dutch 
church,  and  settled  in  the  city  ol  New  York.  He  was  finally  con- 
strained to  resign  his  pastoral  charge  by  indispositiop,  though  his 
friends  regarded  his  compKiints  as  imaginary ;  aud  he  died  at  Alba> 
njr  in  January  1808,  in  the  fifty  sixth  year  of  his  age.  Before 
disease  broke  down  his  strength,  he  was  distinguished  and  useful. 
His  eloquence  was  for  the  must  part  natural,  impressive,  and  com- 
manding,  tlK>ugh  at  times  he  hud  too  much  vehemence  in  his 
iBsinner.  Ue  married  a  daughter  of  the  reverend  John  Bhw.  The 
following  are  his  publications;  a  miliury  discourse,  delivered  in 
Carlisle,  1776  ;  the  spiritual  death  and  life  of  t!  .  c'''.vf  r,  and  the 
character  and  misery  of  the  wicked,  two  serr.o.  ;•  >mericapi 
preacher,  i ;  asermon  on  the  anniversary  of  Am>  ;.^    lendencci 

i791  i  sermons  hi^storical  and  characteristlcal,  1 2 mo,' 1 791;  a  fune- 
ral eulogy  on  Washington,  1 800.— 'P<mo/)//«/,  iii.  43 1|  433  ;  Mff  if 
J.  Ji*  Linn,  I .  . 

.  .L!NN'(JoBN  Blair,  d.d.),  a  poet,  and  minister  in  Philadelphia, 
vifA  h  :■  v>n  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  in  Shippensburgh,  Pennr 
i^>U\uuH,  Mut .:])  14,  i/77.     He  early,  evinced  a  strong  attachment 


LIN. 


391 


to  books.    When  he  was  nine  years  old  his  father  remoTed  to  New 
York* and  here  he  enjoyed  new  op^wrtunitics  ol  improvement  imder 
respectable  teachcrk.     At  the  ai^c  of  thirteen  he  returned  home 
from  a  seminary  in  Flatbush  on  Lon^  Utttiid,  where  he  had  paased 
two  or  three  years  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  heakh,  aiul  delighted 
with  the  beauties  of  nature.      He    ,/ \v  cmeic«(  "ulumbiu  coUege, 
and  engaged  in  anew  scenct  being  Hubjert  to  new  discipline  and 
interested  by  new  associates.      ''tiiiing  i.ii;  four  years,  which  he 
passed  in  the  college^  his  taste,  like  the  tustc  ot  others  tt  that  peri- 
gdf  became  fixed*  and  a  permanent  dircctir  ii  whs  given  to  his  incli- 
nations.    He  evinced  a  powerful  tendency  to  poetry  uimI  rnticiiiai. 
The  fine  writers  of  the  ugct  particularly  the  poets,  uccame.  hia  dar- 
ling «i.udvt  end  the  glow  of  admiration  was  followed  by  a  xeal  to 
iQiit  ti  .     Admiring  the  great  works  of  the  dramatic  writers^  it  w%» 
n   I'.     '•^     riro,  when  unrestrained  by  deep  Bcriousness,  and  in  a 
cit)  t  where  there  i%  an  established  theatre,  to  hasten  where  he  might 
b(  H  M  these  works  invested  with  the  charms  of  life  and  action  on 
the  s'age.      But  though  the  theatre  became  his  chief  posnion,  he 
wa*^  net  seduced  into  vicious  pleasures.      When  his  academical 
caTf  r  was  ended*  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  his  choice  of  u 
profession  fell  upon  the  law.     He  was  placed  under  the  direction  of 
Alexander  Hamilton,  who  was  the  friend  of  his  father  ;  but  he  did 
not  apply  himself  with  much  assiduity  to  his  new  pursuit.       I'hc 
splendid  visions  of  Shakcspeara  and  Tusso  were  more  uttracuve, 
than  the  nuked  abstractions.and  tormenting  subtleties  of  Blackstone 
and  Coke.      He  regarded  the  legal  science  everyday  with  new 
indifferencei  and  at  the  close  of  the  first  year  relimiuished  the  pre- 
iession  altogether.     Before  this  event  he  hud  ventured  to  produce 
a  dramatic  composition,  called  Bourville  castle,  on  the  stage.       Itn 
success  was  encouraging ;  but  other  objects  now  claimed  his  atten- 
don,  and  his  dramatic  career  was  entirely  renounced.     His  passion 
for  theatrical  amusements  yielded  to  affections  of  a  more  serious 
and  beneficial  nature,  and  those  religious  impressions,  which  from 
his  earliest  infancy  he  had  occauonally  felt,  now  sunk  permanently 
into  his  heart.    After  much  deliberation,  he  determined  to  devote 
lus  future  life  to  the  service  of  the  church.     Such  adeciuon,  in 
hh  circumstani:es  and  with  his  prospects,  could  flow  only  from 
deep  convictions  of  duty. 

Perceiving  the  necessity  of  relinquishing  with  his  former  habits 
■rnd  pursuits  many  of  his  former  companions,  and  of  abandoning  tho 
scenes,  to  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to  resort,  he  retired  to 
Schenectady,  and  put  himself  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Romeyn*  a 
professor  of  theology  in  the  reformed  Dutch  church.  Experience 
daily  presented  new  difficulties,  but  his  zeal  was  not  diminished. 
A  license  to  preach  was  obtained  from  the'classis  of  Albany  in  the 
year  1798,  when  he  had  just  entered  his  twenty  second  year.  Amidst 
some  exuberances  of  style  and  sentiment  the  excellence  of  his  pet- 


■f 


,.,.!*( 


ir.i 

'I          (    ^ 

.1 

3S2 


LIN. 


m 


lormances  excited  lively  expectations  of  his  futdre  disUnctioh.  Ke 
Mceived  calls  from  the  presbjrterian  church  at  ElizabcthtowiTi  New 
Jersey)  and  from  the  first  presbyterian  church  at  Philadelphia.  He 
finally  decided,  though  not  without  much  hesitation,  in  Ssvor  of  the 
latter  rituation.  In  this  decision  he  was  influenced  by  a  diffidence 
of  his  own  powers,  which  he  believed  would  have  to  encounter  less 
antluous  trials  as  an  assistant  minister,  than  where  the  whole  charge 
sfiould  devolve 'upon  himself.  He  was  ordained  June  13,  1799,  as 
colleague  with  the  reverend  Dr.  Ewing.  The  two  sncceding  years 
of  his  life  were  passed  in  diligent  and  successful  application  to  the 
duties  of  the  pastoral  office,  which  were  rendered  more  arduous  by 
the  increasing  infirmities  of  his  venerable  colleague.  But  during  this 
interval,  amidst  the  faithful  labors  of  his  office,  he  found  time  to 
write  two  poems,  the  first  on  the  death  of  Washington,  and  the  sec- 
end  the  powers  of  genius,  a  poem  of  considerable  length,  which 
was  very  acceptable  to  the  public,  and  has  been  published  in  a 
^lendid  manner  in  England. 

'^  Mr.  Linn's  temperament  was  sanguine  and  his  health  at  all  times 
extremely  variable.  From  his  earliest  infancy  he  was  liable  to  fits 
of  severe  indisposition.  As  there  was  a  powerful  sympathy  between 
hh  body  and  mind,  all  disorders  in  the  former  produced  confbsion 
and  despondency  in  the  latter.  He  was  always  prone  to  portcibd  an 
unfavorable  issue  to  his  disease.  In  the  sunrmer  of  1 803  his  c(mi* 
stitution  suffered  irreparable  mischief  from  a  fever,  induced  by  ex« 
posure  to  the  rays  of  a  burning  sun.  His  brain  aftenyards  was  fre- 
quwitly  seized  with  a  dizziness,  which  was  followed  by  a  heavy  de- 
pression of  mind.  He  struggled  manfully  with  his  infirmity,  but 
his  strength  was  wasting,  and  he  was  sinking  into  the  earth.  That 
his  powers  of  reasbning  and  reflection,  however,  were  not  impair- 
ed by  his  disease  he  very  soon  furnished  an  incontestable  proof 
in  the  spirit,  with  which  he  carried  on  a  short  controversy, 
during  this  year,  with  Dr.  Priestley.  That  pertinacious  Socinian 
had  published  a  short  treatise,  in  which  he  drew  a  comparison  be* 
tween  Jesus  Christ  and  Socrates.  Mr.  Linn  stepped  forward  against 
She  veteran  controversialist,  subjected  the  character  of  Socrates  toa 
ri(»td  scrutiny,  and  while  he  endeavored  to  reduce  it  to  its  proper 
point  in  thfe  scale,  the  transcendent  merits  of  Christ  were  urged 
with  unusual  eloquence.  A  second  reply  to  a  second  publication  of 
Mr.  Linn  was  the  dying  effort  of  Priestley  in  favor  of  the  Socinian 
doctrines.  Mr.  Linn  was  zealous  and  impetuous ;  some  of  his 
friends  thought  the  importance  of  the  subject  in  cohtroversy  justifi- 
ed the  asperity,  with  which  the  youth  treated  his  adversary,  venera- 
ble fok>  age  and  science  ;  but  he  did  not  justify  himself,  and  he  was 
known  to  spelik  of  his  vehemence  with  tears  of  regret.  He  even 
wrote  a  letter  of  apology  to  Dr.  Priestley,  but  the  death  of  the  lattei' 
prevented  his  receiving  it.  During  this  period  he  put  together  the 
materials  of  a  poem,  to  which  h,e  intendedto  entrust  his  future   ame 


LIN. 


393 


u  a  poet.  This  fragment  of  a  plan,  copious  and  comprehensive* 
iras  left  in  a  state  thought  to  be  sufticiently  perfected  for  the  press, 
and  it  was  published  after  his  death  under  the  title  of  Valerian.  To 
the  proofs  of  literary  excellence,  which  he  had  exhibited,  was  he  in- 
debted  for  a  degree  of  doctor  in  divinity  from  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania, conferred  without  the  previous  knowledge  of  himself 
or  his  familiar  friends.  This  honor  probably  was  never  before 
conferred  on  so  young  a  man. 

He  was  now  approaching  the  hour  of  his  dissolution.  The  gloom, 
which  hovered  over  his  mind,  became  deeper  and  more  settled.  He 
could  look  beyond  the  grave  without  fear,  but  the  terrors  of  death 
were  almost  insupportable.  In  the  summer  of  1804  he  was  induced 
to  take  a  journey  to  the  eastern  states.    The  images  of  melancholy, 
the  gloom,  the  despondence,  theterror,  which  he  had  before  felt, 
still  however  attended  him.     He  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  July. 
On  the  thirtieth  of  August  he  arose  with  less  indisposition,  than 
usual.    He  contemplated  resiigning  his  sacred  office,  and  engaging 
in  some  employment,  corresponding  more  to  his  strength,  in  which 
he  could  be  useful.     On  the  evening  of  that  day  he  had  scarcely 
laid  his  head  upon  the  pillow,  when  he  said  to  his  wife,  ^'  I  feel 
something  burst  within  me.     Call  the  family  together  ;    I  am  dy- 
ing."   A  stream  of  blood  now  choaked  his  utterance.       But  after  a 
short  interval  he  recovered  strength  to  exclaim  with  fervency, 
clasping  his  hands  and  lifting  his  eyes,  "  Lord  Jesus,  pardon  my 
transgressions,  and  receive  my  soul  !"  Such  was  the  termination 
of  his  life  August  30,  1804,  in  the  twenty  eighth  year  of  his  age. 
As  a  preacher,  few  persons  ever  attained  so  great  a  popularity  as 
he  acquired  before  his  twenty  third  year.     Time  pruned  away  his 
juvenile  luxuriances  and  gave  greater  solidity  to  his  discourses, 
without  rendering  them  less  engaging.     As  a  poet  he  possesses 
considerable  merit.    His  talents  were  of  the  first  order.    He  was 
capable  of  deep  research,  but  the  indulgence  of  his  imagination 
and  his  taste  had  more  charms  for  him.    His  temper  was  quick  ; 
his  sensibility  exquisite.     Though  sometimes  rash,  yet  he  was 
generous.    He  was  accustomed  to  dwell  more  on  the  dark,  than  on 
the  bright  side  of  the  picture  of  life.    He  was  often  a  prey  to  mel* 
ancholy,  sitting  for  days  silent,  sad,  and  gloomy.    He  felt  even  to 
madness  the  slightest  disrespect,  and  as  sensibly  enjoyed  attention 
paid  to  him.    With  years  however  his  sensibility  was  corrected. 
The  frame  of  his  mind  in  relation  to  spiritual  things  was  a  perfect 
contrast  to  what  it  was  in  the  common  concerns  of  life.     He  uni' 
formly  trusted  in  the  Savior  of  sinners,  and  the  apprehensions  of 
future  life,  however  humble  were  the  views  he  entert£uned  of  him- 
self, did  not  interrupt  the  composure  of  his  mind. 

He  prepared  for  the  press  and  published  soon  after  he  left  col- 
lej^c  without  his  name  two  volumes  of  miscellanies  in  prose  and 


f:  i\ 


■»! 


'      '*m  & 


verse,  12mo.    His  poem  on  the  death  of  Washington, 

5! 


which  has 


'■  ■  ijii 


y  t 


394 


uv. 


^■:  a 


i ''! !]»' 


'I  :  ''ii  I 


'■iM 


'ill 


been  menticmed,  was  written  in  limitation  of  the  manner  of  Ossiaoy 
and  published  in  1800,  and  his  powers  of  genius  in  1801  ;  a  funeral 
sermon  on  Dr.  Ewing,  1802;  his  two  tracts  in  the  controversy 
Mrith  Dr.  Priestley,  1802.  After  his  death  there  was  published  from 
his  manuscripts  Valerian,  a  narrative  poem,  intended  in  part  to 
describe  the  early  persecutions  of  Christi<ins,  and  rapidly  to  illus* 
trate  the  influence  of  Christianity  on  the  manners  ot  nations,  4to, 
1805.  Prefixed  to  this  is  a  sketch  of  Dr.  Linn'd  life  by  Mr. 
Brown,  written  in  a  style  of  uncommon  excellence .^-//it  li/e  in  Vq, 
Icrian  ;  Port  foHoj  new  aeriesy  i^  21—29,  129 — 134,  195—203; 
BUur'afun.  sermon  ;  JVew  York  spectator j  Sefit.  8>.  1804  ;  Hardie'^ 
biog.  diet,  afifiend.  1—7. 

LIVINGSTON,  (William,  ll.  d.),  governor  of  New  Jersey, 
descended  from  a  family  in  New  York,  which  emigrated  from 
North  Britain,  and  which  was  distinguished  for  its  numbers,  opu- 
lence,  talents,  Christian  virtue,  and  attachment  to  liberty.     He 
was  born  about  the  year  1723,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  m 
1741.      He  afterwards  pursued  the  study  of  the  law.     Possessing 
from  the  gift  of  God  a  strong  and  comprehensive  mind,  a  brilliant 
imagination,  and  a  retentive  memory,  and  improving  with  unweari* 
cd  diligence  the  literary  advantages,  whkh  he  enjoyed,  he  s9on  rose 
,  to  eminence  in  his  profession.      He  early  embraced  the  cause  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty.     AVhen  Great  Britain  advanced  her 
arbitrary  claims,  he  employed  his  pen  in  opposing  them  and  in 
vindicating  the  rights  of  his  countrymen.      After  sustaining  some 
important  offices  in  New  York  he  removed  to  New  Jersey,  and  as  a 
representative  of  this  state  was  one  of  the  principal  members  of  the 
first  congress  in  1774.      After  the  inhabitants  of  New  Jersey  had 
sent  their  governor,  Mr.  William  Franklin,  under  a  strong  guard 
to  Connecticut,  and  had  formed  a  new  constitution,  in  July  1 796, 
Mr.  Livingston  was  elected  the  first  chief  magistrate,  and  such  was 
his  integrity  and  republican  virtue,  that  he  was  annually  reelected 
till  his  death.     During  the  war  he  bent  his  exertions  to  support  the 
independence  of  his  country.      By  the  keenness  and  severity  of  his 
political  writing^  he  exasperated  the  British,  who  distinguished  hiin 
as  an  object  of  their  peculiar  hatred.  His  pen  had  no  inconsiderable 
influence  in  exciting  that  indignation  and  zeal,  which  rendered  the 
militia  of  New  Jersey  so  remarkable  for  the  alacrity,  with  which  on 
any  alarm  they  arrayed  themselves  against  the  common  enemy. 
He  was  in  1 787  a  delegate  to  the  grand  convention,  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States.      After  having  sustained  the 
office  of  governor  for  fourteen  years  with  great  honor  to  himself  and 
nsefulness  to  the  state,  he  died  at  his  seat  near  Elizabethtown  Julf 
3^,  1790,  aged  sixty  seven  years-.     He  was  succeeded  by  William 
Patterson. 

Governor  Livingston  was  from  his  youth  remarkably  plain  and 
simple  in  his  dress  and  maniiers.     Always  the  enemy  of  parade^ 


LOC. 


395 


1804  :  Hardie*^' 


lie  never  exhibited  himself  in  splendor.  He  was  convivial,  easy, 
mild)  witty,  and  fond  of  anecdote.  Fixed  and  unshaken  in  Christian 
priiicipies,  his  life  presented  an  example  of  incorruptible  integrity, 
strict  honor,  and  warm  benevolence.  He  obeyed  the  precepts  of 
the  gospel,  and  in  the  opinion  of  his  Chribtian  friends  wtts  sincerely 
pious.  He  relied  for  salvation  solely  upon  the  merits  of  Christy 
In  his  political  principles  he  was  purely  republican,  having  an 
an  abhorrence  of  the  monarchical  form  of  government.  He  was  an 
excellent  classical  scholar.  His  writingii  evince  a  vigorous  mind 
and  a  refined  taste.  Intimately  acquainted  with  the  celebrated 
writers  of  his  day  and<of  the  preccdin,^  age,  he  acquired  an  elegance 
of  style,  which  placed  him  among  the  first  of  modern  writers.  He 
was  unequalled  in  satire.  He  published  a  poem,  called  philosoph- 
ical solitude ;  a  funeral  elogium  on  the  reverend  president  Burr, 
il758,  which  is  considered  as  a  fine  specimen  of  eloquence ;  a  letter 
to  the  bishop  of  LandafiT,  occasioned  by  some  passages  in  his  sermon 
on  the  twentieth  of  February,  1,767 ;  and  a  number  of  miscellaneous 
tracts,  which  ware  published  in  various  periodical  works.  A  valu- 
able review  ofithe  military  operations  in  North  America  from  1753 
to  1756  in  a  letter  to  a  nobleman  was  written  by  him  in  conjunction 
with  his  friends,  Messrs.  W.  Smith  and  Scott,  lawyers.  New  York. 
It  is  preserved  in  the  collections  'of  the  Massachusetts  historical 
society.  His  son,  William  Livingston,  esquire,  issued  propos- 
als a  lew  years  ago  for  publishing  memoirs  of  his  life,  with  his 
'  miscellaneous  writings  in  prose  and  verse ;  but  the  work  has  not 
yet  been  given  to  Uae  public— AfocwAor?e»**a  fun.  aerm.  s  Mil/er's 
retros/iectf  ii.  369;  Hardie'a  biog.dict.s  Gazette  U.  S.  July  28, 
1790;  Co/umb.  ma^.i.  7,  8  ;  jimer.  muac.  iv.  235  ;  viii.  254 — 256 ; 
ix.  17;  X.  17,  58,  113,  162,  209  ;  Collect,  hiat.soc.  vii.  67—163. 

LOCKWOOD  (Samuel,  D.  d.),  minister  of  Andover,  Connecti- 
cut, was  a  native  of  Norwalk,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in 
1745.  He  was  ordained  February  15,  1749,  and  died  June  18, 
1791.  He  contributed  in  the  year  11787  one  hundred  pounds  to- 
wards completing  the  philosophical  apparatus  in  Yale  college.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  colonel  Williams,  1755*— 
Holmes'  life  ofStilcsy  390,  397. 

LOGAN  (Jambs,)  distinguished  for  his  learning,  was  descended 
from  a  family  formerly  of  Scotland,  and  was  born  at  Luigan  in  Ire- 
land in  1674,.  Possessing  a  good  genius  and  being  favored  with  a 
suitable  education,  he  made  considerable  profidency  in  the  sciences 
and  in  various  branches  of  polite  literature.  As  he  was  educated 
in  the  sentiments  of  the  quakers,  and  was  acquainted  with  Will- 
iam Peim,  he  was  induced  to  accompany  that  gentleman  to  Penn- 
sylvania in  1699  in  his  last  voyage.  Under  liis  patronage  he  was 
much  employed  in  public  affairs.  Ry  his  commission  he  was  in 
1701  appointed  secretary  of  the  province  and  clerk  of  the  council. 
He  afterwards  held  the  offi'^cs  of  cpmmissionev  of  properly,  chi«l' 


(   ' 


•   I 


)  ^  m 


."• '  I 


imn 


I 


l:!/.| 


. » 


!■        ' 


^in 


¥'Wi  III 


396 


LOG. 


Itfll 


justice,  and  president  of  the  council.  He  attached  himself  rather 
to  the  interest  of  the  proprietary  and  his  governor  than  to  that  of 
the  assembly,  and  was  in  consequence  in  the  earlier  periods  of  hh 
life  very  unpopular ;  hut  he  soon  gave  general  satisfaction  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  several  offices.  Upon  the  dc  >th  of  gov* 
^rnor  Qordon  in  October  17^6  the  government  of  course  devolved 
upon  him,  as  he  was  president  of  the  council ;  and  during  his  ud- 
niinistration  of  two  years  the  utmost  harmony  prevailed  throughout 
the  province.  Several  years  previously  to  his  death  he  retired  from 
public  affairs  and  spent  the  latter  part  of  his  life  principally  atStan* 
ton,  his  country  seat,  near  Germantown,  where  he  enjoyed  among 
his  books  that  leisure,  which  he  much  relished,  and  was  much  em< 
ployed  in  corresponding  with  learned  men  in  different  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. He  died  October  31,  1751,  aged  about  seventy  seven  years. 
lie  was  well  versed  in  both  ancient  and  mcxlem  learning  ;  he  had 
made  considerable  proficiency  in  oriental  literature  ;  he  was  mas> 
ter  of  the  Greek,  Latin,  French,  and  German  languages  ;  and  he 
was  well  acquainted  with  mathematics,  natural  and  moral  philoso- 
phy, and  natural  history.  .  In  his  religious  sentiments  he  was  a 
quaker.  He  had  collected  with  great  care  a  library  of  more  than 
three  thousand  volumes,  which  at  that  time  .was  by  far  the | largest 
in  Pennsylvania,  and  particularly  rich  in  works  in  the  Latin  and 
Greek  languages,  and  in  the  most  curious,  rare,  and  excellent  sci- 
entific publications.  This  valuable  collection  of  books,  usually 
called  the  Loganian  library,  was  bequeathed  by  its  possessor  to  the 
citizens  of  Philadelphia,  and  has  since  been  deposited  in  one  of  the 
apartments  belonging  to  the  library  company  of  tliat  city.  The 
two  libraries  in  connexion  contain  near  twenty  thousand  volumes, 
the  largest  collection  of  books  in  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Logan  published  in  the  philosophical  transactions  for  1735 
an  account  of  his  experiments  on  maize  with  a  particular  view  to 
the  investigation  of  the  sexual  system  of  plapts.  The  experiments 
were  considered  as  decisive.  The  work  was  afterwards  published 
in  Latin,  entitled,  experimenta  et  meletemata  de  plantarum  genera* 
tione<  Sec.  Leyden,  1 739  ;  and  in  London  by  Dr.  Fothergill  with  a:v 
English  version  on  the  opposite  page,  1747.  He  also  published  cano< 
Hum  pro  inyeniendis  refractionum,tumsimpIicium,  tum  in  lentibus 
duplicium  fQcis,demon8trationesgeometricoe,&c.  Leyden,  1739 ;  and 
H  translation  of  Cicero'streatise  de  senectute  with  explanatory  notes, 
and  with  a  commendatory  preface  by  Dr.  Franklin,  1744.  This 
was  the  first  translation  of  a  classical  author,  made  in  America.— 
ProuiVs  hUt. Pennsylvania^  i.  478.  479  ;  Hardie'a  Hog.  diet.;  Mi!: 
(er*a  retroafiecty  i.  1 34  ;  ii.  340. 

LOGAN,  an  eloquent  Indian  chief,  was  the  second  son  of  Shik. 
elleinus,  a  celebrated  chief  of  the  Cayuga  nation,  whose  residence 
was  at  Shamokin.  Logan  was  the  friend  of  the  white  people,  he 
adipircd  their  ingenuity,  and' wished  tp  be  a  neighbor  to  them.  Mr 


LOR. 


397 


Hcckeweldcr,  a  Moravian  missionary,  saw  Logan  in  1773,  and  by  a 
conversation  with  him  was  impressed  with  the  belief,  that  his  talents 
were  of  a  higher  grade,  than  those  usually  possessed  by  Indians. 
In  April  or  May  1 774,  when  Logan's  residence  was  on  the  Ohio, 
his  family  was  murdered  by  a  party  of  whites  under  the  command 
of  captsun  Michael  Cresap.  The  occasion  of  this  outrage  was  a 
report,  that  the  Indians  had  killed  a  number  of  white  persons,  who 
were  looking  out  for  new  settlements.  A  war  immediatety  com- 
menced, and  during  the  summer  great  numbers  of  innocent  men, 
women,  and  children  fell  victims  to  the  tomahawk  and  scalping 
knife  of  the  Indians.  In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  a  decisive 
battle  was  fought  at  the  mouth  of  the  great  Kanhaway  between  the 
collected  forces  of  th«  Shawanese,  Mingoes,  and  Delawares,  and  a 
detachment  of  the  Virginia  militia.  The  Indians  were  defeated 
and  sued  for  peace.  Logan  however  disdained  to  be  seen  among 
the  suppliants.  But  lest  the  sincerity  of  a  treaty,  from  which  so  dis- 
tinguished a  chief  absented  himself,  should  be  mistrusted,  he  sent  by 
a  messenger  the  following  speech  to  be  delivered  to  lord  Dunmore, 
governor  of  Virginia.  "  I  appeal  to  any  white  man  to  say,  if  ever 
he  entered  Logan's  cabin  hungry,  and  he  gave  him  not  meat;  if 
ever  he  came  cold  and  naked,  and  he  clothed  him  not.  During  the 
course  of  the  last  long  and  bloody  war  Logan  remained  idle  in  his 
cabin,  an  advocate  for  peace.  Such  was  my  love  for  the  whites, 
that  my  countrymen  pointed,  as  they  passed,  and  said,  Logan  is  the 
friend  of  white  men.  I  had  even  thought  to  have  lived  with  you, 
but  for  the  injuries  of  one  man.  Colonel  Cresap,  the  last  spring, 
in  cold  blood  and  unprovoked,  murdered  all  the  relations  of  Logan, 
not  even  sparing  my  women  and  children.  There  runs  not  a  drop 
of  my  blood  in  the  veins  of  any  living  creature.  This  called  on  me 
for  revenge.  I  have  sought  it ;  I  have  killed  many ;  I  have  fully 
glutted  my  vengeance.  For  my  country  I  rejoice  at  the  beams  of 
peace.  But  do  not  harbor  a  thought  that  mine  is  the  joy  of  fear. 
Logan  never  felt  fear.  He  will  not  turn  on  his  heel  to  save  his 
)ifc.    Who  is  there  to  mourn  for  Logan  ?     Not  one." 

After  this  peace  Logan  sunk  into  a  deep  melancholy,  and  declared 
that  life  was  a  torment  to  him.  He  became  in  some  measure  de- 
lirious. He  went  to  Detroit,  where  he  yielded  himself  to  the  habit  of 
intoxication.  On  his  return,  between  that  place  and  Miami,  he 
was  murdered  In  October  1781  Mr.  Heckewelder  was  shown 
the  spot  by  some  Indians,  where  this  event  was  said  to  have  taken 
place.-— /c^irson'a  notea  on  Virginia^  query  vi,  and  apfiendix. 

LORD  (Joseph),  first  minister  of  Dorchester,  South  Carolina, 
was  a  native  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1691.  In  the  fall  of  1695  he  was  ordained  pasc 
tor  of  the  church,  which  was  gathered  in  Dorchester,  Massachu- 
bctts,  with  the  design  of  removing  to  South  Carolina.  They  ai'- 
rivcd  on  the  twentieth  of  December,  and  began  a  sotllemfnt  o» 


-  i  ,1 


'I  . 


7 . 


x(^:W^, 


\  !' 


3^ 


LOR. 


H 


■m" 


r  li 


'    |i|      1  ;    '  '1!     ' 


*    ' 


>      '  It 


If   I 


Ashley  tiver  about  eighteen  miles  from  Charleston.  The  sacu*. 
snent  of  the  Loru*s  supper  was  first  administered  in  Carolina  Feb- 
ruary 2t  1696.  Mr.  Hugh  Fisher  succeeded  Mr.  Lord  and  died 
October  6}  17 34,i-^/Ioitne»*  annaUj  ii.  ,34  ;  Collect,  hut.  aoc.  ix.  156, 
137  ;  Dan/brth*9  term,  on  depart.  Mr,  Lord  ;  GwUdertleeve't  cent. 
9ermon,  .  •    ■■; 

LORD  (BENJAmiT)  D.  ».),  minister  of  Norwich,  Connecticut, 
vas  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1714,  and  was  afterwards  a  tutor 
in  that  seminary  two  years.  He  was  ordained  in  October  1717  at 
successor  of  Mr.  Woodward,  who  was  the  next  minister  after  Mr. 
Fitch,  and  continuing  lus  pubfic  labors  about  sixty  years,  he  lived  to 
see  eight  religious  societies,  which  had  grown  out  of  the  one,  of 
which  he  had  taken  the  charge.  Two  other  parishes  were  formed 
at  the  time  of  his  settlement.  During  the  half  century  of  his  mia> 
istry,  ending  in  1767,  about  a  thousand  persons  had  died,  of  whom 
the  proportion  in  respect  to  their  ages  was  as  follows  ;  113  above 
the  age  of  70  ;  140  between  50  and  70  ;  154  between  30  and  50  ; 
J  40  between  20  and  .30  ;  70  between  14  and  20  ;  and  390  from  in* 
fancy  to  14.  Of  persons  admitted  to  the  church  there  were  330. 
The  covenant  was  owned  by  410,  of  whom  90  joined  the  church  ; 
And  3050  were  baptuzed.  He  died  in  April  1784,  aged  ninetyyears, 
having  been  a  man  of  distinction  and  a  faithful,  evangelical  preacher. 
He  published  a  discourse  ton  the  parable  of  the  merchant  man  seek- 
ing goodly  pearls,  ITS  2  ,;  true  Christianity  explcuned,  and  enforced, 
4737  ;  on  the  character,  birth,  and  privileges  of  God'^children, 
i742  ;  an  account  of  the  extraordinary  recovery  of  Mercy  Wheel* 
<er,  li743  ;  election  sermon,  1753  ;  a  funeral  sermon  on  the  rever- 
end Henry  Willes,  1759  ;  at  the  instalment  of  the  reverend  Sam* 
Uel  Whitaker,  1761  ;  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Levi  Hart, 
1762  ;  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Hezekiah  Lord,  1763 ;  a  half 
century  discourse,  preached  November  29,  1767,  being  fifty  years, 
reckoning  by  the  Sundays,  from  his  ordination  ;  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  H.  Huntington,  esquire,  1773  ;  on  the  death  of  Mrs, 
Willes,  1774. 

'  LORING  (Israel),  minister  oi  Sudbury,  Massachusetts,  was 
bom  at  Hull  April  6^  1682,  and  was  graduaied  at  Harvard  college 
In  1701.  He  was  ordained  at  Sudbury  November  20,  1706.  A 
new  church  was  formed  in  17S3,  and  William  Cooke  was  settled  as 
its  pastor  on  the  twentieth  of  March.  Mr.  Loring  died  March  9, 
1772,  in  the  ninetieth  year  of  his  age,  having  preached  on  the  first 
day  of  the  month.  He  was  a  venerable  man,  of  primidve  piety  and 
manners,  and  faithful  and  useful  in  his  ministerial  work.  He  had 
preached  for  near  seventy  years,  and  he  was  zealously  attached  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  He  published  the  nature  and  necessity 
of  the  new  birth,  preached  at  the  Boston  lecture  1728,  with  a  preface 
by  Mr.  Prince  ;  a  sermon  on,  the  death  of  the  reverend  Robert 
Breck,  1731 ;  onthetormentsof  hell,  1732  ;  election  sermon,  1737: 


LOW. 


S9» 


iaBtification  not  by  works,  but  by  faith  in  Jesus  Christr  1749.*— i7o«* 
ion  gazettcy  March  33,  1773. 

LOWELL  (JouM,  LL.  D.),  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  the 
United  States,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  John  Lowell,  the  first 
minister  of  the  third  church  in  Newbury,  .who  died  May  15,  176T 
in  the  sixty  fourth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  the  year  1760.  When  a  new  organization  of  the  courts 
of  the  United  States  took  place  in  February  1801,  he  wa^  appointed 
chief  judge  of  the  first  circuit.  He  died  at  Roxbury  May  6,  1802, 
in  the  fifty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  Uniting  to  a  vigorous  mind, 
which  was  enriched  with  literary  acquisitions,  a  refined  taste  and 
conciliatory  manners,  and  being  sincere  in  the  profession  and  prac* 
tice  of  the  Christian  religion,  his  decease  was  deeply  felt  and  la* 
mented.  He  pronounced  before  the  American  academy  of  arts 
and  sciences  in  January  179L  an  elegant  eulogy  on  their  late  presi* 
dent,  the  honorable  James  Bowdoin,  esquire,  which  is  prefixed  to 
the  second  volume  of  the  memoirs  of  that  society.— Co/«m6.  cent. 
May  8,  1802. 

MACCLINTOCK  (Samuel,  d.d.),  minister   of  Greenland, 
New  Hampshire,  was  bom  in  Medford,  Massachusetts,  May  1,1733. 
His  father  was  a  nadve  of  Ireland.      He  was  graduated  at  the  col- 
lege in  New  Jersey  in  1751.     Being  invited  to  become  an  assistant 
iD  the  aged  reverend  William  Allen  of  Greenland,  he  was  ordained 
about  the  year  1757,  and  after  a  ministry  of  forty  seven  years  he* 
died  April  37,  1804,  in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age.  ^  He 
was  an  eminent  divine.      Though  he  had  no  predilection  for  the 
field  of  controversy  ;  yet,  when  forced  into  it,  he  evinced  himself  a 
master  of  argument.     An  enemy  to  all  civil  and  religious  imposi- 
tions, during  the  late  war  he  was  repeatedly  in  the  army  in  the 
character  of  a  chaplain.      Hb  exhortations  animated  the  soldiers  to~ 
the  conflict.    Under  afRicdons  he  was  submissive  to  the  divine  wilL 
As  he  was  averse  to  parade,  he  directed  his  funeral  to  be  attended 
in  a  ample  manner.     He  published  a  sermon  on  the  justice  of  God 
h)  the  mortality  of  man,  1759  ;  a  sermon  against  the  baptists,  en- 
titled, the  artifices  of  deceivers  detected,  and  Christians  warned 
against  them,  1770;  Herodias,  nr  cruelty  and  revenge  the  effects 
of  unlawful  pleasure,  1772  ;  a  sermon  at  the  commencement  of  the 
new  constitution  of  New  Hampshire,  1784;  an  epistolary  corres- 
pondence between  himself  and  the  reverend  John  Cosens  Ogden^ 
1791;  a  sermon,  entitled,  the  choice,  occasioned  by  the  drought, 
the  fever,  and  the  prospect  of  war,  1798 ;  an  oration  commemora- 
tive of  Washington,  \ 600. ••^Piacatagua  evang.  mag.  i.  9—12. 

MACGREGORE  (James),  first  minister  of  Londonderry,  New 
Hampshire,  formerly  had  the  care  of  a  Scot's  presbyterian  society 
in  the  North  of  Ireland.  The  sufferings  of  the  protestants  in  that 
country  and  the  inextinguishable  desire  of  religious  liberty  im- 
pelled him  with  a  number  of  other  ministers  and  a  part  of  their 


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congregations  to  seek  an  asylum  in  America.  He  arrived  at  Bos* 
ton  with  about  one  hundred  fiimilies  October  14)  17 18.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  sixteen  families  settled  on  a  tract  of  good  land  near 
Haverhill)  which  was  called  Nutfield,  and  which  they  named  Lon- 
donderry. Mr.  Macgregore,  who  since  his  arrival  had  preached  at 
Dracut,  was  called  to  be  their  minister.  He  died  March  5^  1729, 
aged  fifty  two  years.  His  memory  is  still  precious  in  Londonderry. 
He  was  a  wisC)  affectionate)  and  faithful  guide  to  his  people  both  in 
civil  and  religious  concerns.  They  brought  with  them  every 
thing  necessary  for  the  manufacture  of  linen.  They  also  introduced 
the  culture  of  potatoes,  which  were  first  planted  in  the  garden  of 
Nathaniel  Walker  of  Andover.  Mr.  Macgregore's  son,  David 
Macgregore,  was  minister  of  the  second  presbyterian  church  in 
Londonderry)  and  died  May  30,  1777,  in  the  sixty  seventh  year  of 
his  age  and  the  forty  second  of  his  muxhlry  ,-^Beiknafi* a  JVev> 
Hampahircy  ii.  35-— 37,  41. 

MACKLIN  (Robert,)  remarkable  for  longevity,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland)  and  died  in  Wakefield,  New  Hampshire,  in  1787  at  the 
age  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen.  He  lived  several  years  in  Ports- 
mouth and  followed  the  occupation  of  a  baker.  He  frequently 
walked  from  Portsmouth  to  Boston,  sixty  six  miles,  in  on^  day, 
and  returned  in  another.  This  journey  he  performed  the  last 
time  at  the  age  of  eighty —flt/*«a/i'ff  Mew  Hamfishircy  iii.  258. 

MACWHORTER  (Alexander)  d.d.),  minister  of  Newark, 
New  Jersey,  was  of  Scotch  extraction,  and  was  born  in  the  county 
of  Newcastle,  Delaware,  July  26,  1734.  His  pious  parents  often  ad* 
dressed  him  in  private  on  religious  subjects,  and  with  tears  of  anxie- 
ty and  affection  entreated  him  to  be  reconciled  unto  God.  In  1748  his 
tnother  removed  to  North  Carolina,  and  here  the  labors  of  a  faithful 
minister  were  the  means  of  impressing  him  with  the  concerns  of 
religion.     Overwhelmed  with  a  sense  of  his  guilt  and  with  the  ter- 
rors of  eternal  judgment,  he  suffered  indescribable  distress  for  near 
three  years  ;  but  while  a  member  of  the  school  at  West  Notting- 
ham, Maryland,  under  the  care  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Finley,  he  found 
that  consolation,  which  is  imparted  by  the  gospel  to  the  penitent. 
He  was  graduated  in  the  college  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  in 
1757.      Having  pursued  the  study  of  divinity  under  the  instruction 
•f  the  reverend  William  Tennent,  he  was  ordained  July  4)  1759 
with  a  view  of  being  employed  upon  a  mission  in  North  Carolina ; 
but  he  was  installed  in  a  few  weeks  at  Newark,  as  the  successor  of 
Mr.  Burr.      In  1764  a  mission,  which  he  undertook  to  Carolina, 
gave  him  an  opportunity  to  revisit  his  friends,  but  being  seized  with 
a  fever  incident  to  that  climate,  his  health  was  very  much  impaired 
for  two  years.      A  journey  to  Boston  however  in  176p  was  the 
means  of  its  restoration.      Being  an  active  friend  of  his  country  in 
the  time  of  the  revolution,  he  was  induced  in  the  summer  of  1778 
5y  the  persuasion  of  his  friencf,  general  Knox,  to  become  the  chap- 


MAC. 


401 


luin  of  his  bngade,  which  w«  then  at  White  Plains.    As  the  siiffer* 
ings  of  Newark  by  the  war  had  so  much  reduced  his  salarv)  that  it 
was  inadequate  for  his  support,  he  obtained  a  dismission  front  the 
church  in  that  town  in  October  1779,  and  was  settled  in  Charlotte^ 
North  Carolina.      Here  in  a  short  time  he  again  experienced  tht 
calamities  of  war.      By  the  army  of  Cornwallis  he  lost  his  library 
and  almost  every  thing,  that  he  possessed.      In  April  178 1  he  was 
reinstated  in  his  church  at  Newark,  where  he  continued  during  the 
remainder  of  his  life.     At  two  seasons,  In  the  years  1765  and  1773, 
he  had  seen  with  pleasure  the  deep  interest  in  relil^ious  truth, 
which  had  been  excited  among  his  people  ;  but  in  1784  his  exer- 
lions  were  attended  with  a  more  remarkable  revival  of  religion,  and 
one  hundred  persons  were  added  to  his  church.      At  this  time,  so 
much  was  he  occupied  in  his  sacred  work,  that  a  part  of  every  day 
was  employed  in  imparting  instruction,  or  enforcing  Christian  duty. 
In  1788  he  assisted  in  settling  the  confession  of  faith  and  flaming  the 
Constitution  of  the  presbyterian  church  in  the  United  States.  In  the 
years  1796  and  1802  he  was  permitted  again  to  rejoice  intheeiH- 
cacy  of  his  benevolent  labors,  in  the  progress  of  holiness  and  virtue, 
and  the  increase  of  his  church.     After  the  destruction  of  the  college 
of  New  Jersey  by  fire,  he  was  requested  to  solicit  benefactions  in 
New  England,  and  he  procured  more  than  seven  thousand  dollars. 
He  died  July  20,  1807,  aged  seventy  three  years,  having  been  for 
near  half  a  century  a  faithful  servant  of  God  in  the  gospel  of  his  Son. 
His  colleague,  the  reverend  Mr.  Griffin,  survived  him.     His  last 
hours  were  brightened  with  the  hope  of  immortality.      When  re- 
minded, that  the  God,  whom  he  had  faithfully  served,  would  not 
forsake  him  in  his  old  age,  he  replied  with  apparent  uneasiness,  that 
"  he  had  no  faithfulness  of  his  own  to  rely  on  ;  that  a  review  of  his 
life  afforded  him  little  satisfaction ;  that  it  had  been  miserably  pol- 
luted ;  and  that  his  only  hope  rested  on  the  atonement  of  Christ.*' 
His  prospect  of  futurity  was  never  clouded.    At  length,  when  the 
moment  of  his  departure  arrived,  as  one  of  his  friends  was  praying 
by  his  bed  side,  he  extended  both  his  arms  towards  heaven  at  full 
length  in  the  transports  of  faith  and  desire.     His  hands  fell,  and 
moved  no  more  ;  the  difficulty  of  his  respiration  ceased,  and  in  five 
minutes  he  breathed  no  more. 

Dr.  Macwhorter  was  more  remarkable  for  the  penetration  and 
vigor  of  his  mind  and  the  soundness  of  his  judgment,  than  for  a 
lively  imagination.  He  was  cool,  deliberate,  and  cautious  to  a  de* 
gree,  that  approached  even  to  timidity.  In  nothing  was  he  an 
enthusiast,  and  he  was  incapable  of  being  rash.  His  learning  was 
very  considerable,  for  while  he  was  critically  acquainted  with  the 
Greek  and  Latin,  he  had  made  considerable  progress  in  the  Hebrew, 
and  had  acquired  some  knowledge  of  the  Syriac.  He  published  a 
funeral  sermon  on  governor  Livingston,  1790 ;  a  sermon  on  the 
opening  of  a  new  presbyterian  church  in  Newark,  1791 }   three 


1',-^  '■ 


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402 


MAK. 


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i    ii 


sermons  in  the  American  preacher,  i.  entitled,  the  lalvation  of  sIq. 
ners  only  by  the  blood  of  Jesus  ;  the  influences  of  God  as  a  sun  the 
great  consolation  of  his  people ;  the  evil  and  dangers  of  security  in 
sin;  sermons  on  true  religion,  on  the  barren  fig  tree,  and  on 
honesty  in  American  preacher,  iii ;  and  a  volume  of  sermons,  8vo. 
m^Griffin**  funeral  aermon  s    Fanojfiiiat  iii.  48 1—489. 

M  AKIN  (Thomas),  a  poet,  was  one  of  the  most  early  settlers  of 
Pennsylvania.  In  the  year  1689  he  was  usher  to  George  Keith  in 
the  friend's  public  grammar  school  in  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  fol- 
lowing vear  succeeded  him  as  master.  He  was  for  some  time 
clerk  of  the  provincial  assembly,  which  was  held  in  the  friend's 
meeting  house.  He  published  two  Latin  poems  in  1738  and  1729 
inscribed  to  James  Logan,  and  entitled,  encomium  Pennsylvaniaci 
andinlaudes  Pennsylvanise  poema,  scipdescriptio  Psnnsylvaniae ; 
extracts  from  which  are  preserved  in  Proud's  history  of  thai  prov> 
ince.^-— ProucT,  i.  345, 469  ;  ii.  360 — 373. 

MALBONE  (Edward  G.),  an  eminent  portnut  painter,  was  a 
native  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island.    At  an  early  period  oi  life  he 
discovered  a  propensity  for  painting,  which  became  at  I<i!igth  so 
predominant,  that  he  neglected  every  other  amusement  hv  its  in- 
dulgence.    When  a  school  boy  he  delig;hted  in  drawing  rude 
sketches  of  the  objects  of  nature.     As  he  obtained  the  necessary 
assistances  to  improvement,  his  talents  were  developed.    He  frc' 
quented  the  theatre  to  contemplate  the  illusions  of  scenery  ;  and 
by  the  regularity  of  his  attentions  behind  the  scenes  in  the  forenoon, 
he  attracted  the  notice  of  the  psunter,  who  discovered  unusual  genius 
in  his  young  acqjtsttntance  and  s^cepted  hh  assistance  wiui  the 
brush.    He  was  at  length  permitted ta  paint  ii,\  entire,  new  scene, 
and  as  a  reward  received  a  general  ticket  of  admission.    His  inter' 
vals  of  leisure  at  home  were  now  employed  in  drawing  heads,  and 
afterwards  in  attempting'portraits.    His  rapid  progress  in  the  latter 
occupation  convinced  him,  that  he  had  talents  for  it,  and  gave  alac« 
rity  to  his  exertions  ;  and  he  was  soon  induced  to  devote  to  it  hi& 
whole  attention.    As  he  now  began  to  be  known  and  patronized  as 
a.  miniature  pcuhter,  his  natural  propensity  was  nourished  by  the 
prospect  of  reputation  and  wealth.     He  visited  the  principal  cities, 
and  resided  successively  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston. 
Ip  the  winter  of  ISOOhe  went  to  Charleston,  where  his  talents  and 
the  peculiar  amenity  of  his  manners  enhanced  tho  attentions,  which 
he  received  from  the  hospitality  of  its  inhabitants.    In  May  1801 
he  sailed  from  Charleston  to  Loildon,  where  he  reuded.some  mondiSt 
absorbed  in  admiration  of  the  paintings  of  celebrated  masters. 
With  a  mind  improved  by  study  and  observation,  and  animated  by 
the  enthusiasm  of  genius,  he  visited  the  different  galleries  of  Hving 
painters,  enlarging  his  ideas  and  profiting  by  the  contemplation  of 
their  works.    He  was  introduced  to  the  acquaintance  of  the  presi* 
tScnt  of  the  royal  academy,  who  gave  him  free  aece^-to  his  study, 


MAN. 


4m 


«nd  showed  him  those  mariced  and  friendly  attentionti  which  were 
more  flattering  than  empty  praises  to  the  mind  ot'  his  youri^  coun- 
tryman. He  even  encouraged  him  to  remain  in  England)  assuring 
him*  that  he  had  nothing  to  fear  from  professional  competition. 
But  he  preferred  his  own  country,  and  returned  to  Charleston  in 
the  winter  of  1801.  He  afterwards  continued  his  pursuits  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  continent,  always  finding  employment.  By  his 
■sedentary  habits  and  intense  application  to  his  professional  labors 
his  health  was  so  much  impaired,  that  in  the  summer  of  1806  he 
was  compelled  to  relinquish  his  pencil,  and  indulge  in  exercise  ; 
but  his  frame  had  become  too  weak  to  be  agun  invigorated.  As  he 
felt  the  symptoms  of  an  approaching  consumption,  his  physicians 
advised  him  to  try  the  eflfect  of  a  change  of  climate.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  winter  he  therefore  took  a  passage  in  a  vessel  for  Jamai- 
ca ;  but  the  change  not  producing  much  benefit,  he  returned 
ito  Savannah,  where  he  languished  till  his  death.  May   7,  1807. 

Mr.  Malbone  was  permitted  for  but  a  few  years  to  copy  the  fea- 
tures of  life;  but  though  he  had  not  reached  all  the  perfection, 
•which  matuter  years  would  have  given,  yet  his  pencil  will  rescue 
his  name  from  oblivion.  His  style  of  painting  was  chaste  and  cor- 
rect, his  coloring  clear  and  judiciously  wrought,  and  his  taste  alto- 
<gether  derived  from  a  just  eontemplation  of  nature.  In  his  female 
heads  particularly  there  was,  when  bis  subjects  permitted,  en- 
chanting delicacy  and  beauty.  To  his  ^professional  excellence  he 
added  the  virtues,  which  endeared  him  to  his  friends.  His  heart 
was  warm  and  generous.  The  profits  df  his  skill,  which  were  very 
considerable,  contributed  to  tne  happiness  of  hb  relations  ;  and  as 
their  welfare  was  an  object,  which  seemed  always  to  animate  his 
exertions,  his  mother  and  sisters  deeply  di^plored  his  death.  Though 
unable  to  devote  much  time  to  reading,  he  by  no  means  neglected 
the  improvement  of  his  intellect.  He  had  perused  with  taste  and 
attention  many  of  the  most  approved  -English  authors,  and  with  a 
mind  naturally  acute  and  discriminating  selected  and  retained  what 
he  vedid.'^JVevf  York  herald^  June  3,  1807  ;  Boston  mirrory  January 
7,1809.  i:     - 

MANLY  (JoRii),  acaptain  in  the  navy  of  the  United  States, 
received  a  nava|  'commission  from  Washington,  commander  in 
ch  ef  of  the  American  forces,  October  24,  1775.  Invested  with 
the  command  of  the  schooner  Lee,  he  kept  the  hazardous  station  of 
Massachusetts  bay  during  a  most  tempestuous  seaeon,  and  the  cap- 
tures, which  he  made,  were  of  immense  value  at  the  moment.  An 
ordnance  brig,  which  fell  into  his  hands,  supplied  the  continental 
army  with  hjsavy  pieces,  mortars,  and  working  tools,  of  which  it  Avas 
very  destitute,  and  in  the  event  led  to  the  evacuation  of  Boston. 
His  services  were  the  theme  of  universal  eulogy.  Being  raised  to 
the  command  of  the  frigate  Hancock  of  thirty  two  guns,  his  cap- 
ture of  the  Fox  increased  his  high  reputation  for  bravery  and  skill. 


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MAN. 


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But  he  WM  taktiu  prisoner  with  hit  prize  by  the  Rainbow  ol 
forty  gun«  July  8,  1777,  and  ttuflcred  n  lung  and  rit^.orous  confine* 
ment  on  bourd  that  tthip  ut  Halifax,  and  in  Mill  prison,  precluded 
from  futther  actual  service  till  near  the  close  of  the  war.  In  bcp. 
tcmber  1783  the  Hague  Irii^utu  was  entrusted  to  his  care.  The 
cruise  was  peculiarly  unhappy.  A  few  days  after  leaving  MartU 
nique  he  was  driven  by  a  Utiti»h  seventy  four  on  a  sand  bank  at  the 
buck  of  Guuduloupe.  Three  ships  of  the  line  having  joined  thiH 
ship,  came  too  within  point  blank  shut,  and  with  springs  on  their 
cables  opened  a  most  tremendous  tiro.  Having  supported  the 
heavy  cannonade  for  three  days,  on  the  fourth  day  the  frigate  wa'^ 
got  off,  and  hoisting  the  conlinental  standard  at  the  main  top  gallunt 
mast,  thirtcun  ^uns  were  Bred  in  farewell  defiance.  On  his  return 
\.o  BoHton  a  few  months  aftcrwardsi  he  was  arrested  to  answer  a  va* 
riety  of  charges  exhibited  against  him  by  one  of  his  officers.  The 
proceedings  of  the  court  were  not  altogether  in  approbation  of  his 
conduct.  Memoirs  of  his  life,  which  should  vindicate  his  character, 
were  promised,  but  they  have  never  appeared.  He  6,ied  in  Bostotj 
February  12,  1793,  in  the  sixtieth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried 
with  distinction.— Co/wmWan  c<«/mc/, /Vdrwflfry  16,  arid  90,  1793; 
Ifolmeit*  annalsyli,  488  ;  Boston gazetie^  August  11, 1777  ;  Inhef,end. 
chronicle f  Sefit ember  26 f  1777  ;  Mir«/ia//,  ii.  258  ;  Gordo/i,  ii.  Ul; 
iii.  153. 

MANNING  (James,  d.  d),  first  president  of  the  college  in 
l^hode  Island,  was  born  in  New  Jersey  October  22,  1738,  and  was 
graduated  at  Nassau  hall  in  1763.  When  he  began  to  preach  a 
number  of  his  baptist  brethren  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
eontemplated  the  establishment  of  a  college  in  Rhode  Island  on  ac- 
count of  the  religioits  freedom,  which  was  there  enjoyed,  and  di- 
rected their  attention  towards  him  as  its  president.  The  charter 
was  obtained  in  February  1764,  and  in  1765  he  removed  to  Warren 
to  make  preparations  for  carrying  the  design  into  execution.  In 
September  the  seminary  was  opened,  and  it  was  soon  replenished 
with  students.  In  1770  the  institution  was  removed  to  Providence, 
where  a  spacious  building  had  been  erected.  He  was  soon  chosen 
pastor  of  the  baptist  church  in  that  town,  and  he  continued  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  these  two  offices,  except  in  an  interval  of 
about  six  months  in  1786,  when  he  was  a  n>ember  of  congress,  till 
his  death  July  39,  179), in  the  fifty  third  year  of  his  age.  Dr. 
M'inning  was  of  a  kind  and  benevolent  disposition,  social  and  com- 
municative, ai>d  fitted  rather  for  active  life  than  for  retirement, 
Thoi^t^h  he  possessed  good  abilities*  he  was  prevented  from  in* 
tense  study  by  the  peculiarity  of  his  constitution.  His  life  was  a 
scene  of  labor  for  the  benefit  of  others.  His  piety  and  his  fervent 
zeal  in  preaching  the  gospel  evinced  his  love  to  God  and  man. 
With  a  dignified  and  majestic  appearance,  his  address  was  manly, 
familiar,  and  engaging.    In  the  j^ovemment  of  the  college  he  ^vus 


h-i, 


MAR. 


405 


mild  yet  energetic.— Afojrfy'«  fun.  termon  ;  Hardie**  iiof.  diet,  t 
Backut^iu   47 — 49,  319—233  ;  Miller,  ii.  375. 

MAKION  (1  RANcis),  ^  bi-uve  officer  in  the  revolutionarf  watf 
wtiH  an  inhabitunt  ui  South  Carulinuf  and  ^licr  cumnmnUing  a  regi' 
ntent  wab  promoted  by  governor  Huiletlge  to  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general  in  1780.  On  the  advance  ot  Gates,  he  placed  himttelf  at 
the  head  of  sixteen  men,  and  cuptursd  a  small  British  guard)  rescu- 
ing a  hundred  and  day  continental  prisoners.  As  the  militia  vras 
in  no  subordination,  bomedmea  he  had  not  more  than  a  dozen  men 
with  him.  On  the  lourth  of  September  he  inarched  with  fifty  three 
men  to  attack  a  body  of  two  hundred  tones.  He  first  surprised  « 
party  of  forty  five,  killing  and  wounding  all  but  fifteen,  and  then  put 
the  main  body  of  two  hundred  to  fiight.  His  conduct  was  most 
generous  as  well  as  brave.  Not  one  house  was  burned  by  his  or- 
ders, for  he  detested  making  wur  upon  poor  women  and  children. 
At  one  time  he  was  obliged  to  convert  the  saws  of  sawmills  into 
horsemen's  swords  for  his  defence.  For  months  he  and  his  party 
slept  in  the  open  air,  and  sheltered  themselves  in  the  tliick  recesses 
of  swampS}  whence  they  sallied  out  und  harrasscd  the  enemy.  Af- 
ter having  rendered  important  services  to  his  country,  he  died 
in  South  Carolina  in  1795. — Kamnay**  S.  C.  ii.  176,  229  ;  Gordon^ 
iii.  454— -457  ;  iv.  46,  81  ;  Holmes*  annaUy  ii.  494. 

MARSH  (Ebknezbr  Grant),  professor  of  languages  and  ec- 
clesiastical history  in  Yale  college,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  John 
Marsh  of  Wethersfield,  and  was  graduated  ut  New  Haven  in  1795. 
Residing  at  the  college  in  that  town  to  prosecute  his  stiidies,  he  was 
in  1798  elected  an  instructer  in  the  Hebrew  language^  and  in  1799 
one  of  the  tutors.  In  1802  he  was  elected  aprofesaoi-;  but  the 
hopes,  which  had  been  excited  by  his  talents  and  unequalled  indus- 
try, were  blasted,  ai)d  his  increasing  usefulness  was  terminated  by 
his  death  November  16, 1803,  in  the  twenty  seventh  year  of  his  age. 
He  was  a  man  of  amiable  manners,  pure  morals,  and  unquestioned 
piety.  As  a  preacher  of  the  gosppl  h^  was  uncommonly  acceptable. 
His  literary  acquisitions  were  great.  Besides  an  accurate  acquaint- 
ance with  the  Latin  and  Greek  he  yidA  familiar  with  the  Hebrew. 
Theology,  history,  and  orientjal  literature  had  occ^ipi^d  much  of 
hi^  attention.  It  was  his  practice  to  piake  copious  extracts  from 
the  books,  which  he  read.  He  had  made  considerable  progress  in 
collecting  materials  for  an  American  biography'  He  published  a 
catalogue  of  the  historical  writers  of  (his  country,  entitled,  a  series 
of  American  historians  from  the  first  discovery  of  this  country  to 
the  present  time,  1801 ;  and  an  elaborate  oration,  delivered  before 
the  American  academy  of  arts  ^4  sciences  in  1802,  desigi^ed  to 
confirm  the  truth  of  scripture  history  by  the  testimony  of  o astern 
writers.  This,  it  is  believed,  with  improvements,  was  a  posthu- 
mous publication .-r--0ttii^A<'«  and  Dana's  aermonay  and  Fowler's  ora» 
Hon  onhis  death  ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  ix.  108—1  \  1 ;  Muaaa.  miat.  rjcg. 
ii.  209— 211. 


I) 


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406 


MAR. 


MARYLAND,  OReof  the  United  States  of  America,  waS'ptttned 
by  king  Charles  I  to  Cecilius  Calvert,  iord  Baltimore)  June  2o, 
1632.     It  received  its  name  in   honor  of  the  queen  Henrietta  Ma> 
■ria,  daughter  of  Henry  tiie  great,  king  of  France.    It  was  the  first 
colony,  which  was  erected  into  a  province  of  the  British  empire, 
and  governed  by  laws  enacted  in  a  prorincial  legislature.     The 
prc^fietor  arrived  in  February  1634,  and  in  March  at  the  head  of 
About  two  hundred  Roman  catholics  he  took  possession  of  the  terri- 
tory, which  had  been  granted  him.    Lord  Baltimore,  himself  a  Ro- 
man catholic,  established  his  province  on  the  basis  of  perfect  free. 
4om  in  religion  and  security  to  property^    The  land  was  purchased 
<t>f  the  Indians  for  a  consideration,  which  seemed  to  be  satislactory. 
Fitly  acres  of  land  were  given  to  every  emigrant  in  absolute  fee. 
A  collection  of  regulations  was  prepared  by  the  assembly  in 
I638»    The  province  was  divided  into  baronies  and  muiors,  and 
tAih  wete  passed  for  settling  the  glebe,  and  for  securing  the  liber- 
tics  of  the  people.    A  house  of  assembly,  composed  of  represen- 
tatives, was  established  in  1639,  and  a  code  of  laws  was  passed. 
AH  the  inhabitants  were  required  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  king,  and  the  rights  of  the  proprietary  were  acknowledged. 
At  this  period  the  colony  was  very  inconsiderable  in  numbers  an^ 
wealth,  for  a  general  contribution  was  thought  necessary  to  erect « 
vfitter  mill  for  the  use  of  the  colony.  Slavery  seems  to  have  existed 
at  the  time  of  its  original  settlement.     The  encroachments  of  the 
English  awakened  the  apprehensions  of  the  natives,  that  they  should 
-be  annihilitfed  as  a  people,  and  an  Indian  war  commenced  in  1 643, 
which  lasted  several  years,  and  which  brought  with  it  the  usual  suf- 
ferings. After  a  peace  was  made,  salutary  regulations  were  adopted, 
securing  to  the  Indians  their  rights.    A  rebellion  in «  Maryland  in 
1645,  produced  by  a  few  restless  men,  obliged  the  governor  to  flee 
into  Virginia;  but  it  was  suppressed  in  the  following  year.  The  cen* 
^uti<m  Was  established  in  1646,  and  it  continued  with  little  inter- 
ruption  till  1776.    The  parliament  of  England  assumed  the  gov* 
>emm«it  of  Maryland  in  1653,  and  within  a  few  years  afler  this 
event  an  act  was  passed,  declaring,  that  none,  who  professed  the 
popish  religion,  should  be  protected  in  the  province.    The  contrast 
^tween  this  act  and  the  previous  one  of  the  Roman  catholics  re> 
^fleets  the  highest  honor  on  the  liberality  of  the  latter.    The  author* 
itjy.of  the  proprietary  was  reestabUshed  at  the  restoration,  and  l.o 
appointed  a  governor.     In  1662  the  .prosperity  of  the  province  was 
cwisiderably  checked  by  the  'incursions  of  the  Janadoa  Indians ;  but 
:by  the  aid  of  tlie  Susquehannahs  they  were  repelled.    The  gov- 
ernment experienced  a  variety  of  changes,  being  sometinjes  in  the 
possession  of  the  crown,  and  sometimes  in  the  hands  of  the  propri' 
etary.     In  1716  it  was  restored  to  the  proprietary,  and  it  was  not 
again  taken  away  until  the  late  'revolution.     Maryland  was  not  be* 
Imtid  her  uster  states  in  her  efforts  to  support  the  violated  rights  of 


'■■> 


ill 


MAS. 


40T 


thb  country  in  the  struggle*  which  termin»ted  in  the  separation  of 
the  colonies  from  Great  Britain.  A  convention,  which  met  at  An* 
napolis  in  July  1775,  drew  up  a  form  of  association  to  be  signed  by 
all  the  freemen  of  the  province.  This  state  did  not  adopt  the  arti* 
cles  of  the  confederation  till  March  1,  1781.  The  present  consti- 
tiAion  of  Maryland  was  formed  in  August  1776.  It  establishes  a 
general  assembly,  consisting  of  a  house  of  delegates,  whaare  chosen 
annually,  and  of  a  senate,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  every 
five  years  by  electors,  appointed  by  the  people  for  that  purpose. 
The  governor  is  elected  annually  by  a  joint  vote  of  both  houses,  and 
is  incapable  of  continuing  in  office  more  than  three  years  succes- 
sively, and  not  eligible  again  until  the  expiration  of  four  years  after 
he  has  left  the  office. -m~ Morse's  t^eog.  ;  Wynne's  Brit,  emfiire-,  i.  236 
—241 ;  Hohties*  annalSf  i.  265,  274,  351,  358  ;  Chalmers. 

MASASSOIT,  sachem  of  the  Wompaneags,  lived  at  Pokanokct 
on  Narragansct  bay,  when  the  first  settlers  of  New  England  arrived 
at  Plymouth  in  1620.  He  was  their  early  and  their  constant  friend. 
In  the  spring  of  1621  he  made  a  treaty  with  governor  Carver,  the 
articles  of  which  he  always  regarded.  He  died  about  the  year  1 655, 
and  was  succeeded  by  liis  son  Alexanilcr.  A  short  time  before  hia 
deatli,  while  the  English  we  we  treating  with  him  respecting^  some 
of  his  lands  at  Swansey,  he  at  first  insisted  upon  the  condition,  that 
no  attempts  should  ever  be  made  to  convert  his  people  to  Christian* 

ily. Belhia/i*s  Avier.  biog,  ii.  3 12,  229,  290  ;    Hutchinsoiiy  i.  276  j 

Prince,  101,  102  ;  Holmes*  annals,  i.  208— 21 1 ;  Morten,  26. 

MASON  (John),  a  brave  soldier,  and  author  of  the  history  of 
the  Pequotwar,  was  bom  in  England  about  the  year  1600.  He 
was  bred  to  arms  In  the  Netherlands  under  sir  Thomas  Fairfax*, 
whose  good  opinion  he  so  much  conciliated,  tKat  after  his  arrival  in 
this  country,  when  the  struggle  arose  in  England  between  king 
Charles  I  and  the  parliament,  sir  Thomas  addressed  a  letter  to 
Mason,  requesting  him  to  join  his  standard  and  give  his  assistance 
to  those,  who  were  contending  for  the  liberties  of  the  people.  The 
invitation  however  was  declined.  Captsun  Mason  was  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Dorchester,  Massachusetts,  being  one  of  the  compa- 
ny of  Mr.  Warham  in  1630.  From  this  place  he  removed  to 
Windsor  in  Connecticut  about  the  year  1635,  and  assisted  in  laying- 
the  foundation  of  a  new  colony.  The  Pequot  war,  in  which  he  was 
80  distinguished,  was  in  the  year  1 637.  The  Pequot  Indians  were 
a  spirited  and  warlike  nation,  who  lived  near  New  London.  In  1634 
a  tribe,  which  was  in  confederacy  with  them,  murdered  a  captain 
Stone  and  a  captain  Norton  with  their  crew  of  eight  men,  and  then 
sunk  the  vessel.  A  part  of  the  plunder  was  received  by  Sassacus^ 
the  Pequot  sachem.  In  1636  the  Pequots  killed  a  number  of  men 
at  Saybrook,  where  there  was  a  garrison  of  about  twenty  men ;  in 
consequence  of  which  captsdn  Mason  was  sent  down  the  river  by  Con- 
leedcttt  eolony  in  March  1637  for  the  relief  of  tho  fort.     Here^ 


'■  L,. 

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um 


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'    :  ■?■! 


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408 


MAS. 


mained  there  a  month,  but  not  an  Indian  was  to  be  seen.    In  A|>ril 
the  Pequots  killed  nine  of  the  English  at  Wethersfield,  and  destroyed 
much  property.  The  colony  was  now  reduced  to  a  most  lamentable 
condition.    The  inhabitants  were  in  number  but  about  two  hundred 
and  fifty,  and  most  of  the  men  were  needed  for  the  labor  of  the 
plantations.  Many  of  the  cattle  had  been  lost  from  the  want  of  hay  or 
com  ;  there  were  perhaps  not  five  ploughs  in  the  colony  ;  and  the 
people  were  suffering  for  want  of  provisions.      They  were  at  the 
same  time  so  harrassed  by  a  powerful  enemy,  that  they  could  nei' 
ther  hunt,  fish,  nor  cultivate  their  fields,  but  at  the  peril  of  their 
lives.      They  were  obliged  to  keep  a  constant  watch.      At  this  cri- 
sis  a  court  was  summoned  at  Hartford  on  the  first  of  May.  Besides 
the  six  magistrates,  there  were  also  committees  from  the  few  towns 
in  the  colony  to  compose  the  court.      As  the  Pequots  Jjad  killed 
about  thirty  and  were  endeavoring  to  effect  a  union  of  all  the  In- 
dians in  a  plan  for  the  extirpation  of  the  English,  it  was  determined, 
that  an  olTensive  war  should  be  carried  on  against  them,  and  that 
ninety  men  should  immediately  be  raised,  forty  two  from  Hartford, 
thirty  from  Windsor,  and  eighteen  from  Wethersfield.     The  little 
army  under  the  command  of  captain  Mason,  with  the  reverend 
Mr.  Stone  for  their  chaplain,  fell  down  the  river  on  the  tenth,  and 
arrived  at  Saybrook  on  the  seventeenth.      They  had  united  with 
them  about  seventy  Indians  under  the  command  of  Uncas,  sachem 
of  the  Moheagans,  who  had  lately  revolted  from  Sassacus.     At  Say. 
brook  captun  Mason  and  his  officers  were  entirely  divided  in  opin> 
ion  respecting  the  manner  of  prosecuting  their  enterprise.     The 
court  had  directed  the  landing  of  the  men  at  Pequot  harbor,  from 
whence  they  were  to  advance  upon  the  enemy  ;  but  captain  Mason 
was  of  opinion^  that  they  should  sail  past  the  Pequot  country  to 
Narraganset,  and  then   return  and  take  the  enemy  by  surprise. 
This  opinion  was  a  proof  of  his  discernment  and  military  skill.  The 
Pequots  were  expecting  them  at  the  harbor,  where  they  kept  a 
watch  day  and  night ;  and  the  place  was  encompassed  by  rocks  and 
thickets,  affording  the  Indians,  who  were  the  more  numerous,  every 
advantage.     It  would  be  difficult  to  land,  and  if  a  landing  was  effect* 
ed  it  would  be  difficult  to  approach  the  enemy's  forts  without  being 
much  harrassed,  and  giving  an  opportunity  for  all  of  them  to  escape 
If  they  were  unwilling  to  fight.    Besides  by  going  first  to  Narragan- 
set the  hope  was  indulged,  that  some  accession  to  their  force  might 
be  procured.      These  reasons  weighed  much  with  captain  Mason* 
but  not  with  the  other  officers,  who  were  afraid  to  exceed  their 
commission.     In  this  perplexity  the  reverend  Mr.  Stone  was  desir- 
ed to  seek  wisdom  from  above.     Having  spent  most  of  Thursday 
night  in  prayer  on  board  the  pink,  in  the  morning  he  went  on  shore 
aqd  told  captain  Mason  he  was  entirely  satisfied  with  his  plan.  The 
council  was  again  called,  and  the  plan  was  adopted.     On  Saturday 
the  twentieth  they  arrivfrd  at  Narraganset ;  but  the  wind  was  so 


MAS. 


409 


unfavorable,  that  they  could  not  land  until  Tuesday  at  sun  set.     He 
immediately  marched  to  the  residence  of  the  sachem,  Miuntonimoh) 
and  disclosed  to  him  the  object,  which  he  had  in  view.     Two  hun- 
dred of  the   Narragansets  joined   him,  and  on  Wednesday  they 
marched  about  eighteen  or  twenty  miles  to  the  eastern  Nihantick, 
which  was  a  frontier  to  the  Pequots.      Here  was  the  seat  of  one  of 
the  Narraganset  sachems,  who  was  so  unfriendly,  that  he  would  not 
suffer  any  of  the  English  to  enter  the  fort.    A  strong  guard  was  in 
consequence  placed  round  it,  that  none  of  the  Indians  should  come 
out,  and  alarm  the  Pequots.     The  little  army  continued  its  march 
on  Thursday,  having  in  its  train  about  five  hundred  Indians.      In 
the  evening  they  reached  the  neighborhood  of  the  Pequot  fort  at 
Mistic.    Th«  army  encamped,  being  exceedingly  fatigued  in  con- 
sequence of  the  heat  and  the  want  of  necessaries.    The  guards,  who 
were  advanced  considerably  in  front,  heard  the  enemy  singing  until 
midnight.    It  was  a  time  of  rejoicing  with  them,  as  they  hud  seen 
the  vessels  pass  a  few  days  before  and  concluded  that  the  English 
had  not  courage  to  attack  them.  About  two  hours  beforeday  on  the 
morning  of  Friday,  the  twenty  sixth  of  May,  the  captain  assembled 
his  men,  and  prepared  himself  for  determining  the  fate  of  Connecti- 
cut.    The  blessing  of  God  was  briefly  and  devoutly  implored. 
With  less  than  eighty  brave  men  he  marched  forward,  the  Indians^ 
who  were  much  afraid,  having  fallen  in  the  rear.  He  told  them  to  stay 
behind  atwhat  distance  they  pleased,  and  to  see  whether  Englishmen 
would  not  fight.    As  captain  Mason  approached  within  a  rod  of  the 
fort,  a  dog  barked,  and  an  Indian  roared  out,  Owanux  t   Owanux  1 
[Englishmen !  Englishmen  !]    The  troops  pressed  on,  and  having 
fired  upon  the  Indians  through  the  pallisadoes,  entered  the  fort  at  the 
principal  entrance,  sword  in  hand.  After  a  severe  conflict,  in  which 
a  number  of  the  enemy  were  killed,  victory  was  still  doubtful,  for  the 
Indians  concealed  themselves  in  and  about  their  wigwams,  and  from 
their  retreats  made  good  use  of  their  arrows.   At  this  crisis  the  cap- 
tain cried  out  to  his  men,  "  we  must  bum  them" ;  and  seizing  a  fire 
brand  in  one  of  the  wigwams  set  fire  to  the  mats,  with  which  they 
were  covered.     In  a  short  time  all  the  wigwams  were  wrapped  in 
flames.    Captain  Mason  drew  his  men  without  the  fort,  encompass- 
ing it  completely ;    and  the  sachem,  Uncas,  with  his  Indians  and 
such  of  the  Narragansets  as  remained,  took  courage  and  formed 
another  circle  in  the  rear.      The  enemy  were  now  tJiroMm  into  the 
utmojt  terror.     Some  climbed  the  pallisadoes  and  were  brought 
down  by  the  fire  of  the  muskets ;  others  were  so  bewildered,  that 
they  rushed  into  the  very  flames.    A  number  collected  to  the  wind- 
ward and  endeavored  to  defend  themselves  with  their  arrows,  and 
about  forty  of  the  boldest  issued  forth  and  were  cut  down  by  the 
swords  of  the  English.     In  a  little  more  than  an  hour  the  whole 
work  of  destruction  was  completed.    Seventy  wigwams  were  bum- 
(^d  and  six  hundred  Indians  perished.      Seven  escaped,  and  seven 

55 


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mm: 


410 


MAS. 


II 


1 1? 


Ilii  i  ^' 


« II 


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\y 


were  tak«n  prisoners.  Two  only  of  the  English  were  killed,  and 
sixteen  wounded.  The  victory  was  complete)  but  the  army  was  in 
great  danger  and  distress.  So  many  were  wounded  and  worn  down 
by  fatigue,  that  only  about  forty  could  be  spared  to  contend  with  the 
remaining  enemy.  In  about  an  hour  three  hundred  Indians  came 
on  from  the  other  fort ;  but  caption  Mason  led  out  a  chosen  party 
and  checked  their  onset.  It  was  determmed  to  march  immediately 
for  Pequot  harbor,  into  which  a  few  minutes  before,  to  their  unut> 
terable  joy,  they  had  seen  their  vessels  enter,  guided  by  the  hand 
of  providence.  When  the  march  commenced  the  Indians  advanc- 
ed to  the  hill,  on  which  the  foit  had  stood.  The  desolation,  which 
here  presented  itself  to  their  view,  filled  them  with  rage ;  they 
stamped  and  tore  their  hair  in  the  transports  of  passion ;  and  rush* 
ing  down  the  hill  with  great  fury  seemed  determined  to  avenge 
themselves  on  the  destroyers  of  their  brethren.  But  the  superior- 
ity of  fire  arms  to  their  bows  and  arrows  kept  them  at  a  distance. 
Captain  Mason  reached  the  harbor  in  safety;  and  putting  his 
wounded  aboard,  the  next  day  inarched  by  land  to  Saybrook  with 
about  twenty  men.  His  safe  return,  and  the  success,  which  attend* 
cd  the  expedition,  filled  the  whole  colony  with  joy  and  thanksgiving. 
Several  providential  events  were  particularly  noticed.  It  was 
thought  remarkable,  that  the  vessels  should  come  into  the  harbor 
at  the  very  moment,  when  they  were  so  much  needed.  As  captain 
Mason  entered  a  wigwam  for  fire  to  bum  the  fort,  an  Indian  was 
drawing  an  arrow  to  the  very  head,  and  would  have  killed  him  in- 
stantly, had  not  one  Davis  at  this  critical  moment  cut  the  bowstring 
with  his  sword.  So  completely  was  the  object  of  the  expedition 
effected,  that  the  remaining  Pequots  were  filled  with  such  terror, 
that  they  burned  their  wigwams  and  fled  from  their  abode.  The 
greatest  part  of  them  went  towards  New  York.  Captsdn  Mason 
was  sent  out  to  pursue  them,  and  he  took  one  hundred  prisoners 
of  the  old  men,  women,  and  children.  The  rest,  about  two  hundred 
in  number,  soofi  submitted  themselves,  engaging  never  to  live  in 
their  country  ajgain,  and  becoming  subject  to  the  sachem  of  Mohe* 
agans  and  Narragansets  with  the  disgraceful  necessity  of  never 
agtun  being  called  Pequots. 

Soon  after  this  war  captain  Mason  was  appointed  by  the  govern- 
raent  of  Connecticut  major  general  of  all  their  forces,  and  contin* 
ued  in  this  office  till  his  death.  He  rem^dned  a  magistrate,  to  which 
station  he  was  first  chosen  in  1642,  till  May  1660,  when  he  was 
elected  deputy  g-ovemor.  In  this  office  he  continued  ten  years,  til! 
May  1670,  when  his  infirmities  induced  him  to  retire  from  public 
life.  After  the  Pequot  war,  at  the  request  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Saybrook  and  for  the  defence  of  the  colony  he  removed  from  Wind* 
sor  to  that  place  in  1 647.  Thence  in  1 659  he  removed  to  Norwich, 
where  he  died  in  1672  or  1673  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age 
Major  Mason  held  the  same  reputation  for  iiMlitary  talents  in  Coit' 


MAS. 


411 


uecticuty  which  captain  Standish  held  in  Plymouth  colony.  Both 
rendered  the  most  important  services  to  their  country.  Both  were 
bred  to  arms  in  the  Dutch  Netherlands.  Captain  Standish  was  of 
short  stature,  but  major  Mason  was  tall  and  portly,  and  equally  dis- 
tinguished for  his  courage  and  vigor.  He  was  also  a  gentleman  of 
prudence  and  correct  morals.  At  the  request  of  the  general  court 
he  drew  up  and  published  a  brief  history  of  the  Pequot  war.  It  is 
reprinted  in  Dr.  Increase  Mather's  relation  of  troubles  by  the  In- 
dians, 16r  7.  It  was  also  republished  more  correctly,  with  an  in- 
troduction and  some  explanatory  notes,  by  the  reverend  Thomas 
Prince  in  1736.— -Introduction  to  Maaon*»  hittory  ;  Trumbull* »  hist, 
of  Connecticut^  i.  68 — 87,  337  ;  Holmea*  annalty  i.  292-.-394. 

MASON  (George),  an  eminent  statesman  of  Virginia,  was  a 
member  of  the  general  convention,  which  in  1787  framed  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  but  refused  to  sign  liis  name,  as  one 
of  that  body,  to  the  instrument^  which  they  had  produced.  In  the 
following  year  he  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia  convention*  which 
considered  the  proposed  plan  of  federal  government.  He  united 
with  Henry,  and  opposed  its  adoption  with  great  energy.  He  thought, 
that  the  confederation  was  about  to  be  converted  into  a  consolidated 
government,  for  which,  he  said,  many  of  the  members  of  the  gcnei*al 
convention  avowed  an  attachment ;  and  he  was  desirous  of  introduce 
ing  amendments.  He  contended  for  the  necessity  of  an  article^ 
reserving  to  the  states,  all  powers  not  delegated.  This  article  is 
now  among  the  amendments  of  the  constitution.  He  wished  also, 
that  there  should  be  a  limitation  to  the  continuance  of  the  presi- 
dent in  ofRce.  So  averse  was  he  to  that  section,  which  allowed 
the  slave  trade  for  twenty  years,  that,  attached  as  he  was  to  the 
union  of  all  the  States,  he  declared  that  he  would  not  admit  the  south- 
em  states  into  the  union  unless  they  would  agree  to  discontinue  the 
traffic.  He  died  at  his  seat  at  Gunston  Hall,  Virginia  in  the  autumn 
of  1792,  aged  sixty  seven  yeArs.-— Virginia  debates^  sec.  edit.  13,  32, 
302,  306,  313,  343,  350,  361,  370,  372. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
was  formerly  divided  into  the  two  colonies  of  Plymouth  and  of 
Massachusetts  bay,  which  were  distinct  for  many  years.  Plymouth 
was  first  settled  in  December  1630  by  persons,  who  intended  to 
commence  a  plantation  in  the  territory  of  the  south  Virginia  com- 
pany, but  who  on  account  of  the  advanced  season  of  the  year  were 
induced  to  establish  themselves,  where  they  first  landed.  They 
formed  a  government  for  themselves,  and  chose  Mr.  Carver  for 
their  governor.  In  1 620  all  the  land  from  sea  to  sea  between  the 
fortieth  and  forty  eighth  degrees  of  north  latitude  was  granted  to 
the  council  at  Plymouth  in  England.  From  this  company  a  patent 
was  obtained  in  1 62 1 .  For  several  years  the  whole  property  of  the 
colony  was  in  common.  The  governor,  who  was  chosen  annual- 
ly, had  at  first  but  one  assistant ;  in  1624  he  had  five  ;  and  in  1635 


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MAS. 


the  number  was  increased  to  seven.  The  last  patent  was  obtainctl 
in  1630,  by  which  the  colonists  were  allowed  to  establish  their  own 
government.  The  first  house  of  representatives  was  formed  in 
1639,  being  rendered  necessary  by  the  increase  of  the  inhabitants 
and  the  extension  of  the  settlements.  The  patent  of  Massachu- 
setts bay  was  obtained  in  1628.  This  colony  was  bounded  on  the 
south  by  a  line  three  miles  distant  from  Charles*  river,  which  pass- 
es between  Cambridge  and  Boston.  In  the  same  year  a  few  pco> 
pie  under  the  government  of  John  Endicot  began  a  settlement  at 
Naumkeak,  now  Salem.  In  1629  a  form  of  government  was  set- 
tled, and  thirteen  persons,  resident  on  the  plantation,  were  entrust- 
ed with  the  sole  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  colony.  Of  these 
persons  one  was  the  governor  and  twelve  were  counsellors.  All 
these  were  but  deputy  officers,  as  they  were  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor and  company  in  England.  This  state  of  things  however  last- 
ed but  a  short  time.  It  was  soon  determined  to  transfer  the  gov- 
ernment entirely  to  New  England.  Governor  Winthrop  accord- 
ingly came  over  in  1630  with  about  fifteen  hundred  persons,  bring- 
ing the  charter  with  him.  This  instrument  vested  the  whole  exec- 
utive power  in  the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  eighteen  assist- 
ants, and  the  legislative  power  in  a  general  court,  composed  of  the 
above  and  of  the  freemen  of  the  colony.  This  assembly  was  auf 
thorized  to  elect  their  governor  and  all  necessary  officers.  But  the 
provisions  of  the  charter  were  not  very  carefully  observed.  The 
emigrants,  considering  themselves  as  subject  to  no  laws  excepting 
those  of  reason,  and  equity,  and  scripture,  modelled  their  govern- 
ment according  to  their  own  pleasure.  Early  in  1631  the  general 
court  ordained,  that  the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  assistants 
should  be  chosen  by  the  freemen  alone  ;  they  directed  that  there 
should  be  two  courts  instead  of  four  in  a  year  ;  in  May  1634  they 
created  a  representative  body ;  they  established  judicatories  of  va- 
rious kinds  ;  and  in  1 644  the  general  court  was  divided  into  the 
two  houses  of  deputies  and  of  magistrates,  each  of  which  was  to 
send  its  acts  to  the  other  for  approbation.  The  assistants  and  the 
general  court  for  four  years  often  judged  and  punished  in  a  sum- 
mary way  without  a  jury,  and  within  three  years  after  it  was  enact- 
ed, that  there  should  be  no  trial,  which  should  affect  life  or  residence 
in  the  country,  without  a  jury  of  freemen,  the  general  court  violated 
this  law  in  passing  sentence  of  banishment  in  1637.  Massachusetts 
continued  to  increase  till  the  Indian  war  of  1675  and  1676,  which 
occasioned  great  distress.  About  six  hundred  of  the  inhabitants  of 
New  England  were  killed,  and  twelve  or  thirteen  towns  were  en- 
tirely destroyed  ;  and  this  colony  was  the  greatest  sufferer.  In 
1684  the  charter  of  Massachusetts  was  declared  to  be  forfeited  by 
the  high  court  of  chancery  in  England  in  consequence  of  well 
founded  charges  of  disrespect  to  the  laws  of  England,  and  of  ten* 
depci^s  towards  exercising  the  rights  of  a  free  state.    In  1686  Jd* 


MAS. 


41S 


seph  Dudley  received  his  commission  of  president  of  New  Eng- 
land though  Plymouth  ^vas  not  included  i    but  at  the   close  gf 
the  year  Andros  arrived   with  a  commission,  which  included  that 
colony.    In  1689  this  tyrHnnical  governor  was  deposed  and  impris- 
oned by  an  indignant  people,  and   Massachusetts  and  Plymouth 
reestablished  their  old  government.     In  1692  a  charter  vtras  obtain- 
ed, which  constituted  Massachusetts  a  province,  and  added  to  it 
the  colony  of  Plymouth,  the  province  of  Maine,  the  province  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  the  Elisabeth  islands,  and  Nantucket  and  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard.       From    this  period   Massachusetts  and  Plym- 
outh virere  blended,  and  under  one  government.    This  npw  char- 
ter greatly  abridged  the  liberties  ot  the  people.    Formerly  they 
had  chosen  their  governor  ;    but  now  the  appointment  of  the 
governor,  lieutenant  governor,  secretary,  and  all  the  officers  of 
admirdUty  was  vested  in  the  crown.    Othe?  Important  changes 
were  made.    This  charter  continued  till  the  late  revolution.    Di»> 
ring  the  attempts  of  Shute,  Burnet,  and  other  governors  to  pro- 
cure a  fixed  sal  ry,  which  should  make  them  iqdepen4ent  of  tlie 
people,  the  general  court  showed  a  determinatpn  to  prevent  the 
removs^l  of  any  barrier  against  tyranny.      Whilp  the  claims  of 
British   taxation  were  discussed  from  the  year  1765  till  the  coin- 
mencement  of  the  war,  Massachusetts  was  conspicuous  for  the 
unshaken  and  persevering  spirit,  with  which  the  cause  of  lib- 
etty  was  supported.    In  October  1774  a  provincial  congress  as- 
sumed the  government,  and  in  July  1775  elected  councilors,  as 
as  under  the  old  charter.     The  present  constitution  was  formed  by 
a  convention  in  March  1780.     By  this  instrument  the  legislative 
powers  arc  vested  in  a  general  court,  consisting  of  a  senate  and  a 
house  of  representatives,  annually  chosen,  which  have  a  negative 
upon  each  other ;  and  no  act  can  he  passed  without  the  approbation 
of  the  governor,  unless  after  a  revisal  two  thirds  of  both  branches 
are  in  favor  of  it.    'the  governor  is  chosen  every  year  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  he  has  a  council  composed  of  the  lieutenant  governor,  and 
nine  others,  choser  by  the  general  court,  without  whose  advice  he 
can  exercise  none  of  his  powers,  except  such  as  are  incident  to  his 
ofRce  of  commander  in  chief.     In  1786  there  was  an  insurrection 
in  Massachusetts,  occasioned  by  the  scarcity  of  money   and  the 
pressure  of  taxes  and  of  debts  to  individuals.     A  convention  from 
fifty  towns  in  Hampshire  county  met  at  HatBcId  in  August  and 
drew  up  a  catalogue  of  grievances.     In  the  same  month  a  body  of 
insurgents  took  possession  of  the  court  house  in  Northampton  ; 
and  in  a  short  timp  the  flame  of  open  opposition  to  government  was 
enkindled  in  other  counties.    But  the  rebellion  was  suppressed  in 
1787  with  the  loss  of  but  few  lives.     Since  then  internal  peace  has 
existed,— ^/or/OM  ,•  Prince  ;   Winthrofi  ;  Hutchinson  ;  Minot ;  Gorr 
dm }  M:al*ef  jidam8%  aiid  Morse  and  f^erinh'e  .V.  JS. ;  Holmot*  o 


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MAT. 


MATHER  (RiCMABD),ininister  of  Dorchester,  Massachubetu. 
was  bom  in  Lancashire,  England,  in  1 596.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
VTM  invited  to  take  the  instruction  of  a  school  at  Toxteth,  near  Liv- 
erpool.  After  suffering  for  some  time  that  anxiety  and  distress, 
vrhich  the  knowledge  of  his  own  character  as  a  sinner  produced,  he 
in  his  eighteenth  year  found  peace  and  joy  in  the  gospel  of  the  Re- 
deemer. In  May  1618  he  was  admitted  a  student  of  Oxford  ;  but 
in  a  few  months  afterwards  he  became  the  minister  of  Toxteth,  be- 
ing ordained  by  the  bishop  of  Chester.  Here  he  continued  about 
fifteen  years  without  any  interruption  of  his  benevolent  labors.  He 
preached  every  Tuesday  at  Prescot,  and  he  always  seized  the  op- 
portunity, which  his  attendance  upon  funerals  afforded,  for  impart- 
ing instruction  to  the  living.  He  was  silenced  for  nonconformity 
to  the  established  church  in  1 633,  but  through  the  influence  of  his 
friends  was  soon  restored.  He  was  again  suspended  in  1634,  as  he 
had  never  worn  the  surplice,  and  could  not  adopt  the  ceremonies, 
vhich  were  enjoined.  Having  resolved  to  seek  the  peaceable  en- 
joyment of  the  rights  of  conscience  and  the  puiity  of  Christian 
ordinances  in  New  England,  he  escaped  the  pursuivants,  who  were 
endeavoring  to  apprehend  him,  and  embarked  at  Bristol  in  May 

1635.  On  the  seventeenth  of  August  he  amved  in  Boston  harbor. 
He  was  in  a  few  months  invited  to  Dorchester ;  and,  as  the  first 
church  had  removed  with  Mr.  Warham  to  Windsor,  a  new  church 
was  formed,  of  which  he  was  constituted  the  teacher  August  23, 

1636.  fie  assisted  Mr.  Eliot  and  Mr.  Welde  in  1640  in  making 
the  New  England  version  of  the  psalms.     The  model  of  church 
discipline,  which  he  presented  to  the  synod  of  1648,  was  the  one, 
which  was  chiefly  adopted  in  preference  to  those,  prepared  by  Mr. 
Cotton  and  Mr.  Partridge.    He  died  in  the  peace  of  the  Christian, 
April  32, 1 669,  aged  seventy  three  years.  Though  in  his  old  age  he 
experienced  many  infirmities,  ytt  such  had  been  his  health,  that 
for  half  a  century  he  was  not  detained  by  sickness  so  much  as  one 
Sunday  from  his  public  labors.    He  was  a  pious  Christian,  a  good 
scholar,  and  a  plsdn,  and  useful  preacher.    He  was  careful  to  avoid 
foreign  and  obscure  words,  and  unnecessary  citation  of  Latin  sen- 
tences, that  all  might  understand  him.    While  his  voice  was  loud 
and  distinct,  there  was  also  a  vehentency  and  dignity  in  his  manner. 
By  his  first  wife  he  had  a  number  of  sons,  who  were  distinguished 
ministers.    His  second  wife  was  the  widow  of  the  famous  John 
Cotton.     He  wrote    the   discourse   about  the  church  covenant, 
and  the  answer  to  thirty  two  questions,  published  in  1639,  which 
pass  under  the  name  of  the  elders  of  New  England.    He  wrote  al- 
so a  modest  aad-hrotherly  answer  to  Mr.  Charles  Herle's  book 
against  theindepen^nmcy  of  churches,  1644  ;  a  reply  to  Mr.  "Ruth- 
erford, or  a  defence  of  the  answer  to  Mr.  Herle's  book,  1646  ;  an 
heart  meting  exhortation,  &c.  in  aietter  to  his  countrymen  of  Lan- 
cashire, 1650  ;  a  catechism  ;  a  treatise  of  justification)  1652  ;  a 


;,  was  the  one^ 


MAT. 


415 


letter  to  Mr.  Hooker  to  prove*  that  it  was  lawful  for  a  minister  to 
administer  the  sacrament  to  a  congregation,  not  particularly  under 
his  care;  election  sermon  about  1660;  an  answer  to  Mr.  Daven- 
port's work  against  the  propositions  of  the  synod  of  1662.  He  also 
prepared  for  the  press  sermons  on  the  second  epistle  of  Peter,  and 
an  elaborate  defence  of  the  churcr  s  of  New  England.— ffoec/** 
Athene  Oxonieiuetj  ii.  427,  428  ;  itfo^nc/i'a,  iii.  122—130  ;  Collect, 
fdat.  aoc.  viii.  10 ;  ix.  170—^172  ;  JVeaPa  M  E.  i.  385  ;  Hutchin»on^ 
i.  259  ;  Clmrke*»  Uvea;  I.  Mather*»  account  qfhia  life  and  death. 

MATHER  (Samuel))  minister  of  Dublin,  Ireland,  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  in  Lancashire  May  13,  1626.  Ac- 
companying his  father  to  this  countryi  he  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard college  in  1 643.  He  was  appointed  the  first  fellow  ol  the  col- 
lege and  he  was  held  in  such  estimation  by  the  students,  whom  he 
instructed,  that  when  he  left  them  they  put  on  badges  of  mourning. 
When  he  began  to  preach,  he  spent  some  time  in  Rowley  as  an  as- 
sistant to  Mr.  Rogers.  A  church  having  been  gathered  in  the 
north  part  of  Boston,  he  was  invited  to  take  the  charge  of  it ;  but 
after  preaching  there  one  winter,  several  circumstances  induced 
him  to  go  to  England  in  1650.  The  church,  which  he  left,  was 
afterwards  under  the  pastoral  care  of  his  brother,  Dr.  Increase 
Mather.  In  England  he  was  appointed  chaplsdn  of  Magdalen  col-- 
lege,  Oxford.  He  then  preached  two  years  at  Leith  in  Scotland. 
Thencehe  went  to  Ireland  in  1655  and  was  made  a  senior  fellow 
of  Trinity  college,  Dublin.  Here  also  he  was  settled  the  minister 
of  the  church  of  St.  Nicholas,  as  colleague  with  Dr.  Winter.  Though 
he  was  a  most  liberal  nonconformist,  and  refused  several  benefices^ 
that  were  offered  by  the  lord  deputy,  because  he  did  not  wish  to 
have  the  episcopalian  ministers  displaced ;  yet  soon  after  the  res- 
toration he  was  suspended  on  a  charge  of  sedition.  Returning  to 
England,  he  ras  minister  at  Burton  wood  till  he  was  ejected  by  the 
Bartholomew  act  in  1 662.  He  afterwards  gathered  a  church  at  his 
own  house  in  Dublin,  where  he  died  in  peace  October  39,  1671,  in 
the  forty  taxXV  year  of  his  age.  He  was  succeeded  by  his  brother* 
Mr.  Nathaniel  Mather.  As  a  preacher  he  held  the  first  rank,  and 
his  name  was  known  throughout  the  kingdom .  His  discourses  were 
remarkable  for'cleamess  of  method.  It  was  his  constant  desire  to  ex- 
alt the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  to  proniote  the  objects,  for  which  he 
died.  He  published  a  wholesome  caveat  for  a  time  of  liberty,  1652  ; 
a  defence  of  the  protestant  religion  against  popery,  1671 ;  an  ireni- 
cum,  or  an  essay  for  union  among  the  presbyterians,  independents, 
and  anabaptists ;  a  treatise  against  stinted  4^rgies ;  a  piece  agunst 
Valentine  Greatarick,  who  pretended  to  cure  diseases  by  stroking ; 
a  course  of  sermons  on  the  types  of  the  old  testament)  with  some 
discourses  against  popish  wx^exsXxHons.'—WoQd^a  Jthente  Oxonien- 
«M,  ii.  489,  490 ;  Mather* a  magnalia^  iv.  143— -153  ;  JVoncor\form.. 
memorial^  ii.  355—357 ;  J^eaPa  JSI".  E,  i.  385  ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  ix. 
178,  179  ;  Colamy*a  account,  ii.  415—417. 


li 


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416 


Mat. 


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ii-i, 


1 1  '8; 


MATilEH  (Nathaniel),  minister  b  LoTidunt  was  the  son  of 
the  reverend  Richard  Mather,  and  was  born  in  Lancaster  March 
SO,  163a.  After  his  arrival  in  this  countrjF  with  his  father,  he  was 
educated  at  Harvard  college^  where  he  was  graduated  in  1647.  He 
ifterwards  went  to  England,  and  was  presented  to  the  living  at 
Barnstaple  by  Oliver  Cromwell  in  1656.  Upon  his  ejectment  in 
1662  he  went  into  Holland  and  was  a  minister  at  Rotterdam.  A- 
bout  the  year  1671  or  1673  he  succeeded  his  brother,  Samuel  Math* 
er,at  Dublin.  Thence  he  removed  to  London,  where  he  was  pastor 
of  a  congregational  church,  and  one  of  the  lecturers  at  Pinner's  hall. 
He  died  July  26, 1697,  aged  sixty  seven  years.  He  was  buried  in 
the  burying  ground  near  Bunhill  fields,  and  there  is  upon  his  tomb> 
stone  a  long  Latin  inscription,  written  by  Dr.  Watts,  which  ascribes 
to  him  a  high  character  for  genius,  learning,  piety,  and  ministerial 
fidelity.  He  published  the  righteousness  of  God  by  faith  upon  all, 
who  believe,  1694 ;  a  discussion  of  the  lawfulness  of  a  pastor's  ofii> 
ciating  in  another's  church  ;  twenty  three  sermons,  preached  at 
Pinner's  hall,  and  Lime  street,  taken  in  short  hand  as  they  were 
delivered,  but  most  of  them  corrected  by  himself,  1701  {  a  fast  ser- 
mon.— Cfl/ainy'a  continuation,  i.  257 — 259  ;  IVatttt*  lyric  fioemsy 
book  iii ;  JVoncoi\form.  memorial,  ii.  4  ;    Holmes*  annals,  ii.  39.     \ 

MATHER  (Eleazer),  first  minister  of  Northampton,  Massa* 
chusetts,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Richard  Mather,  and  was  bom 
May  13,  1637.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1656. 
Having  preached  about  two  years  at  Northampton,  when  a  church 
was  gathered  there  in  1661  he  was  ordained  its  minister  on  the 
twenty  third  of  June.  He  died  July  24,  1669,  aged  thirty  two 
years,  having  been  admired  as  a  man  of  talents  and  exalted  piety^ 
and  as  a  zealous  and  eminently  useful  preacher.  After  his  death 
there  was  published  from  his  manuscripts  a  serious  exhortation  to 
the  succeeding  and  present  generation  in  New  England,  being  the 
substance  of  his  last  sermons,  1 67 1  .-—Magnalia,  iii.  1 30  ;  Collect, 
hist.  soc.  ix.  181,  192;  Edwards*  narrative  ;  life  of  I.  Mather,  66. 

MATHER  (Increase,  D.  d.)  president  of  Harvard  college,  was 
the  son  of  the  reverend  Richard  Mather,  and  was  bora  at  Dorches-^ 
ter  Jane  2 1,  1639.  He  was  graduated  at  the  college,  which  was 
afterwards  entrusted  to  his  care,  in  1656.  Beginning  to  preach  in 
the  next  year,  and  being  invited  by  his  brother  to  Dublin,  he  em- 
barked for  England  July  3,  1657,  and  after  an  absence  of  four  years 
returned  in  August  1661.  In  the  next  month  he  was  invited  to 
preach  at  the  north  church  in  Boston,  though  he  was  not  ordained 
there  till  May  27,  1664'?'^'*Two  years  before  this,  when  the  contro- 
versy respecting  the  subjects  of  baptism  was  agitated,  he  opposed 
the  results  of  the  synod,  but  being  convinced  by  the  arguments  of 
Mr.  Mitchel,  he  afterwards  defended  the  synodical  propositions. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  synod  of  1679,  and  drew  up  the  resuU 
and  the  preface  to  it,  which  were  then  agreed  on.      When  king 


MAT. 


417 


Charles  11  expressed  his  wish  that  the  charter  of  Massachusetts 
might  be  resigned  into  his  hands  in  1683,  Dr.  Mather  zealously  op- 
posed a  compliance  with  his  majesty 'k pleasure.  In  1688  he  sailed 
for  England  as  agent  of  the  province  to  procure  redress  of  griev- 
ances. After  several  years  of  important  services  he  returned  with 
anew  charter,  and  arrived  at  Bostsn  May  14,  1692.  He  had  the 
sole  nomination  of  the  first  governor.  After  his  arrival  the  gene- 
ral court  appointed  a  day  of  public  thanksgiving  for  his  safe  return, 
and  foi  the  settlement  of  the  government.  During  the  witchcraft 
delusion  he  opposed  the  violent  measures,  which  were  adopted. 
He  wrote  a  book  to  prove,  that  the  devil  might  appear  in  the  shape 
of  an  innocent  man,  by  means  of  which  a  number  of  persons,  con- 
victed of  witchcraft,  escaped  the  execution  of  the  sentence.  After 
the  death  of  Mr.  Oakes  in  1681  the  care  of  Harvard  college  de- 
volved upon  him.  But  as  his  church  refused  to  relinquish  him,  he 
only  made  weekly  visits  to  Cambridge  until  the  appointment  of 
president  Rogers  in  the  following  year.  After  his  death  he  was 
again  called  to  the  presidency  of  the  college  June  1 1,  1685,  and  he 
continued  in  this  station  till  September  6,  1701,  when  he  resigned 
in  consequence  of  an  act  of  the  general  court,  requiring  the  presi- 
dent to  reside  at  Cambridge.  He  was  unwilling  to  leave  his  churchy 
though  his  son,  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  had  been  settled  as  his  colleague 
for  a  number  <^  years.  Mr.  Willard  succeeded  him.  After  a  long 
life  of  benevoknt  exertion,  he  died  in  Boston  August  23,  1723,  in 
the  eighty  fifth  year  of  his  age,  having  been  a  preacher  sixty  six 
years,  sixty  two  of  which  were  passed  in  the  ministry  in  Boston. 

He  was  a  man  of  great  learning  and  of  extensive  influence  and 
usefulness.  Soon  after  his  return  from  England  he  procured  an 
act,  authorizing  the  college  to  create  bachelors  and  doctors  of  the- 
ology, which  power  was  not  given  by  its  former  charter.  As  pres- 
ident he  was  careful  not  only  to  give  the  students  direction  in  their 
literary  pursuits,  but  also  to  impart  to  them  religious  instuction. 
He  frequently  called  them  one  by  one  into  the  library,  and  there 
with  the  affection  of  a  parent  and  the  fidelity  of  a  minister  of  the 
gospel  he  would  confer  with  them  respecting  the  salvation  of  their 
souls,  and  solemnly  charge  them  to  rciKHince  their  sins,  to  embrace 
the  gospel,  and  to  devote  themselves  to  the  service  of  God.  He 
usually  preached  to  them  every  week,  and  his  sermons,  both  at 
Cambridge  and  in  Boston,  were  designed  to  imprest*  the  conscience 
as  well  as  to  enlighten  the  mind.  He  considered  him  as  the  best 
preacher,  who  taught  with  the  greatest  simplicity.  His  delivery- 
was  somewhat  peculiar.  He  usually  spoke  with  deliberation,  but  at 
times,  when  uttering  an  impressive  sentence,  his  voice  became  the 
voice  of  thunder.  Always  committing  his  sermons  to  memory,  he 
never  used  his  notes  in  the  pulpit.  Sixteen  hours  in  every  day  were 
commonly  spent  in  lus  study,  and  in  his  retirement  he  repeatedly 
addressed  himself  to  the  Lord  his  Maker.    He  always  kept  a  diaryi 

54 


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designed  for  his  impiovemcnt  in  religion.      Such  was  his  benev^ 
Icnce,  that  he  devoted  a  tenth  pait  of  ail  his  income  to  charitable 
purposes.     He  married  the  youngest  daiighter  of  Mr.  Cotton.   His 
portrait  is  in  the  library  of  the  Massachusetts  histuricai  society. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  his  publications.    The  mystery  of  Isracl't 
ttalvation,  1669;  the  life  and  death  oi  Mr.  Richard  Mather,  1670; 
wo  to  drunkards^  1673 ;  the  day  of  trouble  near  ;  important  truths 
about  conversion,  1 674 ;  the  first  principles  of  New  England ;  a  dis* 
course  concerning  the  subject  of  baptism,  and  consociation  of  church- 
es ;  the  wicked  man's  portion  i  the  times  of  men  in  the  hands  of 
God,  1675  ;  history  of  the  war  with  the  Indians  from  June  24,1675, 
to  August  12,1 67*6,  Mrith  an  exhortation  to  the  inhabitants,  1676  ;  a 
relation  of  troubles  of  New  England  from  the  Indians  from  the  be- 
gianing  ;  an  historical  discourse  on  the  prevalency  of  prayer ;  re< 
ncwal  of  covenant  the  duty  of  decaying  and  distiessed  churches, 
1677  ;  pray  for  the  rising  generation,  167&;  a  call  to  the  rising 
generation,  1679;  the  divine  right  of  infant  baptism;  the  great 
concernment  of  a  covenant  people  ;  heayen^'s  alarm  to  the  world, 
1660  ;  animadversions  upon  a  narrative  of  the  bapUsts,  1681 ;  dia* 
triba  de  signo  filii  hominis^  practical  truths  ;  the  church  a  subject 
of  persecution,  1682;  cometogrophia,  oi*  a  discourse  conce^nihg 
comets,   1683;  remarkable  providences;    the  doctrine  of  divine 
providence,  1684  ;  an  arrow  against  profane  and  promiscuous  danc* 
es,  1685;  the  mystery  of  Christ ;  the  greatest  of  sinners  exhorted; 
a  sermon  on  the  execution  of  a  poor  man  for  murder,  1686 ;  a  testi- 
mony against  superstitions,  1687 ;  dc  successu  evangelii  apud  Indos 
epistola,  1688;  the  unlawfulness  of  using  common  prayer,  and  of 
swearing  on  the  book,  1 689  ;  several  ptapers  relating  to  the  state  of 
New  England  ;  the  revolution  justified,  1690  -^  the  blessing  of  prim- 
itive counsellors ;  cases  of  conscience  concerning  witchcraft ;  an 
essay  on  the  power  of  a  pastor  for  the  administration  of  sacraments, 
1693;  whether  a  man  may  marry  his  wife's  own  sister;  solemn 
advice  to  young  men,  1695  ;  angelographia,  a  treatise  of  angels, 
1696 ;  a  discourse  on  man's  not  knowing  his  time ;  the  case  of  con- 
science concerning  the  eating  of  blood,  1697  ;  David  serving  his 
generation,  a  funeral  sermon,  1698  ;  the  surest  way  to  the  highest 
honor ;  on  hardness  of  heart ;  the  folly  of  sinning,  1 699 ;  the  order 
of  the  gospel  vindicated,  1700;  the  blessed  hope,  1701;  remarks 
on  a  sermon  of  George  Keith ;  Ichabod,  or  the  glory  departing,  an 
election  sermon  ;  the  Christian  religion  the  only  true  religion ;  the 
excellency  of  public  spirit,  1702  ;  the  duty  of  parents  to  pray  for 
their  children ;  soul  saving  gospel  truths,  170S;  the  voice  of  God 
in  stormy  winds ;  practical  truths  to  promote  holiness,  1704 ;  med- 
itations on  the  glofy  of  Christ,  1705 ;  a  discourse  concerning  earth* 
quakes ;  a  testimony  against  sacrilege  ;  a  dissertation  concerning; 
right  to  sacraments,  1706;  meditations  on  death;  a  disquisition 
<!^onceming  right  to  sacraments,  1707 ;  a  dissertation  Triiereta  the 


MAT. 


411> 


'grange  doctrine  of  Mr.  Stoddard  it  refuted,  1708  ;  on  the  future 
conversion  oi  the  Jews,  contuting  Dr.  Lightloot  and  Mr.  Baxter, 
1709  ;  concerning  faiili  and  prayer  for  the  kingdom  of  Christ ; 
artiilery  election  sermon  on  being  very  courageous  i  awakening 
truths  tending  to  conversion,  1710  ;  meditations  on  the  glory  of  the 
heavenly  world;  a  discourse  concerning  the  death  of  the  righteous  ; 
the  duty  of  the  children  ot  go'tly  liuri-ntii,  17  1 1  ;  burnings  bewailed ; 
remarks  upon  an  answer  to  a  book  against  the  common  prayer ; 
mtditations  on  the  sanctifi cation  of  the  Lord*s  day,  1713  ;  a  plain 
discourse  showing  who  shall  and  who  shall  not  enter  into  heaven  ; 
a  funeral  sermon  for  his  daughter  in  law,  1 7 1 3 1  resignation  to  the 
will  of  God,  on  the  death  of  his  conaotti  17 14  ;  Jesus  Christ  a  mighty 
Savior,  and  other  subjects,  1715;  a  disquisition  concerning  eccle- 
siastical councils ;  there  is  a  God  in  heaven ;  the  duty  and  dignity  of 
aged  servants  of  God,  1716 ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  his  grand 
son;  sermons  on  the  beatitudes ;  practical  truths  plainly  delivered 
with  an  ordination  sermon,  1718  ;  five  sermons  or  several  subjects, 
one  of  them  on  the  author's  birth  day,  1719;  a  testimony  to  the  or- 
der of  the  churches,  1720;  advice  to  children  of  godly  ancestors,  a 
sermon  concluding  the  Boston  lectures  on  early  piety  ;  several 
sheets  in  favor  of  inoculation  for  the  small  pox,  172 1 ;  a  dying  pas- 
tor's legacy;  Elijah's  mantle,  \7  22. ^-Remarkablea  of  Dr.  I.  Math- 
er; M)neoriform.  memorial^  ii.  245—249  ;  Afagnaliay  iv.  130,  131  ; 
V.  77 — 84;  vi.  2  ;  Collect,  hist,  aoc.'ux.  126;  ix.  181;  x.  156,167; 
Wood^g  jithenx  Oxonienaea^  ii.  428,  429  ;  Calamy*a  continuat.  i.  494 
^500  ;  Mal'a  .A^.  JS.  ii.  1 14, 1 15  ;  Hutchinaon^  i.  366  ;  ii.  305  ;  C. 
Mather'a  sermon  on  hia  death  ;  Trumbull^  i  325  ;  J/olmea*s  annals j  ii. 
111. 

MATHER  (CoTTOK,  d.  d.  f.r.  s.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the 
3on  of  the  preceding,  and  gratidson  of  Mr.  John  Cotton.  Pie  was 
born  in  Boston  February  12.  1663.  Distinguished  for  early  piety, 
when  he  was  a  school  boy  he  endeavored  to  persuade  his  youthful 
companions  frequently  to  litrt  up  their  hearts  to  their  Maker  and 
heavenly  Friend,  and  he  ev«n  wrote  for  them  some  forms  of  devo« 
tion.  He  had  also  the  courage  to  reprove  their  vices.  At  the  age 
of  fourteen  he  began  to  observe  days  of  secret  fasting  and  prayer, 
reading  commonly  fifteen  chapters  in  the  bible  every  day.  He  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1678,  having  made  uncommon 
proficiency  in  his  studies.  At  this  early  period  of  his  IHc  he  drew 
up  systems  of  the  sciences,  and  wrote  remarks  upon  the  hooks, 
which  he  read,  and  thus  matured  his  understanding.  At  the  ai;;c  of 
seventeen  he  approached  the  Lord's  table  with  affectionate  reliance 
upon  Jesus  Christ  for  salvation.  Having  been  occupied  for  some 
time  in  the  study  of  theology,  he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  north 
church  in  Boston  as  colleague  with  his  father  May  13,  1684.  Here 
he  passed  his  days  unwearied  and  unceasing  in  his  exertions  to  pro- 
mote the  glory  of  his  Makcr^  and  the  highest  welfare  of  his  brgtb- 


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420 


MAT. 


ren.  He  dieU  In  the  assurance  of  Christian  futh  February  13, 
1728)  aged  sixty  five  years.  He  was  a  man  of  unequalled  Indus- 
try,  of  vast  leuming,  of  unfeigned  piety)  and  of  most  disinter- 
csted  and  expansive  benevolence.  He  was  also  distinguished  for 
his  credulity,  for  his  pedantry,  and  for  his  want  of  judgment 
tod. taste.  No  person  in  America  had  so  large  a  library,  or  had 
read  so  many  books,  or  retained  so  much  of  what  he  read.  So  pre- 
cious did  he  consider  time,  that  to  prevent  visits  of  unnecessary 
length  he  wrote  over  his  study  door  in  capital  letters, "  be  short." 
Still  his  manners  were  never  morose,  but  easy  and  obliging.  His 
social  talents  and  his  various  knowledge  rendered  his  conversation 
interesting  and  instructive.  Every  morning  he  usually  read  a  chap- 
ter of  the  Old  Testament  in  Hebrew  and  another  in  the  French,  and 
a  chapter  of  the  New  Testament  in  Greek.  Besides  the  French 
he  understood  also  the  Spanish  and  Iroquois,  and  in  these  languages 
he  published  treatises.  There  were  two  books,  in  which  he  every 
day  wrote  something.  In  the  one,  which  he  called  his  quotidiana, 
he  transcribed  passages  from  the  authors,  which  he  read.  In  the 
other,  which  was  his  diary,  he  noted  the  events  of  the  day,  his  im- 
perfections and  sins,  and  every  thing,  which  might  subserve  his 
religious  improvement.  By  this  diary  it  appears,  that  in  on^  year 
he  kept  sixty  fasts,  and  twenty  vigils,  and  published  fourteen  books* 
besides  discharging  the  duties  of  his  pastoral  office.  As  a  minister 
of  the  gospel  he  was  most  exemplary.  Always  proposing  in  his 
sermons  to  make  some  particular  impression  upon  the  minds  of 
his  hearers,  the  whole  discourse  had  relation  to  this  object,  and  he 
endeavored  to  make  his  sentences  short,  that  those,  who  took  notes, 
might  do  it  with  the  more  ease.  His  discourses  without  doubt  were 
equal  in  length  to  those  of  his  brethren,  which  he  himself  informs  us 
usually  went  a  good  way  into  the  second  hour.  He  kept  a  list  of  th« 
members  of  his  church,  and  frequently  prayed  for  each  separately. 
Those  especially,  whose  cases  had  been  mentioned  on  the  Sabbath 
in  the  house  of  public  worship,  were  remembered  by  him  in  his 
secret  addresses  to  the  throne  of  grace.  He  usually  allotted  one  or 
two  afternoons  in  a  week  to  visiting  the  families  of  his  congregation, 
and  in  these  visits  he  addressed  both  the  parents  and  the  children, 
exhorting  the  former  to  faithfulness,  and  endeavoring  to  instruct 
the  latter  by  asking  them  questions,  and  recommending  to  them 
secret  prayer  and  the  reading  of  the  scriptures.  When  he  left 
them  he  recommended  to  their  consideration  a  particular  text  of 
scripture.  As  he  published  many  pious  books,  he  was  continually 
putting'  them  into  the  hands  of  persons,  to  whom  he  thought  they 
"Would  be  useful.  His  success  seemed  to  correspond  with  his  fidel- 
ity. In  the  first  year  of  his  ministry  about  thirty  were  added  to 
his  church ;  and  he  received  the  benedictions  of  many  dying  be* 
lievers,  who  spoke  of  his  labors  as  the  means  of  their  salvation. 
He  promoted  the  establishment  of  several  useful  societies,  particu- 


MAT. 


421 


larly  a  society  for  suppressing  disorders  and  for  the  reformation  of 
manners,  and  a  society  of  peace  makers,  whose  object  was  to  pre- 
vent  lawsuits  and  to  compose  differences.  He  arranged  the  busi- 
ness of  every  day  in  the  morning,  always  inquiring  by  what  means 
he  could  be  useful  to  his  fellow  men,  and  endeavoring  to  devise  new 
methods  of  doing  good.  He  did  not  content  himself  with  contriv- 
ing plans,  but  vigorously  executed  them.  When  he  travelled,  he 
commonly  had  for  a  companion  some  young  gentleman,  to  whom 
he  might  impart  instruction,  and  he  used  to  pray  witli  him  in  pri- 
vate, when  they  lodged  together.  Notwithstanding  his  benevolent 
labors  and  unwearied  industry,  he  expressed  the  greatest  humility, 
and  spoke  of  his  days  as  passed  in  sloth  and  sin.  Dr.  Mather  took 
some  interest  in  the  political  concerns  of  his  country,  and  on  this 
account  as  well  as  on  account  of  his  faithful  reproof  of  iniquity  he 
had  many  enemies.  Many  abusive  letters  were  sent  him,  all  of 
which  he  tied  up  in  a  packet  and  wrote  upon  the  cover, "  libels  ; 
Father,  forgive  them."  Though  he  denved  much  satisfaction  from 
his  theological  and  literary  pursuits ;  yet  he  declared,  that  in  per- 
forming an  act  of  benevolence  to  some  poor  and  suffering  Christian 
he  found  much  higher  pleasure.  In  his  diary  he  says, "  as  for  the 
delights  of  the  world,  I  know  of  none  comparable  to  those,  which  I 
take  in  communion  with  my  Savior.  As  for  the  riches  of  this  world, 
I  use  no  labor  for  them.  In  my  Savior  I  have  unsearchable  riches ; 
and  in  my  fruition  of  him  I  have  a  full  supply  of  all  my  wants.  As 
for  the  honors  of  this  world,  I  do  nothing  to  gain  honors  for  myself. 
To  be  cinployed  in  the  Lord's  work,  for  the  advancement  of  his 
kingdom,  is  all  the  honor,  that  I  wish  for." 

Dr.  Mather*s  publications  amounted  to  three  hundred  and  eighty 
two.  Many  of  them  indeed  were  small,  such  as  single  sermons, 
but  others  were  of  considerable  magnitude.  His  essays  to  do  good, 
12mo,  1710,  is  a  volume  peculiarly  excellent.  It  has  lately  been 
reprinted  in  England.  Dr.  Franklin  ascribed  all  his  usefulness  in 
the  world  to  liis  reading  it  in  early  life.  His  Christian  philosopher, 
8vo,  172 1,  was  admired  in  England.  His  directions  for  a  candidate 
of  the  ministry,  12mo,  1725,  gained  him  a  va^t  number  of  letters 
thanks.  Others  of  his  larger  works  are  the  life  of  his  father, 
and  ratio  discipline  fratrum  Nov-Anglorum,  or  an  account  of  the 
discipline  professed  and  practised  in  the  churches  of  New  England. 
But  his  largest  and  most  celebrated  work  is  his  magnalia  Christi 
Americana,  or  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  New  England  from  its 
first  planting  in  1625  to  the  year  1698,  in  seven  books,  folio, 
1702.  His  style  abounds  with  puerilities,  puns,  and  strange  con- 
ceits, and  he  makes  a  great  display  of  learning  ;  but  no  man  was  so 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  history  of  New  England,  and  he  has 
saved  numerous  and  important  facts  from  oblivion.  In  the  work  arc 
contained  biographical  accounts  of  many  of  the  first  settlers,  both 
governors  and  ministers.    It  appears,  that  he  gave  full  credit  to  th6 


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stories  of  witchcraft;  but  he  was  not  singular  in  his  credulity, 
Even  Dr.  Watts   wrote  to  him, "  I  am  persuaded,  that  there  was 
much  immediate  agency  of  the  devil  in  those  affairs^  and  perhaps 
there  were  some  real  witches  too."     The  catalouge  of  his  publica- 
tions in  his  life,  written  by  his  son,  occupies  eighteen  pages ;  and 
the  whole  therefore  could  not  with  convenience  be  here  inserted. 
He  published  funeral  sermons  on  John  Baily,  1697  ;  Mary  Brown, 
1703;    Sarah  Leverett,  1704  ;   Michael  Wigglesworth,  1705  ;   J. 
Winthrop,  1707 ;  Ezekial  Cheever  and  John  Higginson,  1708 ;  Je- 
rushaOliver,  1709  ;  Eliz.  Hutchinson,  1713;  Mary  Rock,  and  Eliz- 
abeth Mather,  1713;  Sarah  Ting,  and  Maria  Mather,  1714;  Thom- 
as Bridge,  and  Mehitabel  G^msh,  1715 ;  Katharine  Mather,  1716 ; 
Robert    Kitchen,    Hannah  Sewall,    and  Wait  Winthrop,   ^717; 
Thomas  Barnard,  1718  ;  James  Keith,  and  Joseph  Gerrish,  1719 ; 
Abigail  Sewall,  1720 ;  Frances  V^^ebb,  and  Abigail  Willard,  172 1 ; 
Joseph  Belcher,  and  Increase  Mather,  1723  ;  governor  Saltonstall,. 
andThomas  Walter,  1724;  Abigail  Browne,  1725;  Elizabeth  Cot- 
ton, and  Elizabeth  Cooper,  1726  ;    William  Waldron,  and  Peter 
Thacher,  1737.      Among  his  other  works,  which  are  principally 
occasional  sermons  or  pious  tracts,  is  the  wonders  of  the  invisible 
world,  4to,  1 692  ;    and  Psalterium  Americanum,  or  the  book  of 
Psalms  in  blank  verse,  with  illustrations,  1718.     Besides  his  nume- 
rous publications,  he  left  behind  him  in  manuscript  the  angel  of 
Bethesda,  in  which  he  placed  under  every  disease  not  only  suitable 
religious  instructions,  but  the  most  simple  and  easy  medicines  ;  a 
large  treatise,  designed  to  promote  union  among  protestants ;  Goli- 
athus  detruncatus,  agsunst  Mr.  Whiston,  to  prove  that  most  of  the 
Antenicene  fathers  were  orthodox  and  not  Ariau ;  and  Biblia  Amer- 
icana, or  the  sacred  scriptures  of  the  Old  and  Nety  Testament  illus- 
trated.   This  learned  work,  which  it  was  once  proposed  to  publish 
In  three  folio  volumes,  is  now  in  the  library  of  the  Massachusetts 
historical  society .-^Life  by  S.  JiJather  ;  Middl€ton*a  biografiluaevang. 
iv.  233—240  ;   Preface  to  Burder'a  edition  of  essays  to  do  good; 
Collect,  hist,  soc.-x..  15Q,  168  ;  Hardie. 

MATHER  (Samuel,  o.n.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1723.  He 
was  ordained  in  the  same  church,  in  which  his  father  was  settled,  as 
colleague  vith  the  reverend  Mr.  Gee  June  21,  1732.  In  about  ten 
years  a  separation  took  place  by  mutual  agreement  in  consequence, 
it  is  believed,  of  a  diiference  of  views  in  regard  to  the  revival  of  re- 
ligion, which  took  place  at  that  period.  A  church  was  built  for  him 
in  Bennet  street  by  persons,  who  withdrew  with  him  from  the  old 
north  church.  He  was  their  pastor  till  his  death  June  27,  1785,  at 
the  age  of  seventy  nine  years.  He  was  hurried,  by  his  own  direc- 
tion, without  any  ceremony.  A  society  of  universalists  purchased 
his  church  and  still  occupy  it.  Dr.  Mather  published  a  sermon  on 
the  death  of  William  Waldron,  1737;   of  his  father,  1728 ;   life  qf 


MAY. 


423 


HiB  father,  8yo,  1739;  essay  on  gratitude,  I7S3 ;  on  the  death  of 
queen  Caroline,  1738  ;  an  apology  for  the  liberties  of  the  churches 
in  New  England,  8vo,  1738  ;  artillery  election  sermon,  1739  ;  on 
the  death  of  T.  Hutchinson,  esquire,  1740 ;  of  the  prince  of  Wules> 
17*:  I;  of  William  Welsteed  and  Ellis  Gray,  1753;  dissertation  on 
thb  Mame  of  Jehovah,  1760;  convention  sermon,  1762  ;  essay  on 
the  Lord's  prayer,  1766  ;  all  men  will  not  be  saved  forever,  178 1.— < 
Collect.  hUt.  aoc.  iii.  258, 263  ;  Holmes'  annals,  ii.  471. 

MAYHEW  (Thomas),  governor  of  Martha's  Vineyard  and  the 
neighboring  islands,  resided  at  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  in  Octo- 
ber 1 64 1 ,  when  he  obtained  of  the  i^nt  of  lord  Stirling  a  grant  of  the 
above  lands.     In  the  following  year  he  began  a  settlement  at  Edgar- 
ton.    In  about  thirty  years  these  islands  were  attached  to  New  York, 
and  in  1692  they  were  annexed  to  Massachusetts.      He  gave  his 
son  much  assistance  in  the  benevolent  work  of  converting  the  heathen. 
The  Indian  sachems  were  afraid  that  the  i%ceP|ion  of  the  Christian 
religion  would  deprive  them  of  their  powei' ;  but  governor  Mayhew 
convinced  thern,  that  religion  and  government  were  distinct,  and  by 
his  prudent  conduct  removed  their  prejudices  against  the  truth. 
Having  persuaded  them  to  adopt  the  English  administration  of  jus- 
tice, and  huving  proved  himself  their  father  and  friend,  they  became 
exceed^v       t  tached  to  him  and  at  length  submitted  themselves  to 
the  crow  >  :A    England.     Afler  the  death  of  his  son,  as  he  was  ac- 
quainted  wi<ii\  the  language  of  the  Indians,  and  as  he  saw  no  pros- 
pect of  procuring  a  stated  minister  for  them,  he  began  himself,  at 
the  age  of  seventy,  to  preach  to  the  natives  as  well  as  to  the  Eng- 
lish.   Notwithstanding  his  advanced  years  and  his  office  of  gover- 
nor, he  sometimes  travelled  on  foot  near  twenty  miles  through  the 
woods  in  order  to  impart  the  knowledge  of  the  gospel  to  those^ 
that  sat  in  darkness.     He  persuaded  the  natives  at  Gayhead  to  re« 
ceive  the  gospel,  which  they  had  before  opposed.     Between  the 
years  1664  and  1667  he  was  much  assisted  by  the  reverend  John 
Cotton.     When  an  Indian  church  was  formed  August  23, 1670,  the 
members  of  it  desired  him,  though  above  fourscore,  to  become  their 
pastor ;  but  as  he  declined,  they  chose  Hiacoomes.      When  Phil- 
ip's war  commenced  in  1 675,  the  Indians  of  Martha's  Vineyard  could 
count  twenty  times  the  number  of  the  English,  and  the  latter  would 
probably  have  been  extirpated,  had  not  the  Christian  religion  been 
introduced ;  but  now  all  was  peace,  and  Mr.  Mayhew  employed 
some  of  his  converts  as  a  guard.     While  his  zeal  to  promote  the* 
gospel  was  yet  unabated,  he  died  in  168 1  in  the  ninety  third  year  of 
his  age,  and  the  twenty  third  of  his  ministry.    In  his  last  moments 
his  heart  was  filled  with  Christian  joy.— Pnnce*«  account^  annexed 
to  Mather's  Indian  converts,  380,  292—302  ;    Connecticut  evang', 
mag,  ii.  367  ;  holmes*  annals,  ii.  322  ;    Mai's  J^,E,  i.  319,267  ;- 
Hutcfmtiorif  i.  161 ;   Collect,  hist.  soc.  iii.  155. 


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MAYHEW  (Thomas),  the  first  minister  of  Martha's  Vmeyar^, 
vas  the  only  son  of  the  preceding,  and  in  1642  accompanied  him  to 
that  island,  where  he  became  the  minister  of  the  English.  He  be- 
held with  Christian  compassion  the  miserable  Indians,  who  were 
ignorant  of  the  true  God ;  he  studied  their  language  ;  he  conciliate 
ed  their  affection ;  and  he  taught  them  the  truths  of  the  gospel. 
The  first  convert  was  Hiacoomes,who  embraced  the  Christian  relig- 
ion in  1643.  Mr.  Mayhew  commenced  his  public  instructions  to  the 
Indians  in  i4^-,  the  same  year,  in  which  Mr.  Eliot  began  his  mis- 
sionary e<^ertions  in  a  different  part  of  the  country.  Many  obstacles 
were  thrown  in  his  way  ;  but  he  persevered  in  his  benevolent  la- 
bors, visiting  the  natives  in  their  different  abodes,  lodging  in  their 
smoky  wigwams,  and  usually  spending  part  of  the  night  in  relating 
to  them  portions  of  the  scripture  history.  Before  the  close  of  the 
year  1650  a  hundred  Indians  entered  intoasolenm  covenent  to  obey 
the  Most  High  Gc^l  imploring  his  mercy  thraugh  the  blood  of 
Christ.  In  1652  there  were  'vo  hundred  and  eighty  two  of  the 
heathens,  who  had  embraced  Christianity^  and  among  these  were 
eight  pawaws,  or  priests,  who  were  so  much  interested  to  support 
the  credit  of  their  craft.  He  sailed  for  England  in  November  1657 
to  communicate  intelligence  respecting  these  Indians  to  the  society 
for  propagating  the  gospel,  and  to  procure  the  means  of  more  ex- 
tensive usefulness ;  but  the  vessel  was  lost  at  sea,  and  he  perished 
in  the  thirty  seventh  year  of  his  age.  He  had  received  a  liberal 
education,  and  was  a  man  of  considerable  learning.  His  talents 
Inight  have  procured  him  a  settlement  in  places,  where  his  mainte- 
nance would  have  been  generous ;  but  he  chose  to  preach  the  gos- 
pel to  the  heathen,  and  cheerfully  consented  to  live  in  poverty  and 
to  labor  with  his  own  hands  to  procure  the  means  of  subsistence  for 
his  family.  Four  of  his  letters  respecting  the  progress  of  the  gospel 
were  published  in  London.— /n</mn  converts^  afifiendiX)  280—292 ; 
Connect,  evang.  mag.  ii.  285^ — 287,  364,  444— *45l ;  Aea/'«  .Y,  E, 
1.  262—267  ;  Magnatiay  iii.  200. 

MAYHEW  (John),  minister  of  Martha's  vineyard,  was  the  son 
pf  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  in  1 652.  At  the  age  of  twenty  one 
he  was  called  to  the  ministry  among  the  English  at  Tisbury  in  the 
middle  of  the  island.  About  the  same  time  also  he  began  to  preach 
to  the  Indians.  He  taught  them  alternately  in  all  their  assemblies 
every  week,  and  assisted  them  in  the  management  of  their  ecclesi- 
astical concerns.  For  a  number  of  years  he  received  but  five  pounds 
annually  for  his  services,  but  he  was  content,  being  more  desirous 
of  saving  souls  from  death  than  of  accumulating  wealth.  He  sought 
not  glory  of  men,  and  willingly  remained  unknown,  the  igh  he  pos' 
sessed  talents,  which  might  have  attracted  applause.  He  died 
Februarys,  1689,  in  the  thirty  seventh  year  of  his  age,  and  the 
sixteenth  of  his  ministry,  leaving  an  Indian  church  of  one  hundred 
ropimiinidants»  and  several  well  instructed  Indian  teachers  in  differ 


MAY, 


425 


ent  eatif^^atiatn.     In  his  last  skkness  h«  expressed  hh  ho|>e  of 
salvation  through  the  merits  of  Christ.— /ncftcn  convertty  afiftendix* 

MAYHEW  (ExPBKiBircE)y  minister  on  Martha's  Vineyard^ 
was  th«  eldest  son  of  the  preceding,and  was  bom  January  37,  1673. 
Id  March  1 694,  about  fire  years  after  the  death  of  his  &ther,  ho 
beg^  to  preach  to  the  Indians,  taking  the  oversight  of  five  or  six 
of  their  assemblies.  The  Indian  language  had  been  familiar  to  him 
fr<yA  infancy,  and  he  was  employed  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
society  fof  propagating  the  gospel  in  New  England  to  make  a  new 
version  of  the  Psalms  and  of  John,  which  work  he  executed  with 
great  accuracy  in  1709.  He  died  November  29,  1758,  in  the 
dghCjT  dstth  year  of  bis  age.  He  published  a  sermon,  entitled,  all 
nwnkind  by  rtatore  equally  under  sin,  1724;  Indian  converts,  8vo» 
1737,  in  which  he  gives  an  account  of  the  lives  of  thirty  Indian 
ministers,  and  about  eighty  Indian  men,  women,  and  youth,  worthy 
of  remembrance  on  account  of  their  piety ;  a  letter  on  the  Lord's 
suppei^t  1741  ;  grace  defended,  Svo,  1744,  in  which  he  contends, 
that  the  offer  of  salvation,  made  to  sinners  in  the  gospel,  contains  in 
it  a  fiondttional  promise  of  the  grace  given  in  regeneration.  In 
this,  he  says,  hediifersfrom  most  in  the  Calvinistic  scheme  ;  yet  he 
Mpports  the  doctrines  of  original  sin,  of  eternal  decrees,  and  of  the 
soverenlgntf  of  God  in  the  salvation  of  man.-— Inc/tan  convertSfapfien, 
306,  307  ;  C/iauncy'»  remarka  on  Landaff*s  termon^  23. 

MAYHEW  (Jonathan,  d.d.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  at  Martha's  Vineyard  October  8, 
1720.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1744,  having  mader 
uncommon  proficiency  in  literary  pursuits.  After  being  occupied 
for  some  time  in  the  study  of  theology  he  was  ordained  the  minis* 
ter  of  the  west  church  in  Boston  June  17,  1747,  as  successor  of  the 
first  minister,  Mr.  Hooper,  who  had  embraced  the  episcopalian 
worship.  Here  he  continued  till  his  death,  which  took  place  sud- 
denly July  9,  1766,  in  the  forty  sixth  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
succeeded  by  the  late  Dr.  Howard. 

Dr  Mayhew  possessed  superior  powers  of  n\ind,  and  he  was 
divitinguished  for  his  literary  attomients.  In  classical  leanung  he 
held  an  eminent  rank.  His  writings  evince  a  mind,  capable  of 
making  the  nicest  moral  distinctions,  and  of  grasping  the  most  ab« 
sCruse  metaphysical  truths.  Among  the  correspondents,  which  his 
literary  character  or  his  attachment  to  liberty  gained  bim  abtoad, 
\rere  Lardner,  Benson,<  Kippis^  Blackbume,  and  Hollis.  From  the 
latter  he  proetrred  many  rich  donations  for  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridJB;e.  Bieing  a  determined  enemy  to  religious  establishments,  to 
test  act6)  and  to  ecclesiastical  usurpation,  he  in  1763  engaged  in  ik 
controversy  with  thtt  reverend  Mr.  Apthorp  respecting  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  sodiety  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  foreign  pafts, 
of  which  Mr.  Apthorp  was  a  mis^nary .  He  contended,  that  the 
society  was  eitdier  deceived  by  the  representations  of  the  persons 

55 


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employed,  or  was  governed  more  hj  a  regurd  to  episcopacj  than  tu 
charity.      He  was  an  untthaken  friend  of  civil  and  religious  liberty^ 
and  the  spirit,  which  breathed  in  his  writings,  transfused  itself  into 
the  minds  of  many  of  his  fellow  citizens,  and  had  no  little  influence 
in  producing  those  great  events,  which  took  place  after  his  death. 
He  was  the  associate  of  Otis,  and  other  patriots  in  resisting  the 
arbitrary  claims  of  Great  Britain.      He  believed  it  to  be  his  duty  to 
promote  the  happiness  of  his  brethren  in  every  possible  way,  and 
he  therefore  took  a  deep  interest  in  political  concerns.  He  possessed 
singular  fr   h'ide  and  elevation  of  mind.     Unshackled  by  education 
he  thou jl      /.  himself,  and  what  he  believed  he  was  not  afraid  to 
avow.      Ii.  nis  natural  temper  he  was  warm,  and  he  had  not  always 
a  full  command  of  himself.      He  was  however  amiable  in  the  sev> 
eral  relations  of  life,  endeared  to  his  friends,  ready  to  perform 
the  offices  of  kindness,  liberal  and  charitable.     Some  of  his  contem- 
poraries considered  him  as  not  perfectly  evangelical  in  his  senti- 
ments.     Whether  he  was  correct  or  not  in  the  result  of  his  inquir- 
ies, he  was  independent  in  making  them.      But  although  he  thus 
thought  for  himself,  and  wished-others  to  enjoy  the  same  liberty ;  yet 
he  did  not  degrade  his  intellectual  dignity  by  confounding  the  differ- 
ence between  truth  and  falselHX)d,  right  and  wrong,  and  sayingythat 
it  is  of  little  consequence  what  a  man  believes.       Though  he  was 
called  liberal  in  his  sentiments,  his  charity  would  not  admit  of 
attenuation  and  expansion  to  such  a  degree,  as  to  embrace  everyone. 
His  discourses  were  practical  and  persuasive,  calculated  to  inform 
the  mind,  and  to  reach  the  heart.    He  depended  less  on  the  manner 
of  delivery  to  captivate  his  audience,  than  on  the  truth  of  his  in- 
structions  and  the  motives,  by  which  he  enforced  them.      In  his 
extemporary  performances  he  was  not  remarkable  for  fluency  or 
ease.     As  a  preacher  he  was  most  interesting  to  the  judicious  and 
enlightened.      He  published  seven  sermons,  8vo,  1749,  which  for 
perspicuous  and  forcible  reasoning  have  seldom  been  equalled  ;  a 
discourse  concerning  unlimited  submission,  and  nonresistance  to 
the  higher  powers.,  preached  on  the  thirtieth  of  January,  1750, 
in  which  he  did  not  speak  of  the  royal  martyr  in  the  strain  of  the 
episcopalians  ;  on  the  death  of  the  prince  of  Wales,  175 1  ;  election 
sermon,  1754  ;  on  the  earthquakes ;  sermons  on  justificaUon,  1755 ; 
two  thanksgiving  sermons  for  the  success  of  his  majesty's  arms, 
1758,  and  two  on  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  1759  ;  a  thanksgiving 
sermon  on  the  entire  reduction  of  Canada ;  on  the  death  of  Stephen 
Sewall ;  on  the  great  fire  in  Boston,  1760 ;  on  the  death  of  George 
II ;  striving  to  enter  in  at  the  strut  gate  explained  and  inculcated, 
1761 ;  Christian  sobriety  in  eight  sermons  to  young  men,  with  two 
thanksgiving  sermons  ;  observations  on  the  charter  and  conduct  of 
the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel  in  foreign  parts,  1763  ;  de- 
fenre  of  the  preceding,  1764;    second  defence,  1765  ;    Dudleian 
lectnre,  1765 ;  thanksgiving  scTrmon  for  the  repeal  of  the  stamp 


MEL 


427 


act)  \766.'—Sermona  on  his  death  by  Chauncy  and  Gay  ;  Literary 
miscelianyyi.  62—70 ;  157—164  ;  Menmruof  T.  Hollitiy  108  ;  Minot*9 
contin.u.  135,136}  Collect,  hiat,  aoc.  x.  169;  Warren^  i.  415; 
Gordon,  i.  178. 

MELLEN  (John),  minister  of  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  was 
bom  at  Hopkinton  March  25,  1722,  and  was  gradtutea  at  Harvard 
college  in  1 74 1 .  He  was  ordained  pastor  ot  the  cimrch  in  Lancaster, 
now  Sterling,  December  19,  1774.  After  remaining  in  this  town 
about  thirty  five  years,  his  connexion  with  his  society  was  dissolved 
in  consequence  of  disputes,  occasioned  principally  by  his  endeav- 
ors to  maintain  what  He  considered  the  order  of  the  churches.  In 
1784  he  became  the  minister  of  Hanover,  where  he  continued  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  of  the  sacred  office  until  February  1805,  when  his 
increasing  infirmities  induced  him  to  relinquish  it  He  soon  remov- 
ed to  Reading,  and  closed  a  long  and  useful  life  in  the  houscr  of  his 
daughter,  the  relict  of  the  reverend  Caleb  Prentiss,  July  4,  1807,  in 
the  eighty  sixth  year  of  his  age.  By  the  diligent  and  successful 
cultivation  of  talents,  with  which  he  was  liberally  endowed,  he  be- 
came respectable  in  his  profession.  Many  have  an  affectionate  re» 
membrance  of  his  faithful  labors  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  H/e 
was  amiable  and  happy  in  the  relations  of  domestic  life,  and  he  liv- 
ed to  see  a  large  family  holding  a  reputable  rank  in  the  world. 
He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  ofthe  reverend  Joseph  Pal- 
mer at  Norton,  1753  ;  on  occa;'  ^  of  a  general  muster  and  inspec- 
tion of  arms,  1756;  on  the  mort  iic\ness  among  his  people,  1756; 
a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  conquest  of  Canada,  1760 ;  religion 
productive  of  music,  a  sermon  preached  at  Marlborough  ;  a  ser- 
mon at  the  ordination  of  reverend  Levi  Whitman,  Wellfleet,  li'85  ; 
on  the  national  thanksgiving,  1795  ;  a  sermon  before  the  old  colo- 
ny lodge  of  free  masons  at  Hanover,  1793  ;  on  the  duty  of  making 
a  profession  of  Christianity,  preached  at  Scituate  ;  fifteen  discours- 
es on  doctrinal  subjects  with  practical  improvements,  8vo,  1765.— 
Columbian  centinely  July  1 1,  1807. 

MERCER  (Hugh),  a  brigadier  general  in  the  late  war,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland,  and  after  his  arrival  in  America  he  serv- 
ed with  Washington  in  the  war  against  the  French  and  Indians, 
which  terminated  in  1763,  and  was  greatly  esteemed  by  him.  He 
engaged  zealously  in  support  of  the  liberties  of  his  adopted  coun- 
try. In  the  battle  near  Princeton  January  3,  1 777  he  commanded 
the  van  of  the  Americans,  composed  principally  of  southern  militia, 
and  while  gallantly  exerting  himself  to  rally  them  received  three 
wounds  from  a  bayonet,  of  which  he  died  Jamiary  nineteenth.  It  is 
said,  that  he  was  stabbed  after  he  had  surrendered.  He  was  a  valu- 
able officer  and  his  character  in  private  life  was  amiable.  Provision 
was  made  by  congress  in  1793  for  the  education  of  his  youngest 
son,  Hugh  Mercer. — MarahallyW.  552, 553  ;  Holmea*  annala^W.  372  ; 
Gordon^  ii.  404  ;    Bamaay^  i.  325  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  ii.  90  ;    War" 


mM' 


1'  ffiBi 


)»?' 


\% 


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n '. 


428 


MEY. 


Li,-I 


m 


u 


ten,  i.  350  ;  JndefiewUnt  chronicle^  Feb.  IS,  1777 ;  Joumql  qf^enfUt 
U.  S.  Marchy  1793. 

MEYER  (HbrmammuS)  d.  d.)*  aministiBr  Qf  this  rcfiannQ^  Dutch 
church,  was  invited  to  come  irom  Holland  and  take  the  charge  o^' 
the  church  at  Kingston  or  Esopus  in  the  state  of  New  York.  Upon 
his  arrival  in  1763,  he  was  received  with  that  respect  apd  affection, 
which  were  due  to  his  character.  But  his  preaching  apon  excited 
opposition.  He  was  too  evangelical,  practical,  and  pointed  to  sfiit 
the  taste  of  jnaay  of  his  principal  hearers.  He  searched  the  con* 
science  so  closely,  and  applied  the  doctrine^  of  the  gospel  so  pow* 
erfully  to  the  heart,  that  while  they  professed  to  revere  tl>^  man, 
they  openly  declared,  that  it  was  impossible  for  them  patiently  to 
sit  under  his  ministry.  No  plausible  ground  of  opposition  bowev- 
er  could  be  found  until  the  murriage  of  Dr.  Meyer.-  Thp  Dutch 
phurches  in  this  country  were  at  this  time  divided  into  twp  parties, 
palled  the  ccetus  and  the  conferentie  parties,  of  which  the  former 
wished  to  establish  judicatories  with  full  powers  in  America,  and 
the  latter  was  desirous  of  retaining  the  churches  in  subjeption  to 
the  clai^sis  pf  Amsterdam.  The  marriage  of  Dr.  Meyer  into  4 
leading  family  of  the  ccetus  party  and  an  intimate  friendship,  which 
soon  succeeded,  witii  other  families  and  distinguished  characters  of 
^he  same  party  furnished  his  enemies  with  an  occasion  of  standing 
forth  against  him.  A  number  of  the  neigh)>oring  ministers  were 
invited  to  attend  and  decide  in  the  dispute,  and  they  proceeded, 
"without  any  competent  authority)  to  suspend  him  from  his  ministry 
in  that  place,  and  discharge  the  congregation  from  their  relatiop  to 
him.  He  was  afterwards  called  to  the  church  at  Pompton  in  New- 
Jersey,  where  he  continued  to  labor  with  much  diligence,  faithful- 
ness, and  success  till  his  death.  He  died  in  179 1,  without  ever  be- 
ing able  to  effect  a  reconciliation  with  the  church  at  Kingston,  but 
greatly  beloved  and  respected  in  all  the  other  Dutch  churches.  He 
Tyas  a  man  of  great  erudition,  of  a  mild  and  humble  temper,  polite 
and  unaffecte'^  in  his  manners,  and  ^eminently  pious.  A  number  of 
years  before  his  death  he  was  appointed  by  the  general  synod  of 
the  Dutch  church  a  professor  of  the  oriental  languages  and  a  lector 
or  assistant  to  the  professor  of  theology ;  and  as  such  he  rendered 
very  important  services  in  preparing  candidates  for  tlie  piinistry. 
•mm.Ma8on*a  chri9tian*a  magazine^  ii,  10—12. 

MIFFLIN  (Thomas),  a  major  general  in  the  American  anpy, 
and  governor  ot  Pennsylvania,  was  bom  about  the  year  1 744  of  pa- 
rents who  were  quakers,  and  his  education  was  entrusted  to  the  care 
of  the  reverend  Dr.  Smith,  with  whom  he  was  connected  in  habits 
0*  cordial  intimacy  and  friendship  for  more  than  forty  years.  Ac- 
^ve  and  zealous,  he  engaged  early  in  opposition  to  the  meas.ures  of 
the  British  parliament.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in 
1774.  He  took  arms,  and  was  among  the  first  officers  copiDission- 
ed  01^  the  organization  of  the  continental  army,  being  appointed 


MIL. 


4S0 


I  rcfiDnn«4  Dutch 
le  the  charge  of 
evVork.    Upon 
ect  Hpd  ttfCecUonf 
ingaopn  excited 
id  pointed  to  sfiit 
earched  the  coit' 
le  gospel  so  pow* 
revere  tli^  mant 
them  patently  to 
ippoution  howev- 
rev.'    Thp  Dutch 
1  into  twP  parties, 
vhich  the  former 
in  America)  and 
in  subjection  tq 
>r.  Meyer  into  a 
friendshipi  which 
shed  characters  of 
casion  of  standing 
g  ministers  were 
they  proceeded, 
from  his  ministry 
their  relation  to 
Pompton  in  New- 
liligence,  faithful- 
,  without  ever  be- 
at Kingston,  but 
[ch  churches.    H( 
le  temper,  polite 
s.    A  number  of 
[general  synod  of 
;uages  and  a  lector 
such  he  rendered 
Ifor  the  ministry. 

American  anny, 

year  1744  of  pa> 

trusted  to  the  care 

Lnnectedin  habits 

[forty  years.    Ac- 

lo  the  measures  of 

first  congress  in 

^cers  copn)ission- 

being  appointed 


^VU)H»maiUr  general  in  August  1765.  For  this  offence  he  was 
re^  out  of  the  society  of  quivkers.  In  1777  he  was  very  useful  in 
animating  the  miliiiui  and  enkindling  the  spirit,  which  seemed  to  have 
beep  ditmped ;  but  he  was  also  suspected  intliisyear  of  being  unlriend* 
ly  to  the  coipnaundcr  in  chief,  and  of  wishing  to  have  some  other 
person  appointed  in  his  pku:e.  His  sanguine  disposition  and  his  ac> 
tivity  might  have  rendered  him  insensible  to  the  value  of  that  cool> 
ness  a^d  caution,  which  were  essential  to  the  preservation  of  such 
an  arfny)  ^  was  then  under  the  command  of  Wasiungton.  In  1787 
i>e  wt^f  a  men^ber  of  the  convention,  which  framed  the  constitution 
of  ^e  United  States,  and  his  name  is  affixed  to  that  instrument.  In 
Octpber  1788  he  succeeded  Franklin  as  president  of  the  supreme 
c;(ecutlve  council  of  Pennsylvania,  in  which  statbn  he  continued  till 
Qctpber  1790.  In  September  a  constitution  for  this  state  was  form- 
ed by  a  convention,  in  which  he  presided,  and  he  was  chosen 
the  firs(  governor.  In  1794)  during  the  insurrection  in  Pennsyl- 
vania  he  employed  to  the  advantage  of  his  country  the  extraordinary 
poiyer^  q{  elocution,  with  which  he  w^as  endowed.  The  imperfec- 
tion  of  the  militia  laws  was  compensated  by  his  eloquence.  He 
made  a  circuit  through  the  lower  counties,  and  at  different  places 
publicly  addressed  the  n>ilitia  on  the  crisis  in  the  affairs  of  their 
country,  and  through  his  animating  exhortations  the  state  furnished 
the  quota  re^jui^red.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of  governor  by 
Mr.  M'Kean  at  the  close  of  the  year  1799,  and  he  died  at  Lancaster 
January  20,  1 800,  In  the  fifty  seventh  year  of  his  age.  He  was  an 
i^:tive  9nd  zealous  patriot,  who  had  devoted  much  of  his  life  to  the 
public  service .n — Smith* a  sermon  on  ,'iia  death  ;  Marshall^  ii.  557  ;  iii. 
q/^/icn.  15  ;  v.  587 ;  Clayjioole's  advertiser,  Jan.  24, 1800  ;  Briaaot^ 
noHv.  vqy.  i.  354 ;  ChaateUtix*a  travels  i.  181;    Warren,  i.  339,  394. 

MILES  (JoHw),  minister  of  the  first  baptist  church  in  Massachu- 
setts, was  settled  at  Ilston  near  Swansea  in  South  Wales  from  1 649 
till  his  ejectment  in  1662.  He  soon  came  to  tliis  country  and  form- 
ed ^  church  at  Rehoboth  in  Bristol  county  in  1 6  6  3 .  The  legislature 
of  Plymouth  colony  granted  to  these  baptists  in  1667  the  toMm  of 
Swansey,  to  which  place  they  removed.  Mr.  Miles  died  February 
3,  1683.— ^acitw*'  abridgment, 9 S,\ZQ  ;  Nonconform,  ntemorialy  edit, 
1802,  iii.  500  ;  Magnalia,  iii.  7  ;  Massa.  bafitiat  mias.  mag.  i.  193, 

MINOT  (George  Ric BAR Ds),a  historian,  was  born  in  Boston  De- 
cember 28, 1758.  Distinguished  in  early  life  by  the  love  of  learning, 
graceful  modesty,  and  amiable  manners,  he  was  peculiarly  endeared, 
while  at  school,  to  his  excellent  instructor,  Mr.  Lovell,  and  in  college 
he  secured  the  esteem  of  the  governors  of  the  institution  and  the 
warmest  attachment  of  his  companions.  He  was  graduated  in  1778. 
Having  pursued  the  study  of  the  law  under  the  care  of  the  honora- 
ble William  Tudor,  he  began  its  practice  with  a  hif^h  reputation 
and  with  fixed  principles  and  habits.  But  his  attention  was  imme- 
diately diverted  somewhat  from  his  profession  by  his  appointmenit 


'fi 


|:vf',;  .  ^  r^^ 


%  \ 


»    ! 


450 


MIN. 


as  clerk  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  Massachufetts  in  1781, 
soon  after  the  new  constitution  had  commenced  its  operation.  Wnile 
in  this  station,  the  duties  of  which  he  discharged  with  the  greatest 
fidelity  and  impaitiality,  the  causes,  which  pnxluced  the  insurrec- 
iion,  were  operating,  and  he  had  an  opportunity  ot  being  well  ac« 
quainted  r?ith  the  proceedings  of  the  house.    Of  these  transactions 
he  wrote  a  sketch,  which  was  published  in  the  Boston  magazine  for 
1784  and  1785.    After  the  msurrection  was  suppressed,  he  wrote  a 
history  of  it,  which  was  praised  equally  for  its  truth,  moderation, 
perspicuity,  and  elegance.     Ot  the  convention  in  Massachusetts, 
which  considered  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  he  was  chos- 
en  the  secretary.     In  January  1792  he  was  appointed  judge  of  pro« 
bate  for  the  county  of  SrifTolk,  and  several  years  afterwards  judge 
of  the  nmnicipal  court  in  Boston.     He  died  January  2,  1802,  m  the 
forty  fourth  year  of  his  age.      Amidst  the  violence  of  parties  ^^is 
mildness,  candor,  and  moderation  gained  him  the  respect  t)f  all.  h  % 
conversation  was  interesting,  for  his  mind  was  enriched  with  vari- 
ous knowledge,  and  there  was  a  modesty  and  benignity  in  his  char- 
acter, which  attracted  and  delighted.    Humble  and  devout,  he  com- 
plied with  the  ordinances  of  Christiunity,  and  trusted  entirely  to  the 
mercy  of  God  for  salvation.     He  pulilished  an  oration  on  the  Boston 
massacre  of  the  fifth  of  March,  1782  ;  history  of  the  insurrection  in 
Massachusetts,  8vo,  1788  ;  an  address  to  the  charitable  fire  society, 
1795  ;  eulogy  on  Washington,  1800  ;  a  continuation  of  the  history 
of  Massachusetts  bay  fi'om  1746  to   1765,  with  an  introductory 
sketch  of  events  from  its  original  settlement.    The  first  volume  of 
this  work,  which  is  a  continuation  of  Hutchinson,  was  published  in 
tvo,  1798  ;  the  second  volume  was  almost  completed  at  the  time 
of  his  death,  and  it  has  since  been  published.     The  narrative  is  per- 
spicuous, and  the  style  simple  and  pure,  and  a  model  of  historical 
eloquence.— Co//^r/.  htat.  soc.  viii.  89—109  ;  Adama*  address  to  the 
charitable Jlre  society ;  Boatonnewafiafiers^Jan.  1802. 

MINTO  (Walter,  ll.  d.),  professor  of  mathematical  and  natu- 
ral philosophy  in  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  was  born  in  Scotland 
December  3,  1753.  After  being  educated  at  the  college  of  Edin- 
burgh, he  was  requested  to  superintend  the  education  of  the  sons  of 
governor  Johnstone,  and  accompanied  them  in  their  travels  abroad. 
At  Pisa  he  pursued  with  great  diligence  his  mathematical  and  as- 
tronomical studies,  and  established  a  correspondence  with  men  em- 
inent for  their  science.  It  was  while  he  was  residing  at  Edinburgh 
in  1782,  after  his  return  from  his  travels,  that  he  became  acquaint- 
ed with  the  earl  of  Buchan,  who  on  visiting  him  found  him  in  a  room 
not  much  larger  than  the  tub  of  Diogenes,  smoking  a  cigarr,  and 
reading  the  principia  of  Newton.  By  the  persuasion  and  the  assist- 
ance of  the  earl  he  wrote  a  book  to  prove,  that  the  original  discove- 
ry of  logarithms  was  to  be  attributed  to  Napier,  the  laird  of  Merchis- 
ton,  which  was  published  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.Playfair 


MIT. 


431 


and  the  reverend  Mr.  Scott.  The  earl  sent  him  to  America  in  I78&, 
heLlX  desirous  of  l<*yinK  ^^  tuundation  of  muthemulical  science  uiuioC 
virtuous  sentiment  in  the  land  of  Columl>us  and  of  Washington. 
Soon  after  his  arrival  he  was  ctMsen  niutlieniutical  professor  in 
Princeton  college.  In  this  situation  he  wus  respected  and  useful. 
He  married  at  Princeton  a  worthy  woman  of  the  name  of  Christie, 
but  he  had  no  children.  He  died  October  31,  1796,  in  the  forty 
third  year  of  his  age.  He  left  behind  him  the  reputation  of  a  sincere 
Christian  and  a  truly  learned  man.  He  was  too  sensible  of  the  lit- 
tic  comparative  value  and  short  duration  of  fame  to  be  at  much 
trouble  in  acquiring  it.  Besides  the  book  on  Nupier  he  publish' 
ed  a  demonstration  of  the  path  of  the  new  planet ;  researches  into 
some  parts  of  the  theory  of  the  planets,  &c.  8vo,  1783 ;  and  an  ora- 
tion on  the  profi^ress  and  importance  of  the  mathematical  sciences, 
8cfl  l78S.-^Skfirh  f^f  his  l{/'e  by  the  earl  qf  Buchan  in  Edinburgh 
pltgaziney  ^/irii,  1801;  JVeup  York  ajiectatort  May  15,  1803; 
Jfiller.    ,  ,  L     -J,, 

MITCHEL  (Jonathan),  minister  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  England  in  1634.  He  was  brought  to  this  country  in 
1635  by  his  parents,  who  sought  a  refuge  from  ecclesiastical  tyran- 
ny in  the  wilderness.  They  first  settled  at  Concord ;  afterwards 
they  lived  at  Saybrook,  Wethersfield,  and  Stamford,  Connecticut. 
Mr.  Mitchel  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1647,  having 
made  great  acquisitions  in  knowledge  and  impri3vements  in  virtue. 
Under  the  ministry  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Shepard  his  mind  was  im- 
pressed by  the  truths  of  religion.  While  at  college  he  kept  u  diary 
in  Latin.  When  he  began  to  preach  he  was  invited  to  settle  at 
Hartford,  but  he  was  ordaired  at  Cambridge,  as  the  successor  of 
Mr.  Shepard,  August  31,  1650.  Soon  after  his  settlement  presi- 
dent Dunster  embraced  the  principles  of  antipedobaptism.  This 
was  a  peculiar  trial  to  him  ;  but  though  he  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to 
combat  the  principles  of  his  former  tutor,  yet  he  did  it  with  such 
meekness  of  wisdom,  as  not  to  lose  his  friendship,  though  the  con- 
troversy occasioned  his  removal  from  the  college.  In  1 663  he  was  a 
member  of  the  synod,  which  met  in  Boston  to  discuss  and  settle  a 
question  concerning  church  memoership  and  church  discipline,  and 
the  result  was  chiefly  written  by  him.  The  determination  of  the 
question  relating  to  the  baptism  of  the  children  of  those,  who  did 
not  approach  the  Lord's  table,  and  the  support  thus  given  to  what 
is  called  the  half  way  covenant,  was  more  owing  to  him  than  to  any 
other  man.  Considering  baptized  persons  as  members  of  the 
church  and  liable  to  its  discipline,  he  thought,  that  their  children 
should  be  admitted  to  baptism ;  but  as  this  covenant  is  now  practis- 
ed in  some  places,  the  persons,  who  take  it,  may  neglect  through 
life  to  receive  the  Lord's  supper  without  any  admonition  from  the 
church.  Mr.  Mitchel  died  in  the  hope  of  glory  July  9,, 1668,  in  the 
forty  third  year  of  his  age.    He  was  eminent  for  piety,  wisdom,  hu- 


T 

If 

r' 

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MIT. 


mifitf ,  tnd  love.  Hh  vigorcut  powers  of  mind  were  diligently 
tultivated ;  hit  memory  was  very  retentive  ;  and  he  had  acquired 
much  learning.  He  wrote  hit  sermoni  with  cure,  and  yet  preached 
without  notes,  speaking  with  great  majesty,  and  attuning  towards 
the  closo  of  his  discourses  a  fervency*  which  was  most  energetic  and 
impressive.  Hiit  deKvery  was  inimitable.  He  was  frequently  call- 
ed to  ecclesiastici^l  councils)  and  possessing  singular  acuteness, 
prudence,  and  moderation,  he  was  well  qualified  to  heal  differences. 
Attached  to  the  institutions  of  the  founders  of  New  Elngland,  he  fre- 
<|uently  said,  that  if  it  should  become  a  general  opinion*  that  all 
persons,  orthodox  in  judgment  as  to  matters  of  faith,  and  not  scan- 
dalous  in  life,  should  be  admitted  to  partake  of  the  Lord's  sapper 
without  any  examination  concerning  the  work  of  saving  gruce  in 
their  hearts,  it  would  be  a  real  apostasy  from  former  principles,  and 
a  degeneracy  from  the  reformation  already  attained.  He  was  iLith- 
liil  and  aealous  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the  sacred  office. 
Besides  his  stated  labors  on  the  sabbath,  he  prcuched  a  monthly  lec- 
ture upon  man's  misery  by  sin,.salTation  by  Christ,  and  holy  obedi- 
ence, which  was  much  attended  by  persons  from  the  neighboring 
towns.  He  published  a  letter  of  counsel  to  his  brother,  written 
while  he  resided  at  the  univcrsitv,  1664 ;  an  election  sermon,  en- 
Ikkd,  Nehenuah  upon  the  wall  m  troublesome  times,  1667 ;  a  let- 
ter concerning  the  subject  of  baptism,  1675;  adiscourseof  the  glo- 
ry, to  which  God  hath  called  believers  by  Jesus  Christ,  printed  Lonw 
don,  reprinted  Boston,  ISmo,  173 1.— •//!«  life  by  C.  Mather:/  ma^a" 
Ikti'iv.  158 — 185  ;  CoZ/fc/.  A^».«)c.vii. 3 3, 2 7,  47— 51  j  Morfon,900 
.—304  ;  HutcMnaony  i.  360  ;  MaPa  JV.  £.  i.  370,  371  ;  Holmea*  an- 
TUtlSf  i.  40S  ;   IrumbulPa  Connecticut f  i.  482. 

MITCHELL  rToHN,  m.d.  f.r.s.)*  a  botanist  and  physician,  came 
from  England  to  Virginia  in  the  former  part  of  the  last  century. 
His  residence  was  chiefly  at  Urbamifa,  »  small  town  on  the  Rappa- 
hannock, about  seventy  three  miles  from  Richmond.  He  appears 
to  have  been  a  in|iiA  of  observation,  aeuteness,  and  enterprise,  as 
well  as  learning.'  He  was  a  great  botanistt  and  seems  to  have  paid 
particular  attention  to  the  Hybrid  productions.  He  wrote  in  174-S 
un  essay  on  the  causes  of  the  different  colors  of  people  in  different 
climates,  which  was  published  in  the  philosophical  transactions,  vol. 
xliii.  He  attributes  the  difference  of  the  human  complexion  to  the 
same  causes^  which  have  been  assigned  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Smith, 
to  the  influence  of  climate  and  modes  of  life ;  and  he  thinks  that 
the  whites  have  degenerated  more  from  the  original  complexion  in 
Noah  and  his  family,  than  the  Indians  or  even  ne^groes.  The  color 
of  the  descendants  of  Ham  he  considers  a  blessing  rather  than  a 
curse,  as  without  it  they  could  not  well  inhabit  Africa.  He  publish- 
ed also  an  essay  on  the  preparations  and  uses  of  the  various  kinds 
of  potash  in  philosophical  transactions  vol.  xlV ;  a  letter  concerning; 
the  force  of  electrical  cohesion  in  vol.  li ;    and  a  uscftil  work  on 


il  ;  Morton^  90O 
i7l  :  Holme**  an' 


M'KK. 


433 


the  general  prliiciplet  of  botany,  coDtaininp;  dcscri|)tion<i  ufa  niimlicr 
of  new);encruofpluiit!i, 4to,l7d9.  It  ii  believed, tiiut  he  wasuhuthe 
author  of  th«  inup  ot  North  Americu  published  in  1765,  whicii  wm 
accompanied  by  u  large  pu.nphlet,  entitled,  the  content  in  Auici-icu, 
and  followed  by  unother,  entitled  the  present  state  of  Great  liiituin 
and  North  America,  1767.  His  niuniiscripts  on  the  yellow  fever, 
as  it  appeared  in  Virginia  in  1742,  felt  into  the  hands  of  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, by  whom  ihcy  were  communicated  to  Dr.  Rush.— il/e//tT*«  re- 
tro»/iectii.  318  ;  ii.  367. 

M^KKErN  (Joseph,  D. p.), first  president  of  Bowdoin  college,  wan 
born  at  Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  October  13,  1757.  His 
immediate  ancestors  were  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  though  of  Scotch 
descent.  He  was  graduated  ut  Dartmouth  college  in  1774,  having 
evinced  while  in  that  seminary  a  decided  predilection  for  mathe- 
matical pursuits.  After  eight  years*  employment  in  a  school  in  hin 
native  town,  and  after  being  some  time  an  assistant  in  ilie  academy 
at  AndoVCf)  he  directed  his  attention  to  theology,  and  was  ordained 
•fiuccessor  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Will nrd  rs  pastor  of  the  chi?rch  m 
Beverly,  Massachusetts,  in  May  1785.  Here  he  tont'nued  vith 
reputation  and  usefulness  seventeen  years.  Being  chosen  president 
of  Bowdoin  college,  which  had  been  iticorporated  eight  years,  but 
had  not  yet  been  curried  into  operation,  he  was  inducted  into  that 
important  office  September  3,  1803.  He  died  July  15,  180'/,  \n 
theKfiieth  year  of  his  age,  leaving  the  seminary,  over  which  h(  hatl 
presided,  in  a  very  flourishing  condition.  He  possessed  a  strong  and 
discriminating  mind,  his  manners  were  conciliating  though  dignified, 
and  his  spirit  mild  though  firm  and  decided.  He  was  indefatigable 
in  his  exertions  to  promote  the  Interests  of  science  and  religion. 
He  was  respectable  for  his  learning  and  exemplacr  for  his  Chri!*tian 
virtues,  being  pious  without  ostentation  and  adhering  to  evangelic- 
al truth  without  bigotry  or  superstition.  He  published  some  pieces 
in  the  transactions  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sciences  ; 
an  election  sermon,  1800  ;  sermons  at  the  ordin^'^ion  of  the  rever- 
end Rufus  Anderson  at  North  Yarmouth,  and  of  tne  reverend  Mr. 
Moore  at  Newbury  old  town  ;  three  sermons  on  occasions  of  pub- 
lic fasting  and  prayer  ;  and  the  address,  which  he  U  .Ivered  at  his 
inauguration^— /(fnA:»*  fu/og-y  ;    Columbian  centineiy  July  27,  1807. 

MONIS  (Judah),  the  first  Hebrew  instructor  in  Harvard  col- 
lege, was  a  native  of  Italy,  and  after  .his  arrival  in  this  country  be- 
gan his  instructions  about  the  year  1720.  Though  a  Jew  he  em- 
braced the  Christian  religion,  and  was  publicly  baptized  at  Cam- 
bridge in  1722.  After  the  death  of  his  wife  in  1761  he  reigned 
bis  office,  which  he  had  sustained  for  about  forty  years,  and  retired  to 
Northborough.  In  that  town  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
the  family  of  the  reverend  John  Martyn,  who  married  a  sister  of  his 
wife.  He  died  April  25,  1764,  in  the  eighty  second  year  of  his  age, 
bequeathing  forty  six  pounds  to  be  divided  anong  seven  of  the 


'i 


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V 


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ir 


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neighboring  nunisters)  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  *ix  pounds  aa  n 
fund)  the  interest  of  wluch  waa  to  be  given  to  the  indigent  widows  of 
ministers.  He  published  truth,  whole  truth,  nothing  but  the  truth, 
1732  ;  and  a  Hebrew  grammar,  4to,  l73S^^1VAitney*t  hut. i^  War- 
cetteTf  373—^74 ;  MutacAuaetta  mag.  December^  1789. 

MONTCALM  (Louis  Josbph  db,  marquis  of  St.  Veran),  adis- 
tinguuhed  Fren«  h  general,  was  bom  of  a  noble  family  at  Candiac  in 
1713,  and  entereU  early  in  the  army.  He  commanded  with  reputa- 
tion  in  Italy,  Bohemia,  and  Germany.  In  1756  he  became  a  field 
marshal,  and  was  sent  to  Canada,  where  he  succeeded  Dies* 
kau.  He  soon  took  Oswego }  and  in  1757  fort  William  Henry ; 
and  in  175d  he  repulsed  Abercrombie  with  much  slaughter  from 
th(?  walls  of  Ticonderoga.  When  Wolfe  in  his  attack  upon  Quebec 
had  gtdned  the  plains  of  Abraham  on  the  thirteenth  of  September 
1759,  Montcalm  resolved  upon  a  battle,  and  accordingly  marched 
out.  The  commanders  of  the  two  armies  both  tell,  equally  illustri- 
ous for  bravery,  and  both  occupied  by  the  event  of  the  battle  at  the 
moment  they  were  about  to  exchange  time  for  eternity.  The  for- 
mer rejoiced,  that  he  should  die  in  the  arms  of  victory,  and  the  lat- 
ter that  he  should  not  survive  the  surrender  of  Quebec.*-*  Ffynn^,  ii. 
125,  141  ;  MarthaUfi.  407,  414,  450, 49^-^64  %  Muv, diet. hut, i 
Holme**  annahi  ii.  2  20,  2  4 1 . 

MONTGOMERY  (Richard),  a  major  general  in  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  was  bom  in  "^the  north  of  Ireland  in  the 
year  1737.  He  possessed  an  excellent  genius,  which  was  ma- 
tured by  a  fine  education.  Entering  the  army  of  Great  Britain  he 
successfully  fought  her  battles  with  Wolfe  at  Quebec  in  1759,  and 
on  the  very  spot,  where  he  was  doomed  to  fall,  when  fighting  against 
her  under  the  banners  of  freedom.  Afler  his  return  to  Elngland  he 
quitted  his  regiment  in  1772,  though  in  a  hXr  way  to  preferment. 
He  had  imbibed  an  attachment  to  America,  viewing  it  as  the  rising 
seat  of  arts  and  freedom.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country  he  pur- 
chased an  estate  in  New  York  about  a  hundred  miles  from  the  city, 
and  married  a  daughter  of  judg^  Livingston.  He  now  considered 
himself  as  an  American.  When  the  struggle  with  Great  Britsun 
commenced,  as  he  was  known  to  have  an  ardent  attachment  to  lib- 
erty, and  had  expressed  his  readiness  to  draw  his  sword  on  the  side 
of  the  colonies,  the  command  of  the  continental  forces  in  the  north- 
ern department  was  entrOsted  to  him  and  general  Schuyler  in  the 
fall  of  1775.  By  the  indisposition  of  Schuyler  the  chief  command 
devolveO  upon  him  in  October.  He  reduced  fort  Chamble^  and  on 
the  third  >f  November  captured  St.  Johns.  On  the  twelfth  he 
took  Montreal.  In  December  he  joined  colonel  Arnold  and  marched 
to  Quebec.  The  city  was  beueged  and  on  the  last  day  of  the.  year 
it  was  determined  to  make  an  assault.  The  several  divisions  were 
accordingly  put  in  motion  in  the  midst  of  a  heavy  fall  of  snow,  which 
concealed  them  from  the  enemy.    'Montgomery  advanced  at  the 


MOO. 


435 


head  of  the  New  York  troops  along  the  St.  Lawrence^  and  having 
asusted  with  his  own  hands  in  pulting  up  the  pickets,  which  ob- 
structed his  approach  to  one  of  the  barriers,  that  he  was  determined 
to  force,  he  was  pushing  forwards,  when  one  of  the  guns  of  the  bat- 
tery  was  discharged,  and  he  was  killed  with  his  two  aids.  This  was 
the  only  gun,  that  was  fired,  for  the  enemy  had  been  struck  with 
consternation,  and  ail  but  one  or  two  had  fled.  But  this  event  prob- 
ably prevented  the  capture  of  Quebec.  When  he  fell,  Montgome- 
ry was  in  a  narrow  passage,  and  his  body  rolled  upon  the  ice,  which 
formed  by  the  side  of  the  river.  After  it  was  found  the  next  morn- 
ing among  the  slain,  it  was  buried  by  a  few  soldiers  without  any 
mrrks  of  distinction.  He  was  thirty  eight  years  of  age.  He  was 
a  man  of  great  military  talents,  whose  measures  were  taken  with 
judgment  and  executed  with  idgor.  With  undisciplined  troops, 
who  were  jealous  of  him  in  the  extreme,  he  yet  inspired  them 
with  his  own  enthusiasm.  He  shared  with  them  in  all  their  hard- 
ships, and  thus  prevented  their  complaints.  His  industry  could 
not  be  wearied,  nor  his  vigilance  imposed  upon,  nor  his  courage  in- 
timidated. Above  the  pride  of  opinion,  when  a  measure  was  adopt- 
ed by  the  majority,  though  contrary  to  his  oMm  judgment,  he  gave  it 
his  full  support.  By  the  direction  of  congress  a  monument  of 
white  marble  of  the  most  beautiful  simplicity,  with  emblematical 
devices,  was  executed  by  Mr.  Cassiers  at  Paris,  and  it  is  erected  to 
his  memory  in  front  of  St.  Paul's  church.  New  York.— Smith's  orw 
Hon  on  /da  death  ;  Marshall.,  ii.  302—2 1 1  ;  324«>344 ;  Warren^  i. 
259 — 268, 43 1 1  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  i.  Ill;  ii.  60  ;  Monthly  antholo' 
gy^i.  544—546;  591  ;  Stedmany  i.  142  ;  Holmes*  annals^  ii.  344. 

MOODY  (Joshua),  minister  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire, 
was  bom  in  England,  and  his  father  was  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Newbury;  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1653.  He  be- 
gan to  preach  at  Portsmouth  about  the  year  1658,  but  was  not  or- 
dained till  1671.  In  the  year  1683,  when  Cranfield  was  governor, 
one  of  the  members  of  Mr.  Moody's  church  was  guilty  of  perjury 
in  relation  to  a  vessel  sent  out  of  the  harbor ;  but  he  found  means 
to  settle  the  affair  with  the  governor  and  collector.  The  faithful 
minister  of  the  gospel  however  believed,  that  a  regard  to  the  purity 
and  reputation  of  the  church  rendered  it  necessary,  that  a  notorious 
offence  should  be  the  subject  of  ecclesiastical  discipline.  The  gov- 
ernor, when  called  upon,  refused  to  furnish  the  evidence  of  the 
man's  perjury,  and  even  threatened  Mr.  Moody,  if  he  proceeded. 
But  the  servant  of  Jesus  Christ  was  not  to  be  intimidated.  He 
preached  against  false  swearing,  he  called  the  oflfenderto  an  account, 
and  even  obliged  him  to  make  a  p'lblic  confession.  Cranfield  in  re- 
venge issued  an  order,  requiring  the  ministers  to  admit  all  persons 
of  suitable  years  and  not  vicious  to  the  Lord's  supper  from  the  first 
of  January  1684,  under  the  penalty  of  the  statutes  of  uniformity. 
He  at  the  same  time  agnified  to  Mr.  Moody  his  intention  of  partak- 


rrr 


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436 


MOO. 


.r  '  I'f   • 


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■  1 1 


;,|!l  '■' 


ing  the  supper  on  the  next  Sunday,  and  requiring  him  to  adminitt. 
ter  It  (tccordii))^  tuthc  liturgy.  As  Mi*.  Moody  refused  to  administer 
tne  ordinance  to  an  unworthy  applicant,  a  prosecution  was  immedi- 
ately contmenced  against  him,  and  he  was  sentenced  to  six  months 
imprisonment  without  bail  or  uiainprize.  Two  ot  the  judges^  who 
dissented  irom  this  sentence,  were  removed  from  their  offices.  At 
length  by  the  interposition  of  friends  he  obtained  a  release,  though 
under  a  strict  charge  to  preach  no  more  within  the  province.  He 
then  accepted  of  an  invitation  from  the  first  church  in  Boston  to  be 
an  assistant  mmistcr,  and  was  so  highly  esteemed,  that  upon  the 
death  of  president  Rogers  he  was  invited  to  take  the  oversight  of  the 
college  ;  but  he  declined.  In  the  days  of  the  witchcraft  delusion 
in  1692  the  opposition,  which  he  made  to  the  violent  measures 
adopted,  occasioned  his  dismission  from  the  church,  where  he  was 
preachirig.  In  the  following  year  he  returned  to  Portsmouth,  where 
he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  in  usefulness  and  peace.  On  the  ap- 
proach of  his  last  sickness  he  went  for  advice  to  Boston,  where  he 
died  July  4,  1697,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  reverend  Mr.  Rogers.  Though  he  was  deeply  im- 
pressed with  his  unworthiness  of  the  divine  mercy,  yet  he  indulged 
the  hope  of  glory,  and  was  desirous  of  entering  into  the  presence 
of  the  dear  Redeemer,  whom  he  had  served  in  his  gospel.  He 
wrote  upwards  of  four  thousand  sermons.  He  published  a  practi- 
cal discourse  concerning  the  choice  benetit  of  communion  with  God 
in  his  house,  being  the  sum  of  several  sermons,  12mo,  1685,  re- 
printed 1746  ;  and  election  sermon,  1692.-:-C.  Mat/ier'a  fun.  ser. ; 
Magnolia,  IV.  192 — 199;  Collect,  hist.  soc.  vi.  270;  x.  40 — 46; 
Belknafi*s  J^",  H.  \.  204—210  ;  iii.  305  ;  Holmes'  annals^  ii.  39. 

MOODY  (Samuel),  minister  of  York  in  the  district  of  Maine, 
■was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1697.  He  was  ordained  in 
1700  as  successor  of  Mr.  Shubael  Dummer,  who  was  killed  by  the 
Indians,  and  died  November  13,  1747,  in  the  seventy  second  year  of 
his  age.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverepd  Mr.  Lyman.  His  son, 
the  excellent  Mr.  Joseph  Moody,  was  the  first  minister  of  the  noith 
church  in  York«  and  died  in  about  five  years  after  the  death  of  his 
father. 

Mr.  Moody  had  many  eccentricities  in  his  conduct ;  but  he  was 
eminent  for  piety  and  w  as  a  remarkably  useful  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel. In  his  youngi  (■  years  he  often  preached  beyond  the  limits  of 
his  own  parish,  and  wherever  he  went,  the  people  hung  upon  his 
lips.  In  one  of  his  excursions  he  went  as  far  as  Providencp,  where 
his  exertions  were  the  means  of  laying  the  foundation  of  a  church. 
Though  a  zealous  friend  to  the  revival  of  religion,  which  took  place 
throughout  this  country  a  short  lime  before  his  death  ;  yet  he  gave 
no  countenance  to  separations.  His  spirit  was  p;tcific.  He  was 
bold  and  resolute  in  the  cause  of  Christ.  Such  was  the  sanctity  of 
his  character,  that  it  impressed  the  irreligious  with  awe.    To  piety 


n  to  adminiii' 
to  administer 
vras  immedi* 
to  six  months 
B  judges^  who 
r  offices.    At 
slease,  though 
(rovince.    He 
\  Boston  to  be 
that  upon  the 
versightof  the 
craft  delusion 
lent  measures 
where  he  was 
imouth,  where 

On  the  ap- 
,ton,  where  he 

He  was  suc- 
wras  deeply  im- 
^et  he  indulged 
B  the  presence 
is  gospel.    He 
lished  a  practi- 
union  with  God 
»mo,   1685,  re- 
hcr*s  fun.  aer. ; 
)  ;  X.  40 — 46 ; 
ifi/s,  ii.  39. 
itrict  of  Maine, 
ras  ordained  in 
ras  killed  by  the 
y  second  year  of 
yman.    His  son, 
iter  of  the  north 
le  death  of  his 

ct;  but  he  was 
ster  of  the  gos- 
md  the  limits  of 
hung  upon  his 
ovidencp*  where 
ion  of  a  church. 
viUch  took  place 
th  ;  yet  he  fjave 
icific.    He  was 
s  the  sanctity  of 
awe.    To  piety 


MOO. 


437 


he  united  uncommon  benevolence.    While  with  importunate  ear- 
nestness he  pleaded  the  cause  of  the  poor,  he  was  very  charitable 
himself.     It  was  by  his  own  choice,  that  he  derived  his  support  from 
a  free  contribution,  rather  than  a  fixed  salary  in  the  usual  way.     In 
one  of  his  sermons  he  mentions,  that  he  had  been  supported  twen- 
ty years  in  a  way  most  pleasing  to  him,  and  had  been  under  no  ne- 
cessity of  spending  one  hour  in  a  week  in  care  for  the  world.    Yet 
he  was  sometimes  reduced  almost  to  want,  though  his  confidence  in 
the  kind  providence  of  God  never  failed  him.    Some  remarkable 
instances  of  answers  to  his  prayers,  and  of  correspondences  be- 
tween the  event  and  his  faith  are  not  yet  forgotten  in  York.    The 
hour  for  dinner  once  came,  and  his  table  was  unsupplied  with  pro- 
visions ;  but  he  insisted  upon  having  the  cloth  laid,  saying  to  his 
wife,  he  was  confident  that  they  should  be  furnished   by  the  bounty 
of  God.     At  this  moment  some  one  rapped  at  the  dcor,  and  pre- 
sented a  ready  cooked  dinner.     It  was  sent  by  persons,  who  on  that 
day  had  made  an  entertainment,  and  who  knew  the  poverty  of  Mr. 
Moody.     He  was  an  irritable  man,  though  he  was  constantly  watch- 
ful against  this  infirmity.    He  once  went  into  a  tavern  and  among 
a  number  of  gamblers  found  a  member  of  his  church.    In  his  in- 
dignation he  seized  hold  of  him,  and  cast  him  out  at  the  door.  In  one 
of  his  sermons  the  doctrne,  which  he  drew  from  his  text,  and 
which  was  the  foundation  of  his  discourse,  was  this,  "  when  you 
know  not  what  to  do,  you  must  not  do  you  know  not  what."    He 
preached  so  much,  and  he  was  so  convinced  of  the  duty  of  being 
familiar,  that  he  could  spare  but  little  time  for  selecting  words  of  a 
suitable  length  for  elegance,  or,  for  giving  them  the  arrangement, 
which  should  please  the  ear.     He  published  the  doleful  state  of  the 
damned,  especially  of  such,  as  go  to  hell  from  under  the  gospel, 
1710  ;  election  sermon,  1721  ;  a  summary  account  of  the   life  and 
death  of  Joseph  Quasson,  an  IndXixn.—Suiiivan'a  district  of  Maine y 
238  ;  a  funeral  sermon  on  Moody. 

MOORHEaD  (John),  minister  in  Boston;  was  bom  near  Belfast 
in  Ireland  about  the  year  1703,  and  completed  his  education  at  one 
of  the  "universities  of  Scotland.  He  arrived  at  Boston  in  1729  or 
1730,  being  invited  to  become  the  minister  of  some  emigrants  from 
the  north  of  Ireland,  who  had  sought  in  that  town  the  peaceable  en- 
joyment of  civil  and  religious  liberty.  The  first  meeting  for  the 
election  of  elders  was  held  July  14,  1730,  and  the  church  was  form- 
ed according  to  the  model  of  the  presbyierian  church  of  Scotland. 
The  first  place  of  worship  was  a  barn,  in  which  these  persecuted 
Christians  worshipped  him,  who  for  the  salvation  of  mankind  con- 
descended to  be  born  in  a  stable.  Mr.  Moorheud  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  his  benevolent  work,  and  si^h  was  the  success  of  his 
labors,  and  the  accession  of  foreign  protestants,  tiiat  the  communi- 
cants in  1736  were  about  two  hundred  and  fifty.  He  died  December 
'3,1773,  at  the  age  of  seventy  years.  His  successor  was  the  reverend 


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Dr.  Belknap.     He  mited  once  or  twice  in  the  year  ali  the  fiunilies 
of  his  congregation  for  the  purpose  of  imparting  religious  instruc- 
tion, and  he  concluded  his  visit  with  prayerj  which  he  always  per- 
formed upon  his  knees.     Keeping  the  great  object  of  the  miristry 
continually  in  view,  he  was  unwearied  in  his  endeavors  to  promote 
the  edification  and  salvation  of  his  people.    There  were  some>  who 
could  not  bear  the  severity  of  his  reproofs ;  but  he  was  universally 
respected  by  the  good,  lb   while  he  fiadthfuUy  rebuked  the  offender, 
he  did  it  also  with  meekrsess  and  affection.    The  ornaments  of  style 
claimed  but  little  of  h<«>  attention.      Relying  upon  the  efficacy  of 
troth  plainly  addresited  io  ihe  conscience,  he  preached  with  earn- 
estness what  he  believed  to  be  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel ; 
tlie  deep  depravity  of  human  nature,  the  divinity  of  Jesus  Christ  and 
the  efficacy  of  the  atonement,  the  special  agency  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
in  regeneration,  the  necessity  of  repentance,  of  faith  in  Christ,  and 
of  good  works.     His  mind  was  not  destitute  of  strength,  his  imag- 
ination was  hvely,  and  his  manner  was  solemn,  affectionate,  and  pa- 
theticw— Pano/i/Mf,  ii.  393—396 ;    M^Gregore*a  sermon  on  his  death. 
MORGAN  (John,  m.  d.  v.r.s.),  a  learned  physician,  was  born 
m  Philadelphia  in  1735,  and  after  passing  some  time  in  Dr.  Finley's 
academy  in  Nottingham,  finished  his  education  in  the  college  i  of 
Philadelphia  under  Dr.  Allison.     In  1757  he  was  admitted  to  the 
first  literary  honors.     When  he  had  completed  the  study  of  physic 
under  the  care  of'  Dr.  Redman,  he  entered  into  the  service  of  his 
country  as  a  surgeon  and  lieutenant  with  the  provincial  troops  in  the 
last  war,  which  was  carried  on  against  the  French  in  America.    In- 
defatigable in  his  attentions  to  the  sick  and  wounded,  he  acquired 
both  skill  and  reputation  as  a  surgeon  in  the  army.      In  the  year 
1760  he  went  to  Europe  to  prosecute  his  studies  iw  medicine.    Af- 
ter attending  the  lectures  of  William  Hunter,  he  spent  two  years  at 
Edinburgh,  where  he  received  the  instructions  of  Munroe,  CuUen, 
Rutherford,  Whyt,  and  Hope.     He  then  publislied  an  elaborate 
thesis  upon  the  formation  of  pus,  and  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  rr  edicine.    From  Edinburgh  he  went  to  Paris  and  passed 
a  winter  in  attendance  upon  the  anatomical  lectures  of  Mr.  Sue. 
He  also  visited  Holland  and  Italy.     On  his  return  to  London  he 
was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  royal  society.      During  his  absence  he 
concerted  with  Dr.  Shippen  the  plan  of  a  medical  school  in  Phila- 
delphia,  ik^id  on  his  arrival  in  1765  was  immediately  elected  profes- 
sor of  tht  theory  and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  college  of  that  city. 
He  soon  delivered  his  plan  for  connecting  a  medical  school  with  the 
college.      In  1769  he  saw  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  for  in  that  year 
five  young  gentlemen  received  the  first  honors  in  medicine,  that 
were  conferred  in  America.     He  was  active  in  establishing  the 
American  philosophical  society  in  1769.      In  1773  he  went  to  Ja< 
inaica  to  solicit  benefactions  for  the  advancement  of  general  litera* 
ture  in  the  college.    In  October  1 775  he  was  appointed  by  congress 


MOR. 


439 


ious  iJMttuc^ 
e  alway*  pet- 
[  the  iniiii»tty 
rs  to  promote 
sre  acme,  who 
ras  univertaWy 
d  the  offender, 
amenwot  style 
the  efficacy  ol 
hed  with  eam- 
k  of  the  gospel; 
esuaChriatand 
the  Holy  Spirit 
h  in  Chnat,  and 

Bngth,ltt»i»*5' 
ctionate,andpa- 

.jjton  on  hU  death. 

rttcian,  was  borji 
.cinDr.Finleys 

in  the  college^ of 

.  admitted  to  the 

,e  study  of  phy«c 

the  service  of  h» 
mcial  troops  m  the 

^  in  America.    In- 
,ded,  he  acquired 
„,y.     in  the  year 
iumediane.    Af- 
spent  two  years  at 

/Munroe,CuUen» 

shed  an  elaborate 
ed  to  the  degree  of 
to  Paris  and  passed 

^ures  of  Mr.  Sue. 

turn  to  London  he 

„»  Vm  absence  he 

ra?sS>olinPt- 
eW  elected  profes- 
cWofthatc^. 
ical  school  with  the 

i^  for  in  that  year 
s^n  me«ficine,  that 
in  "Istablishing  the 

^773  he  we»t  to  i^' 
„t  of  general  Vitera. 

'Rotated  by  congress 


director  general  and  physician  in  chief  to  the  general  hospitals  of 
the  American  army  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Church,  who  was  imprison- 
ed on  suspicbn  of  having  a  predilection  tor  the  cause  of  the  enem/. 
He  immediately  repured  to  Cambridge  ;  but  in  1777  he  was  re- 
mored  from  his  office  without  an  opportunity  to  vindicate  himself. 
The  dissensions  between  the  surgeons  of  the  general  hospital  and 
of  the  regiments  and  other  circumstances  gave  rise  to  calumniee 
against  him.  After  his  removal  he  presented  himself  before  a  com- 
mittee of  congress,  appmnted  by  his  request,  and  was  honorably  ac- 
quitted. He  died  October  15,  1789,  in  the  fifty  fourth  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  Latin  and  Greek  clas- 
sics, and  had  read  much  in  medicine.  In  all  his  pursuits  he  was 
persevering  and  inde&tigable.  He  discovered  in  his  intercourse 
with  his  patients  the  most  amiable  tenderness.  His  successor  in 
the  professor's  chur  was  Dr.  Rush.  He  published  tentamen  med- 
icum  de  puris  confectione,  Edinburgh,  1763  ;  a  discourse  upon  the 
institution  of  medical  schools  in  America,  1765 ;  four  dissertadons 
on  the  reciprocal  advantages  of  a  perpetual  union  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  American  colonies,  1766;  a  recommendation  of 
inoculation  according  to  baron  Dimsdale's  method,  1776 ;  a  vindica- 
tion of  his  public  character  in  the  station  of  director  general.^- 
Ru8h*a  addreat  iSfc. ;  Jlmerican  tniueum,  vi.  353-i^55 ;  Mataa,  mag., 
iii.  689,  690  ;  Miller ^  i.  320 ;  Jndepend.  chronicley  Sefit.  9, 1779,  and 
January  14,  1790. 

MORRIS  (Lrwis),  governor  of  New  Jersey,  was  left  an  orphan, 
when  a  child,  and  was  adopted  by  his  uncle.  Once  through  fear  of 
his  resentment  he  strolled  into  Virginia,  and  thence  to  the  West 
Indies.  On  his  return  however  he  was  received  with  joy.  He  was 
for  several  years  chief  justice  of  New  York.  He  was  the  sec<Mid 
counsellor  of  New  Jersey,  named  in  Combury*s  commission  in  1703, 
and  continued  with  several  suspensions  till  1738,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed the  first  governor  of  New  Jersey  as  a  separate  province 
from  New  York.  He  died  May  14,  1746.  He  directed  his 
body  to  be  buried  at  Morrisania  in  a  plain  coffin  without  covering  or 
lining  with  cloth ;  he  prohibited  rings  and  scarfs  from  being  given 
at  his  funeral ;  he  wished  no  mui  to  be  paid  for  preaching  a  funeral 
sbnnon  upon  him,  though  if  any  man,  churchman  or  dissenter,  min- 
ister or  not,  was  inclined  to  say  any  thing  on  the  occasion,  he  should 
not  object.  He  prohibited  any  mourning  dress  to  be  worn  on  his 
account,  as  he  should  die  when  divine  providence  should  call  him 
1  away,  and  was  unwilling,  that  his  friends  should  be  at  the  expense, 
wUch  was  owing  only  to  the  common  folly  of  mankind,  He  was  a 
man  of  letters,  and  though  a  little  whimsical  in  his  temper  was  grave 
in  his  manners  and  of  a  most  penetrating  mind.  No  man  equalled 
Ihim  in  the  knowledge  of  the  law  and  in  the  arts  of  intrigue.  Acute 
[in  controversy,  when  he  had  advanced  an  argument,  be  would  not 
lyield  it,  unless  it  was  disproved  by  demonstration  almost  mathemat- 
Ical^SwiVA**  JV.Jereeyy  428—435  •,  Smith*a  JV.  York,  195,  126. 


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MORRIS  (Robert  Hvi-^  ter),  chief  justice  of  New  Jersey,  was^ 
for  near  twenty  six  years  onr^  of  the  council  of  this  colony)  and  was 
also  lieutenattl  governor  ot  Pennsylvania  from  October  1754  to  Au- 
gust 1756.  He  was  the  son  of  governor  Morris.  The  oiRce  of 
chief  justice  he  resigned  in  the  fall  of  1757  and  he  died  February 
30,  176  .  Hie  vijj^orous  powers  of  mind  were  improved  hy  -j  libc 
ral  education.  While  he  disdained  in  his  opinions  and  coiiviutt  to 
resemble  the  floating  log,  hn  sometimes  was  not  sufficiently  Cc^rtifu; 
Jo  remember,  that  the  tide  inight  not  always  carry  a  mi^ii  ou-  of  hh 
proper  course.  As  a  judge  he  wa3  impartial  anc)  uprigl>?: .  Ins^  >  .in;^^, 
upon  strict  adherence  to  the  forms  a  the  coui  ^4,  he  reduced  ilie 
pleadings  to  preciuon  and  mttthod.  Hud  he  beta  attrar.ed  by  no 
other  office,  hi&  character  woukl  have  cxir  bited  mote  ot  light,  than 
»jf  shade.  His  address  was  cu^y,  and  there  was  a  comnmunding  in> 
flucnce  in  his  manners.  Ue  was  free  from  avarice ;  ^^enerous  r.!id 
mnily,  though  someiimes  inconsiderate  iu  tho  lelaticns  of  life; 
olten  singular,  sometimes  whimsical,  always  opinio  lated,  and  ir>  :. 
iy  iufioxibJi,  Inheriting  his  father's  disposition  he  was  ?Rady  uc 
starting  difi>^ riltic^,  which  rcither  himself  nor  others^  could  easily 
solves-— Stw/V/A'  .Y.Jersey^  133,439.  ■  v  )-:a 

MORRIS  (1  IV  srt),  superintendant  of  the  finances  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  Wti?.  ;v  native   >f  Manchester  in  England,  and  after  his 
establlshtnent  iu  this  country  became  a  very  eminent  merchant  in 
Philudelphia.    His  enterprise  and  credit  have  seldom  been  equalled. 
In  1776  he  was  a  member  of  congress  from  Pennsylvania,  and  his 
name  \%  affixed  to  the  declaration  of  independence.      In  the  begin- 
ning of  i  78 1  he  was  entrusted  with  the  management  of  the  finances, 
and  the  services,  which  in  this  station  he  rendered  to  his  country 
were  of  incalculable  value,  being  assisted  by  his  brother,  Gouver* 
neur  Morrtis.      He  pledged  himself  personally  and  extensively  for 
articles  of  the  most  absolute  necessity  to  the  army.     It  was  owing 
■in  a  great  degree  to  him,  that  the  decisive  operadons  of  the  cam- 
paign of  1781  were  not  impeded,  or  completely  defeated  from  the 
want  of  supplies.      Hd  proposed  the  plan  of  a  national  bank,  the 
capital  to  be  formed  by  individual  subscription,  and  it  was  incorpo- 
rated on  the  last  day  of  1 78 1 .    The  army  depended  principally  upon 
Pennsylvania  for  fiour,  and  he  himself  raised  the  whole  supplies  of 
tliis  state  on  the  engagement  of  being  reimbursed  by  the  taxes, 
which  had  been  imposed  by  law.      In  1782  he  had  to  struggle  with 
the  greatest  difficulties,  for  with  the  most  judicious  and  rigid  econ- 
omy, the  public  resources  failed,  and  against  him  were  the  corn* 
plaints  of  unsatisfied  claimants  directed.     He  resigned  his  oiBce 
after  holding  it  about  three  years.    He  died  at  Philadelphia  May  S, 
1806,  in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age.— Mzr»Aa/(,  iv.457— 
460,  557,  565  ;    Eamaay*a  S.  C.  u.  99  ;    ChaateHux*a  travela/i:  199 
■—203  ;  Political  register^  May  10^  1B06,  «'.  *m  ,F<F#R»wi«  ■■  •■i 


'A 


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441 


MORTON  (Thomas),  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Bialntree, 
Massachusetts,  began  the  plantation  about  the  year  1625.  He 
taught  the  Indians  the  use  of  fire  arms,  that  they  might  hunt  for  hinii 
and  in  this  way  as  well  us  by  his  injustice  he  endangered  the  exist- 
ence of  Plymouth  colony.  The  magistrates,  alter  ineffectual  re- 
monstrances, sent  captain  Standish  in  1628  to  take  him  prisoner. 
He  was  accordingly  seized  and  transported  to  England.  In  the 
following  year  he  returned,  and  he  was  afterwards  imprisoned  fur 
writing  a  scurrilous  book  against  many  godly  men  in  the  country. 
His  age  saved  him  from  corporal  punishment.  He  died  at  A ga- 
menticus  in  1644  or  1645.  He  published  New  English  Canaan, 
containing  an  account  of  the  natives,  a  description  of  the  country, 
and  the  tenets  and  practice  of  the  church,  4to,  1632. — Prince^  76— 
80;  Hutchinaony  i.  8%  3\f  32  i  Morton,  7& — 80;  Joaelyn,  2o\  % 
Belknap.*a  JV.  HamfiaMreyi.9  ;  Hazard,  i.  342. 

MORTON  (Charles),  minister  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  England  about  the  year  1626,  and  educated  at  Oxford, 
of  which  college  he  was  a  fellow.  He  was  at  first  a  royalist  and 
zealous  for  the  church  of  England ;  but  observing  in  the  civil  wars, 
that  the  most  debauched  generally  attached  themselves  to  the  king 
in  opposition  to  the  more  virtuous  part  of  the  nation,  he  was  led  to 
attend  more  to  the  controversy  between  the  prelatist  and  the  puritan. 
At  length  he  became  a  puritan  himself.  He  began  his  ministry  at 
Blisland.  After  his  ejectment  by  the  act  of  uniformity  in  1662  he 
preached  privately  to  a  few  people  till  the  fite  of  London  in  1666, 
after  which  event  he  removed  to  that  city  and  established  an  acade- 
my at  Newington  green.  He  had  many  pupils,  who  were  useful 
in  church  and  state,  and  among  them  was  De  Foe,  the  author  of 
Robinson  Crusoe.  Many  young  ministers  were  educated  by  him* 
After  about  twenty  years'  continu£;nce  in  an  employment,  for  which 
he  was  eminently  qualified,  he  was  so  infested  by  processes 
from  the  bishop's  court,  that  he  was  obliged  to  desist  from  it.  He 
came  to  New  England  in  1685,  and  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church 
in  Charlestown  November  5,  1686.  Here  he  continued  till  his 
death  April  1 1,  1698,  in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bradstreet.  Mr.  Morton  was  eminent  iix 
every  kind  of  learning,  and  so  highl^,  was  he  esteemed  in  this  coun- 
try, that  he  v/as  appointed  vic«  president  of  Harvard  college.  Hav- 
ing a  gentle  and  benignant  temper,  he  was  endeared  to  all  his  ac- 
quaintance. He  wrote  a  number  of  treatises,  but  they  are  chiefly 
compendious,  for  he  was  an  enemy  to  larj^e  volume*,  often  quoting 
the  adage,  fityii  fi^x/n  fuyii  x«»^y,  a  great  book  is  a  great  evil.  In 
Calamy's  continuation  there  is  a  copy  of  his  advice  to  those  of  his 
pupils,  who  were  designed  for  the  ministry.  Two  of  his  manuscripts 
are  still  preservt^d  in  this  country ;  the  one  in  the  library  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts historical  society,  entitled,  compendium  physicae  ex  au- 
thoribus  extractum ;  imd  the  other  in  the  library  of  Bov-doin  coUecrc, 

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entitled  a  complete  system  of  natural  philosophy  in  general  andspe* 
cial.  He  published  the  little  peace  maker ;  foolish  pride  the  make 
bate«  1674  ;  debts  discharged)  1684 ;  the  gaming  humor  considered, 
and  improved ;  the  way  of  good  men  for  wise  men  to  walk  in ;  sea- 
son birdSf  an  inquiry  into  the  sense  of  Jeremiah  viii.  7 ;  meditations 
on  the  history  of  the  first  fourteen  chapters  of  Exodus,  &c. ;  the  spirit 
of  man,  meditations  on  I  Thess.  v.  33  ;  of  common  places  or  me- 
morial books ;  Ivrmi^  a  discourse  on  improving  the  country  of 
Cornwall,  a  part  of  which  on  sea  sand  for  manure  is  printed  in  the 
philosophical  transactions  April  1675;  consideradons  on  the  new 
river ;  letter  to  a  friend  to  prove  money  not  so  necessary  as  is  im* 
agined ;  the  ark,  its  loss  and  recovery  ;  and  some  other  treatises. 
^^Calamy* a  account y  ii.  144,  145;  hia  continuatiotty  i.  177—310; 
JVonconform.  memorial  i.  347— >349  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  viii.  76. 

MORTON  (Natkaniel),  secretary  of  Plymouth  colony,  was 
one  of  its  early  planters,  and  for  many  years  employed  in  the  public 
service.  He  wrote  in  1680  u  brief  ecclesiastical  history  of  the 
church  at  Plymouth  in  the  records  of  the  church,  which  is  preserv* 
ed  by  Hazard ;  and  New  England's  memorial,  or  a  brief  relation  of 
the  most  memorable  and  remarkable  passages  of  the  providence  of 
God,  manifested  to  the  planters  of  New  England,  4to,  1669.  This 
work,  which  is  confined  very  much  to  Plymouth  colony,  was  compile 
ed  principally  from  manuscripts  of  his  uncle,' William  Bradford,  ex- 
tending from  1630  to  1646,  and  he  had  access  also  to  the  journals  of 
Edward  Winslow.  This  work  has  been  of  great  service  to  succeed- 
ing historians.-— Co//erf.  hiat.  aoc.  iv.  136  ;  Jv.  England*a  memorial } 
Hazard  a  collect,  i.  349—873. 

MOULTRIE  (John),  an  eminent  physician  of  South  Carolina, 
was  a  native  of  Europe,  and  came  to  Charleston  about  the  year  1733. 
For  forty  years  he  was  at  the  head  of  his  profession.  He  died  about 
the  year  1 773,  universally  lamented.  He  was  the  idol  of  his  pa- 
tients. So  great  was  the  confidence  reposed  in  his  judgment,  that 
those,  who  were  usually  attended  bv  him,  preferred  his  advice  and 
assistance,  even  on  the  Festive  evemng  of  St.  Andrew's  di.y,  to  the 
advice  of  any  other  professional  man  in  his  most  collected  moments. 
He  possessed  excellent  talents  for  observation,  and  was  very  saga* 
cious  in  finding  out  the  hidden  causes  of  diseases  and  in  adapting 
remedies  for  their  removal.  On  account  of  his  death  a  number  of 
the  ladies  of  Charleston  went  into  mourning.— Jf?am«ay'«  review  qf 
mcJHncy  41. 

MOULTRIE  (John,  M.O.),  son  of  the  preceding,  and  eminent  for 
literature  and  medical  science,  was  the  first  Carolinian,  who  obtained 
a  medical  degree  from  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  where  in  1749 
he  defended  a  thesis  de  febre  flava.  He  was  afterward  lieutenant 
governor  of  East  Florida.— jRam«ay'«  revievf  ofmedicinet  43 ;  MUer's 
retroa^ect,  ii.  364. 


MOU. 


44S 


MOULTRIE  (William),  ^vernor  of  South  Carolina,  and  a 
major  general  in  the  American  war,  was  devoted  to  the  service  of 
his  country  from  an  early  period  of  his  life.  In  the  Cherokee  wai- 
in  1 7  60  ho  was  a  volunteer  with  many  of  his  respectable  countrymen 
under  the  command  of  governor  Lyttleton.  He  was  afterwards  in 
another  ex  pedition  under  colonel  Montgomery.  He  then  command- 
ed a  company  in  a  third  expedition  in  1761,  which  humbled  the  Cher> 
okeeS)  and  brought  them  to  terms  of  peace.  He  wds  among  the  fore- 
most at  the  commencement  of  the  late  revolution  to  assert  the  liber- 
ties of  his  country,  and  braved  every  danger  to  redress  ner  wrongs. 
His  manly  firmness,  intrepid  zeal,  and  cheerful  exposure  of  every 
thing,  which  he  possessed,added  weight  to  his  counsels,  and  induced 
others  to  join  him.  Ini  the  beginning  of  the  war  he  was  colonel  of  the 
second  regiment  of  South  Carolina.  His  defence  of  Sullivan's 
island  with  three  hundred  and  forty  four  regulars  and  a  few  militia, 
and  his  repulse  of  the  British  in  their  attack  upon  the  fort  June  28) 
1776  covered  him  with  honor.  In  consequence  of  his  good  con- 
duct he  received  the  unanimous  thanks  of  congress,  and  in  compli- 
ment to  him  the  fort  was  from  that  time  called  fort  Moultrie.  In 
1779  he  gained  avictory  over  the  British  in  the  battle  near  Beaufort. 
In  1780  he  was  second  in  command  in  Charleston  during  the  siege. 
After  the  city  surrendered  he  was  sent  to  Philadelphia.  In  1783 
he  returned  with  his  countrymen  and  was  repeatedly  chosen  governor 
of  tho  state  till  the  infirmities  of  age  induced  him  to  withdraw  to  the 
peaceful  retreat  of  domestic  life.  He  died  at  Charleston  September 
27,  1805,  in  the  seventy  sixth  year  of  his  age.  The  glory  of  his 
honorable  services  was  surpassed  by  his  disinterestedness  and  in- 
tegrity. An  attempt  was  once  made  on  the  part  of  the  British  to 
bribe  him,  and  he  was  thought  to  be  more  open  to  corruption,  as  he 
had  suffered  much  in  his  private  fortune.  But  resolving  to  share 
the  fate  of  his  country,  he  spurned  the  offers  of  indemnification  and 
preferment,  which  were  made  him.  He  was  an  unassuming^ jpasy, 
affable  companion,  cheerful  and  sincere  in  his  friendships.  He  pub- 
lished memoirs  of  the  American  revolution,  'so  far  as  it  related  to 
North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  2  vols.  8vo,  1803.  This 
work  is  principally  a  collection  of  letters,  written  by  civil  and  mili- 
tary officers  in  the  time  of  the  vraTj-^HoiUngahead^aiiiacourse  ;  U.  S. 
gazette f  October  14,  1805  ;  Ranuay*s  S.  C,  i.  146;  Holmea*  annals^ 
ii,  352 ;  Marshall^  ii.  389. 

MURRAY  (Joseph),  a  friend  of  literature,  was  a  native  it  is  be- 
lieved of  Great  Britain,  and  educated  in  that  country.  He  was  one 
of  his  majesty's  council  and  attorney  general  for  the  province  o5  New 
York.  He  left  the  whole  of  his  estate,  consisting  of  books,  lands, 
and  other  property,  in  value  to  the  amount  of  about  twenty  five 
thousand  dollars,  to  king^s  college.— M//er,  ii.  357. 

MURRAY  (William  Vaks),  minister  of  the  United  States  to 
the  Batavian  republicj  was  bom" in  Maryland  in  the  year  1761  op 


: ;    ■  1 


'  ■: 


•rt 


444 


MUK. 


:.  i 


ill! 


1 769.     Having  received  an  education  prrpafatofy  to  tKe  prac^ce  or 
the  law,  immediately  after  the  peace  of  1783  he  went  to  Loniionand 
resided  three  years  as  a  student  in  the  temple.     At  an  age  when  the 
passions  are  ge'^erutly  unrestrained ;  with  a  constitution  of  exquisite 
sensibility ;    and  in  the  midst  of  u  splendid  and  luxurious  metropO' 
lis,  he  retained  the  resolution  and  the  firmness  to  devote  his  time 
and  attention  to  tliose  objectSf  which  were  to  mark  the  usefulness  of 
liis  future  life.    The  observations  of  Dr.  Pricot  of  Mr.  Turgot*  and 
of  the  abbe  de  Mably  on  the  constitutions  and  laws  ot  the  United 
States  bein^;  published  during  his  residence  in  England  he  studied 
them  with  persevering  and  honest  research,  and  gave  the  public  the 
result  of  his  reflections  in  a  pamphlet,  which  was  favorably  received. 
|n  the  summer  of  1784,  during  a  vacation,  he  made  an  excursion  of 
about  six  weeks  to  Holland ;  and  during  this  short  time,  in  which  he 
travelled  over  that  country,  he  was  most  assiduous  in  the  use  of  his 
pen.    The  minutes,  which  he  then  took,  he  afterwards  digested  and 
methodized  into  a  regular  work.    The  intelligence  of  the  death  of 
his  father,  to  whom  he  was  most  affectionately  attached,  reaching 
him  at  a  time,  when  his  health  was  precarious,  he  sunk  under  the 
affliction,  and  he  did  not  lise  from  his  sick  bed  for  six  weeks.     After 
a  tedious  convalescence  of  several  months  he  returned  to  his  native 
country.    He  immediately  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  law  ;  but 
the  voice  of  his  country  soon  called  him  to  her  councils.     He  was 
first  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  Maryland,  and  at  three 
successive  elections  from  1791  to  1797  to  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
representatives  of  the  United  States.      This  station  he  filled  with 
distinguished  honor.     His  eloquence  in  debate  placed  him  in  the 
same  rank  with  Madison  and  Ames,  Giles  and  Dexter.      A  re- 
gard  to  his  fortune,  which  was  not  affluent,-  and  which  was  suffering 
from  his  devotion  to  the  public  service,  at  length  induced  him  in 
1797  to  decline  being  a  candidate  for  reelection  to  congress.     But 
his  xneiit  and  talents  had  not  escaped  the  discerning  eye  of  Wash- 
ington, who  in  one  of  the  last  acts  of  his  administration  appointed 
Mr.  Murray  as  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  Batavian  re- 
public.     This  station  had  been  occupied  about  three  years  by  the 
honorable  John  Quincy  Adams,  who  now  received  a  commission  as 
minister  plenipotentiary  at  Lisbon.      Mr.  Murray  arrived  at  the 
Hague  at  a  very  critical  period  of  affairs,  for  the  misunderstanding 
between  the  United  States  and  France  was  approaching  to  a  rupture) 
and  the  influence  of  the  latter  over  the  Batavian  councils  was  uncon- 
trolled.   But  by  a  judicious  mixture  of  firmness,  of  address,  and  of 
conciliation  he  succeeded  in  preserviiv^  uninterrupted  harmony  be* 
'tween  the  American  and  Bataviun  nations ;  and  the  first  advances 
towards  a  restoration  of  the  harmony  between  this  counti^  and 
France  were  made  between  Mr.  Murray  and  Mr.  Pichon,  then 
charg6  des  affaires  at  the  Hague.   These  led  to  certain  propositions 
from  the  French  government  for  a  renewal  of  direct  negotiation, 


» tht  practice  of 
t  to  Loniion  and 
nn  age  when  the 
ton  of  exquisite 
irious  metropo* 
devote  his  time 
tie  usefulness  of 
Ar.  Turgot,  and 
s  ot  the  United 
land  he  studied 
/e  the  public  the 
^orably  received. 
I  an  excursion  of 
me,  in  which  he 
in  the  use  of  his 
krds  digested  and 
e  of  the  death  of 
tached,  reaching 
3  sunk  under  the 
ix  weeks.     After 
rned  to  his  native 
i  of  the  law  ;  but 
ancils.     He  was 
land,  and  at  three 
in  the  house  of 
Ln  he  filled  with 
)laced  him  in  the 
Dexter.      A  re- 
lich  was  suffering 
h  induced  him  in 
)  congress.      But 
ng  eye  of  Wash- 
itration  appointed 
o  the  Batavian  re- 
iree  years  by  the 
d  a  commission  as 
'ay  arrived  at  the 
misunderstanding 
ching  to  a  rupture, 
)uncils  was  uncon- 
of  address,  and  of 
ipted  harmony  be* 
the  first  advances 
this  counti^  and 
Mr.  Pichon,  then 
ertain  propositions 
direct  negotiation, 


NEU 


445 


which  the  American  minister  transmitt<     *o  his  government.  When 
the  despatches  were  received  by  Mr.  Adams,  then  prcVident  of  the 
United  States,  he  thought  that  a  regard  to  tiie  honor  and  interest  of 
his  country  obliged  him  to  improve  this  opportunity  for  making  an 
attempt  to  divert  from  the  American  people  the  calamities  of  war. 
Such  was  his  confidence  in  Mr.  Murray,  that  he  nominated  him  as 
sole  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  French  republic  to  prosecute  the 
negotiation.    In  compliance  with  the  wish  of  the  senate,  Mr.  £lls« 
worth  and  Mr.  Davie  were  afterwards  associated  with  him  as  col- 
leagues.     He  assisted  in  making  the  treaty,  which  was  signed  at 
Paris  September  30,  1800,  and  which  has  contributed  in  a  great  de- 
gree to  the  prosperity  of  America.    Immediately  after  signing  that 
instrument  he  returned  to  his  station  as  minister  resident  at  the 
Hague,  where  he  remained  till  his  return  to  the  United  States  in 
December  1801,  it  having  been  judged  unnecessary  to  continue 
the  expense  of  supporting  that  mission.     From  this  period  he  lived 
in  retirement  at  his  seat  in  Cambridge  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Ma- 
ryland.    His  health,  which  had  always  been  infirm,  soon  began  to 
decline,  and  he  died  December  11,  1803,  in  the  forty  second  year  of 
his  age.     In  private  life  he  was  remarkably  pleasing  in  his  manners 
and  at  once  amusir.^  and  instructive  in  his  conversation.     With  a 
mind  of  incessant  activity  he  united  the  fancy  of  a  poet.      He  had 
a  strong  and  genuine  relish  for  the  fine  arts,  a  refined  and  delicate 
tastefor  literature,  and  a  persevering  fondness  for  the  pursuits  of 
science.     The  keenness  of  his  sensibility  and  the  rapidity  of  his 
conceptions  gave  him  a  sense  of  decorum,  which  seemed  almost  in- 
tuitive.    He  perceived  instantaneously  and  felt  deeply  every  depar- 
ture from  it ;    but  his  wit  and  temper  always  led  him  to  consider 
with  good  humor  the  improprieties  of  conduct,  which  presented 
themselves  to  his  observation.     Though  both  from  principle  and 
disposition  he  kept  his  powerful  talent  ut  ridicule  under  a  well  disci- 
plined control,  yet  it  could  not  always  avoid  those  resentments, 
which  are  the  only  defence  of  dulness  and  folly  against  it.     His  fa- 
cility in  writing  was  proportioned  to  the  vivacity  of  his  mind.     His 
letters  by  their  elegance,  their  simplicity,  their  poignant  wit,  and 
unbounded  variety  of  style,  might  serve  as  models  of  epistolary  cor- 
respondence .-i—Gaze^f  of  the  U.S.  January  17,  1804;  JV.  Y.  hemldy 
December  21,  1803  ;  Mr.  Adama*  letter  of  Jfiril  26, 1809,  in  'he  Bos» 
ton  fiatriot. 

NELSON  (Thomas),  governor  of  Virginia,  was  a  distinguished 
patriot  in  the  revolution,  and  uniformly  ardent  in  his  attachment  to 
liberty.  When  Virginia  was  threatened  to  be  made  the  theatre  of 
war,  he  was  appointed  general  by  the  legislature,  and  he  took  the  field 
at  the  head  of  his  countrymen.  He  was  chosen  governor  in  1781. 
The  officers  at  the  siege  of  York  witnessed  his  merit,  and  his  at- 
tachment to  civil  and  religious  liberty.  He  died  in  February  1789, 
w^ American  museum,  vii.  2 1 9. 


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NEW  HAMPSHIRE,one  of  the  United  Sutes  of  Amenca,  ^m 
firat  letUed  in  I63S  by  pcrtoni  itent  out  by  Gorget  and  Muaon 
Under  authority  of  •  grant  from  the  council  of  Plymouth.  Th'i 
council  had  been  eatablithed  in  1630  by  king  Jamet  and  he  gavr  u) 
it  the  territory  extending  from  the  fortieth  to  the  forty  e:|$hth 
degree  of  north  latitude.  Tlie  lettlemenu  went  on  but  alowly  for 
aeveral  yean.  In  1638  three  aasociationa  for  government  were 
formed  at  Portemouth,  Dover,  and  £xeter.  In  1641  and  1648  the 
inhabitant*  of  these  towns  voluntarily  submitted  thciuselves  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts)  securing  to  themselves  the  same 
privileges  with  the  rest  of  the  colony*  and  being  exempted  from  all 
public  charges,  except  such  as .  arose  among  themselves.  New 
Hampshire  was  separated  from  Massachusetts  and  a  royal  govern- 
ment established  in  1 680,  consisting  of  a  president  and  council 
appointed  by  the  king,  and  representatives  chosen  by  the  people. 
A  change  took  place  in  1686  and  all  New  England  was  entrusted  to 
a  president  and  council.  After  the  imprisonment  of  Andros  the 
union  with  Massachusetts  was  revived  in  1689,  but  in  1693  the  old, 
separate  g^ovemment  was  reestablished.  From  1699  to  1703  it  was 
united  with  New  York  and  Matsachusetts,  and  from  1703  to  1741 
with  Massachusetts.  A  separate  government  subsisted  from  this 
perioid  till  the  revolution  in  1775,  when  a  provincial  convention  was 
formed.  A  temporary  constitution  was  formed  in  1776 ;  a  new 
constitution  was  established  in  1784,  and  this,  being  altered  and 
amended  in  1793,  is  the  permanent  constitution  of  the  state.  New 
Hampshire  suffered  much  in  the  Indian  wars,  and  in  all  military 
enterprises  it  took  an  active  part.  During  the  war  in  opposition 
to  the  encrotehments  of  the  Britbh  parliament  its  troops  were 
distinguished.  The  constitution  of  this  state  establishes  a  general 
court,  consisting  of  a  house  of  representatives,  and  a  senate,  the 
members  of  which  are  annually  chosen.  The  governor  also  is 
annually  elected  by  the  people,  and  has  a  council  to  advise  him.— 
Belknafi*8  ^f,  Ham/ufdre  ;  Hutchinaon  ;  Holmeu*  annals  ;  Douglats^ 
U.  33— .51;   FTj/nnr,  i.  303— 318. 

.  NEW  JERSEY,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  first 
settled  by  the  SwediBS,and  was  formerly  a  part  of  New  Netherlands, 
-which  was  divided  into  Nova  Caesarea,  or  New  Jersey  and  New 
York,  in  1664,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the  English.  It  has  its 
name  from  the  island  of  Jersey,  the  residence  of  the  family  of  sir 
George  Carteret,  to  whom  this  territory  was  granted.  Philip  Car- 
teret  was  appointed  governor  in  1 665,  and  took  possession  of  Eliza* 
bethtown,  the  capital,  then  consisting  of  four  families,  just  settled 
in  the  wilderness.  In  1673  he  was  driven  from  his  govemment'by 
insurgents,  who  refused  the  payment  of  qtiit  rents  under  pretence, 
that  l^ey  held  their  possesuons  by  Indian  grants  and  not  from  the 
proprietors.  In  1673  the  Dutch  retook  New  Netherlands,  but  in 
the  following  year  it  was  restored  by  treaty  to  the  English.    In 


NEW. 


U1 


1C7«  New  JirMjr  wm  dlfided  into  East  and  Watt  Jeraav.  Th« 
government  of  the  latter  waa  retained  aa  a  dependencv  of  New  Yorkf 
And  a  confuaion  of  juiiadiction  commenced,  which  long  distracted 
the  people,  and  which  at  length  terminated  in  the  annihilation  off 
the  nuthoritjr  of  the  proprietors.  West  Jersey  waa  reinstated  in  ita 
former  privileges  in  1680.  Sir  George  Carteret  in  1682  tranafer- 
red  his  rights  m  East  Jersey  to  William  Penn.  At  this  time  there 
were  supposed  to  be  in  the  province  about  seven  hundred  families. 
In  1688  the  Jersies  were  added  to  the  jurisdicUon  of  New  England. 
They  were  united  under  one  government  in  1703,  and  received  the 
single  name  of  New  Jersey.  Combury,  governor  of  New  York, 
was  appointed  also  to  the  chief  command  of  New  Jeraey,  and  the 
union  continued  till  1738,  when  this  colony  received  a  separate 
governor.  During  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain  this  state  auffer- 
ed  much.  Her  losses  in  proportion  to  populatbn  and  wealth  were 
greater  than  those  of  any  other  of  the  thirteen  states.  Her  soldiers 
gained  great  distinction,  and  she  can  boast  of  placea  rendered  famous 
by  exploits ;  places,  which  cannot  be  mentioned  without  bringing 
to  the  recollection  the  name  of  Washington,  who  earned  in  them 
the  laurels,  with  which  his  head  haa  been  encircled  by  American 
historians.  The  present  constitution  of  New  Jersey  was  adopted 
by  a  provincial  congress  July  3, 1776.  Bv  this  instrument  the 
power  of  enacting  laws  is  vested  in  a  legislative  council  and  a 
general  assembly,  the  members  of  which  are  annually  chosen.  The 
governor  is  appointed  by  a  joint  vote  of  these  two  bodies  every  year. 
He  has  a  casting  vote  in  the  council,  and  with  them  is  a  court  of 
appeals  In  the  last  resort.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  con- 
tinue in  office  for  seven  years,  and  other  justices  for  five  years,  and 
all  are  appointed  by  the  council  and  assembly  .^—^mtVA'*  M  Jertey  ; 
Douglaaet  ii,  366—396 ;  WynneyX.  303—318 ;  Mod.  univeraal  hiat. 
xxxix.  361— 368;  Holmea*  annaU, 

NEWMAN  (Samubl),  first  minister  of  Rehoboth,  Massachu- 
setts, was  bom  at  Banbury,  England,  in  1600,  and  was  educated  at 
Oxford.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1636.  After  his  arrival  he 
spent  a  year  and  a  half  at  Dorchester,  and  then  becoming  pastor 
of  the  church  at  Weymouth  continued  there  about  five  years.  In 
1644  he  removed  with  a  part  of  liis  church  and  settled  Rehoboth. 
He  died  July  jT,  1663,  aged  sixty  three  years.  Wlulc  he  was  inde- 
fetigable  in  his  study  of  the  scriptures,  and  animated  and  zealous  in 
his  preaching,  he  was  also  hospitable,  charitable,  and  pious.  In  his 
last  illness  he  sent  for  one  of  his  deacons,  and  after  requesting  hira 
to  make  a  prayer,  said,  ^  and  now,  ye  angels  of  the  Lord,  come  and 
do  your  duty.**  He  then  immediately  expired.  He  compiled  a 
concordance  of  the  scriptures,  which  was  published  in  London  in  a 
thick  folio,  1643.  While  he  was  at  Rehoboth  he  revised  it,  using 
pine  knots  in  the  night  instead  of  candles.  It  passes  under  the 
name  of  the  Cambridge  concordanceip— ^ootT^  Athena  Oxonieneea, 


\ 


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448 


NEW. 


i  i:  i 


ii.  330;  MagJialia^  iii.  113— >116;  Holmea*  annaltj  i.  332,  333^ 
JiTeafa  JV.  E.  i.  359  ;  Morton^  176  ;  Collect.  Mat.  aoc.  ix.  191. 
NEW  YORK)  one  of  the  United  States  of  Ainerica,was  discovered 
in  1608  by  Henry  Hudson,  who  passed  up  the  river,  which  bears  his 
name.  His  right  to  the  country,  which  he  had  discovered  unier  a 
commission  from  king  James  I,  he  sold  to  the  Dutch.  In  1614  the 
states  general  granted  a  patent  for  an  exclusive  trade  on  Hudson's 
river  to  a  number  of  merchants,  who  built  a  fort  near  Albany.  In  the 
sume  year  the  Dutch  were  visited  by  captain  Argal  from  Virginia, 
and  being  unable  to  resist  him  they  submitted  for  the  time  to  the 
king  of  England.  The  country  was  granted  by  the  states  general 
to  the  West  India  company  in  1621.  In  June  1629  Wouter  Van 
Twiller  arrived  at  fort  Am.'jterdam,  now  New  York,  and  took  upon 
himself  the  government.  The  extension  of  the  English  settlements 
naturally  occasioned  som<3  disputes  respecting  the  boundaries  of  the 
Dutch  possessions.  The  last  Dutch  governor  was  Peter  Stuy  vesant, 
who  began  his  administration  in  1 647.  The  inroads  upon  his  ter- 
ritory kept  him  constantly  employed.  In  1655  he  subdued  the  few 
Swedes  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware  bay,  and  placed  the  country  un- 
der  the  command  of  a  lieutenant  governor.  But  he  was  himself  oblig- 
ed at  last  to  submit  to  the  English.  The  country  in  the  possession 
of  the  Dutch  was  given  by  the  king  of  England  to  the  duke  of  York 
and  Albany.  An  expedition  was  fitted  out,  and  on  the  twenty  sev- 
enth of  August  1664  governor  Stuy  vesant  was  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  capitulating  to  colonel  Nicclls,  and  the  whole  of  the  New 
Netherlands  soon  became  subject  to  the  English  crown.  The  coun- 
try was  retaken  by  the  Dutch  in  1 673,  but  it  was  restored  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  In  1683  the  inhabitants  of  New  York  first  participat- 
ed in  the  legislative  power.  Previously  to  this  period  they  had 
been  completely  subjected  to  the  governor ;  but  in  this  year  they 
were  summoned  to  choose  representatives  to  meet  in  an  assembly. 
In  1688  New  York  was  annexed  to  the  jurisdiction  of  New  England. 
In  1691  a  governor  arrived  from  England  and  the  first  assembly  af- 
ter the  revolution  was  held. 

From  the  influence  of  the  French  over  the  Indians  and  from  its 
proximity  to  Canada  New  York  suffered  many  inconveniences ;  but 
the  war  against  the  French  was  frequently  carried  on  with  vigor, 
and  the  friendship  of  the  Indians  was  generally  secured.  While 
this  colony  was  subject  to  England  the  government  was  vested  in 
a  governor  and  council,  appointed  by  the  king,  and  twenty  seven  rep- 
resentatives elected  by  the  people.  Vacancies  in  the  council  were 
filled  up  by  the  governor.  The  present  constitution  of  New  York 
wwi  established  by  the  convention,  appointed  for  the  purpose,  April 
20,  1777.  The  members  of  the  assembly  are  chosen  annually,  and 
those  of  the  senate  every  four  years.  The  governor  is  elected  for 
three  years.  The  legislature  every^  year  chooses  four  senators, 
who  with  the  governor  for  their  president  form  the  council  of  ap- 


NIC. 


449 


pointmcnt.  This  council  appoints  all  ulHccrs  civil  and  militxiryi 
cxceptin;^  the  chaiicullor,  the  jud^^es  of  the  supreme  court,  and  the 
iirtit  judges  of  the  count/  courts,  who  hold  their  ofiices  during 
^ooA  behavior,  or  till  they  have  reached  the  age  of  sixty  years. 
The  governors  since  the  revolution  have  been  Clinton,  Jay,  Lewis, 
and  Tompkins.— SOTi7A*»  hist.  JV*.  York  ;  Mud.  univem.  hint,  xxxix. 
346 — 361;  Wynne^i.  170—196;  Dougtass^u.  2'iO — 266;  Holmett' 
annals  ;  Brit,  emftire  in  America^  i.  236—280.  t 

NICOLL  (John,  m.  d.),  an  eminent  physician  in  New  York,  was 
a  native  of  Scotland  and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh,  receiving  in 
the  college  of  that  city  the  hii^hcst  honors,  that  belong  to  his  profes- 
sion. Retaining  the  highest  attachment  to  the  doctrine,  constitution, 
and  discipline  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  after  his  arrival  in  this  coun- 
try he  was  one  of  the  principal  founders  and  beneiactors  of  the  first 
presbyterian  church  in  New  York,  which  was  established  in  1719. 
He  spent  a  considerable  part  of  his  estate  in  erecting  a  house  of 
worship.  As  a  physician  he  was  unwearied  in  his  attention  to  his 
patients.  The  poor  he  cheerfully  visited  without  the  prospect  of 
reward.  After  a  life  distinguished  for  benevolence  ana  piety  he 
died  October  2,  1743,  aged  sixty  three  yedrs.—Pemberton'd  funeral 
sermon ;  Smith's  JV.  Yorkj  191. 

NILES  (Samuel),  minister  of  Brainfree,  Massachusetts,  was 
born  May  1,  I67''i  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1699. 
He  afterwards  pteached  for  some  time  in  Rhode  Island  in  a  district 
called  ministerial  lands.  In  1710  he  removed  from  Kingston  to 
Braintree,  where  he  was  ordained  minister  of  the  second  church 
May  23,  1711.  In  1759,  sixty  years  after  he  received  the  first 
honors  of  college,  he  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts.  He  died 
May  1,  1762,  aged  eighty  eight  years.  He  published  a  brief  and 
sorrowful  account  of  the  present  state  of  the  churches  in  New  Eng- 
land, 1745;  vindication  of  divers  important  doctrines,  8vo,  1752  ; 
scripture  doctrine  of  original  sin,  in  answer  to  Tavlor,  Svo,  1757. 

NISBET  (Charles,  d.  d.),  first  president  of  Dickinson  college, 
Pennsylvania,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  1737,  and  was  for  many  years 
minister  of  Montrose.  During  the  struggle  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies,  such  was  his  attachment  to  liberty,  that  he  dared 
to  lift  up  his  voice  in  favor  of  America.  When  Dickinson  college 
was  founded  at  Carlisle  in  1783  he  was  chosen  its  principal,  thoUi>;h 
he  did  not  arrive  in  this  country  and  enter  upon  the  duties  of  this 
office  till  1785.  He  died  January  17,  1804,  in  the  sixty  sev- 
enth year  of  his  age.  His  imagination  was  lively  and  fertile,  and 
his  understanding  equally  acute  and  vigorous.  He  possessed  a 
memory  teitacious  almost  beyond  belief,  a  solid  judgment,  and  a 
correct  taste.  By  unwearied  study  his  mind  was  stored  with  gen- 
eral erudition  and  miscellaneous  knowledge  in  a  very  \inconnpon 
deijree.  He  could  repeat  with  great  facility  all  the  beautiful  and 
striking  passages  of  the  classic  authors.     He  was  acquv^inted  both 

58 


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r 


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I  T'% 


'  ^■ 


#;; 


1 

.  l. 

'1 

1 

4 

45b 


NOR. 


4 


tvith  the  ancient  learned  languages,  and  with  the  modern  languagca 
of  Europe.  His  attention  was  directed  to  almost  every  subject. 
While  he  embraced  the  circle  of  the  sciences,  he  also  descended  to 
every  topic  relative  to  public  and  private  affairs,  and  thus  he  was 
qualiBed  for  leading  the  conversation  in  every  company.  His  lec- 
tures in  the  college,  which  were  designed  to  communicate  the 
elements  of  knowledge,  were  plain  and  simple,  but  rich  in  solid 
learning.  In  private  lite  he  was  a  most  entertaining  companion,  fop 
hiii  humor  was  excellent  and  exhaustless.  His  penetrating  mind 
perceived  relations  and  connexions  among  things,  which  escaped 
almost  every  other,  and  he  was  constantly  enlivening  conversation 
with  flashes  of  wit.  He  was  master  of  the  lively  anecdote,  the 
smart  repartee,  the  keen  irony,  and  the  delicate  rebuke.  His  re- 
marks on  men  were  often  severe  and  cutting,  for  being  himself 
upright,  he  had  a  rooted  abhorrence  of  deceit  and  chicanery  in  oth- 
ers. His  independent  mind  scorned  the  idea  of  procuring  favor  or 
ensuring  popularity  by  any  means  inconsistent  with  the  most  digni- 
fied and  virtuous  sentiments^  and  he  had  no  respect  for  the  man,  who 
to  obtain  the  ony  or  the  other  would  cringe  to  the  multitude.  His 
manners  were  gentle,  unassuming,  simple,  and  in  the  common 
affairs  and  traffic  of  this  world  he  was  a  very  child.  His  temper 
was  cheerful,  his  morals  unimpeached,  and  his  piety  unquestioned. 
As  the  principal  of  a  collej^e,  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  as  a  true 
patriot,  as  a  good  man  he  has  not  often  been  surpassed. — dssembly'a 
miss,  magazine^  iii.  286—288  ;  Carlisle  herald ;  Gazette  U.  S.  Feb- 
ruary 7,  1 804. 

NORRIS  (John),  one  of  the  founders  of  the  theological  sem- 
inary ill  Andover,  was  for  many  years  a  respectable  merchant  in 
Salem,  Massachusetts.  On  the  twenty  first  of  March  1 808  he  gave 
ten  thousand  dollars  towards  establishing  the  institution  at  Andover. 
This  was  a  day  of  unequalled  munificence,  for  on  the  same  day 
Messrs.  Brown  and  Bartlet,  merchants  of  Newhuryport,  gave  tow- 
ards the  same  object  the  former  ten  thousand  and  the  latter  twenty 
thousand  dolla'"j.  Mr.  Norris  lived  to  see  the  seminary  opened  on 
the  twenty  eighth  of  September.  He  died  December  22,  1808,  in 
the  fifty  eighth  year  of  his  age.  In  such  esteem  was  he  held  by 
his  fellow  citizens,  that  he  was  for  several  years  elected  a  member 
of  the  senate  of  Massachusetts.  Obtaining,  through  the  divine 
blessing  upon  his  industry,  an  ample  fortune,  he  considered  himself 
as  the  steward  of  God,  and  his  abundant  liberality  flowed  in  various 
channeh.  Thoup:h  his  extreme  self  diffidence,  and  perhaps  erroneous 
views  of  the  qualifications  for  approaching  the  Lord's  table  prevented 
him  from  makinp:a  public  profession  of  reliji;ion ;  yet  when  convers. 
ingon  the  subject  he  ^vas  often  known  to  tremble.  His  house  w"<is  a 
house  of  prayer,  in  which  the  morning  and  evening  sacrifice  ascended 
to  the  mercy  seat,  and  he  was  constant  in  his  attendance  on  publi- 
worship.     Being  asked  by  a  friend  whether  he  did  not  cnteruiin 


NOR. 


451 


chope,  that  he  was  a  Christian,  he  replied  in  a  solemn  manner, "  I 
wouid  nut  reimquish  my  hope,  ihut  1  uiu  a  child  ol  God,  lor  tiious- 
ands  of  worlds."— /'«no/i/i«f  awrf  miaa.  mag.  united,  i.  487,  488. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
was  origuiail    included  in  the  territory,  called  South  Virginia,  and 
it  was  in  NorJi  Carolina  tnat  tlie   hrst  English  settlements  were 
made  in  America.     They  weic  however  broken  up,  and  the  hrst 
permanent  colony  was  established  on  the  Chcsapeak.      This  state 
Was  afterwards  included  in  the  grant  of  Carolina  in  1663.     It  be* 
gan  to  be  settled  about  the  year  1710  by  a  few  Palatines  from  Ger- 
many, who  had  been  so  mucli  harrussed  by  a  calamitous  war,  as  to 
be  very  desirous  of  a  secure  retreat,  even  though  it  should  be  in  the 
wilderness.     They  had  scarcely  taken  possession  of  their  fancied 
asylum  in  Albcrmarle  and  Bath  precincts,  when  they  fell  a  prey  to 
the  savages,     Tlie  colony  was  almost  destroyed,  one  hundred  and 
thirty  seven  settlers  being  massacred.     Assistance  however  having 
been  obtained  from  South  Carolina,  the  Indians  were  entirely  de- 
feated and  driven  back.     This  was  in  the  year  1712.    After  this  the 
infant  colony  remained  in  peace  and  continued  to  flourish  under  the 
gent  ral  government  of  Soutu  Carolina  till  the  year  1729,  when  sev- 
en oi  the  proprietors,  ibr  a  valuable  consideration,  vestea  their  prop- 
erty and  jurisdiction  in  the  crown,  and  the  colony  was  erected  into  a 
separate  province  by  the  name  of  North  Carolina,  and  its  present 
limits  were  established  by  an  order  of  king  George  II.     It  was  made 
a  regal  government,  the  governor  and  council  being  appointed  by 
his  majesty.      In  1771  there  was  an  insurrection  of  a  body  of  the  in» 
habitants,  who  complained  of  oppressions  practised  in  the  law ;  they 
called  themselves  regulators,  and  it  was  their  object  to  prostrate  the 
government.      Governor  Tryon  marched  against  them,  and  totally 
defeated  them,  leaving  three  hundred  dead  on  the  fic!f'.     At  the 
.commencenvcnt  of  the  late  war,  the  regulators  espoused     j  cause  of 
the  British,  and  were  defeated  by  colonel  Caswell  in  February  1776. 
On  the  eighteenth  of  December  following  the  present  constituliqn  of 
this  state  was  adopted  by  a  congress,  appointed  for  the  purpose.     It 
establishes  a  general  assembly,  consisting  of  a  seiia*r  and  a  bouse  of 
commons,  the  members  of  which  are  annually  chosen.     The  judges 
of  the  courts  arc  appointed  by  the  general  assembly,  and  hold  their 
offices  during  good  behavior.  The  assembly  also  annually  elects  the 
governor,  who  is  not  eligible  longer  than  tlirce  years  in  six  succes- 
sive years.      He   has  a.  council  of  seven,— rrj/j^nf,  ii.250 — 269; 
Hnlmea'  annals  ;  Morse^n  geogra/i/iy. 

NORTON  (John),  minister  in  Boston,  was  born  at  Starford  m 
Hertfordshire,  England,  May  6,  1606,  and  was  educated  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  After  he  had  taken  his  first  degree,  he 
became  usher  of  the  school  and  curate  of  the  church  in  his  native 
town.  A  lecture  was  at  this  time  supported  at  Starford  by  a  nuni 
ber  of  pious  ministers,  and  through  tii«ir  labors  Mr.  Norton,  who 


1^' 


to 


U 


» 


I|nr.ii 


!1|;: 


l1      > 


11        .  ' 


'•'  ■  .>i 


imti 


452 


NOR. 


was  himself  a  prcuchcr,  though  like  many  others  ignorant  of  hit. 
own  character  and  unacqitaintcd  with  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus,  was 
impressed  M-iih  u  sense  of  his  sin,  and  hy  the  agency  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  was  broughl  to  repentance.  The  view  of  his  own  heart  and 
life,  compared  with  the  holy  law  of  God,  almost  overwhelmed  him 
with  despair  ;  but  at  length  the  promises  of  the  gospel  administered 
to  him  inexpressible  joy.  His  attention  had  been  hitherto  occupied 
in  literary  and  scicntihc  pursuits,  but  he  now  devoted  himself  ex< 
clusively  to  the  study  of  theology,  and  being  by  his  own  experience 
acquainted  with  repentance,  and  fctith,  and  holiness,  he  preached  up- 
on those  subjc;:t8  with  zeal  and  effect.  He  soon  became  ennncnt. 
His  talents  and  learning  would  have  insured  to  him  preferments  ui 
the  church,  if  his  regard  to  the  purity  of  Christian  worship  could 
have  allowed  him  to  submit  to  the  impositions  of  the  establishment. 
He  embarked  for  New  England  in  1634,  but  a  violent  storm  obliged 
hiin  r.o  return.  In  the  following  year  he  sailed  again  for  this  coun- 
try, and  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  company  with  Mr.  Winslow  in  Oc- 
tober. He  preached  in  this  town  during  most  of  the  winter,  and  was 
earnestly  invited  to  take  the  charge  of  the  church ;  but  the  state  of 
things  in  the  colony  did  not  please  him.  Early  in  1636  he  removed 
to  Boston,  where  he  was  highly  respected,  being  consulted  by  the 
magistrates  in  some  of  their  most  difficult  affairs.  Before  the  close 
ot  the  year  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  settle  in  Ipswich,  where  a 
church  had  been  gaihered  in  1634.  In  1639  Mr.  Rogers  was  es- 
tablished as  his  colleague.  While  Mr.  Norton  was  minister  of 
Ipswich  he  wrote  a  number  of  books,  which  procured  him  a  high 
reputation.  He  assisted  in  forming  the  Cambridge  platform,  which 
was  adopted  in  1648.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Cotton  at  the  close 
of  1652.  the  church  in  Boston  applied  to  Mr.  Norton  to  become 
their  minister.  He  accordingly  preached  in  that  town  for  some 
time  with  the  consent  of  his  people ;  but  after  the  death  of  Mr. 
Rogers  in  1655  they  reclaimed  him.  Though  a  number  of  coun- 
cils, called  upon  the  occasion,  advised  his  removal  to  Boston,  the 
inhabitants  of  Ipswich  declined  giving  him  a  dismission.  At  length 
the  governor  and  magistrates  were  under  the  necessity  of  summon- 
ing a  council,  whose  advice  or  result  was  followed,  as  it  was  consid- 
ered as  partaking  more  of  the  nuture  of  authority.  From  this  pe- 
riod he  was  the  minister  of  Boston,  and  was  eminently  useful. 
After  the  restoration  of  Charles  II  it  was  thought  necessary  to  ad- 
dress him  Mr,  Norton  and  Simon  Bradstreet  were  accordingly 
appointed  the  agents  of  Massachusetts  for  the  purpose.  They 
sailed  for  England  in  February  1662  and  returned  in  September, 
bringing  with  them  a  letter  f n  m  the  king,  in  which  he  promised  to 
confirm  the  charter,  but  required  that  the  administration  of  justice 
should  be  in  his  name,  and  that  all  persons  of  good  and  honest  lives 
should  be  admitted  to  the  sacrament  6f  the  Lord's  supper,  and  their 
children  to  baptism.    The  agents,  who  had  Ituth fully  endeavored  to 


NOR. 


453 


serve  the  colony,  on  their  return  met  with  a  cold  reception}  and  the 
sntothered  griet  of  Mr.  Norton  on  account  of  the  ill  treatment, 
which  he  received,  it  is  thought  hastened  his  end.  He  died  sud- 
denly April  5,  1663,  aged  near  tii'ty  seven  years.  He  left  no 
children.     Mr.  Davenport  succeeded  him  in  the  ministry. 

Mr.  Norton  Wcts  an  eminent  scholar  and  divine.     In  controversy 
he  was  very  acute,  for  his  powerful  talents  had  been  cultivated  by 
an  excellent  education,  and  he  was  familiar  with  the  subtleties  of  the 
scnoolmen.      In  his  religious  sentiments  he  accorded  with  the  lirst 
fathers  of  New  England.      The  doctrines,  for  wliich  he  contended, 
were  the  following;  that  there  is  one   God  subsisting  in  three 
persons ;    that  the  will  of  God  is  the  cause  of  all  causes,   and 
second  causes  the  effects  of  the  first  cause  ;  thai  the  will  of  man  is 
an  instrument  disposed  and  determined  unto  its  action  according 
unto  the  decree  of  God,  being  as  much  subordinate  to  it  as  the  axe 
is  to  the  hand  of  the  hewer ;  that  man  even  in  violating  God's  com- 
mand fulhls  God's  decree  ;  that  the  infallible  ordering  of  the  exist- 
ence of  sin  for  a  better  end,  and  tlie  forbidding  of  sin  are  not  at  all 
inconsistent,  but  fall  under  the  compass  of  the  same  one  volition  of 
God,  which  cannot  be  resisted  or  defeated ;  that  God  is  not  the 
author  of  sin,  and  yet  that  he  does  not  merely  permit  it,  since  he 
has  decreed  it ;  that  the  reprobates  freely  commit  such  a  measure 
of  sin  as  fits  them  for  the  intended  measure  of  wrath ;  that  man  is  a 
free  agent,  having  a  real  efficiency,  though  subordinate  to  the  first 
cause,  which  deteinnines  the  second  in  its  operation  ;  that  all  man- 
kind participated  in  Adam's  sin  and  also  have  it  imputed  to  them  ; 
that  original  sin  is  the  hereditary  and  habitual  contrariety  and  en- 
mity of  the  nature  of  man  against  the  whole  will  of  God  ;  that  God  has 
elected  whom  in  his  wisdom  and  mercy  he  pleased  to  eternal  life ;  that 
the  conversion  of  these  is  the  effect  of  God's  Spirit ;  that  good  works 
are  necessary  as  the  way  to  salvation,  but  not  as  the  cause ;  that  the 
only  meritorious  cavise  of  salvation  is  the  active  and  passive  obedi- 
ence of  Jesus  Christ,  which  is  imputed  unto  those,  who  believe,  and 
is  received  by  faith  p'one  ;  that  only  the  elect  believe  in  the  Re- 
deemer ;  that  their  belief  or  faith  is  the  effect  of  special,  absolute, 
irresistible  grace  ;  and  thatthe  will  is  passive,  not  having  the  nature 
of  a  free  agent,  in  the  first  reception  of  grace.      His  sermons  were 
written  with  great  care,  and  in  his  extemporary  devotional  perform- 
ances there  was  a  variety  and  fulness  and  fervor  seldom  equalled. 
A  good  man  of  Ipswich  used  frequently  to  walk  to  Boston,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  thirty  miles,  to  attend  the  Thursday  lecture,  and 
would  say,  that  it  was  worth  a  great  journey  to  unite  in  one  of  Mr. 
Norton's  prayers.     His  example,  according  to  Dr.  Mather,  was  so 
much  follov^ed,  that  some  young  ministers  were  able  to  continue 
their  addresses  to  God  for  more  than  an  hour  with  great  propriety  ; 
and  without  wearying  those,  who  joined  with  them.     In  his  natural 
temper  Mr.  Norton  was  somewhat  irascible,  but  being  taught  by 


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NOY. 


the  grace  of  God  to  govern  his  passions,  his  renewed  heart  rendered 
him  meek,  couiteou^,  and  amiable.  Still  a  mistaken  zeal  tor  the 
truth  made  him,  asi.  made  his  contemporaries,  trieiidly  to  persecu- 
tion.  Hu  was  convinced,  tnat  some  diiiference  of  sentiment  must 
be  permiLicd,  and  wisUed  that  an  erroneous  conscience  should  be 
treated  with  tenderness ;  but  when  the  lundamental  doctrines  of 
Christianity  were  denied,  or  errors  were  supported  by  a  contuma- 
cious will,  especially  if  they  produced  disturbance  in  the  state,  then 
he  thoa^ht  it  indispensably  necessary  to  be  acquainted,  to  use  his 
o\?n  words,  "  with  the  holy  tactics  oi  the  civil  sword."  The  disuse 
of  this  instrument,  in  his  opinion,  gave  opportunity  for  the  rise  of 
the  :nan  of  sin  ;  the  abuse  of  it  maintained  him ;  but  the  good  use 
of  it  would  tend  to  destroy  him.  With  these  sentiments  he  prob* 
ii!)ly  encouraged  the  magistrates  in  their  persecution  of  the  quakers, 
who  in  return  represented  to  the  king  and  parliament,  that  "  John 
Norton,  chief  priest  in  Boston,  by  the  immediate  power  of  the  Lord 
was  smitten,  and  died." 

Mr.Norton  wrote  in  Latin  a  letter  to  the  famous  John  Dury,  which 
was  signed  by  forty  three  other  ministers.  A  translation  oi  it  may 
be  found  in  S.  Mather's  apology.  In  1645  he  drew  up  at  the  re- 
;  -est  of  the  ministers  of  New  England  an  answer  to  a  number  of 
questions  relatin;^  to  church  government)  wliich  were  sent  over  by 
William  Apollonius  under  the  direction  of  the  divines  of  Zealand. 
This  was  the  first  LaUn  book  ever  written  in  this  country.  It  was 
published  with  the  title  of  i'e[ionsio  ad  totum  quaestionum  sylloj^en 
,a  clariss.  viro  dom.  Gul-  ApoUonio  propositam,  ad  componendas 
controversias  in  Anglia,  Loud.  8vo,  1648.  He  published  also  a 
discussion  of  the  sufferings  of  Christ,  and  the  questions  about  his 
righteousness  active  and  passive,  and  the  imputation  thereof  in  an« 
swerto  a  dialogue  of  Mr.  Pinchin,  12mo,  1653;  this  was  written 
by  tbe.direction.of  the  general  court ;  the  orthodox  evangelist,  or  a 
-tceatise  wherein  many  great  evangelical  truths  are  briefly  discussed, 
4to,  1654;  election  sermon,  1657;  the  life  of  Mr.  Cotton,  1658; 
the  heart  of  New  England  rent  by  the  blasphemies  of  the  present 
:generation,  a  treatise  concerning  the  doctrine  of  the  quakers,  by  the 
desire  of  the  general  court,  8vo,  1660;  election  sermon,  1661 ;  a 
catechism  ;  three  choice  and  profitable  sermons  on  several  texts, 
being  the  last  sermons,  which  he  preached  at  the  election,  at  the 
Thursday  lecture,  and  on  the  sabbath,  1'  j4.-'—Mat/ier*a  life  of  Mr- 
ton  ;  ma^na/m,  iii.  32— «4l  ;  Morton,  177  ;  Mal'a  JV.  E.'i.357-,358; 
Hutchinsorty  i.  41,  188,  219-^224  ;  Winthrofij  91  ;  Besac's  auff. 
quakcrsy  ii.  270  ;  Holntea*  cnnalsy  i.  278, 388  ;  Hubbard'a  MS.  M".  E. 
eh.  Ixxiv;   Collect  hist,  aoc.  iv.  !  10. 

NOYES  (James),  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Newbury.,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  Wiltshire,  England,  in  1608,  and  was  foi 
rsome  time  a  stuflent  in  the  university  of  Oxford.  His  niind  was 
^first  impressed  by  tl^e  truths  of  religion  through  the  preaching  of 


heart  rendered 
en  zeal  tor  lh« 
idly  to  persecu- 
seiitiment  must 
ence  should  be 
tul  doctrines  of 
1  by  a  contuma- 
n  the  state,  then 
inied,  to  use  his 
J."     The  disuse 
y  for  the  rise  of 
liut  the  good  use 
timents  he  prob» 
,n  of  the  quakers, 
nent,  that "  John 
owcr  of  the  Lord 

John  Dury,  which 
Dslation  oi  it  may 
rew  up  at  the  r^- 
■r  to  a  immber  of 
ff  ere  sent  over  by 
ivines  of  Zealand. 
i  country.    It  was 
estionum  syllogen 
ad  componendas 
published  also  a 
lestions  about  his 
ion  thereof  in  an- 
;  this  was  written 
ox  evangelist,  or  a 
briefly  discussed, 
Ir.  Cotton,  1658; 
les  of  the  present 
he{iuakers,by  the 
sermon,  1661 ;  a 
on  several  texts, 
he  election,  at  tne 
at/ier'a  life  of  Mr. 
JV.  £.1.337,358; 
91;    Bessc's  auff. 
bbard'sMS.N.E. 

■  Newbury.  Massa- 

608,  and  was  foi 

;\.      His  mind  was 

h  the  preaching  ot 


NOY. 


455 


Dr.  Twiss.      After  he  began  to  preach,  as  he  could  not  conscien- 
tiously comply  with  the  ceremonies  of  the  establisned  church,  he 
accompanied  his  friend,  the  reverend  Mr.  Parker,  to  New  Lngland 
in  1634.     They  arrived  in  the  montii  of  May.     Mr.  Noyes  preach- 
ed  about  a  year  at  Mystic,  now  Medford,  when  he  was  invked  t» 
become  the  minister  of  VV)itertown  ;  but  as  he  preferred  a  settle- 
ment with  Mr.  Parker,  who  had  removed  from  Aggawam  to  Now- 
bury«  he  was  established  as  his  colleague  in  1635,  having  the  title 
of  teacher.     He  continued  to  discharge  with  faithfulness  the  duties 
of  his  office  more  than  twenty  years.     Alter  a  long  sickness,  which 
he  bore  with  patience  and  cheerfulness,  he  died  October  S2,  1656, 
in  the  forty  eighth  year  of  his  age.      Mr.  Noyes  and  Mr.  Parker 
were  the  most  cordial  and  intimate  friends.      In  England  they  in- 
structed in  the  same  school ;  they  came  to  this  country  in  the  same 
ship  ;  they  were  ministers  in  the  same  church  ;  and  as  Mr.  Parker 
had  ^o  family,  they  lived  in  the  same  house      Mr.  Noyes  was  very 
much  beloved  by  his  people,  for  he  was  humble,  gentle,  and  con- 
stantly desiroits  of  doing  them  good.      He  was  the  implacable  ene- 
my of  heresy  and  schism.      Though  he  could  never  submit  to  the 
ceremonies  of  the  English  church,  he  was  not  so  averse  to  episco- 
pacy itself.      He  did  not  approve  of  a  governing  vote  in  the  frater- 
nity, and  he  thought  that  ecclesiastical  councils  should  have  the 
power  of  inflicting  censures  upon  particular  churches       He  was 
eminently  skilled  in  Greek,  and  he  had  read  the  fathers  and  the 
schoolmen.      His  memory  was  tenacious,  his  invention  rich,  and 
his  judgment  profound.      While  his  manners  were  so  amiable  and 
his  disposition  so  truly  benevolent  and  affectionate,  that  no  one  was 
ever  acquainted  with  him,  who  did  not  desire  his  friendship  and  so- 
ciety, he  yet  was  resolute  and  determined  in  his  defence  of  the  truth. 
He  was  considered  as  one  of  the  most  eminent  men  in  his  day. 
He  published  the  temple  measured,  or  a  brief  survey  of  the  temple 
mystical,  which  is  the  instituted  church  of  Christ,  4to,  1647;  a 
catechism,  which  was  reprinted  in  1797  ;  Moses  and  Aaron,  or  the 
rights  of  church  and  state,  contained  in  two  disputations,  the  former 
concerning  the  church,  the  lat*ei'  asserting  the  sacredness  of  the 
persons  of  kings  against  king  killing.     This  was  published  by  Mr. 
Woodbridge  of  England  in  1661. —  Mathcr^a  ma^nalia^  iii.  145 — 
148  ;  Morac  and  Paiish*a  A*.  JE.  92,  93  ;    Collect,  hist.  aoc.  vii.  242  ; 
Pofikins*  dedicate  aermon. 

NOYES  (James),  the  first  minister  of  Stonington,  Connecticut, 
WIS  the  second  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1659,  being  educated  at  the  expense  of  lus  uncle,  the 
reverend  Mr.  Parker.  In  the  year  1 664  he  began  to  preach  at 
Stonington,  where  he  was  ordsdned  September  10,  167+  After 
imparting  religious  instruction  to  this  people  fiftv  five  years  and  a 
half  he  died  December  30,  1719.  as^ed  near  eiii^hty  one  years.  His 
brother,  Moses  Noyes,  was  the  first  minister  of  Lyme,  and  died 


■:  .\ 


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Noveniljer  JO,  1729,  at  the  age  of  ei,;hty  five  yearn,  sixty  of  whicli 
he  spent  with  his  people.  Mr.  Noycs  of  Stonin,^on  was  a  distin' 
guished  preacher,  carrying  an  uncommon  fervor  and  heavenly  zeal 
into  all  his  public  performances.  His  ordinary  conversation  breath- 
ed the  spirit  of  the  world,  to  which  he  was  endeavoring  to  guide 
his  fellow  men.  In  ecclesiastical  controversies  he  was  emiiienily 
useful.  Being  a  friend  ot  literature  he  was  one  of  the  first  trustees 
of  Yale  college.  He  was  also  a  counsellor  in  civil  affairs  at  some 
critical  periods.  As  a  physician  he  was  much  consulted,  and  he 
gave  away  anuuully  the  amount  of  his  salary  in  medicines.  But 
he  most  delighted  in  his  ministerial  work,  for  his  tenderness  and 
faithfulness  in  which  he  was  highly  esteemed  and  beloved.-~^os/on 
newaletteVj  January  4,  1720  ;   Trumbull* a  Connecticut^  i.  522. 

NO  YES  (Nicholas),  minister  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  nephew  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Noyes  of  Newbury,  and  was  born 
in  that  town  December  22, 1647.     He  was  educated  at  the  expense 
of  his  uncle,  the  reverend  Mr.  Parker,  receiving  the  first  honors  of 
Harvard  college  in  1667.     After  having  preached  thirteen  years  in 
Haddam,  Connecticut,  he  removed  to  Salem,  where  he  was  ordain* 
ed  as  colleague  with  the  reverend  Mr.  Higginson  November  U, 
1683.    Mr.  George  Curwin  was  settled  v.*^h  him  in  1714,  but  he 
died  in  1717.      Mr.  Noyes  himself,  after  a  ministry  of  thirty  four 
years,  died  December  13,  1717,  being  almost  seventy  years  of  age. 
He  was  never«married.      Acquainted  with  all  the  literature  of  the 
times,  and  having  uncomthon  talents  for  his  sacred  work,  his  death 
was  deeply  and  generally  lamented.     He  was  entertaining  and  use* 
ful  in  conversation,  of  eminent  sanctity  and  virtue,  and  always  so* 
licitous  for  the  welfare  of  his  people.      But  with  all  his  good  quali- 
ties he  unhappily  believed  the  reality  of  witchcraft  and  had  some 
influence  in  promoting  those  legal  inquiries  in  1692,  which  reflect 
so  much  disgrace  upon  the  age.      He  afterwards  however  publicly 
confessed  his  error  without  offering  any  excuse  fo;*  himself,  or  con- 
cealing any  circumstance  ;  and  he  visited  and  blessed  the  survivors, 
whom  he  had  injured,  asking  always  their  forgiveness.      Such  con- 
duct reflects  the  highest  honor  upon  his  character.     A  letter  of  his 
containing  an  account  of  Mr  James  Noyes  is  preserved  in  Mather's 
magnalia.      He  published  the  election  sermon,  1698  ;  and  a  poem 
on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Joseph  Green  of  Salem  village,  1715, 
—Collect,  his:  moc.  vi.  264,  267,  273,  286  ;   Trumbull's  Connecticut, 
i.  520;   Masrialia/iu.  145 — 148. 

OAKES  Uriah),  president  of  Harvard  college,  was  born  in 
England  aboai  the  year  1631,  and  was  brought  to  America  in  his 
childhood.  A  sweetness  of  disposition  exhibited  itself  early  and 
rcfnained  with  him  through  life.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
CGulege  in  1649.  While  very  young  and  small  he  published  at 
Cambridge  a  set  of  astronomical'  calculations  with  this  apposite 
motto ; 

Parvum  parva  decent,  sed  inest  sua  gratia  parvis. 


occ. 


A57 


He  isoon  went  to  Kngland,  an;]  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
riichficld  iivH-i  ikpi>liiic.  IKiug  silenced  in  1662  with  the  other 
ivM.coiiroraiinij  ministers,  lie  fuun*.!  an  asvlum  in  a  respectal)le  iani- 
ily,  and  afterwards  preached  in  another  congregation.  Such  was 
liis  cclebriiy  for  learning  anil  piety,  that  the  church  and  society  of 
Cambii(!n;e  on  the  decease  of  Mr.  Miichel  in  1678  sent  a  messen- 
ger to  England  to  invite  him  to  become  their  minister.  He  accept- 
ed the  invitation,  but  througli  various  circumstances  did  not  coin- 
jncnce  his  labors  in  Cambridge  till  November  8,  1671.  Being 
placed  at  the  head  of  Harvard  college  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Hoai, 
he  commenced  the  duties  of  this  office  April  7,  1675,  still  however 
retaining  the  charge  of  his  Hock.  But  on  the  second  ol  Ftbruary 
1680  the  corporation  appointed  him  president,  and  persuaded  him 
to  be  inaugurated,  and  to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  this  object. 
He  died  July  25,  1681,  in  the  fiitieth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  suc- 
rccded  by  Mr.  Rogers  in  the  college,  and  by  Mr.  Gookin  in  the 
church  of  Cambriilge.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition 
and  distinguished  usefulness.  He  excelled  equally  as  a  scholar, 
as  a  divine,  and  as  a  Christian.  By  his  contemporaries  he  was 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  resplendent  lights,  that  ever  shone 
in  this  part  of  the  world.  He  was  very  humble  with  all  his  great- 
ness, like  the  full  ear  of  corn,  which  hangs  near  the  ground.  In 
the  opinion  of  Dr.  Mather  America  never  had  a  greater  mas- 
ter of  the  true,  pure,  Ciceronian  Latin,  of  his  skill  in  which  lan- 
guage an  extract  from  one  of  his  commencement  orations  is  pre- 
served as  a  specimen  in  the  magnalia.  He  published  an  artil- 
lery election  sermon,  entitled,  the  unconquerable,  all  conquering, 
and  more  than  conquering  Christian  soldier,  1672  ;  election  sermon 
1673  ;  a  sermon  at  Cambridge  on  the  choice  of  their  military  offi- 
cers ;  a  fast  sermon  ;  and  an  elegy  in  poetry  on  the  death  of  the 
reverend  Mr.  Shepard  of  Chariestown,  1678.  This  is  pathetic  and 
replete  with  imagery. — Holmes*  hist.  Cambridge  ;  and  annals,  ii. 
452  ;  Collect,  fust.  aoc.  vii.  31,  51 — 54  ;  Mather's  magnalia,  \v.  129, 
186 — 188,  190  ;  JVeal's  M".  E.'ii.  41,  42  ;  .Yoncovform.  rnetnon'al,  ii. 
280—282. 

OCCUM  (Sampson),  an  Indian  minister  of  the  Moheagan  tribe, 
was  a  heathen  till  the  age  of  eighteen,  when  he  embraced  Christ- 
ianity. He  was  for  three  years  tlie  pupil  of  the  reverend  Dr. 
Whcelock.  He  was  for  eleven  years  a  schoolmaster  on  long  Isl- 
and, officiating  at  the  same  time  as  the  pu!>lic  teacher  of  the  Indian 
tribe  at  Montauk  till  his  ordination  by  the  Sutfolk  pres'uytv  y  Aug- 
ust 29,  1759.  He  was  afterwards  employed  on  several  missions  to 
various  tribes  of  Indians,  particularly  to  the  six  nations.  In  1765 
or  1766  he  accompanied  the  reverend  Mr.  Whitaker  to  London  to 
solicit  beneiactions  for  Dr.  Wheelock's  school.  About  the  year 
1786  he  with  the  scanty  remnant  of  the  MuhhcakancoK  Indians, 
who  lived  on  the  sea  coast  in  Connecticut,  removed  to  the  neighbor-. 

59 


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OGD. 


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liood  of  OnciUu  in  the  state  of  New  York.  He  was  at  first  the 
minister  of  Brothcrton  ;  but  for  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  resided 
>vith  the  Indians  at  New  Stockbridge.  He  died  in  July  1793,  aged 
hi xty  nine  years.  I  vards  of  three  hundred  Indians  attended  his 
funeral.  At  his  fir;;'  itrance  on  the  ministry  and  for  a  "onsidera* 
b^e  time  after  he  was  respected  in  his  Christian  and  c.  w  isterial 
character.  He  preached  with  acceptance  to  the  polishc  J  mhabitants 
of  Boston  and  New  York.  An  account  of  the  Montauk  Indians, 
written  by  him,  ib  preserved  in  the  historical  collections.  He  says, 
that  they  had  a  multitude  of  gods.— /?Me//'«  ordinat.  term,  and  letter 
to  Doattvick ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  iv.  68  ;  v.  13  ;  ix.  89,  90  ;  x.  105— 
111. 

OGDEN  (Jacob),  a  physician  of  New  York,  published  about  the 
year  1764  observations  on  a  species  of  the  sore  throat,  then  preva* 
lent  and  mortal.— ^awisaj/**  review  of  medicine^  36  ;  Miller^  i  3 19. 

OGDEN  (Matthias),  brigaclicr  general  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States,  took  an  early  and  u  decided  part  in  the  late  contest 
with  Great  Britain.  He  joined  the  army  at  Cambridge,  and  such  was 
his  zeal  and  resolution,  that  he  accompanied  Arnold  in  pcnetratin)i; 
through  the  wilderness  to  Canada.  He  was  engaged  in  the  attack 
upon  Quebec  and  was  carried  wounded  from  the  place  of  engage. 
ment.  On  his  return  from  this  expedition  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  a  regiment,  in  which  station  he  continued  until  the 
conclusion  of  the  war.  When  peace  took  place  he  was  honored  by 
congress  with  a  commission  of  brigadier  general.  He  died  at  EIiz« 
abethtown,  Ne>  Jsjvsey,  March  31,  1791.  He  was  distinguished 
lor  his  libenhi'-  and  philanthropy.  He  was  generous,  amiable, 
and  endear'      !>  h.\s  friends. — Gazette  of  the  U.  S.  Jfiril  13,  1791. 

OGLETif  >RP£  (James),  the  founder  of  Georgia,  was  bom  in 
England  about  thcj  year  1688.  Entering  the  army  at  an  early  age, 
he  served  under  prince  Eugene,  to  whom  he  became  secretary  and 
aid  de  camp.  On  the  restoration  of  peace  he  was  returned  a  mem* 
ber  of  parliament,  and  distinguished  himself  as  a  useful  senator  by 
proposing  several  regulations  for  the  benefit  of  trade,  and  a  reform 
in  the  prisons.  His  philanthrophy  is  commemorated  in  Thompson's 
seasons.  His  benevolence  led  him  in  1732  to  become  one  of  the 
trustees  of  Georgia,  a  colony,  the  design  of  whose  settlement  was 
principally  to  rescue  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain 
from  the  miseries  of  poverty,  to  open  an  asylum  for  the  persecuted 
protestants  of  Europe,  and  to  carry  to  the  natives  the  blessings  of 
Christianity.  In  the  prosecution  of  this  design  Mr.  Oglethorpe 
embarked  in  November  with  a  number  of  emigrants,  and  arriving 
at  Carolina  in  the  middle  of  January  1733,  he  proceeded  immedi* 
ately  to  Savannah  river,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  of  Sa- 
vannah. He  made  treaties  with  the  Indians,  and  crossed  the  At- 
lantic several  times  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  colony.  Being 
appointed  general  and  commander  in  chief  of  his  majesty's  forces 


OGL. 


459 


•t> 


1742  to  drive 

'•ceded  up  the 

''as  obliged 

<li'cd  men, 

i  within  two 

J   iig  them  by 

his  musket 


in  f^uth  and  Carolina  Georgia,  he  brought  from  England  in  1738  a 
regiment  of  six  hundred  men  to  protect  the  southern  frontiers  from 
the  Spaniards.  A  mutiny  was  soon  excited  in  his  camp,  and  a  dur- 
ing attempt  was  made  u,  assassinate  him  ;  but  his  life  was  wonder- 
fully preserved  through  the  care  of  that  proviilence,  which  conlroh 
all  earth' V  agents,  and  siipeiiiUends  every  event.  After  the  com- 
mencement of  the  war  between  Great  Britain  and  Spain  in  17  39 
he  visited  the  Indians  to  secure  their  friendship,  and  in  174Uhc 
went  into  Florida  on  an  unsuccessful  expedition  against  St.  Augus- 
tine. As  the  Spaniards  laid  claim  to  Georgia,  three  thousand  men, 
a  part  of  whom  were  from  Havanna,  wcrg  f^  nt  ■ 
Oglethorpe  from  the  frontiers.  When  this  ff 
Alu  amaha,  passing  fort  St.  Simon's  without 
to  retreat  to  Frederica.  Ue  had  but  about 
besides  Indians.  Yet  with  u  part  of  these  he  u^ 
miles  of  the  enemy's  camp«  with  the  design  ot  atuict 
surprise,  when  a  French  soldier  of  his  party  fired 
and  ran  into  the  Spanish  lines.  His  situation  was  iiow  very  crit- 
ical, for  he  knew,  that  the  deserter  would  make  known  his  weak- 
ness. Returning  however  to  Frederica,  he  had  recourse  to  the 
following  expedient.  He  wrote  a  letter  to  the  deserter,  desir- 
ing him  to  acquaint  the  Spaniards  with  the  defenceess  state  of 
Frederica,  and  to  urge  them  to  the  attack ;  if  he  could  not  effect 
this  object,  he  drected  him  to  use  all  his  art  to  persuade  them 
to  stay  three  days  at  fort  Simon's  as  within  that  time  he  should 
have  a  reinforcement  of  two  thousand  land  forces,  with  six  ships 
of  war,  cautioning  him  at  the  same  time  not  to  drop  a  hint  of 
admiral  Vernon's  meditated  attack  upon  St.  Augustine.  A  Span- 
ish prisoner  was  entrusted  with  this  letter  under  promise  of  de- 
livering it  to  the  deserter.  But  he  gave  it  as  was  expected  and 
intended  to  the  commander  in  chief,  who  instantly  put  the  deserter 
in  irons.  In  the  perplexity,  occasioned  by  this  letter,  while  the 
enemy  was  deliberating  what  measures  to  adopt,  three  ships  of 
force,  which  the  governor  of  South  Carolina  had  sent  to  Oglethorpe's 
aid,  appeared  off  the  coast.  The  Spanish  commander  was  now 
convinced  beyond  all  question,  that  the  letter  instead  of  being  a 
stratagem  contained  serious  instructions  to  a  spy,  and  in  this  mo- 
ment of  consternation  set  fire  to  the  fart,  and  embaiked  so  precip- 
itately as  to  leave  behind  him  a  number  of  cannon  with  a  quantity 
of  military  stores.  Thus  by  an  event  beyond  human  foresight  or 
control,  by  the  correspondence  between  the  artful  suggestions  of  a 
military  genius  and  the  blowing  of  the  winds,  was  the  infant  colony 
providentially  saved  from  destruction,  and  Oglethorpe  retrieved  nis 
reputation  and  gained  the  character  of  an  able  general.  He  nov/ 
returned  to  England,  and  never  again  revisited  Georp.ia.  In  1745 
he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  general,  and  was  sent  against 
the  rebels,  but  did  not  overtake  them,  for  which  he  was  trK-d  by  a 


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court  martial  and  honorably  acquitted.  After  the  return  of  GagQ 
to  £n{;tand  in  1775  the  command  of  the  British  army  in  America 
-was  offered  to  general  Uglethorpe.  Ke  professed  his  readiness  to 
accept  the  appointment  if  the  ministry  would  authorize  him  to  as- 
sure the  colonies  that  justice  would  be  done  them  ;  but  the  com- 
mand was  given  to  sir  William  Howe.  He  died  in  August  1785  at 
the  age  of  ninety  seven)  being  the  oldest  general  in  the  service-^- 
Eurojieun  mag.  viii ;  Wat  kin* it  biog.  diet.;  Brit,  ent/i.  in  Ahierica^  \, 
S2 6  ;  IVynne,  ii.  302—3 1 4  ;  Holmes*  annalsy  ii.  1 3 1— *  1 58  ;  Heviatty 
ii.  15— 23,47,57,77— 82,111— 119  ;  Mir«Aa//,i.  318— 344  ;  Uni. 
veraal  Mat.  xl.  440  j   Thomfiaon*s  seaaona,  mnteTf  359— "388. 

OHIO,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  not  settled  till 
the  year  1788.  It  was  formerly  included  in  Virginia,  the  legisla- 
ture ol  which  state  in  1781  ceded  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio 
river  to  the  United  States,  reserving  however  several  portions  of 
land,  and  among  them  one  tor  the  officers  and  soldiers, by  which  the 
British  posts  were  reduced.  The  settlement  in  Ohio  was  com- 
menced at  Marietta  April  7,  1788,  under  the  superintendence  of 
general  Rufus  Putnam.  Before  this  time  there  were  no  inhabitants 
in  the  territory  excepting  the  Indians,  a  few  Moravians)  and  trespas-^ 
sers  on  public  lands.  The  country  was  at  first  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  governor,  appointed  by  congress  for  three  years,  a  secreta- 
ry, and  a  court  consisting  of  three  judges.-  There  was  also  a  leg- 
islative council  and  a  house  of  representatives.  It  was  to  be  admit- 
ted into  the  union  whenever  it  contained  sixty  thousand  free  inhab- 
itants. Thi$  event  took  place  April  28,1803.  A  constitution  was 
immediately  formed  and  adopted,  and  the  government  was  organiz- 
ed March  3,  1803.  The  representatives  are  chosen  annually  and 
the  senators  and  govenior  every  two  years.— //arm'  tour. 

OLIVER  (Daniel),  a  member  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts, 
was  born  in  1664,  and  died  in  Boston  in  1732.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed for  piety,  humility,  and  charity  from  his  youth.  He  always  ro^e 
early  to  read  the  sacred  volume  and  pour  out  his  heart  unto  God. 
Though  his  mercantile  business  claimed  much  of  his  attention,  yet 
he  devoted  Saturday  afternoon  to  visiting  the  sick  in  his  neighbor- 
hood. He  was  an  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  he  sometimes  maintained, 
at  his  own  expense  a  school,  which  received  thirty  of  their  children. 
He  built  for  this  purpose  a  house,  which  cost  six  hundred  pounds, 
and  in  his  will  he  directed  it  to  be  devoted  to  the  instruction  of  the 
poor  forever.  He  contributed  largely  to  the  promotion  of  the  gos- 
pel among  the  ignorant  and  vicious.— /'ri7:c<?'«  fun.  sermon. 

OLIVER  (Andrew),  lieutenant  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1724.  After  being  secretary*  he 
sustained  the  office  of  lieutenant  governor  from  1770  till  1774,  dur- 
ing the  administration  of  his  brother  in  law,  Mr  Hutchinson.  No 
man  was  more  disposed  to  promote  the  designs  of  the  British  min- 
istry.    His  letters,  which  were  sent  over  by  Dr.  Franklin  in  1773, 


OLI. 


461 


return  of  Cage 
tny  in  Amcricu 
his  readiness  to 
trize  him  to  as* 
I  but  the  coin- 
August  1785  at 
n  the  service.— 
(I.  in  uthiericay  i. 
—  158;  He-watt ^ 
18 — 344  ;  Uni. 
>9—- 388. 
s  not  settled  till 
inia)  the  legisla- 
west  of  the  Ohio 
vreral  portions  of 
irst  by  which  the 
Ohio  was  com« 
perintendence  of 
re  no  inhabitants 
ians>  and  trespass 
idcr  the  jurisdic- 
years,  a  secreta- 
e  was  also  a  leg- 
wras  to  be  admit- 
sand  free  inhab- 
constitution  was 
lent  was  organiz- 
sen  annually  and 

tour. 
)f  Massachusetts, 
;  was  distinguish- 

He  always  rose 
heart  unto  God. 
his  attention,  yet 

in  his  neighbor, 
limes  mjdntained, 
of  their  children, 
hundred  pounds, 
instruction  of  the 
notion  of  the  gos- 
t.  sermon. 
assachusetts,  was 
eing  secretary*  he 
70  till  1774,  dur- 
lutchinson.      No 
f  the  British  min- 

Franklin  in  1773, 


disclosed  his  true  character)  and  the  disclosure  embittered  his  re- 
maining days.  He  died  at  Boston  March  3,  1774,  in  the  sixty 
eighth  year  of  his  age.— HVirrf^ji.  69,  84,  113,  llS;  Gordon,  i. 
328. 

OLIVER  (PxTER,  LL.  d),  chief  justice  of  Massachusetts,  was 
the  bi  other  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1730.  He  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  Septem- 
ber 15,  1756,  in  the  place  of  Mr.  Saltonstall,  who  had  resigned. 
His  place  of  residence  was  Middleborough,  and  he  had  not  been 
educated  to  the  )aw.  In  the  year  1774,  when  the  general  court 
called  upon  him,  as  they  called  upon  the  other  judges,  to  receive 
the  grant  for  his  services,  as  usual,  from  the  treasury  of  the  prov- 
ince, and  to  engage  to  receive  no  pay  or  emolument  except  from  the 
assembly,  he  peremptorily  refused.  In  consequence  of  this  refusal 
the  house  of  representatives  immediately  voted  articles  of  impeach- 
ment in  February ;  accusing  him  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 
He  died  at  Birmingham,  England,  in  October  1791,  aged  seventy 
nine  years.  He  published  a  speech  on  the  death  of  Isaac  Lathrop, 
esquire,  1 7 50. ^-^'arrtn,  i.  119  ;  Gordon,  i.  345;'  Boston  gaz, 
March  7,  1774. 

ORONO,  chief  of  the  Penobscot  tribe  of  Indians,  died  at  Old 
town,  an  island  in  Penobscot  river,  Massachusetts,  February  5, 180 1 , 
aged  one  hundred  and  thirteen  years.  He  cultivated  among  his 
subjects  the  principles  of  peace,  temperance,  and  religion.  In  the 
time  of  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain  he  formed  a  treaty  with  the 
American  government,  and  faithfully  adhered  to  it.  His  people 
profess  the  Roman  catholic  religion,  and  have  a  church.  He  re- 
tained his  mental  faculties  to  an  unusual  degree  in  his  old  age.  His 
hair  had  long  been  of  a  milky  white,  and  this  venerable  chief  had 
lived  to'hunt  in  three  different  centuries.  His  wife,  madam  Orono, 
di^d  in  January  1809,  aged  one  hundred  and  fifteen.— Pitfca^.  evang. 
mag.  i.  20P  ;  JV.  Y.  spectator  4firil  4,  1801. 

OSBORN  (John),  a  poet,  was  bom  at  Sandwich,  Massachusetts, 
in  1713.  His  father  was  afterwards  minister  of  Eafitham  on  cape 
Cod.  Young  Osborn  was  graduated  at  Harvard  colle}r^c  in  1735. 
Uncertsun  for  a  time  what  profession  to  pursue  he  directed  his 
thoughts  towards  theology,  and  proceeded  so  fur  as  to  read  before 
the  association  of  ministers,  with  the  design  of  being  licensed  to 
preach,  a  sermon,  which  was  not  perfectly  orthodox.  Having  after- 
wards resolved  upon  the  study  of  medicine,  he  removed  to  Middle- 
town  in  Connecticut.  But  little  is  known  concerning  him  after  this 
period.  In  1753  he  wrote  to  a  sister,  that  he  had  lingered  almost 
two  years  a  life  not  worth  having.  He  died  soon  after  at  the  age  of 
forty  years,  leaving  six  children.  Since  his  death  one  of  his  sons 
was  a  physician  in  Middletown.  His  manners  were  open,  plain,  and 
agreeable,  and  his  temper  cheerful  and  mild.  His  poetical  produc- 
tions, written  about  the  year  1735,  possess  much  merit,  cspccudly 


*  ;'"  !i 


3^^ 


■•    ,       "J( 


1  ?i'' 


i    V 


'i  !■ ,  N^. 


462 


OTI. 


in  description,  and  previousif  to  that  period  we  find  little  American 
poetry  equal  to  his.  A  beautiful  cleg^y  on  the  death  of  a  young  sister 
is  preserved  in  the  Boston  mirror.  His  whaling  song  has  been 
much  celebrated.— ./^/nrr/can  muteum,  v.  587—590 ;  Ma»»a.  mag. 
r.  1  l~.n,  55 1  Boston  mirror^  January  T,  1809  ;  Collect,  hitt,  toe. 
viu.  195. 

OTIS  (James),  a  distinguished  patriot  and  statesman,  was  the 
son  of  the  honorable  James  Otis  of  Barnstable,  Massachusetts,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1743.  After  pursuing  the 
study  of  the  law  under  Mr.  Gridley,  the  first  lawyer  and  civilian  of 
his  time,  at  the  age  of  twenty  one  he  began  the  practice  at  Plymouth. 
In  sibout  two  year^  he  removed  from  this  town  to  Boston,  where  he 
soon  gained  so  high  a  reputation  ibr  integrity  and  talents,  that  his 
services  were  required  in  the  most  important  causes.  In  1761  he 
distinguished  himself  by  pleading  against  the  writs  of  assistance, 
which  the  officers  of  the  customs  had  applied  for  to  the  judges  of 
the  supreme  court.  His  antagonist  was  Mr.  Gridley.  He  was  in 
this  or  the  following  year  chosen  a  member  of  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts,  in  which  body  the  powers  of  his  eloquence,  the 
keenness  of  his  wit,  the  force  of  his  arguments,  and  the  resource|s 
of  his  intellect  gave  him  a  most  commanding  influence.  When  the 
arbitrary  claims  of  Great  Britain  were  advanced,  he  warmly  en« 
gaged  in  defence  of  the  colonies,  and  was  the  first  champion  of  A* 
merican  freedom,  who  had  the  courage  to  affix  his  name  to  a  pro- 
duction, that  stpod' forth  against  the  pretensions  of  the  parent  state. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  congress,  which  was  held  at  New  York  in 
1765,  in  which  year  his  rights  of  the  colonies  vindicated,  a  pan>- 
phlet,  occasioned  by  the  stamp  act,  and  which  was  considered  as  a 
masterpiece  both  of  good  writing  and  of  argument,  was  published  in 
London.  For  the  boldness  of  his  opinions  he  w:  catencd  with  an 
arrest ;  yet  he  condnued  to  support  the  rights  t  .  fellow  citizens. 
He  resigned  the  office  of  judge  advocate  in  1767  and  renounced  all 
employment  under  an  administration,  which  had  encroached  upon 
the  liberties  of  his  country.  His  warm  passions  sometimes  betrayed 
him  into  unguarded  epithets,  that  ^j^ve  his  enemies  an  advantage, 
without  benefit  to  the  cause,  which  lay  nearest  his  heart.  Being 
vilified  in  the  public  papers  he  in  return  published  some  severe 
strictures  on  the  conduct  of  the  commissioners  of  the  customs,  and 
others  of  the  ministerial  party.  A  short  time  afterwards,  on  the 
etening  of  the  fifth  of  Scsptember  1769,  he  met  Mr.  John  Robinson, 
one  of  the  commissioners,  in  a  public  room,  and  an  affray  followed, 
*  in  which  he  was  assaulted  by  a  number  of  ruffians,  who  left  him  and 
a  young  gentleman,  who  interposed  in  his  defence,  covered,  with 
wounds.  The  wounds  were  not  mortal,  but  his  usefulness  was  de* 
stroyed,  for  his  reason  was  shaken  from  its  throne,  and  the  great  man 
in  ruins  lived  several  years  the  grief  of  his  friends.  In  an  interval 
of  reason  he  forgave  the  men,  who  had  done  him  an  irreparable  in* 


OXE. 


463 


jury»  and  relinquished  the  sum  of  five  thousand  pounds  sterling, 
\fhich  Mr.  Robinson  had  been  by  a  civil  process  aidjudged  to  pay, 
on  bis  signing  a  humble  acknowledgment.    He  lived  to  see  but  not 
fully  to  enjoy  the  independence  of  America,  an  event,  towards  which 
bis  efforts  had  greatly  contributed.      At  length  oh  the  twenty  third 
'^f  May  1 783,  as  he  was  leaning  on  his  cane  at  the  door  of  Mr.  Osgood's 
,    Tse  in  Andover,  he  was  struck  by  u  flash  of  lightning ;  his  soul  was 
instantly  liberated  from  its  shattered  tenement,  and  sent  into  eterni- 
ty.    President  Adams,  then  minister  in  Fnmce,  wrote  respecting 
him,  **  it  Wiis  with  very  afflicting  sentiments  I  learned  the  death  of 
Mr.  Otis,  my  worthy  master.     Extraordinary  in  death  as  in  life,  be 
has  left  a  character,  that  will  never  die,  while  the  mei^ory  of  the  A- 
merican  revolution  remains  ;  whose  foundation  he  laid  with  an  en- 
ergy, and  virit'h  those  masterly  abilities,  which  no  other  man  possess- 
ed." He  was  highly  distinguished  by  genius,  eloquence,  and  learning, 
and  no  American  perhaps  had  possessed  more  extensive  informa- 
tion.    Besides  his  legal  and  political  knowledge,  he  was  a  complete 
master  of  classical  llte'^ture.      He  published  rudiments  of  Latin 
prosody,  with  a  dissertation  on  letters,  and  the  power  of  harmony  in 
poetic  and  prosaic  composition,  12mo,  1760,  which  has  been  con- 
sidered the  most  clear  and  masterly  treatise  on  the  subject ;  vindi- 
cation of  the  conduct  of  the  house  of  representatives  of  Massachu- 
setts, 1762;   the  rights  of  the  British   colonies  asserted,   1764; 
considerations  onbehalf  of  the  colonists,  1765.— 'Warren,  i.  47,  85-- 
89  ;  Mbnthly  anthology,  v. 222— 226  ;  Minot's  continuat.u.  91 — 99, 
105,  132,  143,  196  ;   Gordon,  \.  141,  228,  271. 

OXENBRIDGE  (Johk),  minister  in  Boston,  was  born  in  En- 
gland January  30,  1609,  ?nd  was  educated  at  Oxford,  where  he  was 
for  some  .time. a  tutor.  Becoming  a  preacher,  soon  after  the  year 
1634  he  went  to  Bermuda,  and  took  the  charge  of  a  church.  In 
1641  or  1642,  he  returned  to  England,  and  was  fellow  of  Eaton  col- 
lege. In  1662  he  was  induced  in  consequence  of  the  act  of  unifor- 
mity to  go  to  Surrinam  and  thence  to  Barbadoes.  He  came  to 
New  England  in  1669,  and  was  settled  pastor  of  the  first  church  as 
colleague  with  Mr.  Allen  April  10,  1670.  He  died  December  28, 
1674,  aged  uxty  five  years.  He  was  a  celebrated  divine  and  one  of 
the  most  popular  preachers  of  his  time.  He  published  a  double 
watch  word,  or  the  duty  of  watching  and  watching  in  duty,  1661  ;  a 
proposition  of  propagating  the  gospel  by  Christian  colonies  in  the 
continent  of  Guiana  ;  election  sermon,  1671  ;  seasonable  seeking 
of  God — Wood*a  Athentt  Oxonienses,  ii.  536,  537  ;  Mather*a  mag- 
nalia,  iii.  32  r<;  Collect,  hiat.aoc.  viii.  277  ;  J^onconform.  memor.u 
299,  300. 

PAGE  (John),  governor  of  Virginia,  died  at  Richmond  October 
1 1, 1808,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  From  his  youth  he  was 
a  man  of  pure  and  unblemished  life.  He  was  a  patriot,  a  statesman, 
a  philosopher,  and  a  Christian.    From  the  first  commencement  of 


I  "  I  •■ 


rj; 


,'  i' 


^  ? 


u^r 


464 


PAR. 


the  American  revolution  to  the  last  hour  of  his  life  he  exhibited  a 
firm,  inflexible,  unremitting,  and  ardent  attachment  to  his  country, 
and  he  rendered  her  very  important  services.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  representatives  from  Virginia  under  the  present  constitution  ot 
the  United  States.  In  1800  he  vras  chosen  one  of  the  electors  of 
president.  In  December  1803  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Virginia 
in  the  place,  it  is  believed,  of  Mr.  Munroe.  His  residence  was  at 
Rosewell.  His  conduct  was  marked  hf  uprightness  in  all  the  vicis- 
situdes of  life,  in  the  prosperous  and  calamitous  times,  through 
which  he  had  passed,  in  seasons  of  gladness  and  of  affliction.—. 
JVationalihtelligencerf  October  19  and2A,  1808;  Aurora. 

PARKER  (Thomas),  first  minister  of  Newbury,  Massachusetts, 
was  the  only  son  of  the  reverend  Robert  Parker,  who  was  driven 
out  of  England  for  puritanism  in  the  i^eign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
He  was  bom  in  1595.  After  having  been  for  some  tinie  a  student 
at  Oxford,  he  pursued  his  studies  in  Ireland  under  Dr.  Usher. 
Thence  he  went  to  Holland,  where  he  enjoyed  the  assistance  of  Dr. 
Ames,  and  gained  the  particular  esteeih  of  Maccovius.  After  re- 
ceiving the  degree  of  mastei*  of  arts  at  the  age  of  twenty  two,  he 
returned  to  Newbufy  in  England,  where  he  preached  and  was  the 
instruCter  of  a  schooK  He  came  to  this  country  with  a  number  of 
Christian  friends  in  May  1634,  and  immediately  went  to  Aggawam, 
or  Ipswich,  where  he  cohtinued  about  a  year  as  an  assistant  to  Mr. 
Ward.  In  1635  he  commenced  the  settlement  of  Newbury,  and 
was  chosen  pastor  and  Mr.  N6yes  teacher  of  the  church.  He  died 
in  April  1677  in  the  eighty  second  year  of  his  age,  leaving  behind 
him  the  character  of  an  eminent  scholar,  and  of  a  most  pious  and 
benevolent  Christian.  His  whole  life  was  Employed  in  prayer,  study, 
preaching,  and  teaching  school .  Th  rough  his  incessant  application  he 
became  blind  several  years  before  his  death.  Under  this  heavy  ca- 
lamity he  was  patient  and  cheerful,  and  used  to  say  in  reference  to 
his  darkened  eyes,  "  they  will  be  restored  shortly  in  the  resurrec- 
tion." Having  never  been  married,  he  yet  with  parental  affection 
gave  a  number  of  young  gentlemen  the  advantages  of  a  public  ed- 
ucation. In-  his  vie\ys  of  church  government  he  was  inclined  to 
presbyte^ianism.  He  devoted  himself  much  in  the  latter  part  of 
his  life  to  the  study  of  the  scripture  prophecies,  and  wrote  several 
volumes  upon  the  subject  in  Latin.  Some  theses  de  traductione  pec- 
catoris  ad  vitam,  written  by  him  at  an  early  age,  were  pilhted  with 
some  works  of  Dr.  Ames.  He  also  published  a  letter  to  a  member 
of  the  Westminster  assembly,  declaring  his  judgment  touching  the 
government  in  the  churches  of  England,  1644;  the  visions  and 
prophecies  of  Daniel  expounded,  4to,  1 646  ;  a  letter  to  his  sister, 
Mrs.  Avery,  touching  sundry  opinions  by  her  maintained,  1049. 
■—'Mat her* 8  magnolia j  iii.  143 — 145,  147;  Morae  and  Pariah* a  JV. 
E.  87,  90—93 ;   Collect,  hist.  aoc.  ix.  48  ;  Pofikin*a  dedicat.  aerm. 


PAR. 


465 


PARKER  (Samuel,  o.D.))  bishop  of  the  cpiscopol  church  in 
Massachusetts,  wus  boru  at  Portsmouth  in  New  Hampshire  in  1745 
and  was  graduated  ut  Harvard  college  in  1763.  He  was  ui'terwards 
nine  years  an  instructor  of  youth  in  Newbury  Port  and  other  towns. 
In  1773  he  went  to  England  for  orders,  and  having  been  ordained 
by  the  bishop  of  London  returned  to  Bustoti,  and  May  19,  1774  was 
established  as  assistant  minister  ut  trinity  church,  ot  wiiich  he  be- 
gime  the  rector  in  1779.  During  the  revolutionary  war  the  other 
episcopal  clergymen  quitted  the  country,  but  he  rentained  ut  his 
post,  and  his  church  was  saved  from  dispersion.  After  the  death 
of  bishop  Hass  he  was  elected  his  successor,  but  he  was  at  the  head 
of  the  episcopal  churcnes  in  Massachusetts  but  a  few  months. 
He  died  suddenly  at  Boston  December  6,  1 804,  in  the  sixtieth  year 
of  his  age.  Distinguished  for  his  benevolence  he  was  in  a  peculiar 
manner  the  friend  of  the  poor,  who  in  his  death  niourned  the  loss  of 
a  father.  He  published  the  election  sermon,  1793,  and  some  other 
occasional  discourses.— Gart//nfr'«  serm.  on  hia  death ;  Monthlij  an- 
thology, i.  670. 

PARKMAN  (Ebenezer),  first  minister  of  Westborough,  Mas- 
sachusetts,  was  icraduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721,  and  was  or- 
dained October  28, 1724,  the  day,  on  which  the  church  was  gathered. 
After  continuing  his  ministerial  labors  near  sixty  years,  he  died 
December  9,  1782,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age.  He  married  a 
daughter  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Brcck  of  Marlborough.  A  short 
account  of  Westborough  written  by  him  is  printed  in  the  historical 
collections.  He  published  reformers  and  intercessors  sought  for  by 
God,  1752  ;  a  convention  sermon,  \76l.—  IVMlney*a  hiat.  Worceatery 
130,  123;  CoUect.hiat.aoc.x.84 — 86. 

PARSONS  (Jonathan),  minister  in  Newbury  Port,  Massachu- 
setts, was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1729,  having  given  indica- 
tions of  an  uncommon  genius.  Soon  after  he  began  to  preach,  he 
was  ordained  minister  of  Lyme  in  Connecticut,  where  he  continued 
several  years.  The  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  New- 
bury Port  in  one  of  the  largest  congregations  in  America.  His  labors 
were  incessant  and  he  sometimes  sunk  under  his  exertions.  Dur- 
ing his  last  sicknes  i  he  enjoyed  the  peace  of  a  Christian.  He  ex- 
pressed his  unwaven  ng  assurance  of  an  interest  in  the  favor  of  God 
through  the  Redeemer,  and  his  desire  of  meeting  death.  He  died 
July  19,  1776.  Mr.  Parsons  was  a  presbyterian  minister,  and  he 
maintained  a  correspondence  with  a  number  of  learned  ministers  of 
the  church  of  Scotland.  As  a  preacher  he  was  eminently  useful. 
During  some  of  the  first  years  of  his  ministry  his  style  was  remark- 
ably correct  and  elegant ;  but  after  a  course  of  years,  when  his  at- 
tention was  occupied  by  things  of  greater  importance,  his  manner  of 
writing  was  less  polished,  though  perhaps  it  lost  nothing  of  its  pathos 
and  energy.  Iji  his  preaching  he  dwelt  much  and  with  earnestness 
upon  the  doctrines  of  grace,  knowing  it  to  be  the  design  of  the 

60^ 


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PAR. 


; 


Christian  religion  to  humble  the  pride  of  man  and  to  exalt  the  grace 
ot  God.  He  labored  to  guard  his  people  both  against  the  giddy 
wildness  of  enthusiasm,  and  the  licentious  tenets  ot  antinomian  de« 
lusion.  His  invention  was  truitfuU  his  imagination  rich,  his  voice  clear 
and  commanding,  varying  with  every  varying  passion,  now  forcible, 
majestic,  terrifying,  and  now  soft,  and  persuasive,  and  melting.  His 
zealous  and  indefatigable  exertions  were  not  in  vain.  During  his 
niinistry  at  Lyme,  at  a  period  of  uncommon  effusion  of  Gud's  Spirit 
of  gracr,,  he  indulged  the  belief,  that  near  two  hundred  of  his  people 
were  renewed  in  the  dispositions  of  their  minds,  and  enlightened  by 
the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus ;  and  his  labors  at  Newbury  Port  were 
atterded  by  a  happy  revival  of  religion.  He  was  en>iuent  as  a 
scholar,  for  he  was  familiar  with  the  classics,  and  he  was  skilled  in  the 
J^atin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages.  He  was  accounted  a  dexter* 
ous  and  masterly  reasoner.  He  published  a  sermon  preached  at 
Boston  lecture,  1 742 ;  good  news  from  a  far  country  in  seven  dis> 
courses,  1756;  manna  gathered  in  the  morning,  1761  ;  infant  bap- 
tism from  heaven,  in  two  discourses,  1765  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death 
of  the  reverend  George  Whitefield,  1770;  freedom  from  civil  and 
ccclesi  istical  tyranny  the  purchase  of  Christ,  1774;  sixty  sermons 
on  various  subjects  in  two  volumes,  8vo,  l7B0.'-^Searl'a  aermon  on 
hia  death.  - 

PARSONS  (MosBs),  minister  of  Byfield,  Massachusetts,  was 
l)orn  June  30,  1716,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1736. 
He  devoted  a  number  of  years  to  the  benevolent  labors  of  a  gram< 
mar  school,  and  vf^Wc  the  respect  and  the  affection  of  his  pupils 
were  preserved  by  mingled  dignity  and  mildness,  he  endeavored  to 
impress  them  with  religious  truth,  and  to  give  them  that  instruction, 
which  might  save  their  souls  from  death.  He  was  ordained  pastor 
of  the  church  in  Byfield  June  30,  1744,  and  died  December  14, 
1783,  in  the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age  and  the  fortieth  of  his  min* 
istry.  The  Maker  of  the  human  frame  gave  him  a  most  graceful 
and  commanding  presence,  a  quick  conception,  a  fertile  invention, 
an  easy  flow  of  thoughtand  expression,  acorrect  judgment, a  resolute 
temper,  and  a  large  share  of  the  kind  and  tender  sensibilities.  These, 
expanded  by  a  liberal  education,  polished  by  a  large  acquaintance 
with  mankind,  and  sanctified  by  divine  grace,  made  him  eminent  as 
the  gentleman  and  Christian,  the  divine  and  the  preacher.  When 
he  had  once  deliberately  fixed  his  opinion  or  his  purpose,  no  oppo* 
Bition  could  shake  him.  He  always  carried  the  dignity  and  decorum 
of  the  Christian  minister  into  his  most  cheerful  hours,  and  though 
he  often  indulged  his  pleasant  humor  among  his  friends,  yet  he  never 
degraded  himself  by  the  puerile  jest,  the  boisterous  laugh,  or  by 
vain,  indelicate  mirth.  He  usually  mingled  with  his  sprightly  sal- 
lies some  useful  lesson  of  a  moral  nature.  He  knew  how  to  be  fa- 
miliar without  meanness,  sociable  without  loquacity,  cheerful  with- 
out levity,  grave  without  moroaenjesS}  pioiis  without  enthusiasm) 


PAR. 


467 


superstition)  or  ottentation,  zealous  against  error  and  vice  without 
ill  natured  bitterness ;  aflable  to  uU  without  the  least  sacrifice  ot  nis 
miuisterial  dignity.  There  was  a  generous  opennessin  his  lan^uugc 
and  behavior)  and  one  could  almost  discern  his  heart  in  his  IVank) 
honest  countenance.  Ue  was  iafluenced  by  enlarged  benevolence. 
He  was  a  zealous  advocate  of  the  civil  and  religious  interests  oi  his 
beloved  America.  Eminent  as  a  preacher  he  yet  greatly  excelled 
in  the  gift  ot  prayer.  His  lasi  hours  were  brightened  wiih  the 
hopes  of  the  gospel.  Ue  anticipated  the  joy  ol  dwelling  in  the 
presence  of  that  divine  Savior,  whom  h^  had  served  in  his  church 
below.  He  pubiiiilud  the  election  sermon,  \772 .~-'J'a/i/ian*g  aermon 
on  hit  death  ;  FriBbie*8  oration  at  hit  interment ;  Fano/iliaty  iii.  389 
-.293. 

Partridge  (Ralph),  first  minister  of  Duxborough,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  born  in  England  and  became  a  minister  of  the  estali* 
lished  church  ;  but  by  the  severity  of  the  bishops  he  was  hunied, 
like  a  partridge  upon  the  mountains,  till  at  lust  he  resolved  to  get 
out  of  their  reach  by  taking  his  flight  into  New  England.  He  ar- 
rived at  Boston  November  14,  1636,  and  was  was  soon  settled  at 
Duxborough.  In  such  esteem  was  he  held,  that  he  was  appointed 
with  Mr.  Mather  and  Mr  Cotton  to  prepare  a  model  of  church  gov- 
ernment for  the  consideration  of  the  synod  of  Cambridge  in  1 648. 
He  died  in  1658,  having  been  a  preacher  forty  yeara.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mr.  Holmes.  Such  was  his  humility  and  self  denial, 
that  when  most  of  the  ministers  of  Plymouth  colony  left  their  pla- 
ces for  want  of  a  suitable  maintenance,  he  was  one  of  the  few,  who 
remained  with  their  people.— •Mx/Aer'«  magnaliay  iii.  99  ;  J^eafn 
JV.  JB.  i.  320;  Morton^  iii.  99;  fT/n/Aro//,  i  14  ;  Collect.  Mat.  aoc. 
ii,  7  ;  iv.  111. 

PATTERSON  (William),  governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  one 
of  the  associate  judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
was  a  native  of  New  Jersey  and  was  graduated  at  the  coUci^e  in 
that  state  hi  1763.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  v  *787, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  his  Lxme 
is  affixed  to  that  instrument.  When  the  new  government  com" 
menced  its  operations  in  1789  he  was  a  member  of  the  senate  iVoin 
New  Jersey.  He  was  chosen  governor  in  1 790  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Livingston,  the  firsfgovemor  after  the  revolution.  While  a  judge 
of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States  he  died  at  Albany  Sep- 
tember 9,  1806.  In  this  office  he  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Brockbolst 
Livingston.  He  was  an  able  statesman,  an  upright  judge,  and  a 
disinterested  friend  of  his  country.  He  endured  the  sufferings  of 
a  lingering  and  distressing  disease  with  exemplary  patience.  When 
he  saw  that  death  was  at  band,  he  sent  for  a  minister  to  receive 
from  him  the  sacrament.  The  judge  observed,  ihut  it  had  been 
for  some  time  past  his  intention  to  receive  that  sacred  rite,  but  that 
some  casualty  or  other  had  always  prevented  him.     He  did  not  wish 


,"* ' 


468 


PAY. 


however  to  leave  the  world  before  he  had  rulfiUed  his  dutjr.  When 
the  minister  mentioned  the  quulihcutions,  which  are  required  of 
th'ise,  who  partake  of  that  holy  ordinance,  he  acquiesced  in  them 
all,  and  remarked  at  tl.c  sume  time,  thut  he  had  always  been  a  be- 
liever in  the  truths  of  Christianity  ;  that  the  only  point,  on  which 
he  luul  ever  entertained  any  douht,  was  the  divinity  of  our  blessed 
baviur  ;  but  that  he  had  long  since  examined  that  hut)je<:t,  and  satis- 
fied his  mind  upon  it ;  that  he  had  now  no  hesitation  m  professing 
his  belief  in  all  the  doctrines  of  our  religion.  He  then  received 
the  communion  with  the  utmost  devotion.  When  the  minister,  as 
he  retired,  expressed  his  apprehension,  that  they  should  not  meet 
again,  he  replied  **  yea,  I  trust  we  shall ;  we  shall  meet  again  in 
heaven  *'—Ciarke*a  fun.  aermon  ;  J^.  York  evening  fioaty  and  JV.  Y, 
herald  Hiiit  cm  her  2^^  1806;  Mbany  centinel ;  Panofilitt/u.  191. 

PAYSON  (Phillips,  d.  D.),ministerof  Chelsea,  Massachusetts, 
was  the  son  ol  the  reverend  P.iillips  Payson  of  Walpole,  and  was 
born  January  18,  1736.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1754.  From  the  time  of  his  ordination,  October  26,  1757,  he  con- 
tinued to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  sacred  cilice  with  zeal  and 
fidelity  till  his  death  January  11,  1801,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  of  his 
age.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Tuckerman.  During 
the  struggle,  which  terminated  in  the  independence  of  America, 
Dr.  Payson  boldly  advocated  the  cause  of  his  country.  As  a  clas- 
sical scholar  he  rose  to  distinction,  and  many  young  men  received 
the  rudiments  of  their  education  under  him.  His  acquaintance 
with  astronomy  and  natural  philosophy  is  evinced  by  a  number  of 
his  tracts  in  the  transactions  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and 
sciences.  As  a  minister  he  was  the  friend  and  father  of  his  people, 
and  he  preached  with  energy  of  diction  and  pathos  of  delivery.  He 
published  an  election  sermon,  1778 ;  at  the  ordination  of  his  brother, 
the  'everend  Seth  Payson  of  Rindge,  1782  ;  on  the  death  of  Wash- 
ington, MOO,^' Barnard* 6 fun.  sermon;  Columbian  centinel^  January 
21,  1801  ;   Thacher*»  aerm.at  ordinal,  of  Tuckerman. 

P.KMBERTON  (Ebenezer),  minister  in  Boston,  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1691  and  was  afterwards  tutor  in  that  seminaiy. 
He  was  ordained  colleague  with  the  reverend  Mr.  Willard  in  the 
old  south  «hurch  August  28,  1700  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Wil- 
lard he  received  for  his  colleague  Dr.  Sewall.  He  died  himself 
February  13,  1717,  in  the  forty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  Mr,  Pem- 
berton  was  a  very  eminent  preacher.  He  wrote  in  a  style  strong, 
argumentative,  and  eloquent.  With  great  powers  of  mind  and  ex- 
tensive learning  he  united  a  zeaU  which  flamed.  His  passions,  when 
excited,  ere  impetuous  and  violent ;  but  when  free  from  the  ex- 
citement f  any  unpleasant  circumstance,  he  was  mild  and  soft,  as 
one  could  wish.  While  he  was  diligent  in  acquiring  the  treasures 
of  learning,  he  was  not  negligent  in  his  observations  upon  man.  He 
knew  how  to  connect  his  thoughts  f  the  talent  of  reasoning  he  pos- 
sessed in  a  high  degree,  and  he  was  a  master  of  speech.     He  was  a 


PEM. 


469 


£uthful  scn-ant  of  Jesut  Christ,  preaching  tho  truths  of  the  gospol 
with  seal,  and  exiiibiung  in  his  lite  the  Christian  virtues.  In  prayer 
he  was  copious  and  fervent.  His  sermons  were  illuminating!  prac- 
tical, and  pathetic,  and  delivered  with  very  uncommon  fervor. 
Towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  was  afflicted  with  much  pain,  but 
under  his  weakness  and  infirmity  he  was  enabled  to  do  much  fortlie 
honor  of  his  master  and  the  good  of  his  brethren.  His  election 
sermon,  preached  in  1710,  entitled,  the  divine  original  and  dignity 
of  government  asserted,  and  an  advantageous  prospect  of  the  ruler's 
mortality  recommended,  is  much  and  justly  celebrated.  It  is  re- 
printed in  a  volume  of  his  »ermons,  which  was  published  in  1737. 
Besides  this  volume,  he  published  a  discourse,  previously  to  the 
ordination  of  Mr.  Sewall,  on  the  validity  of  presbyterian  ordinationt 
1718  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Willard ;  and  a 
sermon  at  a  public  lecture,  1705. ^SenvaU'a  fun.  sermon ;  Colman*9 
term,  on  hia  death  ;  Ilolmea*  annala,  ii.  94  ;  Collect.  Mat.  toe.  x.  169. 

PEMBERTON  (Ebenezeu,  d.d.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the 
son  of  the  preceding,  and  wus  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  173 1. 
After  he  began  to  preach  he  was  invited  in  April  1737  by  the  pres- 
byterian church  in  New  York  to  succeed  Mr.  Anderson,  the  first 
minister,  with  the  request,  that  he  would  be  ordained  in  Boston. 
This  ceremony  was  accordingly  performed  on  the  ninth  of  August. 
Through  his  benevolent  exertions  the  congregation  was  greatly  in- 
creased, so  as  to  be  able  to  build  an  edifice  of  stone  in  1748.  In 
1750  Mr.  Alexander  Cumming,  afterwards  minister  in  Boston,  was 
settled  as  his  colleague ;  but  both  were  dismissed  about  the  year 
1753,  the  former  on  account  of  indisposition,  and  Mr.  Pembcrton 
through  trifling  contentions,  kindled  by  ignorance  and  bigotry.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bostwick.  Being  installed  minister  of  the 
new  brick  church  in  Boston  March  6,  1754,  as  successor  of  Mr. 
Welstced,  he  continued  in  that  place  till  his  death  September  9, 
1777,  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age.  The  reverend  Dr. 
Lathrop's  society,  whose  meeting  house  had  been  destroyed  by  the 
British,  united  with  Mr.  Pemberton's  in  1779. 

He  was  a  man  of  a  devotional  spirit,  who  was  zealous,  and  respect- 
able, and  faithful  in  his  ministcih'i  work.  He  published  a  sermon 
before  the  synod,  1731  ;  before  the  commissioners  of  the  synody 
1735 ;  sermons  on  several  subjects,  Bvo,  1738  ;  practical 
discourses  on-  various  texts,  12mo,  Boston,  1741  ;  on  the  death 
of  Dr.  Nicoll,  1743;  at  the  ordination  of  Mr.  Brainerd,  1744; 
artillery  election  sermon,  1756;  election  sermon,  1757;  on  the 
death  of  Mr.  Whitefield,  1770;  at  the  oi*dination  of  Mr.  Isaac 
Story,  1771  ;  salvation  by  grace  through  faith  illustrated  and  con- 
firmed in  eight  sermons,  Bvo,  1774 Smit/i*a  JV.  Y.  192,  193;  Col- 
lect. Mat.  aoc.  iii.  26 1 . 

PEMBERTON  (Thomas),  eminent  for  his  acqua^^ance  with 
American  history,  was  bom  in  Boston  in  1728  and  for  many  years 
pursued  the  mercantile  employment.     He  died  July  5,  1807,  a^cd 


t.  1.1 


f; 


.'!»' 


470 


PEN. 


y.  fN  ' 


mi 


iiif! 


Mventjr  nine  yearsi  hvrrng  lired  a  bachelor,  detotlngregularljra  part 
of  eiich  day  to  hit  Mudies  and  to  visiting  his  friends.  He  contributed 
almost  a  ninth  part  to  the  collections  of  the  historical  society  of 
MtMsachusetts.  Of  this  institution  he  was  a  member,  and  he  be- 
queathed to  it  all  his  manuscripts.  He  wrote  a  Massachusetts 
chronology  of  the  ei){hteenth  century,  containing  the  remarkable 
events  of  every  year,  biographical  notices  of  eminent  men,  he.  in 
ftve  MS.  volumes.  This  work  was  used  by  Dr.  Holmes  in  compil- 
ing his  annals.  His  MS.  memoranda,  historical  and  biographical, 
muke  about  fifteen  volumes.*— Co//ecf.  Mat.  toe.  x.  190,  191  ;  jtmer. 
regi»tery  ii.  76. 

PENDLblTON  (Edmund),  n  distinguished  statesman  of  Virginia, 
was  a  member  of  the  first  congress  in  1774^ and  was  again  appointed 
at  the  next  choice,  but  in  August  1775  he  declined  a  third  election 
on  account  of  his  ill  health.  He  was  for  many  years  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  court  of  appeals  of  Virginia  with  Blair  and  Wythe, 
and  was  its  president  at  the  time  of  his  death.  In  1787  he  was  ap* 
pointed  president  of  the  convention  of  Virginia,  which  met  to  con- 
sider the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  all  the  weight  of  his 
character  and  talents  aided  its  adoption.  Af^er  the  government  was 
organized  he  was  in  1789  appointed  by  Washington  district  judge' 
for  Virginia,  but  as  he  declined  this  office  Mr.  Cyras  Griffin  was 
appointed  in  his  place.  In  1798,  when  the  difficulties  between  this 
country  and  Prance  approached  almost  to  a  rupture,  the  venerable 
patriarch,  as  the  late  president  Adams  calls  him,  published  a  pam- 
phlet protesting  against  a  war  with  a  sister  republic.  He  died  at 
Richmond  October  36,  1803,  in  the  eighty  third  year  of  his  age.-« 
Virginia  dehatea  in  convent.  13,  17,  37,  312,  367,  388. 

PEN  HALLOW  (Samuel),  a  member  of  the  council  of  New 
Hampshire  and  treasurer,  died  at  Portsmouth  November  37,  1736. 
He  wrote  a  history  of  the  wars  of  New  England  with  the  eastern 
Indians  from  1703  to  1726,  which  was  printed  at  Boston  in  1736.  • 

PENN  (William),  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  bom  in 
London,  October  14, 1644,  and  in  the  fifteenth  year  of  his  age  en- 
tered as  a  gentleman  commoner  of  a  college  in  Oxford.  His  ge- 
nius was  bright  and  his  imagination  lively.  Being  impressed  by 
the  preaching  of  an  itinerant  quaker,  he,  with  a  number  of  other 
students,  withdrew  from  the  established  worship,  and  held  meetings 
by  themselves.  He  was  fined  for  the  sin  of  nonconformity,  but 
this  only  confirmed  him  in  his  principles.  He  was  then  expelled  in 
the  sixteenth  year  of  his  age.  Next  followed  the  discipline  of  his 
father,  which  was  also  ineffectual  to  reclaim  him.  Being  sent  to 
France  for  the  refinement  of  his  manners,  he  passed  two  years  in 
that  country,  learned  its  language,  and  acquired  its  politeness.  He 
then  studied  law  in  Lincoln's  Inn  till  the  plague  broke  out  in  1665. 
He  was  sent  to  Ireland  in  1666  to  manage  an  estate  of  his  father, 
but  he  there  associated  himself  with  the  quakers,  and  in  .consc- 


PEN. 


471 


qucBce  he  wiuk  recalled.     He  could  not  be  pertutded  to  take  off 
hU  bat  in  the  pretence  of  the  king,  or  hii  lather.      For  this  inflexi- 
bility he  was  turned  out  of  doors  i    upon  which  he  commenc- 
ed an  itinerant  preacher,  and  gained  many  proselytes.     Thuu^h 
sometimes  imprisoned  he  was  pumeveringt  and  such  was  hi»  integ- 
rity and  patience,  that  his  tutlier  became  reconciled  to  him.     In 
1668  he  published  a  book  emitted  "  the  sandy  foundation  slutkcii,** 
for  which  he  was  imprisoned  seven  months.     In  vindicaiiun  of  the 
principles  of  this  book,  he  wrote  during  his  confinement  his  ''  in- 
nocency  with  her  open  face,"  and  also  his  famous  work,  *^  nu  ciosii 
no  crown."     In    1670  he  was  apprehended  for  preaching  in  the 
street,  and  was  tried  at  the  old  Bailey,  where  he  pleaded  his  own 
cause  with  the  magnanimity  of  a  hero.     The  jury  returned  their 
verdict  "  not  guilty."    On  the  death  of  his  father  he  received  a 
plentiful  estate,  but  he  continued  to  preach,  to  write,  and  to  travel  us 
before.     He  was  shut  up  in  the  tower  and  in  Newgate.    On  his  re- 
lease he  preached  in  Holland  and  Germany.     It  was  owing  to  his 
exertions,  in  conjunction  with  Barclay  and  Keith,  that  the  fraternity 
was  formed  into  order.     His  controversial  writings  are  modest,  can- 
did, and  persuasive.    His  book,  entitled,  <*  the  Christian  (juaker," 
is  a  sensible  vindication  of  the  doctrine  of  universal  saving  light. 
Some  debts  being  due  to  Penn's  father,  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
from  the  crown,  and  as  there  was  no  prospect  of  pavment  very  soon 
in  any  other  mode,  Penn  solicited  a  grant  of  lands  in  America,  and 
in  1681  obtained  a  charter  of  Pennsylvania.  The  colony  was  planted 
in  the  same  year,  though  before  this  time  some  Dutch  and  bwedes 
had  settled  in  the  province.     In  1 682  Penn  himself  arrived,  and 
established  a  government,  allowing  perfect  liberty  of  conscience. 
He  made  honest  purchases  of  the  Indians,  and  treated  them  with 
great  tenderness.     He  formed  a  plan  of  a  capital  city  and  called  it 
Philadelphia.    Two  years  after  it  was  founded  it  contained  two 
thousand  inhabitants.    In   1684  Mr.  Penn  returned  to  England. 
One  great  motive  for  his  return  was  to  exert  his  influence  in  favor 
of  his  suffering  brethren  in  Great  Britain.     He  exerted  it  with 
success,  and  one  thousand  three  hundred  quakers,  who  had  been 
confined  in  prisons,  were  set  at  liberty.     While  he  remained  in 
England  he  was  suspected  of  being  a  papist,  and  an  enemy  to  his 
country,  and  was  a  number  of  times  arrested.    But  be  continued 
his  preaching  and  increased  his  controversial  writings.    In  1699, 
after  fifteen  years'  absence  the  American  Lycurgus  revisited  Lis 
province.    Having  made  some  alteration  in  the  government  he 
sailed  ag{un  for  England  in  1701.    He  resumed  his  favorite  em- 
ployment, and  continued  it  for  a  number  of  years.     In  1713  he  was 
seized  by  a  paralytic  disorder  and  died  July  30,  17 18,  in  the  seventy 
fourth  year  of  his  age.    Notwithstanding  his  large  paternal  inher- 
itance he  was  continually  subject  to  the  importunity  of'  his  crecil- 
torS)  and  obliged  to  mortgage  his  estate.    His  death  prevented  his 


.*"' 


:  1 


1 

:  71 

4 

'  1^'' 

1, 

1)1 

1 

4 

It 

472 


PEN. 


,i^:    :V 


P 


Wood'a  Ath.  oxon.xx.   1050->i 
,  HolmcH*  annala,  i.  455— -463  ;  ii.  24, 


surrendering  his  province  to  the  crown.  His  posterity  held  it  till 
the  revolution,  his  last  surviving  son,  Thomas  Penn,  dying  in  1775. 
Mr.  Penn  was  a  man  of  great  abilities,  of  quick  thought  and  ready 
utterance,  of  mildness  of  disposition  and  extensive  charity.  He 
was  learned  without  vanity,  facetious  in  couversation,  yet  weighty 
and  serious,  of  an  extraordinary  greatness  of  mind,  yet  void  of  the 
stain  of  ambition.  He  published  a  multitude  of  tracts  large  and 
small.  The  following  is  the  title  of  his  principal  works  ;  no  cross 
no  crown,  or  several  sober  reasons  against  hat  honor,  titular  re« 
spects,  you  to  a  sir^gle  person,  &c.  4to,  1669  ;  serious  apology  for 
the  people,  called  iiuakers,  against  Or.  Jeremy  Taylor,  4to,  1 669  ; 
the  spirit  of  truth  vindicated  in  answer  to  a  Socinian,  4to,  1672  ; 
quakerism  a  new  nickname  for  old  Christianity,  8vo,  1672  ;  reason 
against  railing,  and  truth  against  fiction,  8vo,  1673  ;  the  Christian 
quaker  and  his  divine  testimony  vindicated,  folio,  1674.  His  select 
works  have  lately  been  published  in  5  vols.  8\'o.-^Beiknafi*s  Amer, 
biog.\\.Z8\ — 450;  Biog.  Britan.  ; 
1054  ;  Proudy  ii.  105;  106 
96  ;  Psnn*9  life  firefiv.  t'j  his  loorka  ;  Marahally  i.  222-i-229. 

PENNSYLVANIA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was 
granted  by  king  Charles  H  to  William  Penn  March  4,  1681,  an4 
in  this  year  a  colony  commenced  a  settlement  above  the  confluence 
of  the  Schuylkill  with  the  Delaware.      In  the  following  year  the 
proprietary  published  a  frame  of  government  and  a  body  of  laws. 
All  legislative  powers  were  vested  in  the  governor  and  freemen  of 
the  province  in  the   provincial  council,  and  a  general  Assembly. 
The  governor  had  a  treble  vote  in  the  council,  which  consisted  of 
seventy  two  members,  chosen  by  the  people,  and  the  assembly  at 
first  embraced  all  the  freemen,  but  as  the  colony  increased  it  was 
limited  to  five  hundred.    Liberty  of  conscience  was  extended  to  all. 
A  treaty  was  immediately  held  with  the  natives,  and  the  purchase  of 
the  soil  was  commenced.  The  friendly  intercourse  with  the  Indians, 
which  was  now  begun,  was  not  interrupted  for  more  than  seventy 
years.     The  first  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  were  chiefly  quakers,  who 
had  suffered  persecution  on  account  of  their  religion.     In  1683  the 
first  assembly  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  and  a  new  frame  of  govern- 
ment was  adopted,  by  which  the  council  was  reduced,  and  the  gov- 
ernor  vested  with  a  negative  upon  all  bills,  passed  in  the  assembly. 
Mr.  Penn  being  soon  called  to  Enp:land,  he  entrusted  the  govern- 
ment to  five  commissioners.      In  1788  he  appointed  a  deputy,  and 
in  1701  gave  the  people  the  last  charter  of  privileges.      From  this 
period  the  government  was  chiefly  administered  by  deputies,  ap- 
pointed by  the  proprietaries,  who  usually  resided  in  England.    Jeal- 
ousies arose  between  the  people  and  their  governors,  and  dispqtes 
and  dissensions  existed  till  the  revolution.    At  the  commencement 
of  the  late  struggle  with  Great  Britain  the  proprietary  government 
was  abolished.    The  constitution  then  adopted  recognized  a  legisla- 


PEP. 


473 


ture  of  but  one  branch.  Parties  were  formed,  thosei  who  disap- 
proved of  It,  being  styled  republicans,  and  its  friends  constitutional- 
Ists.  The  government  of  tue  state  was  alternately  in  the  hands  of 
these  parties,  till  at  length  the  republicans  triumphed,  and  the 
present  constitution  was  established  by  a  convention  on  the  second 
of  September  1790.  It  vests  the  legislative  power  in  a  general 
assembly,  consisting  of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives,  tho 
members  of  the  former  to  be  chosen  for  four  years,  and  of  the  latter 
annually.  The  governor  is  elected  for  three  years,  and  no  bill  can 
pass  without  his  assent,  unless  two  thirds  of  both  houses  are  in  fa- 
vor of  it.  The  judges  of  the  courts  are  liable  to  removal  for  any 
reasonable  cause  on  an  address  of  two  thirds  of  each  branch  of  tho 
legislature  to  the  governor.  In  1794  an  alarming  insurrection  took 
place  in  the  western  counties  of  this  state,  through  discontent  with 
an  excise  upon  whiskey  }  but  by  tne  decisive  measures  of  the  gen- 
eral government  it  was  quelled  almost  without  bloodshed.  In  1809 
a  part  of  the  militia  of  Philadelphia  was  by  the  order  of  the  gover- 
nor arrayed  against  the  United  States  by  obstructing  a  process  of 
the  supreme  court ;  but  the  federal  authority  in  a  short  time  quietl/ 
prevailed.— Proud'*  A/»/.  Penn»y/vo«»a  ;  Franklin' a  reviews  Wynnes 
i.  219-^235  ;  Douglaasy  ii.  297— J4 J  ;  British  emfi.  in  ^nericof 
I.  296—322  ;  Morse'sgeog ;  Holmes*  annals  ;  Findley*s  inaurrect. 
P£PPER£LL(SiR  William),  lieutenant  general  in  his  majes- 
ty's service,  was  bom  in  the  district  of  Maine,  Massachusetts,  and 
was  bred  a  merchant.  About  the  year  1727  he  was  chosen  one  of 
his  majesty's  council,  and  was  annually  reelected  thirty  two  years 
till  his  death.  Living  in  a  country  exposed  to  a  ferocious  enemy, 
he  was  well  fitted  for  the  situation,  in  which  he  was  placed,  for  it 
pleased  God  to  give  him  a  vigorous  frame,  and  a  mind  of  a  firm 
texture,  and  of  great  calmness  in  danger.  He  rose  to  the  highest 
military  honors,  which  his  country  could  bestow  upon  him.  When 
the  expedition  agfdnst  Louisbourg  was  contemplated,  he  was  commis- 
sioned by  the  governors  of  New  England  to  command  the  troops. 
He  invested  the  city  in  the  beginning  of  May  1745.  Articles  of  ca- 
pitulation were  soon  afterwards  signed.  Theie  was  a  remarkable  se« 
ries  of  providences  in  the  whole  affair,  and  Mr.  Pepperell  ascribed  his 
unparalleled  success  to  the  God  of  armies.  The  king  in  reward  of 
his  services  conferred  upon  him  the  dignity  of  a  baronet  of  Great 
Britain,  an  honor  never  before  nor  since  conferred  on  a  native  of 
New  England.  He  died  at  his  seat  in  Kittery  in  the  district  of 
Maine  July  6, 1759,  aged  sixty  three  years.  He  had  a  high  relish 
for  the  pleasures  of  society  and  was  the  life  and  spirit  of  every  com- 
pany. Though  not  without  his  faults,  he  yet  respected  the  Christian 
character.  During  his  last  sickness  he  spoke  with  gratitude  of  the 
goodness  of  God,  which  he  had  experienced,  and  of  his  own  imper- 
fections and  sins ;  he  admired  the  plan  of  salvation,  made  known  in 
the  gospel ;  knowing  his  dependence  upon  the  grace  of  God  he 

61 


ri 


i 


ii 

^ 

:■ 

i'M 

i  ii 


474 


PER. 


li 


I 


sought  the  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  and  as  he  ever  professed 
a  belief  of  the  transcendent  dignity  and  glory  of  the  great  Savior  of 
mankindi  of  the  fulness  of  his  meritS}  and  the  atoning  virtue  of  his 
obedience  and  sufferings^  when  he  was  just  entering  the  eternal 
world  he  commended  his  soul  into  the  tuoids  ofthb  Redeemer.^^* 
Stevens*  fun.  aertnon  ;  Belknafi*a  JV.  H.  ii.  2-13)  223 ;  Gordon^  i.  1 12. 

PERKINS  (William),  remarkable  for  longevity,  was  bom  in 
the  west  of  England,  and  died  at  New  Market,  liew  Hampshire,  in 
1732,  aged  one  hundred  and  sixteenyears^— ■0f/A'na/r'«  A*.^.iu.252. 

PERREIN  (Jean),  eminent  for  his-  acquuntanee  with  natural 
history,  was  a  native  of  France,  and  a  member  of  the  society  of 
sciences  and  belles  lettres^  of  Bordeaux.  Possessing  an  excellent 
genius,  highly  cultivated  by  a  liberal  education,  he  had  for  many 
years  devoted  the  greatest  part  of  his  time  to  the  study  of  nature. 
With  a  view  to  the  acquisition  and  diffusion  of  knowledge  in  botany 
and  other  departments  of  natural  history  he  travelled  through  Afri- 
ca and  most  of  the  West  India  islands.  To  complete  his  collec- 
tion of  birds,  plants,  Sec.  he  came  to  New  York,  where  he  spent 
several  months  ;  but  he  was  cut  down  in  the  midst  of  his>  labors. 
He  died  at  New  York  March  31,  1^05,  in  the  fifty  fifth  year  of  his 
age.  In  Sonninni's  elegant  edition  of  Buffon's  natural  history  credit 
is  given  to  Perrein  as  the  author  of  mSny  of  the  most  valuable  com- 
munications, contained  in  that  work.  By  his  acquaintance  he  was 
uniformly  esteemed  as  a  man  of  the  most  benevolent  heart,  refined 
taste,  and  cultivated  understanding.— A^ew  York  gfiectator,  ^pril  3, 
1805. 

PETERS  (Hugh),  minister  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  was  bom 
at  Fowey  in  Cornwall  in  1599,  and  was  educated  at  trinity  coUegej 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  the  degree  of  master  of  arts  in  1622. 
He  was  licensed  by  the  bishop  of  London,  and  preached  in  the  city 
with  great  popularity  and  success.  Meeting  with  some  trouble  on 
account  of  his  nonconforniity,  he  went  into  Holland,  where  he  re- 
msdned  five  or  six  years.  He  arrived  in  America  with  Richard 
Mather  in  August  r635.  He  took  the  charge  of  the  church  at  Sa- 
lem December  21,  1636,  disclaiihing  the  errors  of  Mr.  Williams, 
who  had'been  minister  before  him,  and  excommunicating  his  ad- 
herents. During  his  five  years  ministry,  one  hundred  and  sixty 
persons- joined  his^  communion.  He  did  not  confine  his  attention  to 
religious  concerns,  but  took  an  interest  in  mercantile  and  civil  affairs. 
He  as^rsted  in  reforming  the  police  of  the  town ;  he  suggested  the 
plan  of  the  fishery  and  of  the  coasting  and  foreign  voyages  ;  he 
procured  carpenters,  and  engaged  in  trade  with  great  success.  His 
zeal  in  worldly  concerns  was  probably  the  cause  of  his  suppressing 
in  Salem  the  weekly  and  occasional  lectures,  by  which  the  good  men 
of  that  day  were  nourished  up  unto  eternal  life.  Being  considered 
as  a  suitable  person  to  send  to  England  to  procure  an  alteration  in 
the  laws  of  excise  and  trade,  he  ws^s  appointed  for  thb  purpose^  will) 


PET. 


475 


Mr.  Welde  Had  Mr.  Hibbins  by  the  general  court)  and  sailed  Au- 
gust 3,  1641.  He  ^  'sr  returned  to  America.  During  the  civil 
wars  in  England  he  aported  the  cause  of  the  parliament,  and  con- 
tributed much  ud  !>j  it  by  his  preaching.  Burnet  says,  that  he 
pressed  the  king's  condemnation  with  the  rudeness  of  an  inquisitor, 
but  Mr.  Peters  in  his  legacy  declares,  that  he  opposed  it.  Ue  was 
appointed  by  Cromwell  one  of  the  licensers  of  ministers,  and  also 
a  commissioner  for  amending  the  laws,  though  utterly  disqualified 
for  the  business.  After  the  restoration  he  was  tried  for  conspiring 
with  Cromwell  and  compassing  the  king's  death,  and  was  executed 
October  16, 1660,  aged  sixty  one  years.  He  was  charged  by  his 
enemies  with  great  vices  ;  but  it  is  not  probable,  that  the  charges 
were  well  founded.  He  was  however  weak,  ignorant,  and  carried 
away  by  his  zeal.  If  he  had  confined  himself  to  the  proper  duties 
of  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  had  not  engaged  in  parties,  nor  be- 
come  the  tool  of  the  ambitious,  nor  exerted  himself  to  stimulate 
the  furious  passions  of  men,  he  would  have  been  useful  and  respect- 
ed, and  might  have  died  in  peace.  Though  he  was  ignorant,  he 
possessed  a  native  and  peculiar  vigor  of  mind.  He  had  the  power 
of  associating  his  thoughts  in  such  a  manner,  as  to  prevent  them 
from  being  easily  forgotten.  His  coarse  and  familiar  images  never 
failed  to  answer  his  purposes,  and  his  vulgar  yet  striking  eloquence 
gained  him  thousands  of  hearers  of  London.  Specimens  of  his 
curious  sermons  are  to  be  found:  in  the  trials  of  the  regicides.  In  a 
life  of  him,  written  by  .W.  Young  soon  after  his  death,  he  is  said  to 
have  been  ei^pelled  from  college,  though  perhaps  the  representation 
cannot  be  credited,  as  he  reguliirlyitook  his  degrees.  He  is  s^d  also 
to  have  been  a  stage  player,  and  represented  as  a  buffoon.  In  an  en- 
graving prefixed  he  is  placed  in  the  pulpit  with  a. multitude  before 
him  ;  his  hour  glass  is  turned,  and  he  says,  **  come,  my  good  feU 
lows,  I  know  you  like  another  glass."  The  manuscripts  of  the 
three  last  books  of  Hooker's  ecclesiastical  polity  fell  into  the  hands, 
to  use  the  words  of  Mr.  Wood,  of  "  that  most  notorious  villain, 
Hugh  Peters,"  and  were  altered  so  as  to  favor  the  popular  cause 
against  the  divine  right  of  the  authority  of  kings.  Mr.  Baxter 
however,  who  did  notAhink  it  an  impeachment  of  good  sense  or 
Jeaming  to  lean  towards  the  side  of  the  people,  thought  that  Mr. 
Hooker's  writings  were  not  altered.  Mr.  Peters  published  a  ser- 
mon, preached  before  both  houses  of  parliament  in  1646  ;  last  re- 
port of  the  English  wars  ;  a  word  totlie  army,  rl647  ;  good  work 
for  a  good  magistrate,  or  a  short  way  to  great  quiet,  1 65 1  ;  in  this 
work  he  proposed  the  extirpation  of  the  whole  system  of  laws,  and 
recommended  that  the  old  records  in  the  tower  should  be  burned  as 
records  of  tyranny,  and  that  they  should  begin  anew  j  brief  aen  den 
Vader  la  Chaize  ;  a  dying  father's  legacy  to  his  only  child,  8vo, 
1660  and  1717.  This  has  been  spoken  of  with  respect.  It  is  pre- 
secved  .in  the  New  England  library  established  by  Mr.  Prince  of 


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TBioniQn.'-^Young'a  l(fe  qf  Peter* ;  Anonym,  aceountf  fir.  \7 51 ',  Co/- 
iect.  fu»t.  toe  vi.  349 — 254,  285  ;  Magnaliuy  iii,2 14  ;  Wood**  Ath. 
Oxqnfentety  i.  303,  304  ;  Iielkna/i*»  J^.  H.  i.  48,  76  ;  Hutchintony  i. 
93,  165;  ii.  490i  Annual  regiiter  for  1769,55;  General  hiat.  Con. 
necticuty  48. 

PHILIP,  sachem  of  Pokanoket,  well  known  by  the  name  of  k4ng 
Philip,  was  the  youn^^est  ton  of  Masassoit,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
Alexander  in  1657.  In  1662  he  renewed  tr.e  friendship,  which  had 
subsisted  with  tne  English,  and  engaged  not  to  dispose  of  any  lands 
without  their  knowledge  or  appointment.  In  1675  he  commenced 
the  war,  which  desolated  New  England.  It  is  said,  that  he  was 
pressed  into  the  war  by  the  importunity  of  his  young  warriors.  As 
he  foresaw  the  loss  of  his  territory  and  the  extinction  of  his  tribe, 
if  the  English  settlements  were  permitted  to  extend  and  increase 
without  interruption,  he  was  determined  to  make  one  mighty  effort 
to  prevent  these  calamities.  He  in  consequence  lighted  up  the 
flame  of 'war  in  vufious  parts  of  the  country.  After  doing  hmch 
mischief,  as  he  w^s  endeavoring  to  escape  from  captain  Church, 
who  had  pursued  him  into  a  swamp,  he  was  killed  August  12, 1676. 
Thus,  after  def;ds  of  heroism,  feii  king  Philip  of  mount  Hope  in 
Rhode  Island.  Mr.  Eliot  once  preached  before  him,  when  he  took, 
hold  of  a  button  of  the  good  man*s  coat,  and  said  to  him,  *'  I  do  not 
value  the  gospel  any  more  than  that."— C'o//fc^ /»'«^  «oc.  iii.  159, 
171 ;  MagnaliOy  vi.  SO  ;  Church's  hiat. ;  Hutchinson,,  i.  279<^-307 ; 
Adama*  JV.  E.  126,  127;  NeaCa  JV.  E.  i.  352,  387;  ii.  1—23; 
i/o/mM* an7u/«, i.  434,  435  ;   Ca/Zenc/er,  73— 81  ;  Minot^x  67—69. 

PHILLIPb  (Geohge),  first  minister  of  Watertown,  Massachu- 
setts,  was  bom  in  the  county  of  Norfolk,  England,  and  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Cambridge,  where  he  gained  a  high  repi^tation  for 
learning.  Having,  as  he  believed,  been  made  a  partaker  of  the  di- 
vine nature  through  the  renewing  agency  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  he 
devoted  himself  to  the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  and  was  settled  at 
Boxford  in  Essex.  But  becoming  a  nonconformist  to  the  cciemo- 
nies  of  the  established  church,  he  came  to  New  England  with  gov> 
ernor  Winthrop  in  the  Arabella, and  arrived  at  Salem  in  June  1630. 
lie  immediately  with  sir  Richard  Saltopstail  and  others  commenced 
a  plantation  at  Watertown  A  church  was  formed  on  the  thirtieth 
of  July«when  about  forty  members  signed  a  covenant,  binding  them* 
selves  to  cleave  unto  the  word  of  God,  and  *^  the  true  sense  and 
meaning  thereof."  A  confession  of  faith  was  afterwards  added. 
The  salary,  settled  upon  the  minister,  was  thirty  pounds  a  year. 
Mr.  Phillips  died  July  1, 1664,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Sherman. 
He  was  much  lamented  by  his  church,  who  expressed  their  respect 
to  his  memory  by  educating  his  eldest  son,  Mr.  Samuel  Phillips, 
who  was  afterwards  minister  of  Rowley,  and  eminently  useiul. 

Mr.  Phillips  was  well  skilled  in  the  original  languages,  in  which 
the  bible  was  written)  and  such  was  his  attachment  to  the  word  of 


^^ 


PHI. 


477 


God,  that  he  used  to  read  it  through  six  times  in  every  year,  and  he 
always  found  in  it  some  thing  new.  As  a  preacher  he  wus  very 
faithiul  and  many  were  converted  by  means  oi  his  labors.  Though 
very  humule  and  modent  he  was  an  able  disputant.  He  published  a 
judicious  work,  entitled,  a  reply  to  a  confutation  of  some  grounds 
lor  infants*  baptism,  as  also  concerning  tne  form  of  a  church  put 
forth  against  me  by  one  Tnomas  Lamb,  to  which  is  added  a  discourse 
of  the  verity  and  validity  of  infants'  baptism,  1 6^5. •^Mather's  mag" 
naltay  iii.  82 — 84, 1 62  ;  Prince^  205,  208,  3 12,  244,  247  ;  Winthrofif 
31,  256,  337  ;  Collect.  Mat.  aoc.  ix.  46. 

PHILLIPS  (Samv el),  minister  of  Andover,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  grandson  of  the  preceding.  His  father  was  an  inhabitant  of 
Salem.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1708,  and  began  to 
preach  in  the  sou:h  and  new  parish  of  Andover  April  30,  1710.  His 
ordination  took  place,  it  is  believed,  in  the  following  year.  He  contin- 
ued faithfully  to  discharge  the  duties  of  the  sacred  ofiice  for  sixty 
years  till  his  death  June  5,  1771,  in  the  eighty  second  year  of  his 
age.  Being  sincerely  attached  to  those  views  of  religious  truth, 
which  were  embraced  by  the  first  fathers  of  New  England,  he  could 
not  quietly  see  the  efforts,  that  were  made,  to  pervert  the  faith, 
which  he  was  persuaded  was  once  delivered  to  the  saints.  He  ex- 
erted himself  both  by  his  preaching  and  his  writings  to  guard  his 
people  against  the  intrusion  of  error.  He  contended,  that  all  man- 
kind come  into  the  world  depraved  in  consequence  of  Adam's  sin, 
and  liable  to  punishment ;  that  men  could  as  easily  create  themselves 
anew,  as  believe  in  Christ  by  a  power  inherent  in  themselves  ;  that 
God  from  eternity  had  elected  those,  whom  he  would  save,  and  on 
whom  he  would  bestow  his  efhc^ious  grace  to  prepare  them  for 
salvation  ;  that  men  were  justified  on  account  of  the  righteousness 
of  Christ,  received  by  faith,  and  immediately  upon  believing ;  and 
that  none,  who  were  once  in  a  state  of  justification  would  finally  be 
lost.  He  published  a  word  in  season,  or  the  duty  of  a  people  to  take 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  a  glorious  God,  1727  ;  advice  to  a  child, 
1729  ;  the  history  of  the  Savior ;  the  orthodox  Christian,  or  a  child 
well  instructed,  1738;  artillery  election  sermon,  1741;  living  wa- 
ter to  be  had  for  asking ;  election  sermon,  1 750 ;  the  sinner's  refusal 
to  come  unto  Christ  examined  and  reproved ;  the  necessity  of  God's 
drawing  in  order  to  men's  coming  unto  Christ ;  convention  sermon, 
1753;  at  ordination  ot  N.  Holt ;  at  the  instalment  of  S.  Chandler, 
1759  ;  seasonable  advice  to  a  young  neighbor  relating  to  five  impor- 
tant points,  1761;  serious  address  to  young  people  in  a  dialogue; 
a  sermon  to  young  people,  1763;  on  gospel  justification,  1766. 

PHILLIPS  (John,  LL.D.),  founder  of  the  academy  in  Cxcter, 
New  Hampshire,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1735.  He  was  for  several  years  a  member  of 
the  council  of  New  Hampshire.  On  the  twenty  first  of  April  1778 
he  with  his  brother,  the  honorable  Samuel  Phillips  of  Andover  'm 


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Massachusetts,  fpunded  and  lh>erally  endowed  the  academy  in  that 
towii)  which  was  incorporated  in  1780.  In  1789  he  farther  gave  to 
:^is  institution  twenty  thousand  dollars.  The  academy,  called  Phil- 
lips Exeter  academy,  of  which  he  was  the  sole  founder,  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1781  with  a  fund  of  fifteen  thousand  pounds.  He  died  in 
April  1795,  aged  seventy  six  years,  bequeathing  to  this  academy 
two  thirds  of  all  his  estate,  and  one  third  of  the  residue  to  the  sem- 
inary at  Andover,  particularly  for  the  benefit  of  pious  yoyyth.  To 
this  object  his  brother,  the  late  honorable  William  Phillips  of  Bos- 
ton, also  bequeathed  four  thousand  dollars.— -3/or<e'«  geog.j  Holme** 
annaltj  ii.  462  ;  Con»titut.  of  theolog,  seminary. 

PHILLIPS  (Samukl,i.l.j>.),  lieutenant  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  grandson  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Phillips  of  Andover. 
His  father,  the  nonorable  Samuel  Phillips,  one  of  the  counsellors  of 
Massachusetts,  died  at  Andover  August  SI,  1790,  aged  seventy  six 
years.  Mr.  Phillips  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  in  1775,  and  of  the  house 
of  representatives  till  the  year  1780,  when  he  assisted  in  framing 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts.  On  its  adoption  he  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  senate,  and  was  its  president  from  1785  to 
1801.  Being  appointed  justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  f^r 
Essex  in  1781,  he  held  this  office  till  1797,  when  his  declining  health 
induced  his  resignation.  He  was  chosen  lieutenant  governor  in 
1801,  and  died  February  10,  1802,  aged  fifty  years.  While  he 
possessed  a  sound  judgment  and  an  ardent,  persevering  spirit,  his 
integrity  and  patriotism  gsdned  him  the  confidence  of  his  fellow  cit- 
izens. Such  was  his  superiority  to  the  pride  of  wealth  and  of  power, 
and  such  his  benevolence  and  humility,  that  when  honored  with  pub- 
lic applause  and  raised  to  eminence  he  would  frequently  spend  the 
Interval  between  the  morning  and  evening  services  of  the  sabbath  in 
the  house  of  God  for  the  purpose  of  reading  some  pious  book  to 
those,  whose  distant  habitations  prevented  them  from  returning 
home.  He  was  careful  to  impart  religious  instruction  to  his  fatnily, 
and  he  led  its  daily  devotions  with  humility,  fervor,  and  eloquence. 
He  appeared  to  bie  continually  governed  by  love  to  the  Supreme 
Being,  and  by  the  desire  of  imitating  his  benevolence  and  doing 
good.  His  deep  views  of  evangelical  doctrine  and  duty,  of  human 
<lepravity  and  mediatorial  mercy  formed  his  heart  to  humility,  con- 
'descension,  and  lundness,  and  led  him  continually  to  depend  on  the 
grace  of  God  through  the  atonement  of  his  Son.  He  projected  the 
academy  at  Andover  and  was  much  concerned  in  establishing  that  as 
'well  as  the  academy  at  Exeter,  which  were  founded  by  his  father 
and  uncle.  To  these  institutions  he  was  a  distinguished  benefactor. 
His  exertions  to  effect  their  establishment  bring  him  the  highest 
honor,  for  he  was  the  natural  heir  of  the  founders.  He  bequeathed 
one  thousand  dollars,  one  sixth  part  of  the  interest  of  which  he  di- 
rected annually  to  be  added  to  the  principal,  and  the  rems^nder  to 


PHI. 


479 


be  expended  in  the  purchase  of  pious  books,  to  be  annually  distrib« 
uted  among  the  inhabitants  of  Andover.  He  also  bequeathed  four 
thousand  dollars*  to  be  made  an  increasing  fund,  like  the  above,  and 
the  interest  to  be  applied  in  part  for  the  benefit  of  schools  in  Ando- 
vef»  and  in  part  for  the  purchase  of  bibles,  and  other  books  to  be 
distributed  among  poor  and  pious  Christians  in  other  towns,  and  alse 
among  the  inhabitants  of  places,  where  the  means  of  religious 
knowledge  are  but  sparingly  enjoyed.  Since  tbe  death  of  Mr.  Phil- 
lips his  widow»  Phoebe  PbilUps,  and  his  son,  the  honorable  John 
Phillips  of  Andover,  have  evinced  the  same  attachment  to  the  inter- 
eats  of  learning  and  religion  by  uniting  with  Samuel  Abbot,  esquire, 
and  three  others  of  a  most  liberal  and  benevolent  spirit  in  founding 
the  theological  seminary  in  Andover,  which  was  opened  in  Septem- 
ber 1808.  On  their  part  they  engaged  to  erect  two  separate  build- 
ings for  the  accommodation  of  fifty  students,  and  for  public  rooms. 
By  such  acts  of  most  honorable  munificence  have  the  family,  which 
bears  the  name  of  Phillips,  proved  to  the  world,  that  the  blessing  of 
wealth  may  fall  into  hands,  which  shall  employ  it  for  the  best  of 
puvposes.— Tb/i/ian**  fun.  sermon  ;  Pear»on*9  lecture,  on  death fire». 
WtUardi    Conatitut.  qftheolog,  seminary  ;    Mataa.  miaa.  mag.  v.  41 

PUIPS  (Sib  William),  governor  oi  Massachusetts,  was  bom  at 
a  small  settlement  on  the  river  Kennebeck  February  2,  165 1.  His 
fether  was  a  gunsmith  in  humble  circumstances,  and  his  mother  had 
twenty  six  children,  of  whom  twenty  one  were  sons.  After  living 
in  the  wilderness  till  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age  he  bound  himselt 
as  an  apprentice  to  a  ship  carpenter  for  four  years,  at  the  expiration 
of  which  time  he  went  to  Boston,  where  he  learned  to  read  and  write. 
Determining  to  seek  his  fortune  upon  the  sea,  after  a  variety  of  ad- 
ventures he  discovered  a  Spanish  wreck  on  the  coast  of  Hispaniola, 
and  fished  up  plate,  and  pearls,  and  jewels  amounting  in  value  to 
three  hundred  thousand  pounds  sterling,  with  which  he  sailed  t9 
England  in  1687.  Such  was  his  honesty  and  so  Uberal  was  he  to  his^ 
seamen,  that  his  own  share  amounted  only  to  sixteen  thousand 
pounds.  He  was  at  this  time  made  a  knight  by  king  James .  Re- 
turning to  Boston,  he  was  in  1690  admitted  a  member  of  the  north 
ehurch,  being  baptized  and  professing  repentance  of  bis  sins.  In 
the  same  year  he  commanded  an  expedition  against  Port  Royal, 
which  place  he  captured.  When  the  new  charter  of  Massachusetts 
was  obtuned  he  was  nominated  by  Dr.  Mather  as  the  governor.  In 
this  capacity  he'  arrived  at  Boston  May  14,  1692.  He  soon  put  a 
stop  to  prosecutions  for  witchcraft.  In  A\igust  he  sailed  with  about 
four  hundred  and  fifty  men  to  Pemaquid,  where  he  built  a  fort.  In 
1694  in  a  dispute  with  the  collector  of  the  port  sir  William  was  so 
fer  carried  away  by  the  passion  of  the  moment,  as  to  have  recourse 
to  blows  to  settle  the  controversy.  He  was  soon  afterwards  removed^ 
and  he  sailed  in  November  for  England,  where  he  received  assur- 


■    S\ 


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PIE. 


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ances  of  being  restored  ;  but  being  seized  hy  a  malignant  fever  he 
died  February  18,  1695)  aged  forty  four  years.  Lieutenant  gover* 
nor  Stoughton  possessed  the  chief  authority  in  Mikssachusetts  till 
the  appointment  of  the  earl  of  Bellamont.  bir  William}  though  his 
origin  was  very  humble*  was  not  elated  by  the  great  change,  which 
took  place  in  his  circumstances.  He  was  a  man  of  uncommon  en* 
terprise  and  industry,  of  an  excellent  disposition,  though  he  did  not 
always  retain  the  command  of  himself,  and  of  perfect  honesty  and 
integrity.  He  exerted  himself  to  promote  the  interests  of  New 
England. — Magnalm^  ii.  37—75  ;  J^eaN  JST.  £.  ii.  50,  57,  108, 173 ; 
Adatna*  A*.  E.  166  ;  Hutchinaon,  i.  396—^416  ;  ii.  75—84  ;  Holnut* 
annala^  i.  478  ;  ii.  3,  31,  27. 

PIERSON  (Abraham),  first  minister  of  Southampton  on  Long 
Island,  Wets  a  native  of  England,  where  he  preached  some  time  before 
he  came  to  Boston.  In  1640  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Lynn 
formed  the  resolution  to  remove  to  I^ng  Island,  and  invited  Mr. 
Pierson  to  accompany  them.  Having  first  tornied  a  church  they 
went  and  settled  Southampton.  These  planters  constituted  a  gov- 
ernment by  themselves.  When  it  was  found  necessary  to  divide 
the  church  Mr.  Pierson  passed  over  to  the  main  land,  and  became  the 
first  minister  of  Branford  in  Connecticut  in  1644.  He  continued 
here  till  1665,  when  he  removed  to  New  Jersey.  He  was  a  man  of 
piety  and  learning.  Having  studied  the  Indian  language  he  preach* 
ed  to  the  natives  on  Long  Island  and  in  the  several  plantations  of 
New  Haven  colony.— Mz^TiaZ/a,  iii.  95  ;  Gookin  in  collect,  hiat.  aoc. 
i.  207,  a08  ;  Trumbull*s  Comiect.  i.  289,  521  ;  IVinthro/tf  204; 
J\/eal*a  JST.  E.  i  208  ;  Holmea*  annala^\.  315. 

PIERSON  (Abraham),  first  president  of  Yale  college,  was  grad* 
uated  at  Harvard  university  in  1668.  He  was  installed  the  minister 
of  Killingworth,  Connecticut,  in  1694.  On  the  establishment  ot 
the  college  at  Saybrook  in  1701  he  was  chosen  rector,  and  the  stu- 
dents attended  upon  his  instructions  at  Killingworth,  althoup^h  the 
commencements  were  held  at  Saybrook.  He  died  May  5,  1707, 
to  the  unspeakable  loss  of  the  college  and  his  people  ;  for  he  was  an 
excellent  scholar,  a  great  divine,  a  faithful  preacher,  and  wise  and 
judicious  in  all  his  conduct.  Mr.  Andrew  of  Milford  was  chosen 
rector  pro  tempore  after  his  death,  but  a  new  president  was  not  ap« 
pointed  till  1719,  when  Mr.  Cutler  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
college.  Mr.  Pierson  wrote  a  system  of  natural  Philosophy,  which 
was  studied  in  the  college  for  many  years.--Clafi*a  hiat.  Yale  college; 
Holmea*  life  of  Stilea^  384  ;   Trumbull'a  Connect,  i.  500,  501,  522. 

POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  Powhatan,  emperor  of  the  Indians 
of  Virginia,  was  bom  about  the  year  1595  When  captain  Smith 
was  taken  prisoner  in  1 607,  and  it  was  determined,  that  he  should 
be  put  to  death,  his  head  was  placed  upon  two  large  stones  at  the 
feet  of  Powhatan,  that  a  number  of  Indians,  who  stood  ready  with 
lifted  clubs,  might  beat  out  his  brains.    At  this  moment  Pocahontas 


ron 


4BI 


i-U&hed  t . .  •  s  spot  and  placed  her  own  head  upon  his.  From  regard 
tt>  his  daughter  the  savage  king  spared  his  life.  In  1609,  when  but 
fourteen  years  of  age,  she  went  to  James  Town  in  a  dreary  night 
and  unfolded  to  capuun  Smith  a  plot,  which  the  Indians  had  formed 
for  the  extermination  of  the  English,  and  thus  at  the  hazard  of  her 
life  saved  them  from  destruction.  In  16 13,  after  captain  Smith  left 
the  colony,  she  was  for  a  bribe  of  a  copper  krettle  betrayed  into  the 
hands  6f  captain  Argal,  and  detained  a  prisoner,  that  better  terms  of 
peace  might  be  made  with  her  father.  He  offered  five  hundred 
bushels  of  corn  for  his  daughter,  but  before  this  negotiation  was 
completed^  a  different  and  more  interesting  one  had  commenced.  A 
mutual  attachment  had  sprung  up  between  her  and  Mr.  Thomas 
Rolfe,  an  Englishman  of  good  character,  and  with  the  consdltt  of 
Powhatan  they  were  married.  This  event  restored  peace,  and  se« 
cured  it  for  many  years.  Pocahontas  soon  made  a  profession  of 
Christianity  arid  was  baptized.  In  1616  she  accompanied  her  hus- 
band to  England,  where  she  was  received  with  distinction  at  court. 
It  is  said,  that  king  James  expressed  great  indignaUon,  that  one  of 
his  subjects  should  dare  to  marry  into  a  royal  family.  As  she  was 
about  to  embark  for  Virginia  in  1617,  she  died  at  Gravesend,  aged 
about  twenty  v.  "o  years.  She  is  represented  as  a  pious  Christian. 
She  left  one  son,  Thomas  Rolfe ;  and  from  his  daughter  descended 
some  respectable  families  in  Virginia.— ^AnVA,  70,  98,  105,  125— 
139  ;  Stithf  136,  146  }  Smithes  Virginiai  46—49, 1 13, 122  }  Holme** 
anmlsy  i.  158,  165,  181,  191  ;  Marahally  i.  36,  52. 

PORTER  (John),  minister  of  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1736,  and  t>rdained  October  1740. 
He  died  in  the  hope  of  the  Christian  March  12,  1802,  in  the  eighty 
seventh  yeat  of  his  age,  and  the  sixty  second  of  his  ministry,  having 
been  enabled  to  preach  till  near  the  close  of  his  liiie.  He  was  a 
man  of  respectable  talents,  of  great  prudence^  and  of  a  blameless 
life.  As  a  preacher  he  was  highly  and  generally  respected,  for 
being  sensible  of  the  ruined  condition  of  fallen  man,  and  having  ex^ 
periencedthe  power  of  divine  grace  in  his  own  heart,  he  dwelt  with 
earnestness  upon  the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  A  crucified 
Redeemer  was  his  frequent  theme.  Avoiding  dry  and  barren  spec- 
ulations he  aimed  to  impart  instruction,  and  to  render  men  holy. 
His  faithful  labors  were  not  in  vain,  for  at  different  periods  it  pleased 
God  by  the  influences  of  his  Spirit  to  render  them  the  means  of 
converting  many,  who  were  chosen  in  Jesus  Christ.  He  published 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Silas  Brett,  Freetown  ;  the  absurdity 
and  blasphemy  of  substituting  the  personal  righteousness  of  men 
in  the  room  of  the  surety  righteousness  of  Christ  in  the  article  of 
justification  before  God,  preached  at  Braintrce,  1749  ;  reply  to  Mr. 
Bryant's  remarks  on  the  above  sermon,  1751. 
,  POWHATAN,  emperor  of  the  Indians  in  Virginia,  at  the  time 
of  the  settlement  of  that  colony  in  1607  was  the  most  powerful  of 

62 


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fll^J 


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■  f.a 


M: 


J 


482 


POW. 


the  Indian  kings.  He  was  deeply  versed  in  all  the  aarage  arts  of 
government  and  policy,  and  was  insidious,  craity,  and  cruel.  After 
the  marriage  of  his  daughter  to  Mr.  Rolfe  lie  remained  faithful  to 
the  Engiish.  He  died  in  April  1618— /Tff'M,  69 — 1 10,  12(>-.t33  ; 
Stithy  154;  Smith**  Firginiat  125  i  Alarahallf  i.  53^  65 ',  JHottne^ 
MTinattyi.  194;   Belkna/i'a  6iog.  ii.  63. 

POWNALL  (Thomas),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  appoint- 
ed to  this  ofilce  in  1757  in  the  place  of  Mr.  bhiriey  removed.  His 
measures  were  accommodated  with  great  address  to  the  state  of  the 
people  and  he  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  British  arms  tiiumph- 
ant  in  Canada ;  but  as  he  did  not  give  his  confidence  to  Mr.  Hutch- 
inson and  his  party,  and  as  many  slanders  were  propagated  respect- 
ing Mm  among  the  people,  he  solicited  to  be  recalled.  In  17bO, 
when  sir  Francis  Bernard  was  removed  to  Matisachusctts,  he  suc- 
ceeded him  in  New  Jersey,  as  lieuienunt  governor.  He  was  soon 
appointed  governor  ot  South  Carolina*  tiiough  from  this  station  he 
was  in  about  a  year  recalled  at  his  own  request.  In  1768  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  parliament,  and  he  strenuously  opposed  tiie 
measures  of  the  administration  against  the  colonies.  He  declared, 
that  the  people  of  America  were  universally,  unitedly,  and  unalter- 
ably resolved  never  to  submit  to  any  internal  tax,  imposed  by  any  leg- 
islature, in  which  they  were  not  represented.  He  retired  from  parlia- 
ment in  1780,  and  died  at  Bath  February  25,  1805,  in  the  eighty 
fourth  year  of  his  age,  retaining  his  faculties  in  perfect  vigor  in  his 
last  days.  His  speeches  in  parliament  were  uU  published  in  Al- 
mon's  parliamentary  register,  and  he  assisted  Mr.  Almon  consider- 
ably in  his  American  remembrancer  in  twenty  volumes.  He  pub- 
lished principles  of  polity,  1752 ;  administration  of  the  colonies, 
1764,  of  which  there  were  afterwards  several  editions  with  improve- 
ments, and  part  ii.  1774 ;  the  interest  and  duty  of  the  state  in  East 
India  affairs,  1773;  memoir  on  drainage,  1775;  topographical  de- 
scription of  North  America,  with  Evans'  map  improved  ;  letter  to 
Adam  Smith  on  his  inquiry  into  the  wealth  of  nations,  1776 ;  a  me- 
morial addressed  to  the  sovereigns  of  Europe  on  the  state  of  affairs 
between  the  (dd  and  new  world,  1780;  two  memorials,  not  origi- 
nally intended  for  publication,  1782  ;  a  memorial  addressed  to 
the  sovereigns  of  America  ;  on  the  study  of  antiquities,  1783; 
notices  and  descriptions  of  antiquides  of  the  provincia  Romana  of 
Gaul ;  intellectual  physics ;  an  essay  concerning  the  nature  of  be- 
in  r;  ;  a  treatise  on  old  age.— «M>n/A/y  anthology^  ii.  612—614;  vi. 
205;  Monthly  mag.;  Minoty  ii.  18 — 20,  60~-65,  78  ;  Medical  re- 
pository ^  hexade  ii.  vi.  78,  163  ;   Watkins. 

PRATT  (Benjamin),  chief  justice  of  New  York,  was  graduat- 
ed at  Harvard  college  in  1737,  and  was  afterwards  a  representative 
of  Boston.  Having  been  a  counsellor  of  New  York,  he  was  in  1761 
appointed  chief  justice.  He  died  January  5,  1763,  aged  fifty  four 
years.  He  wrote  some  poetical  and  political  essays.— -Co//«c/{on» 
Auir.  «oc.  iiii  301. 


»,  78  ;  Medical  re- 


PRA. 


483 


PRATT  (Cphraim),  remarkable  for  lon^evitf,  wat  the  grand* 
gon  of  Jotin  Pratt,  who  settled  at  Plymouth  in  1620,  and  wat  bom 
at  East  Sudbury  in  Massachusetts  November  I,  1687.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  one  he  was  married  to  Martha  Wheclock,  and  beto*e  his 
death  he  could  number  among  his  descendants  about  fiitecn  hun* 
drcd  persons.  In  the  year  1 80 1  four  of  his  sons  were  living,  the 
eldest  of  whom  was  ninety  years  of  age  and  the  youngest  eighty 
two.  He  died  at  Shutesbury,  Massachusetts,  at  the  close  of  May 
1804,  aged  one  hundred  and  sixteen  years.  He  was  always  remark- 
able for  temperance.  For  the  last  sixty  years  he  had  tasted  nowinCf 
nor  any  distilled  spirits,  and  he  was  never  intoxicated  in  his  life. 
His  drink  was  water,  small  beer,  and  cider.  Living  mostly  on  bread 
and  milk,  for  forty  years  before  his  death  he  did  not  eat  any  animal 
food.  Such  was  his  unifunn  health,  that  before  1801  he  bad  never 
consulted  a  physician,  and  it  is  not  known,  that  he  did  afterwards.-* 
A*.  Y.  afiectator^  July  39,  1801  ;    Windsor  gazettcy  August ^  1801. 

PREBLE  (Edward),  commodore  in  the  American  navy,  was 
born  in  Falmouth,  now  Portland,  Massachusetts,  in  August  1761. 
His  father  was  a  brigadier  general.  In  his  youth  he  became  a  mar- 
iner on  board  a  merchant  vessel.  About  the  year  1779  he  entered 
as  a  midshipman  on  board  a  vessel  commanded  by  captain  Williamt) 
and  in  a  short  time  was  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy  on  board  the 
sloop  of  war  commanded  by  captain  Little,  with  whom  he  contlnu* 
ed  till  the  peace  in  1783.  In  this  station  he  performed  a  brilliant 
action.  He  boarded  and  captured  with  a  few  men  a  vessel  of  more 
than  equal  force  lying  in  the  harbor  of  Penobscot,  under  a  furious 
cannonade  from  the  battery  apd  an  incessant  fire  of  the  troops.  In 
1801  he  had  the  command  of  the  fti^ute  Essex,  in  which  he  per- 
formed a  voyage  to  the  east  Indies  for  the  protection  of  our  trade. 
In  1803  he  was  appointed  commodore  with  a  squadron  of  seven 
sail,  and  he  soon  made  his  passage  to  the  Mediterranean  with  the  de- 
sign of  humbling  the  Tripolitan  barbarians.  He  first  took  such 
measures  with  regard  to  the  emperor  of  Morocco,  as  led  to  a 
peace.  He  next,  after  the  Joss  of  the  frigate  Philadelphia,  procur- 
ed a  number  of  gun  boats  of  the  king  of  Naples  and  proceeded  to  the 
attack  of  Tripoli.  The  Philadelphia  was  burned  through  the  valor 
of  lieutenant  Decatur,  but  the  place  was  not  taken.  The  bravery 
exhibited  had  however  its  effect,  for  a  peace  was  afterwards  obtain- 
ed on  honorable  terms  Such  was  the  good  conduct  of  commodore 
Preble,  that  it  extorted  praise  from  the  bashaw  of  Tripoli,  and  even 
the  pope  of  Rome  declared,  that  he  had  done  more  towards 
humbling  the  antichristian  barbarians  on  that  coast,  than  all  the 
Christian  states  of  Europe  had  ever  done.  He  died  August  35} 
1807,  in  the  forty  sixth  year  of  his  age.— /.iVfrary  magazine^ 
viii.  92 ;  Pol'janthoaA.  145—149;  American  register,  ii.  89,  90; 
Columbian  centinei,  August  39,  1807« 


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PRIESTLEY  (JotxrH,  d.o.)*  an  eminent  philosophert  and  volu- 
niinoua  writer}  wms  bom  at  Ficldheadt  in  Yorkahirei  England,  March 
34,  1733.  Hill  lather  wus  a  cloth  drcHser.  At  the  age  of  nineteen 
he  had  acquired  in  the  schools,  to  which  he  had  been  sent,  and  by 
the  aid  of  private  instruction  a  good  knowledge  of  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Hebrew,  French,  Italian,  and  German ;  he  had  also  begun  to  read 
Arabic,  and  learned  Chaldce  and  Syriuc.  With  these  attunments 
and  others  in  mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  and  morals,  hn  en< 
tered  the  academy  of  Oaventry  under  Dr.  Ashworth  in  17S2  with  a 
view  to  the  Christian  ministry.  Here  he  spent  three  years.  The 
students  were  referred  to  books  on  both  sides  of  every  question,  and 
required  to  abridge  the  most  important  works.  The  tutors,  Mr. 
Ashworth  and  Mr.  Clark,  being  of  diifei*ent  opinions,  and  the  stu. 
dents  being  divided,  subjects  of  dispute  were  continually  discussed. 
He  had  been  educated  in  Calvinism,  and  in  early  life  he  suffered 
great  distress  from  not  finding  satisfactory  evidence  of  the  renovatioo 
uf  his  mind  by  the  Spirit  of  God.  He  had  great  aversion  to  plays 
and  romances.  He  attended  a  weekly  meeting  of  young  men  for 
conversation  and  prayer.  But  before  he  went  to  the  academy  he  lie* 
came  an  Arminian,  though  he  retained  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity 
and  of  the  atonement.  At  the  academy  he  embraced  Arianisr^. 
Perusing  Hartley's  observations  on  man,  he  was  fixed  in  the  belief 
of  the  doctrine  of  necessity.  In  1755  he  became  assistant  minister 
to  the  independent  congregation  of  Needham  Market  in  Suffolk  up- 
on a  salary  of  forty  pounds  a  year.  Falling  under  a  suspicion  of 
Arianism,  he  became  pastor  of  a  congregation  at  Nantwich  in  Chesh* 
ire  in  17.58,  where  he  remained  three  years,  being  not  only  minis* 
ter  but  schoolmaster.  In  17^1  he  removed  to  Warrington  as  tutor 
in  the  belles  lettres  in  the  academy  there.  In  1767  he  accepted  the 
pastoral  office  at  Leeds.  Here  by  reading  Lardner's  letter  on  the 
Log^s  he  became  a  Socinian.  In  1 773  he  went  to  live  with  the 
inarquis  of  Lansdown«  as  librarian,  or  literary  companion,  with  a 
salary  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  a  year.  During  a  connexion 
of  seven  years  with  his  lordship  he  visited  in  his  company  France, 
Holland,  and  some  parts  of  Germany.  He  then  became  minister  of 
Birmingham.  At  length,  when  several  of  his  friends  celebrated  the 
French  revolution  July  14,  1791,  a  mob  collected  and  set  fire  to  the 
dissenting  meeting  houses,  and  several  dwelling  houses  of  dissent* 
ers,  and  among  others  to  that  of  Dr.  Priestley.  H  '  ^'it  t\jsi'.brary,ap* 
paratus,  and  papers,  and  was  forced  to  take  refu^"  i  '  ^  !3tropoli& 
He  was  chosen  to  succeed  Dr.  Price  at  Hacknt  '  ««.  ,  a  lecturer 
in  the  dbsenting  college  of  that  place.  But  the  public  aversion  to 
him  being  strong,  and  his  sons  emigrating  to  the  United  States,  he 
followed  thum  in  April  1794.  He  settled  at  Northumberland,  a  ■ 
towii  of  Pennsylvania  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  north  west 
of  Ph')i.>.lphia.  In  this  city  for  two  or  three  winters  after  his  ar* 
ri^-^i  »'<'  de!)'.  «.i'ed  lectures  on  the  evidences  of  Christianity.    In  hh 


:W' 


PR!. 


485 


last  tickneu  he  expressed  his  coincidence  with  Simpson  on  the  du- 
ration of  future  punishment.  He  died  in  calmness,  and  in  the  full 
vigor  of  his  mind  February  6,  i  ^04,  in  the  seventy  first  year  of  his 
age.  He  dictated  some  alterutioits  in  his  manuscripts  half  an  hour 
before  his  death. 

Dr.  Priestley  was  amiable  aiui  aflectionate  in  the  intercourse  of 
private  and  domestic  life.     Frw  men  in    "odem  times  have  written 
so  muchf  or  with  such  facility.      His  readincfis  with  the  pen  he  at- 
tributed in  a  great  degree  to  the  hubit  of  writing  down  in  early  life 
the  sermonst  which  he  heard  at  public  v  orship.  To  superiot-  abilities 
he  joined  industry,  activity,  despatch,  and  method  ;  yet  his  applica- 
tion to  study  was  not  so  great,  as  from  the  multitude  of  his  woikft 
om  \n>iild  imagine,  for  he  seldom  spent  more  than  sixer  eight  )K>urs 
;r.  p  Ja-.  in  any  labor,  which  required  much  mental  exertion.     A 
lio*)!!,  /.  .egularity  extended  itself  to  all  his  studies.     He  never  read 
a  book  >;'ithout  determining  in  his  own  mind  when  he  would  finish 
«t ;  and  at  the  beginning  of  every  year  he  arranged  the  plan  of  his 
Utei'ary  pursuits  and  scientific  researches.  He  labored  under  a  great 
defect,  which  however  was  not  a  very  considerable  impediment  to  his 
progress.      He  sometimes  lost  all  ideas  both  of  persons  and  thing's, 
with  which  ho  had  been  conversant.    Once  he  had  occasion  to  write 
a  piece  respecting  the  Jewish  passover,  in  doing  which  he  was  oblig- 
ed to  consult  and  compare  several  writers.     Having  finished  it,  he 
threw  it  aside.     In  about  a  fortnight  he  performed  this  same  li^bor 
again,  having  forgotten  that  he  had  a  lew  days  before  done  it.     Ap* 
prized  of  this  defect,  he  used  to  write  down  what  he  did  not  wis  h  to 
forget,  and  by  a  variety  of  mechanical  expedients  he  secured  and 
arranged  his  thoughts, and  derived  the  greatest  assistance  in  writing 
large  and  complex  works.      By  simple  and  mechanical  methods  he 
did  that  in  a  month,  which  men  of  equal  ability  could  hardly  execute 
in  a  year.      He  always  did  immediately  what  he  had  to  perform. 
Though  he  rose  early  and  despatched  his  more  serious  pursuits  in 
the  morning,  yet  he  was  as  well  qualified  for  mental  exertion  at  one 
time  of  the  day  as  at  another.    All  seasons  were  equal  to  him,  early 
or  later  before  dinner  or  after.      He  could  also  write  without  incon- 
venience by  the  parlour  fire  with  his  wife  and  children  about  him^ 
and  occasionally  talking  to  them.      In  his  diary  he  recorded  the 
progress  of  his  studies,  the  occurrences  of  the  day,  &c.  As  a  preach- 
er Dr.  Priestley  was  not  distinguished.      He  had  no  powers  of  ora- 
tory.    He  was  however  laborious  and  attentive  as  a  minister.      He 
bestowed  great  pains  upon  the  young  by  lectures  and  catechetical 
instructions.     In  his  family  he  ever  maintained  the  worship  of  God. 
As  a  schoolmaster  and  professor  he  was  indefatigable.   With  respect 
to  his  religious  sentiments  his  mind  underwent  a  number  of  revolu- 
tions, but  he  died  in  the  Socinian  fauth,  which  he  had  many  years 
supported.   He  possesses  a  high  reputation  as  a  philosopher,  partic- 
ularly as  a  chemist.     Cpmmencing  his  chemical  career  in  1772  he 


# 


48e 


PRI. 


^''lili'l 


i\  '* 


n'  f  {; 


did  more  for  chemistry  in  two  years,  than  had  been  done  by  any  of 
his  predecessors.  He  discovered  the  existence  ot  vital  or  dephlo- 
gisticated  air,  the  oxygen  gus  of  the  French  nomenclature,  and 
other  kinds  of  aeriform  fluids,  and  many  methods  of  procuring  them. 
He  always  adhered  to  the  old  doctrine  of  Stahl  respecting  phlogis- 
ton, though  the  whole  scientific  world  had  rejected  it,  and  embraced 
the  theory  of  Lavoisier.  But  his  versatile  mind  could  not  be  con- 
fined to  one  subject.  He  was  not  only  a  chemist,  but  an  eminent 
metaphysician.  He  was  a  materialist  and  necessarian.  He  main- 
tained, that  all  volitions  are  the  necessary  result  of  previous  circum- 
stances, the  will  being  always  governed  by  motives,  and  yet  he  op- 
posed the  Calvinistic  doctrine  of  predestination.  The  basis  of  his 
necessarian  theory  was  Hartley's  observations  on  man.  In  order  to 
ciicape  the  difficulty,  which  he  supposed  would  arise  from  ascribing 
the  existence  of  sin  to  the  will  of  God,  he  embraced  the  system  of  op- 
timism ;  he  considered  all  evil  as  resulting  in  the  good  of  the  whole 
and  of  each  part ;  he  thought,  that  all  intelligent  beings  would  be  con- 
ducted through  various  degrees  of  discipline  to  happiness.  He  wrote 
ftlso  upon  politics,  and  it  was  in  consequence  of  his  advocating  repub- 
lican sentiments  as  well  as  of  his  religious  opinions,that  his  situation 
vrsiS  rendered  so  unpleasant  in  England.  He  found  it  a  convenient  way, 
of  learning  a  science  to  undertake  to  teach  it,  or  to  make  a  book  or 
treatise  upon  the  paiticular  subject  of  his  studies.  The  chart  of  his- 
tory used  in  France  was  much  improved  by  him,  and  he  invented  the 
chart  of  biography,  which  is  very  useful.  Of  his  numerous  publi- 
cations the  following  are  the  principal ;  a  treatise  on  English  gram- 
mar, 1761;  on  the  doctrine  of  remission;  history  of  electricity, 
1767;  history  of  vision,  li^ht,  and  colors;  introduction  to  perspec- 
tive, 1770;  harmony  of  the  evangelists;  catechisms;  address  to 
masters  of  families  on  prayer ;  experiments  on  air,  4  vols ;  obser- 
vations un  education  ;  lectures  on  oratory  and  criticism  ;  institutes 
of  natural  and  revealed  religion  ;  a  reply  to  the  Scotch  metaphysi- 
cians, Reid,  Oswald,  and  Beattie ;  disquisitions  on  matter  and  spirit, 
1777;  history  of  the  corruptions  of  Christianity  ;  letters  to  bishop 
Newcome  on  the  duration  of  Christ's  ministry  ;  correspondence 
with  Dr.  Horseley ;  historyof  early  opinions  concerning  Jesus  Christ, 
4  vols,  1786  ;  lectures  on  history  and  general  policy  ;  answers  to 
Paine  and  Volney  ;  several  pieces  on  the  doctrine  of  philosophical 
necessity  in  a  controversy  with  Dr.  Price ;  discourses  on  the  evi- 
dences of  revealed  religion,  3  vols. ;  letters  to  a  philosophical  unbe- 
liever ;  discourses  on  various  subjects.  He  also  wrote  many  de- 
fences of  unitarianism  and  contributed  largely  to  the  theological 
repository,  which  was  published  many  years  ago  in  England.  After 
his  arrival  in  this  country  he  published  a  comparison  of  the  institu* 
tions  of  the  Mosaic  religion  with  those  of  the  Hindoos ;  Jesus  and 
Socrates  compared;  several  tracts  against  Dr.  Limi,  who  wrote 


PRI. 


487 


iQ;iaD9t  tbe  preceding  pamphlet ;  notes  on  the  scriptures,  4  vols,  i 
history  of  the  Christian  church,  6  vols. ;  several  pamphlets  on  phi- 
losophical subjects,  and  in  defence  of  the  doctrine  of  phlogiston. 
Dr.  Priestley's  life  was  published  in  1806  in  two  volumes.  The 
memoirs  were  written  by  himself  to  the  year  1787,  and  a  short  con- 
tinuation by  his  own  hiind  orings  them  to  \79 5. -^Memoirs  of  Dr, 
Priestley  i  Monthly  magazine j  May y  1804;  Monthly  anthology y  iv. 
259,  330,  389,  506. 

P^.INCE  (Thomas),  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  was  a  native 
of  England,  and  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  162 1.    He  was  first  chosen 
governor  in  1634.      Being  appointed  an  assistant  the  next  year,  he 
continued  in  this  office^  except  in  the  year  1638,  when  he  was  chosen 
governor,  till  the  death  of  Mr.  Bradford  in  1657.      At  this  time,  as 
a  disposition  prevailed  in  the  colony  to  discountenance  regular  min- 
isters  by  giving  the  preference  to  the  gifts  of  the  private  brethren, 
it  was  thought,  that  his  reelection  to  the  office  of  governor  would 
prevent  the  church  from  being  overwhelmed  with  ignorance,  and  \t 
proved  highly  beneficial  to  tne  interests  of  religion.      He  had  been 
living  at  Nauset  or  Eastham,  of  which  town  he  was  one  of  the  first 
planters  in  1644;  but  after  being  chosen  governor  he  removed  to 
Plymouth,  where  he  died  March  29,  1673,  in  the  seventy  third  year 
of  his  age.      He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Winslow.      He  was  a  man 
of  great  wo'th  and  piety,  and  eminently  qualified  for  his  station. 
Strict  in  his  religious  opinions,  he  zealously  opposed  those,  whom 
he  believed  to  be  heretics,  particularly  the  quakers.      As  a  magis»^ 
trate,  such  was  his  care  to  be  impartial,  that  if  any  person,  who  had 
a  cause  in  court,  sent  a  present  to  his  family  during  his  absence,  he 
immediately  on  being  informed  of  it  returned  its  value  in  money* 
Though  his  abilities  had  not  beeo  much  improved  by  education,  he 
was  the  friend  of  learning.      In  opposition  to  the  clamors  of  the  ig- 
norant he  procured  revenues  for  the  support  of  grammar  schools  in 
the  colon y.F~M(^na/m,  ii.  6,  7  ;    Morton^  au/ifilem.  206 ;    CoUect, 
hist.  soc.  viii.  166 ;  Mal*8  JV.  £.  i.  392. 

PRINCE  (Thomas),  minister  in  Boston,  was  a  descendant  of 
the  preceding  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1707.  Hav- 
ing determined  to  visit  Europe  he  sailed  for  England  April  1,  1709. 
For  some  years  he  preached  at  Combs  in  Suffolk,  where  he  was 
earnestly  invited  to  continue,  but  his  attachment  to  his  native  coun- 
try was  too  strong  to  be  resisted.  He  arrived  at  Boston  July  20, 
1717,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  old  south  church,  as  colleague 
with  the  reverend  Dr.  Sewall,  his  classmate,  October  I,  1718.  In 
this  station  his  fine  genius,  improved  by  diligent  study,  polished  by 
an  extensive  acquaintance  with  mankind,  and  employed  to  the  no- 
blest purposes  of  life,  rendered  him  an  ornament  to  his  profession, 
and  a  rich  blessing  to  the  church.  He  died  October  22,  1758,  in 
the  seventy  second  year  of  ^is  age.  In  his  last  sickness  he  ex- 
piessed  a  deep  sense  of  his  sinfulness,  and  a  desire  of  better  evi- 


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dence,  that  he  was  fit  to  dwell  in  heaven.  When  his  speech  fiuled 
him,  as  he  was  asked  whether  he  was  submissive  to  the  divine  will, 
and  could  commit  his  soul  to  the  care  of  Jesus»  he  lifted  up  his 
hand  to  express  his  resignation*  and  his  confidence  in  the  Savior; 
From  his  youth  he  had  been  inflnenced  by  the  fear  of  God.  He 
was  an  eminent  preacher,  for  his  sermons  were  rich  in  thought, 
perspicuous  and  devotional,  and  he  inculcated  the  doctrines  and  du- 
ties of  religion,  as  one,  who  felt  their  importance.  The  6riginal 
languages,  in  which  the  scriptures  were  vrritten,  wete  familiar  to 
him.  In  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Chauncy  no  one  in  New  England 
had  more  learning,  except  Or.  Cotton  Mather.  It  Was  extensive 
like  his  genius.  Firmly  attached  to  the  ftdth  once  delivered  to  the 
saints,  he  was  zealous  for  the  honor  of  his  divine  Master.  He  Was 
anxious  to  preserve  suitable  discipline  in  the  church, that  those^  who 
had  been  guilty  of  open  sins,  might  be  reclaimed,  and  that  the  namf 
of  Christian  might  be  preserved  from  reproach.  He  ndoiimed  over 
the  degeneracy  of  the  New  England  churches  both  in  doctrine  and 
practice.  When  Mr.  Whitefield  visited  this  country  in  1740,  Mr. 
Prince^  received  him  with  open  arms,  and  was  always  his  friend  ;  he 
always  respected  that  Christian  benevolence,  which  animated  the 
eloquent  itinerant ;  and  he  was  grateful  for  those  labors,  which 
were  so  eminently  useful  to  his  people  and  the  town  of  Boston.'  In 
private  life  he  was  amiable  and  exemplary.  It  was  his  constant  en- 
deavor to  imitate  the  perfect  example  of  his  Master  and  Lord.  He 
was  ready  to  forgive  injuries,  and  to  return  good  for  evil.  By  the 
grace  of  God  he  was  enabled  to  preserve  a  calmness  of  mind  under 
very  trying  events.  When  heavy  afilictions  were  laid  upon  him  he 
displayed  exemplary  submission  to  the  will  of  God.  Though  he 
was  a  learned  man,  and  was  uncommonly  diligent  in'study,  yet  he 
relished  the  comforts  and  faithfully  discharged  the  duties  of  domes- 
tic life.  It  was  no  small  part  of  his  labor  to  impress  on  his  chil- 
dren a  sense  of  religion,  and  he  had  the  happiness  of  seeixig;tall  his 
offspring  walking  in  the  truth.  His  son,  Thomas  Prince,^iunior, 
who  edited  the  Christian  History  in  1743  and  1744,  died  in  Octo- 
ber 1748i  and  the  family  was  in  a  few  years  extinct. 

Mr.  Prince  began  in  1703,  while  at  college,  and  continued  more 
than  fifty  years  a  collection  of  public  and  private  papers  relating  to 
the  civil  and  religious  history  of  New  England.  His  inestimable 
collection  of  manuscripts  he  left  to  the  care  of  the  old  south  church, 
and  they  were  deposited  in  an  apartment  of  the  meeting  house  with 
a  valuable  library  of  books,  which  he  had  established  under  the 
name  of  the  New  England  library.  But  the  majiuscripts  were 
principally  destroyed  by  the  British  during  the  late  war,  and  thus 
many  important  facts  relating  to  the  history  of  this  country  are  ir- 
recoverably lost.  The  books  yet  remain  ;  but  they  are  in  a  states 
which  does  no  honor  to  those,  who  have  been  entrusted  with  the 
care  of  them.  v;;4^st»  ^jvcl  . 


PRL 


489 


.<i 


g  sfMlech  filled 
[he  divine  will, 
e  lifted  up  his 
in  the  Savior; 
r  of  God.  He 
ich  in  thought, 
Ktrines  and  du- 

The  briginal 
efe  familiar  to 

New  England 
twas  eictensive 
lelivercdto  the 
[aater.    He  Was 
I,  that  those  j  who 
id  that  the  namf 
[e  nkoUrned  ovef 
ti  in  doctrine  attd 
try  in  1740,  Mr. 
s  his  friend  ;  he 
ich  animated  the 
se  labors,  whiiil^ 
n  of  Boston.*    In 
}  his  constant  en- 
sr  and  Lord.    He 
or  evil.    By  the 
ts  of  mind  under 
laid  upon  him  he 
3d.    Though  he 
in-study,  yet  he 
dvitiesof  domes- 
ireM  on  his  chil- 
of  8eeipg*aill  his 
s  Prince,^junior, 
i4,  diedinOcto- 


He  published  an  account  of  the  first  appearance  of  the  aurora 
borealis  ;  a  sermon  at  his  own  ordination,  1718  ;  an  account  of  the 
Enfrlish  ministers  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  annexed  to  Mayhew's  In^ 
diart  converts,  1737  ;  election  seniion,  1730;  on  a  day  of  prayer  for 
tht  choice  of  a  minister,  1732  ;  on  the  death  of  Cotton  Mathef,  and 
nSamuel  Prince,  his  father,  1728  ;  Samuel  Sewall,  1730;  Daniel  Oli- 
ver, and  Daniel  Oliver,  junior,  1732  ;  Mary  Belcher,  1736;  Nathan- 
iel Williams,  1738  ;.  Thomas  Gushing^  1746;  Martha  Stoddard, 
174S  ;  the  prince  of  Wales,  1751  ;  Hannah  Fayerweather,  1755  ; 
Edward  Bromfield,  and  Josiah  Willard,  1756  ;  a  chronological  his« 
tory  of  New  England  in  the  form  ot  annals,  12mo,  1736,  and  three 
numbers  of  the  second  volume  in  1755;  In  this  work  it  was  his  inten- 
tion to  give  a  summary  account  of  transactions  and  occurrences  re- 
lating to  this  country  from  the  discovery  of  Gosnold  in  1602  to  the 
arrival  of  governor  Belcher  in  1730,  but  he  brought  the  history 
down  only  to  1633.  He  spent  much  time  upon  the  introductory 
epitome,  which  begins  at  the  creation.  Had  he  confined  himself  to 
New  England,  and  finished  his  work,  it  would  have  been  of  incalcula- 
ble value.  He  published  also  an  account  of  the  revival  of  religion 
in  Boston  in  the  Christian  history,  1744 ;  a  sermon  on  the  battle  near 
CuUoden,  and  the  destruction  of  the  marquis  D*AnvilIc's  squad- 
ron ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on  the  taking  of  Louisbourg,  1746  ; 
a  thanksgiving  sermon  for  reviving  rains  after  the  distressing 
drought,  1749  ;  the  New  England  psalm  book  revisf||And  improv- 
ed, 1758.  After  his  death  Dr.  John  Erskine  of  Edinburgh  pub- 
lished from  his  manuscripts  six  sermons,  the  last  of  .which  was  oc- 
casioned by  the  death  of  his  son,  Thomas  Prince,  ]\xmor.-*-~Preface 
to  hia  MX  aermona  ;  SewaWa  fun.  aermon  ;  Boaton  gazette^  October 
30,  1758  ;  Holmea* annala,,\\.  232  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  ii.  14  ;  vii.  20, 
280  ;  X.  164  ;   Chriatian  hiatoryfor  1744,  374—415. 

PRINCE  (Nathan),  a  distinguished  scholar,  was  the  brother  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1718.  He 
was  chosen  tutor  in  1723,  and  fellow  in  1737 ;  but  he  was  removed 
in  1742.  He  in  consequence  published  an  account  of  the  constitu- 
tion and  government  of  Harvard  college  Irom  its  first  foundation  in 
1636  to  the  year  1742,  in  which  he  endeavored  to  prove  that  the 
general  court  had  the  sole  power  of  dismissing  members  of  the 
corporation,  and  are  the  only  visitors  of  the  college.  In  this  work 
he  also  complsins  of  the  management  of  the  treasury,  and  repro- 
bates the  injustice,  which  he  believed  was  done  in  arranging  the 
students  in  the  classes  and  their  names  in  the  catalogue  according 
to  the  dignity  or  worth  of  their  connexions.  He  had  before  his  re- 
moval refused  to  assist  in  this  thing.  The  alphabetical  arrange- 
ment did  not  take  place  till  1773.  Mr.  Prince  once  had  a  deep- 
rooted  aversion  to  the  episcopal  church  ;  but  after  his  dismission  he 
took  orders.  He  died  at  Ratlan  in  the  West  Indies,  where  he  was 
a  minister,  Julv  2  5,  1748.    He  was  a  greater  mathematician  and 

63 


r  [■. 


:<  .1    ill 


490 


lOJL. 


!l 


philosopher^  and  a  much  better  classical  scholar  and  lo^ian»  than 
his  brother,  and  is  ranked  among  the  great  men  of  this  country ^«» 
Collect,  hitt.  aoc.  x.  165. 

PULASKI  (Count),  brigadier  general  in  the  army  of  the  U- 
nited  States,  was  a  Polander  of  high  birth,  who  with  a  lew  men  xti. 
1771  carried  off  king  Stanislaus  from  the  middle  of  his  capital, 
though  surrounded  by  a  numerous  body  of  guards  and  a  Russian 
army.  The  king  soon  escaped  and  declared  Pulaski  an  outlaw. 
After  his  arrival  in  this  country,  he  offered  his  services  to  congress, 
and  was  honored  with  the  rahk  of  brigadier  general.  He  discovered 
the  greatest  intrepidity  in  an  engagement  with  a  party  of  the  Brit- 
ish near  Charleston  in  May  1779.  In  the  assault  upon  Savannah 
October  ninth  by  general  Lincoln  and  count  D'Estaing,  Pulaski  was 
wounded  at  the  head  of  two  hundred  horsemen,  as  he  was  galloping  in* 
to  the  town  with  the  intention  of  charging  in  the  rear.  He  died  on 
the  eleventh,  and  congress  resolved,  that  a  monument  should  be 
erected  to  his  memory.— .Gorc/on,  iii.  256,  330,333  ;  Holmeti*  an- 
nalsi  ii.  417  ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  ii.  ISO. 

PUTNAM  (Israel),  a- major  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  was  born  at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  January  7,  1718.  His 
mind  was  vigorojus,  but  it  was  never  cultivated  by  education.  When 
lie  for  the  first  time  went  to  Boston,  he  was  insulted  for  his  rusticity 
by  a  boy  of  twice  his  size.  After  bearing  his  sarcasms  until  his 
good  nature#as  exhausted,  he  attacked  and  vanquished  the  unman- 
nerly  fellow  to  the  great  diversion  of  a  crowd  of  spectators.  In 
running,  leaping,  and  wrestling  he  almost  always  bore  away  the 
prize.  In  1739  he  removed  to  Pomfret,  in  Connecticut)  where  he 
cultivated  a  considerable  tract  of  land.  lie  had  however  to  encoun« 
ter  many  difficulties,  and  among  his  troubles  the  depredations  of 
wolves  upon  his  shecpfold  was  not  the  least.  In  one  night  seventy 
fine  sheep  and  goats  were  killed.  A  she  wolf,  who  with  her  annual 
whelps  had  for  several  years  infested  the  vicinity,  being  considered 
as  the  principal  cause  of  the  havoc,  Mr.  Putnam  entered  into  a  com« 
bination  with  a  number  of  his  neighbors  to  hunt  alternately,  till  they 
rtiouid  destroy  her.  At  length  the  hounds  drove  her  into  her  den, 
and  a  number  of  persons  soon  collected  with  guns,  straw,  fire,  and 
sulphur  to  attack  the  common  enemy.  But  the  dogs  were  afraid 
to  approach  her,  and  the  fumes  of  brimstone  could  not  force  her 
from  the  cavern.  It  was  now  ten  o'clock  at  night.  Mr.  Putnam 
proposed  to  his  black  servant  to  descend  into  the  cave  and  shoot  the 
wolf  ;  but  as  the  negro  declined,  he  resolved  to  do  it  himself. 
Having  divested  himself  of  his  coat  and  waistcoat,  and  having 
a  long  rope  fastened  round  his  legs,  by  which  he  might  be  pull* 
ed  back  at  a  concerted  signal,  he  entered  the  cavern  head  fore* 
most  with  a  blazing  torch,  made  of  strips  of  birch  bark,  in  his 
hand.  He  descended  fifteen  feet,  passed  along  horizontally  ten 
feet,  sgid  then  began  the  gradual  ascent,  which  is  sixteen  feet  in 


FUT. 


49.1 


length.     &e  slowly  proceeded  on  his  hands  and  knees  in  an  abode, 
which  was  silent  as   tiic  house  of  death.      Cautiously  glancing 
forwards,  he  discovered  the  glaring  eyeballs  of  the  wolf,  who  started 
at  the  sight  of  his  torch,  gnaslied  her  teeth,  and  gave  a  sullen  growl. 
He  immediately  kicked  the  roi)e,  ami  was  drawn  out  with  a  friendly 
celerity  and  violence,  which  not  a  little  bruised  him.     Loading  his 
gun  with  nine  buck  shot,  and  carrying  it  in  one  hand,  while  he  held 
the  torch  with  the  other,  he  descended  a  second  time.     As  he  ap- 
proached the  wolf,  she  howled,  rolled  her  eyes,  snapped  her  teeth, 
dropped  her  head  between  her  legs,  and  was  evidently  on  the  point 
of  springing  at  him.     At  this  moment  he  fired  at  her  head,  and 
soon  fvund  himself  drawn  out  of  the  cave.     Having  refreshed  him- 
self he  again  descended,  and  seizing  the  wolf  by  her  ears  kicked  the 
rope,  and  bis  companions  above  with  no  small  exultation  dragged 
them  both  out  together.     During  the  French  war  he  was  appointed 
to  command  a  company  of  the  first  troops,  which  were  raised  in 
Connecdcut  in  1755.     He  rendered  much  service  to  the  army  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Crown  point.    Jn  1756,  while  near  Ticonde- 
roga,  he  was  repeatedly  in  the  most  imminent  danger.   He  escaped 
in  an  adventure  of  one  night  with  twelve  bullet  holes  in  his  blanket. 
In  August  he  was  sent  out  with  several  hundred  men  to  watch  the 
motions  of  the  enemy.     Being  ambuscaded  by  a  party  of  equal 
numbers,  a  general  but  irregular  action  took  place.    Putnam  had 
discharged  his  fusee  several  times,  but  at  length  it  missed  fire,  while 
its  muzzle  was  presented  to  the  breast  of  a  savage.    The  warrior 
with  his  lifted  hatchet  and  a  tremendous  war  whoop  compelled  him 
to  surrender,  and  tlien  bound  him  to  a  tree.    In  the  course  of  the 
action  the  parties  changed  their  position,  so  as  to  bring  this  tree  di- 
rectly between  them.     The  balls  flew  by  him  incessantly  ;  many 
struck  the  tree,  and  some  passed  through  his  clothes.     The  enemy 
now  gained  possession  of  the  ground,  but  being  afterwards  driven 
from  the  field  they  carried  their  prisoner  with  them.     At  night  he 
was  stripped,  and  a  fire  was  kindled  to  roast  him  alive ;  but  a  French 
officer  saved  him.     The  next  day  he  arrived  at  Ticonderoga,  and 
thence  he  was  carried  to  Montreal.     About  the  vear  1759  he  was 
exchanged  through  the  ingenuity  of  his  fellow  prisoner,  colonel 
Schuyler.     When  peace  took  place  he  returned  to  his  farm.     He 
was  ploughing  in  his  field  in  1775,  when  he  heard  the  news  of  the 
battle  of  Lexington.    He  immediately  unyoked  his  team,  left  his 
plough  on  the  spot,  and  without  changing  his  clothes  set  off  for 
Cambridge.     He  soon  went  back  to  Connecticut,  levied  a  regiment, 
and  repaired  again  to  the  camp.     In  a  little  time  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  major  general.     In  the  battle  of  Bunker's  hill  he  ex- 
hibited his  usual  intrepidity.    He  directed  the  men  to  reserve  thch* 
Bre,  till  the  enemy  was  very  near,  reminded  them  of  their  skill,  and 
told  them  to  take  good  aim.    They  did  so,  and  the  execution  was 
terril?le.    After  the  retreat,  he  njiade  a  stcuid  at  Winttsr  hill  and 


* 


I  i 


■'!:  ,  i 


)    »  '  '! 


492 


QUI. 


drove  back  the  enemy  under  cover  of  their  ships.  When  the  army 
was  organized  by  general  Washington  at  Cambridge,  Putnam  was 
appointed  to  command  the  i«scrve.  In  August  1776  he  wus  sta- 
tioned at  Brooklyn,  on  Long  Island.  Alter  the  defeat  of  our  army 
on  the  twenty  seventh  of  that  month,  he  went  to  New  York  and  was 
very  serviceable  in  the  city  and  neighborhood.  In  October  or  No- 
vembcr  he  was  sent  to  Philadelphia  to  fortify  that  city.  In  January 
1777  he  was  directed  to  take  post  at  Princeton,  where  he  continued 
until  spring.  At  this  place  a  sick  prisoner,  a  captain,  requested 
thai  a  friend  in  the  British  army  at  Brunswick  might  be  sent  for  to 
assist  him  in  making  his  will.  Putnam  was  perplexed.  He  hud 
but  fifty  men  under  his  command,  and  he  did  not  wish  to  have  his 
weakness  known ;  ye\  he  was  unwilling  to  deny  the  request.  He 
however  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  and  directed  the  officer  to  be  brought 
in  the  night.  In  the  evening  lights  were  placed  in  all  the  college 
windows,  and  in  every  apartment  of  the  vacant  houses  throughout 
the  town.  The  officer  on  his  return  repotted  that  general  Putnam's 
army  could  vua  consist  of  les^  than  four  or  five  thousand  men..  In 
th6  spring  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  a  separate  army  in 
the  highlands  of  New  York.  One  Palmer,  a  lieutenant  in  the  tory 
new  levies,  was  detected  in  the  camp  ;  governor  Tryon  reclaimed 
liim  as  a  British  officer,  threatening  vengeanceif  he  was  not  restoredl 
General  Putnam  wrote  the  following  pithy  reply  ;  ^'  Sir,  Nathan 
Palmer,  a  lieutenant  in  your  king's  service,  was  taken  in  iny  camp 
as  a  spy ;  he  was  tried  as  a  spy  ;  he  was  condemned  as  a  spy  ; 
and  he  shall  be  hanged  as  a  spy.  P.  S.  Afternoon.  He  is  hang- 
ed.** After  the  loss  of  fort  Montgomery,  the  commander  in 
chief  determined  to  build  another  fortification,  and  he  directed 
Putnam  to  fix  upon  a  spot.  To  him  belongs  the  praise  of  having 
chosen  West  Point.  The  campaign  of  1779,  which  was  principally 
spent  in  strengthening  the  works  at  this  place,  finished  th^  military 
career  of  Putnam.  A  paralytic  affection  impaired  the  activity  of  his 
body,  and  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  retirement,  retain- 
ing his  relish  for  enjoyment,  his  love  of  pleasantry,  his  strength  of 
memory,  and  all  the  faculties  of  his  mind.  He  died  »t  Brookline, 
Connecticut,  May  29,  1790,  aged  seventy  two  years.— ^wm/iArey's 
iife  of  Putnam  ;  jlmerican  nefios  ;  Polyanthoa^  i ;  Gazette  U.  S.  June 
1 2,  1790;   Hardie^  a/ifiendix  i   Gordon,  ii.  2. 

iJUINCY  (EDMUND),a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  at  Braintree  October  24,  168 1.  His  father,  lieuten- 
ant colonel  Edmund  Quincy,  died  in  1698.  His  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  major  general  Gookin.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1699,  and  afterwards  sustained  several  important  offices, 
the  duties  of  wliich  be  discharged  with  ability  and  faithfulness.  He 
was  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  from  1718  till  a  short  time  before 
his  death.  Being  sent  as  an  agent  to  London  for  the  purpose  of  set- 
tling the  boundary  line  between  Massachusetts  9nd  New  Hampshire, 


QUI. 


493 


k'^hen  the  army 
;,  Putnam  was 
76  he  Wtts  8ta- 
at  of  out-  army 
f  York  and  was 
October  or  No- 
;y.    In  January 
•e  he  conunued 
tuin,  requested 
ht  be  sent  for  to 
Bxed.      He  had 
wish  to  have  his 
;  request.      He 
r  to  be  brought 
1  all  the  college 
uses  throughout 
eneral  Putnam's 
jsand  men*      In 
leparate  army  in 
enant  in  the  tory 
Tryon  reclamed 
was  not  restored'. 
jT ;  «  Sir,  Nathan 
Jten  in  my  camp 
mned  as  a  spy  ; 
)n.     He  is  hang- 
commander  in 
and  he  directed 
praise  of  having 
h  was  principally 
shed  thp  military 
the  activity  of  his 
5tirement,  retain- 
ir,  his  strength  of 
lied  at  Brookline, 
^rs. — Humphrey's 
azette  U.  S.  June 

Lurt  of  Massachu- 
lis  father,  lieuten- 
lis  mother  was  a 
luated  at  Harvard 
{important  offices, 
Ifaithfulness.  He 
Ishort  time  before 
he  purpose  of  set- 
I  New  Hampshire, 


he  died  in  that  chy  of  the  small  pox  February  93,  1738,  in  the  fifty 
seventh  year  of  his  age.  His  uncommon  powers  of  reasoning  and 
of  eloquence  were  joined  to  the  Christian  virtues.  As  a  member 
of  the  council  he  for  twenty  years  had  great  influence  in  giving  a  di- 
rection to  the  proceedings  of  government.  In  his  family  it  g^ave 
him  pleasure  to  worship  the  God  of  all  the  families  of  the  earth,  and 
to  impart  to  his  children  religious  instruction .>«//unroci(:'«/ttn.  «rr- 
mon  ;  Hutchinson,  ii.  387. 

QUINCY  (Josiah),  a  distinguished  patriot,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1763,  and  afterwards  became  an  eminent  coun- 
sellor  at  law  in  Boston.      He  distinguished  himself  in  1770  by  his 
defence  with  Mr.  John  Adams  of  captain  Prebton,  who  commanded 
the  British  troops  at  the  Boston  massacre,  and  who  was  brought  to 
trial  in  October.     He  opposed  with  firmness  and  zeal  the  arbitrary 
proceedings  and  claims  of  the  British  parliament.      In  September 
1774  he  sailed  for  England  at  the  request  of  several  of  his  fellow 
patriots  to  promote  the  interests  of  America.      Some  interesting 
extracts  from  his  journal  are  preserved  by  Gordon.     He  set  sail  oa 
his  return  in  the  following  year,  but  he  died  on  board  the  vessel  on 
the  very  day  of  its  arrival  at  cape  Ann  April  34,   1775,  aged 
thirty  one  years.      He  fell  a  victim  to  his  zeal  for  his  country's 
:?;ood.    Learned  and  eloquent  as  a  lawyer,  he  was  also  an  able  polit- 
ical writer.      He  published  observations  on  the  act  of  parliament* 
commonly  called  the  Boston  port  bill,  with  thoughts  on  civil  society 
and  standing  armies,  1774.      This  pamphlet  evinces  a  bold  and  de- 
cided spirit.  The  author  was  apprehensive  that  a  terrible  struggle  was 
about  to  take  place,  and  he  had  made  up  his  mind  for  it.    He  closes 
his  tract  with  saying,  "  America  has  her  Bruti  and  Cassii,  her 
Hambdens  and  Sidneys,  patriots  and  heroes,  who  will  form  a  band 
of  brothers ;   men,  who  will  have  memories  and  feelings,  courage 
and  swords ;  courage,  that  shall  inflame  their  ardent  bosoms  till  their 
hands  cleave  to  their  swords,  and  their  swords  to  their  enemies* 
hearts." — Holmea*  annals^  ii.  346  ;     Gordon,  i.  291,  393,  433—449, 
491  ;  Marahall.  ii.  146,  155  j  Adama'  K,  E.  261  ;  MiUcr^  ii.  381. 

QUINCY  (Edmund),  author  of  a  treatise  upon  hemp  husbandry, 
which  was  published  in  4to,  1765,  was  a  citizen  of  Boston  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1722.  He  died  July  4, 1788,  aged 
eighty  five  years.— Co//ecr.  hht.  aoc.  iii.  301. 

RANDOLPH  (Peyton),  first  pre&ident  of  congress,  was  a  native 
of  Virginia,  of  which  colony  he  was  attorney  general  as  early  as 
1756.  In  this  year  he  formed  a  company  of  a  hundred  gentlemen, 
who  engaged  as  volunteers  against  the  Indians.  He  was  afterwards 
speaker  of  the  house  of  burgesses.  Being  appointed  one  of  the 
deputies  to  the  first  congress  in  1774,  he  was  on  the  fifth  of  Septem- 
ber elected  its  president.  He  was  also  chosen  president  of  the  sec- 
ond congress  May  10,.  1775,  but  on  the  twenty  fouith,  as  he  was 
obliged  to  return  to  Virginia,  Mr.  Hancock  was  placed  in  the  chair. 


.»•'■ 


494 


RAS. 


It  1  ij 


Mr.  Randolph  afterwards  took  his  seat  again  in  eong^ss.  He  diM 
tt  Philadelphia  of  an  apoplectic  stroke  October  22,  1775}  aged  fifty 
two  years.— MirxAa//,  ii.  29^  168;  JournaU  cf  congrett ;  Hoimet* 
mnnatsf  ii.  346.  , 

RASLES,  or  R ALLE  (Sbbastiex),  a  missionary  among  the  In« 
dians  of  North  America^  was  a  French  Jesuit^  and  arrived  at  Que- 
bec in  October  1689.  After  travelling  in  the  interior  several 
years  he  went  to  Norridgcwog  on  the  Kennebec  river,  where  he 
tarried  twenty  six  years  till  his  death.  Being  considered  as  the  in> 
Teterate  enemy  of  the  .English,  and  as  stimulating  the  Indians  to 
their  frequent  depredations,  captains  Hurman  and  Moulton  were 
Bent  out  from  New  Hampshire  in  1724  against  the  village,  in  which 
iie  lived.  They  surprised  it  on  the  twenty  third  of  August,  and 
killed  Rasles  and  about  eighty  Indians.  The  Jesuit  was  found  in  a 
wigwam,  and  he  defended  himself  with  intrepid  courage ;  but  his 
chwacter  was  stained  by  an  act  of  barbarous  cruelty.  He  had  with 
him  an  English  boy  of  fourteen  years,  who  had  been  a  prisoner  about 
six  months,  and  resolving  not  to  fall  alone  he  shot  kim  through  the 
thigh,  and  stabbed  him  through  the  body.  He  was  himself  in  the 
^ixty  seventh  year  of  his  age.  By  his  condescending  deportment 
^d  address  he  acquired  an  astonishing  influence  over  the  Indians. 
Such  was  his  faithfulness  to  the  political  interests  of  France,  that  he 
«ven  made  the  offices  of  devotion  serve  as  an  incentive  to  savage  fe< 
rocity ;  for  he  kept  a  flag,  on  which  was  depicted  a  cross  surrounded 
^ith^ows  and  arrows,  and  he  raised  it  at  the  door  of  his  little  church, 
when  he  gave  absoiutioh  previously  to  the  commencement  of  any 
warlike  enterprise.  He  was  a  man  of  good  sense  and  -learning,  and 
"was  particularly  skilful  in  Latin,  which  he  wrote  with  great  purity. 
He  spoke  the  Abankis  language,  which  was  the  language  of  the 
Norridgewogs,  and  was  acquainted  with  the  Huron,  Outawis,  and 
Illinois.  In  his  p^-eaching  he  was  vehement  and  pathetic.  For  the 
last  nineteen  years  his  health  was  feeble,  as  his  limbs  had  been 
broken  by  a  fall.  An  ineffectual  attempt  was  made  to  seize  him  in 
1722,  but  some  of  his  papers  were  secured,  and  among  them  a  die- 
Nonary  of  the  Abankis  language,  which  is  now  in  the  library  of 
Harvard  college.  It  is  a  quarto  volume  of  five  hundred  pages. 
Two  of  his  letters  of  considerable  length  are  preserved  in  this  let- 
tres  edifiuntes,  and  they  give  some  account  of  the  Indian  languages 
and  manners. — Hutchinson^  ii.  241,  262—264, 295,  305,  309 — 313 ; 
Belknati*8  JV.  H.  ii.  48 — 50,  57,  60 ;  Holmes*  annals^  ji.  1 12,  113  ; 
Charlevoix^  nouv.  France,  ii.  375 — 385  ;  Lettrea  itdijiantea  et  curl' 
€U«ff*,  xvii.  285 — 343;  xxiii.  198 — 308  ;  Douglaaa,  i.   199. 

RAWSON  (Grindall),  minister  of  Mendon,  Massachusetts, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1678,  and  was  ordained  succes- 
sor of  Mr.  Emerson  about  the  year  1680,  when  there  were  but  about 
twenty  families  in  the  town.  Sych  was  his  benevolence,  that  he 
studied  the  Indian  language,  that  he  might  bo  able  to  preach  the 


RED. 


495 


J,  I 


gospel  of  salvation  to  the  Indians  in  Mendon.  He  usually  preached 
to  them  in  their  own  tongue  every  Sunday  evening.  His  discour- 
ageroents  were  great}  for  he  had  but  little  success ;  but  ho  persf'ver- 
ed  in  his  humane  exertions.  He  died  February  6,  1715  in  tht  \y 
seventh  year  of  his  age  and  the  thirty  fifth  of  his  ministry,  being 
highly  respected  for  his  talents, |»ety,  and  benevolence.  He  was  sucr 
ceeded  by  Mr.  Oorr.  When  on  his  sick  bed,  as  he  was  reminded 
of  his  faithfulness  in  the  service  of  God,  he  replied,  "  O,  the  great 
imperlection  I  have  been  guilty  of  ?  How  little  have  I  done  for 
God  ?"  He  continued,  "  if  it  were  not  for  the  imperfection  of  the 
saints,  there  would  be  no  need  of  a  Savbr.  In  the  Lord  Jehovah  I 
have  righteousness  and  strength."  The  last  words,  which  he  utter" 
ed,  were,  *^  come.  Lord  Jesus,  come  quickly."  He  published  the 
election  sermon,  1709.^C.  Muther't  death  qfgood  men 4  WfUtney*a 
Mat.  IVorceater^  57. 

REDMAN  (John,  m.d.),  first  president  of  the  college  of  phy^i^ 
cians  of  Philadelphia,  was  born  in  that  city  February  27,  1723.  Af- 
ter finishing  his  preparatory  education  in  the  reverend  Mr.  Ten- 
nent's  academy,  he  entered  upon  the  study  of  physic  with  Dr.  John 
Kearsely,  then  one  of  the  most  respectable  physicians  of  Philadel- 
phia. When  he  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  he  went 
to  Bermuda,  where  he  continued  for  several  years.  Thence  he 
proceeded  to  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  perfecting  his  acquaintance 
with  medicine.  He  lived  one  year  in  Edinburgh }  he  attended  lec- 
tures, dissections,  and  the  hospitals  in  Paris  ',  he  was  graduated  at 
Leyden  in  July  1748 ;  and  after  passing  some  time  at  Gray^s  hospi- 
tal he  returned  to  America,  and  settled  in  his  native  city,  where  h<» 
soon  gained  great  and  deserved  celebrity.  When^  he  was  about  forty 
years  of  age  he  was  afflicted  with  an  abscess  in  his  liver,  the  contents 
of  which  were  expectorated,  and  he  was  frequently  confined  by 
acute  diseases ;  yet  he  lived  to  a  great  age.  In  the  evening  of  hia 
life  he  withdrew  from  the  labors  of  his  profession ;  but  it  was  only 
(D  engage  in  business  of  another  kind.  In  the  year  1 784  he  was 
elected  an  elder  of  the  second  presbyterian  church,  and  the  benevo- 
lent duties  of  this  office  employed  him  and  gave  him  delight.  The 
death  of  his  younger  daughter  in  1 806  was  soon  succeeded  by  the 
death  of  his  wife,  with  whom  he  had  lived  with  uninterrupted  har- 
mony near  sixty  years.  He  himself  died  of  an  apoplexy  March  19, 
1808,  in  the  eighty  seventh  year  of  his  age. 

Dr.  Redman  was  somewhat  below  the  middle  stature ;  his  com- 
plexion was  dark  and  his  eyes  uncommonly  animated.  In  the  for- 
mer part  of  his  life  he  possessed  an  irritable  temper,  but  his  anger 
was  transient,  and  he  was  known  to  make  acknowledgments  to  his 
pupils  and  servants  for  a  hasty  expression.  As  a  physician  his 
principles  were  derived  from  the  writings  of  Boerhaave,buthis  prac- 
tice was  formed  by  the  rules  of  Sydenham.  He  considered  a  greater 
ftrce  of  medicine  necessary  to  cure  modern  Am&rican,  thiui  mo4em- 


ri 


!    i» 


m 


illlf 


1 1\ 


-Ml 


1  ■";«; 


496 


UED. 


11 


',L-     \ 


M 


f 


\  -     1! 


^;!:} 


British  diseases,  and  hence  he  was  a  derided  friend  to  depletion  in 
ull  the  violent  diseases  of  our  country.  He  bled  freely  in  the  yellow 
fever  of  1762,  and  threw  the  weight  of  his  venerable  name  into  the 
scale  of  the  same  remedy  in  the  year  1793.  In  the  diseases  of  old 
dge  he  considered  smnll  and  frequent  bleedings  as  the  first  of  rem- 
edies. He  entertained  a  high  opinion  of  mercury  in  all  chronic  dis- 
eases, and  he  gave  it  in  the  natural  small  pux  with  the  view  of  touch- 
ing the  salivary  glands  about  the  turn  of  the  pock.  He  introduced 
the  use  of  turbith  mineral  as  an  emetic  in  the  gangrenous  sore 
throat  of  1761.  Towards  the  close  of  his  life  he  read  the  latter 
medical  writers  and  embraced  with  avidity  some  of  the  modem 
opinions  and  modes  of  practice.  In  a  sick  room  his  talents  were 
peculiar.  He  suspended  pain  by  hia  sooihing  manner,  or  chased  it 
away  by  his  conversation,  which  was  occasionally  facetious  and  full 
of  anecdotes,  or  serious  and  instructing.  He  was  remarkr\bly  at- 
tached to  all  the  members  of  his  family.  At  the  funeral  of  his 
brother,  Joseph  Redman,  in  1 779,  after  the  company  were  assembled 
he  rose  from  his  seat,  and  grasping  the  lifeless  hand  of  hi&  brother, 
he  turned  round  to  his  children,  and  other  relations  in  the  room,  and 
addressed  them  in  the  following  wowls  ;  *'  I  declare  in  the  presence 
of  God  and  of  this  company,  that  in  the  whole  course  of  our  lives 
no  angry  word  nor  look  has  ever  passed  between  this  dear  brother 
and  me."  He  then  kneeled  down  by  the  side  of  his  coffin,  and  in 
the  most  fervent  manner  implored  the  protection  and  favor  of  God 
to  his  widow  and  children.  He  was  an  eminent  Christian.  While 
he  was  not  ashamed  of  the  gospel  of  Christ,  he  thought  humbly  of 
himself,  and  lamented  his  slender  attainments  in  religion.  His 
piety  was  accompanied  by  benevolence  and  i  arity.  He  gave  lib- 
erally to  the  poor.  Such  was  the  cheerfulness  of  his  temper,  that 
upon  serious  subjects  he  was  never  gloomy.  He  spoke  often  of 
death,  and  of  the  scenes,  which  await  the  soul  after  its  separation 
from  the  body,  with  perfect  composure.  He  published  an  inaugu- 
ral dissertation  on  abortion,  1748,  and  a  defence  of  inoculation,  1759. 
— Medical  and  fihilosofih.  register ;  Evang.  intelligencer^  Aprils  1 808 ; 
Philadel.  med.  inu^eum^  v.  49—56  ;  Broivn* a  American  register y  iiL 
549—554. 

REDWOOD  (Abraham),  a  friend  of  learning,  died  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  in  March  1788.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Red- 
wood library,  to  which  he  gave  five  hundred  pornds  sterling. 

REED  (Joseph),  president  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
graduated  at  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in  1757.  He  was  appointed 
in  1774  one  of  the  committee  of  correspondence  of  Philadelphia, 
and  was  afterwards  president  of  the  convention.  Engaging  with 
zeal  in  the  cause  of  his  country  at  the  commencement  of  the  war, 
he  repaired  to  the  camp  at  Cambridge  in  July  1775  and  was'  ap- 
pointed an  aid  de  camp  of  Washington.  In  the  following  year  he 
was  made  adjutant  general;  but  under  the  disasters  of  1776  his 


(I  to  d«pledon  ift 
ely  in  Ihe  yellow 
le  name  into  the 
ic  diseases  of  old 
the  first  of  rem- 
n  all  chronic  dis- 
he  view  of  touch- 
He  introduced 
gangrenous  sore 
B  read  the  latter 
B  of  the  modern 
i  his  talents  were 
mer,  or  chased  it 
racetious  and  full 
as  remarkr\bly  at- 
ihe  funeral  of  his 
ly  were  assembled 
nd  of  his  brother, 
s  in  the  room,  and 
re  in  the  presenc 
ourse  of  our  lives 
this  dear  brother 
his  coffin,  and  in 
1  and  favor  of  God 
Christian.     While 
liought  humbly  of 
in  reliG;ion.     His 
ty.      He  gave  lib- 
»*■  his  temper,  that 
He  spoke  often  of 
liter  its  separation 
blished  an  inaugu- 
inoculation,  1759. 
e«cer,  ^/inV,  1808; 
erican  registerf  iii. 

,  died  at  Newport, 
mnder  of  the  Red- 
ds sterling. 
Pennsylvania,  was 
He  was  appointed 
ce  of  Philadelphia, 
Ens^aging  with 
emsnt  of  the  war, 
1775  and  was'  ap- 
following  year  he 
idsters  of  1776  his 


REE. 


irmiMis  fidled  him,  and  he  was  on  the  point  of  relinquishing;  ih« 
eause,  which  he  had  engaged  to  support.  His  private  letters  were 
full  cif  gloom,  and  he  even  censured  the  commander  in  chief  for 
want  of  cteci»k>n.  The  affur  of  Trenton  however  and  subsequent 
succesMS  revived  his  fortitude  and  courage.  His  firmness  after- 
wards on  trying  occasions  and  his  incorrupUble  integrity  threw  a 
veil  over  Ms  momentary  weakness.  In  May  1778,  when  he  was  o 
member  of  congress,  the  three  commissioners  from  England  arrived 
in  America.  Governor  Johnstone,  one  of  them,  addressed  private 
letters  to  Francis  Dana,  Robert  Morris,  and  Mr.  Reed  to  secure 
their  influence  towards  the  restoration  of  harmony,  giving  to  the 
two  latter  intimadons  of  honors  and  emoluments.  But  he  address- 
ed himself  to  men,  who  were  firm  in  their  attachment  to  America. 
Mr.  Reed  had  a  yet  severer  trial,  for  as  his  former  despondence  was 
kno#b,  direct  propositions  were  made  to  him  in  June  by  a  lady, 
supposed  to  be  Mrs.  Ferguson,  wife  of  Dr.  Adam  Ferguson,  sec- 
retary of  the  commissioners,  who  assured  him  as  from  governor 
Johnstone,  that  ten  thousand  pounds  sterling,  and  the  best  office  in 
die  gift  of  the  crown  in  America  should  be  at  his  disposal,  if  he 
could  effect  a  reunion  of  the  two  countries.  He  replied,  that  he  was 
not  worth  purchasing;  but  such  as  he  was,  the  king  of  Great  Brit- 
ain was  not  rich  enough  to  do  it.  In  October  1 778  he  was  chosen 
preudent  of  Pennsylvania,  and  he  continued  in  this  office  till  Oc- 
tober 1781.  He  died  March  5,  1785,  in  the  forty  third  year  of  his 
age.  He  published  remarks  on  governor  Johnstone's  speech  in  par- 
liament, with  authendc  papers  reladve  to  his  proposition,  8cc.  1779 ; 
remarks  on  a  publication  in  the  independent  gazetteer,  with  a  short 
address  to  the  people  of  Pennsylvania,  1783.— Mir«Aa/f,  iil.  539, 
544  ;  Wurreftj  i.  393  ;  ii.  78—81  ;  Stedman,  ii.  51  ;  CAaatellux*» 
traveUy  i.  188-^194  ;  Gordortf  ii.  378  ;  iii.  173  ;  Cadwallader*a 
letters  to  Reed. 

REESE  (Thomas,  d.  d.),  minister  in  South  Carolina,  was  grad- 
uated at  the  college  of  New  Jersey  in  1 768,  and  was  for  several  years 
setded  over  the  presbyterian  church  at  Salem  in  South  Carolina. 
He  died  at  Charleston  in  August  1796.  He  published  an  essay 
on  the  influence  of  religion  in  civil  society,  1768 ;  death  of  Christ- 
ians is  gain,  in  American  preacher,  I ;  and  the  character  of  Haman, 
in  Amierican  preacher,  ii. 

PHODE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was 
first  settled  from  Massachusetts,  and  its  settlement  was  owing  to 
religious  persecution.  Roger  Williams  in  1 636  lud  the  foundation 
of  the  tovm  of  Providence.  In  1638  John  Clarke  and  others  pur- 
chased of  the  Indian  sachems  Aquetneck,  or  the  principal  island, 
which  was  called  Rhode  Island,  and  ificorporated  themselves  into 
a  body  polidc,  making  choice  of  William  Coddington  as  their  chief 
magistrate.  Jh  1644  Roger  Williams,  who  had  been  sent  to  Eng- 
land as  agent  obtained  a  patent  for  the  Providence  plantations.  They 

64 


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KIT. 


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111 


i      .1 


were  hciwevv  incorpotated  with  Rhode  IiUnd  under  one  govern- 
niMit  in  1647,  in  which  year  the  first  general  aaaembly  was  held. 
The  Mwcutire  power  wai  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  pre^dont  and 
four  assistants.  A  charter  was  given  by  king  Charles  II  in  1663, 
which  vested  the  legislative  power  in  an  assembly,  of  which  the 
governor  and  assistants  were  mrmbera.  Nothing  but  allegiance 
was  reserved  to  the  king.  Since  this  period  the  form  of  government 
has  suffered  very  little  alteration.  An  act  was  passed  in  1663,  de- 
claring that  all  men  of  competent  estates  and  good  conduct,  who 
professed  Christianity,  with  the  exception  of  Roman  catholics,  should 
be  admitted  freemen.  In  1665  the  government  passed  an  order  to 
outlaw  (Juakers  and  seise  their  estates,  because  they  would  not  bear 
arms ;  but  the  people  would  not  suffer  it  to  be  carried  into  effect 
The  toleration,  which  was  practised  in  this  colony  from  the  begin- 
ning,  does  much  honor  to  its  founders.  A  quo  warranto  was  issued 
against  the  colony  in  1685.  At  the  close  of  the  following  year  An- 
dros  assumed  the  government ;  but  after  his  imprisonment  in  1689 
the  charter  was  resumed.  During  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain 
the  inhabitants  of  Rhode  Island  manifested  a  becoming  spirit.  This 
state  was  admitted  into  the  union  in  \7 99 .^^Cattender**  hitt.  dU* 
courte\  /ro/mf«'onna/«,i.  301,343,  386,  395  ;  ii.  483  ;  Gordotiyi, 
37,  38  ;  Morae*a  geog. ;  Jldam%*  J\r.  £.  61—67,  91,  1 13  ;  Coilecf. 
hUt.  aoc.  v.  3 16— 320 ;  Hutchinaon. 

RITTENHOUSE  (David,  ll.  d.  v.  b.  s.^,  an  eminent  philoso- 
pher, was  descended  from  ancestors,  who  emigrated  from  Holland, 
and  was  bom  in  Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  April  8, 1733.  Theearly 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  agricultural  employments ;  and  his 
plough,  the  fences,  aiid  even  the  stones  of  the  field  were  marked]with 
figures,  which  denoted  a  talent  for  mathematical  studies.  A  delicate 
constitution  rendering  him  unfit  for  theUabors  of  husbandry,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  learning  the  trade  of  a  clock  and  mathematical 
instrument  maker.  In  these  arts  he  was  his  own  instructor.  Dur- 
ing his  residence  with  his  father  in  the  country  he  made  himself 
master  of  Newton's  principia,  which  he  read  in  the  English  transla- 
tion of  Mr.  Mott.  Here  also  he  became  acquainted  with  fluxions, 
of  which  sublime  invention  he  believed  himself  for  some  time  the  first 
author.  He  did  not  know  for  some  years  afterwards,  that  a  con- 
test had  been  carried  on  between  Newton  and  Leibnitz  jfor  the  honor 
of  that  great  discovery.  At  the  age  of  twenty  three,  without  educa- 
tion and  without  advantages,  he  became  the  rival  of  the  two  greatest 
mathematicians  of  Europe.  In  this  retired  situation,  while  working 
at  his  trade,  he  planned  and  executed  an  orrery,  by  which  he  repre- 
sented the  revolutions  of  the  heavenly  bodies  more  completely,  than 
ever  before  had  been  done.  This  masterpiece  of  tnechamsm  was 
purchased  by  the  college  of  New  Jersey.  A  second  was  made  by 
him,  after  the  same  model,  for  the  use  of  the  college  of  Philadelphia, 
where  it  has  commanded  for  many  years  the  admiration  of  the  inge<» 


KIT. 


499 


inouft  md  the  leamed.    In  1770  he  wu  induced  by  the  urgent  re- 
quest of  itoroe  friendly  who  knew  hit  merit)  to  exchange  liis  beloved 
retirement  for  «  residence  in  Phii«delphia.     In  this  city  he  continu- 
ed hit  employment  for  tevend  yeart;  and  hiscloclis  hada  high  rep- 
utationf  and  hit  m»thcmatical  instrumenfa  were  thought  luperiur  to 
thoM  imported  from  Europe.     His  first  communication  to  the  phi- 
losophical society  of  Philadelphia,  of  which  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber, was  a  calculatioji  of  the  transit  of  Venus,  as  it  was  to  happen 
June  3, 1769.    He  was  one  of  those  appointed  to  observe  it  in  the 
township  of  Norriton.    This  phenomenon  had  never  been  seen  but 
twice  before  by  any  inhabitant  of  our  earth,  and  would  never  be  seen 
agtiin  by  any  ptraon  then  living.      The  day  arrived,  and  there  was 
no  cloud  in  the  horizon ;  the  observers,  in  silence  and  trembling 
anxiety,  waited  for  the  predicted  moment  of  observation  ;  it  came, 
and  in  the  instant  of  contact  between  the  planet  and  sun,  an  emotion 
of  joy  so  powerful  was  excited  in  the  breast  of  Mr.  Rittenhouse,  that 
he  fainted.      On  the  ninth  of  November  following  he  observed  the 
transit  of  Mercury.    An  account  of  these  observations  was  published 
in  the  transactions  of  the  society.    In  1775  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  for  settling  a  territorial  dispute  between  Penn- 
sylvania and  Virginia,  and  to  his  talents,  moderation,  and  firmness 
was  ascribed  in  a  great  degree  its  satisfactory  adjustment  in  1785. 
He  assisted  in  determining  the  western  limits  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1784,  and  the  northern  line  of  the  same  state  in  1786.    He  was  also 
called  upon  to  assist  in  fixing  the  boimdary  line  between  Mossachu- 
setts  and  New  York  in  1787.      In  his  excursions  through  the  wil- 
derness he  carried  with  him  his  habits  of  inquiry  and  observation. 
Nothing  in  our  mountains,  soils,  rivers,  and  springs  escai>ed  his  no- 
tice.   But  the  only  records  of  what  he  collected  are  private  letters, 
and  the  memories  of  his  friends.    In  1 79 1 ,  he  was  chosen  president 
of  the  philosophical  society  as  successor  to  Dr.  Franklin,  and  was 
annually  reelected  till  his  death.     His  unassuming  dignity  secured 
to  him  respect.  Soon  after  he  accepted  the  president's  chair  he  made 
to  the  society  a  donation  of  three  hundred  pounds.      He  held  the 
office  of  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  by  an  annual  and  unanimous  vote 
of  the  legislature  from  1777  to  1789.      In  this  period  he  declined 
purchanng  the  smallest  portion  of  the  public  debt  of  the  state,  lest 
bis  integrity  sliould  be  impeached.     In  1792  he  accepted  the  oflike 
of  director  of  the  mint  of  the  United  States,  but  his  ill  state  of  health 
induced  him  to  resign  it  in  1795.      When  the  solitude  of  his  study 
was  rendered  less  agreeable  by  his  indisposition  than  in  foi*mer 
years,  he  passed  his  evenings  in  reading  or  conversing  with  his  wife 
and  daughters.      In  his  last  illness,  which  was  acute  and  short,  he 
retained  the  usual  patience  and  benevolence  of  his  temper.    He  died 
June  26,  1796,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  of  his  age  in  the  full  belief  of 
tile  Christian  religion,  and  in  the  anticipation  of  clearer  discoveries 
«f  the  perfections  of  God  in  the  eternal  world.     He  was  a  man  of 


■'fl 


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''«     l>  '         K 


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■p  f. ., 


500 


ROB. 


rili  .{ ' 


fi|iifii 


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I  I, 


extensive  knowledge.   Being  intimately  acquainted  with  the  French, 
German,  and  Dutch  languages,  he  derived  trom  them  the  discoveries 
of  foreign  nations.      His  mind  was  the  repository  of  ail  ages  and 
countries.  He  did  not  enjoy  indeed  the  advantages  o^  a  public  educa* 
tion,  but  his  mind  was  not  shackled  by  its  jforms^  nor  interrupted  in 
its  pursuit  of  greater  subjects  by  the  claims  of  subjects  minute  and 
trifling.     In  his  political  sentiments  he  was  a  republican ;  be  was 
taught  by  his  father  to  admire  un  elective  and  representative  govern- 
ment^ he  early  predicted  the  immense  increase  of  talents  and 
knowledge,  which  would  be  infused  into  the  American  mind  by  our 
republican  constitutions  ;  and  he  anticipated  the  blessed  effects  of 
our  revolution  in  sowing  the  seeds  of  a  new  order  of  flings  in  other 
parts  of  the  world.     He  believed  political  as  well  as  moi^  evil  to  bi 
intruders  into  the  society  of  man.      In  the  more  limited  circles  of 
private  lite  he  con^manded  esteem  and  affection.     His  housie  and 
his  manner  of  living  exhibited  the  taste  of  a  phiio8opher>  the  sim- 
plicity of  a  republican,  and  the  temper  of  a  Christian.     He  possess- 
ed rare  modesty.      His  researches  into  natural  philosophy  gave 
him  just  ideas  of  the  divine  perfections,  for  his  mind  was  not  preoc- 
cupied in  early  life  with  the  fictions  of  ancient  poets  and  the  vices  of 
the  heathen  gods.    But  he  did  not  confine  himself  to  the  instructions 
of  nature ;  he  believed  the  Christian  revelation.      He  observed  as 
an  argument  in  favor  of  its  truth,  that  the  miracles  of  our  Savior 
differed  jfrom  all  pretended  miracles  in  being  entirely  of  a  benevolent 
nature.    The  testimony  of  a  man  possessed  of  so  exalted  an  under- 
standing outweighs  the  declamations  of  thousands.    He  died  believ- 
ing in  a  life  to  come,  and  hi^  body  was  interred  beneath  his  observatory 
near  his  house.    He  published  an  oration,  delivered  before  the  fhi* 
losophical  society,  1775,  the  subject  of  which  is  the  history  of  astron- 
omy, and  a  few  memoirs  on  mathematical  and  astronomical  subjects 
in  the  first  four  volumes  of  the  transactions  of  the  society >-^u9A'« 
eulogium;  Americannefios  ;  Aff/Zer,  ii.  373. 

ROBBINS  (Chandler,  D.  d.),  minister  of  Plymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  at  Branford,  Connecticut,  August  24,  173d,  and  was 
the  son  of  the  reverend  Philemon  Robbins  of  that  town.  He  was 
graduated  at  Yole  college  in  I756j  being  distinguished  as  a  correct 
classical  scholar.  On  the  thirtieth  of  January  1760  he  was  ordained 
at  Plymouth  as  successor  of  Mr.  Leonard.  Here  he  continued  till 
his  death  June  30,  1799,  in  the  sixty  first  year  of  his  age,  and  the 
fortieth  of  his  ministry.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  James 
Kendall.  Dr.Robbins  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents,  and  he  discharg- 
ed the  duties 'of  a  minister  of  the  gospel  with  unabating  zeal  and 
fidelity.  Searching  the  scriptures  for  religious  truth  and  coinciding 
in  the  result  of  his  investigations  with  the  Sentiments  of  the  found- 
ers of  the  first  church  |n  New  England,  h^  inculcated  the  doctrines 
of  the  gospel  with  energy  and  fervor.  He  was  unwearied  in  his 
pndeavors  to  impress  the  thoughtless,  and  to  render  sinful  men  holy. 


ROB. 


501 


♦  ' 


with  the  French, 
m  the  discoveries 
'  of  s^l  ages  and 
t  a  public  educa* 
jr  interrupted  in 
jects  mimtfe  and 
mblican ;  fee  was 
sentaUve  govem- 
9  of  talentft  and 
icanmind  by  ouv 
blessed  effects  of 
)f  things  in  other 
18  moral  evil  to  be 
limited  circles  of 
His  housiB  and 
ssopher*  the  sim- 
ian. He  possesa- 
i  philosophy  gave 
irid  was  not  preoc- 
ts  and  the  vices  of 
to  the  instructions 
He  observed  as 
icles  of  our  Savior 
ely  of  a  benevolent 
I  exalted  an  under- 
i.  Hediedbeliev- 
ath  his  observatory 
red  before  the  phi* 
e  history  of  astron- 
rbnomicai  subjects 
e  society  >*-J2"»A*« 

mouth,  Massachu- 
24,  173d,  and  was 
at  town.     He  was 
lished  as  a  correct 
50  he  was  ordained 
•e  he  continued  dU 
)f  his  age,  and  the 
le  reverend  James 
:s,andhedisGharg- 
inabating  zeal  and 
uth  and  coinciding 
ents  of  the  found- 
ited  the  doctrines 
unwearied  in  his 
ir  sinful  men  holy. 


In  private  and  social  life  he  was  amiable  and  exemplary.  He  pub- 
lished a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Watson,  1767  ;  a 
reply  to  John  Cotton,  esquire ;  some  brief  remarks  on  a  piece  by  J. 
Cotton  in  ahswer  to  the  preceding,  Iff 4;  election  sermon,  179 1  ; 
convention  sermon,  1794. —Shaio's  aermon  on  hit  death, 

ROBERTS  (Charles),  remarkable  for  longevity,  died  in  Berk- 
ley County,  Virginia,  February  17,  1796,  aged  one  hundred  and  six- 
teen years.  He  was  a  native  of  Oxfoi*dshire,  England,  hut  had  re- 
uded  in  America  about  eighty  years.  During  his  long  life  he  never 
knew  sickn6ss.*^-Co/ttm6zan  centinel^  July  16,  1796. 

Robinson  (John),  minister  of  the  English  church  at  Leyden, 
a  part  of  which  first  settled  New  England  in  162D,  was  born  in 
Great  firitain  in  1575,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.    After  holding 
for  tome  time  a  benefice  near  Yarmouth  in  Norfolk,  when  a  society 
of  dissenters  was  formed  in  the  north  of  England  about  the  year 
160^,  he  was  chosen  their  pastor  with  the  reverend  Mr.  Clifton. 
Persecution  drove  his  congregation  into  Holland  in  1608,  and  he 
soon  followed  them.    At  Amsterdam,  where  they  found  emigrants 
of  the  same  religious  sentiments,  they  remained  about  a  year ;  but 
as  the  minister,  Mr.  jTohn  Smith)  was  unsteady  in  his  opinions,  Mr. 
Robinson  proposed  a  removal  to  Leyden.      Here  tliey  continued 
eleven  years,  and  their  numbers  so  increased,  that  they  had  in  the 
church  three  hundred  communicants.      They  were  distinguished 
for  perfect  harmony  among  themselves  and  for  friendly  intercourse 
with  the  Dutch.      Mr.  Robinson,  when  he  first  went  into  Holland, 
was  a  most  rigid  separatist  from  the  church  of  England ;  but  by 
conversation  with  Dr.  Ames  and  Mr.  Robert  Parker  he  was  con- 
vinced of  his  error  and  became  more  moderate,  though  he  condemn- 
ed the  use  of  the  liturgy  and  the  indiscriminate  admission  to  the 
sacraments.    In  1613  Episcopius,  one  of  the  professors  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Leyden,  the  successor  of  Arminius,  and  of  the  same  doc- 
trine with  him,  published  some  theses,  which  he  engaged  to  defend 
agunst  ail  opposers.     Mr.  Robinson  being  earnestly  requested  to 
accept  the  challenge  by  Polyander,  the  other  professor,  who  was  a 
Calvinist,  he  held  the  disputation  in  the  presence  of  a  kiumetous 
assembly,  and  completely  foiled  Episcopius,  his  antagonist.      In 
161ir,when  another  removal  was  contemplated,  Mr.  Robinson  enter- 
ed zealously  into  the  plan  of  making  a  settlement  in  America.    His 
church  was  liable  to  be  corrupted  by  the  loose  habits  of  the  Dutch, 
and  he  wished  it  to  be  planted  in  a  country,  where  it  might  subdst 
in  purity.      The  first  settlers  of  Plymouth  in  1620^  who  took  with 
them  Mr.  Rrewster,  the  ruling  elder,  were  the  members  of  his 
church,  and  it  was  his  intention  to  follow  them  with  the  majority, 
that  remained ;  but  various  disappointments  prevented.      He  died 
March  1,  1625,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  height  of 
his  usefulness.      A  part  of  his  churcli  and  his  widow  and  children 
sffterwards  came  to  New  England.      He  whs  a  roan  of  good  genius. 


x 


liU 


m 


502- 


ROCi. 


quick  penetration^  ready  wit,  great  modesty,  integrity,  and  candor. 
His  classical  learning  and  acuteness  in  disputation  were  acknowl- 
edged by  his  opponents.  He  was  also  discerning  and  prudent  in 
civil  affairs.  Such  was  his  liberality,  that  he  esteen\ed  all  men,  that 
seemed  to'be  truly  pious,  of  whatever  denomination.  In  his  princi- 
ples of  church  government  he  was  himself  an  independent  or  congre- 
gationalist,  being  of  opinion,  that  every  chui<:h  is  to  consist  only  of 
such  as  appear  to  believe  in  and  obey  Christ ;  that  the  members 
have  a  right  to  choose  their  own  officers,  which  are  pastors,  or 
teaching  elders,  ruling  elders,  and  deacons ;  that  elders,  being  or- 
dained, have  no  power  but  by  consent  of  the  brethren  ;  that  all  el- 
ders and  churches  are  equal;  and  that  only  the  children  of  commu- 
nicants are  to  be  admitted  to  baptism.  He  celebrated  the  supper 
every  Lord's  day.  In  his  farewell  address  to  the  first  emigrants  to 
New  England,  he  reminded  them,  that  neither  Luther  nor  Calvin 
could  have  penetrated  into  the  whole  counsel  of  God,  and  being  con- 
fident that  the  Lord  had  more  truth  to  break  forth  from  his  holy 
word  exhorted  them  to  be  ready  to  receive  it  without  attachment  to 
party.  But  he  enjoined  it  upon  them  to  take  heed  what  they  re- 
ceived as  truth,  to  examine,  to  consider,  and  to  compare  it  with  other 
parts  of  scripture.  He  published  a  defence  of  the  Brownists ;  jus-^ 
tificatlon  of  the  separation  from  the  church  of  England ;  people's 
plea  for  the  excercise  of  prophesying,  1618;  essays  moral  and  di- 
vine, 1628— 5/?/itn«/i'«  Jmer.  6iog.ii.  151—178  ;  Mara  JV.  E.l 
7€— 85,  122,  123  ;  Morse  and  Parish'a  JST.  E.  63—67  ;  Mama*  JST. 
£.  20 ;  Princcy  4,  20—29,  36 — 38,  66— 7 1,  9 1 — 93 ;  Morton^  2,  5 
—10,  70 ;  Holtnea*  annata^  i.  196—199,  240,  484  ;  Collect^  hiat.  aoc. 
iv.  140;  vii.  268 — 270;  Mal'a  fiurttans,  u.  49  ;  /Tazart/ji.  96,  354, 
372. 

ROGERS  (Nathaniel),  minister  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  son  of  the  reverend  John  Rogers  of  Dedham,  in  England,  and 
was  a  descendant  of  John  Rogers,  the  martyr.  He  was  bom  about 
the  year  1598.  After  being  educated  at  Emanuel  college,  Cam- 
bridge, he  preached  in  different  places  with  high  reputation.  The 
evils,  to  which  his  puritan  drinciples  exposed  him,  induced  him  to 
come  to  New  England.  He  sailed  June  1,  1636,  but  did  not  cast 
anchor  in  Massachusetts  bay  till  the  sixteenth  of  November.  In  the 
following  year  lie  was  a  member  of  the  synod  together  with  Mr. 
Partridge,  who  came  in  the  same  vessel.  He  was  settled  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Ward  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Norton  at  Ipswich  Febru- 
ary 20,  1639.  He  died  July  3,  1655,  having  been  infirm  for  some 
time.  As  a  preacher  he  possessed  a  lively  eloquence,  which  charm- 
ed his  hearers.  Though  one  of  the  greatest  men  among  the  first 
settlers  of  New  England,  he  was  very  humble,  modest,  and  reserv- 
ed. He  published  a  letter  to  a  member  of  the  house  of  commons 
in  1643,  in  which  he  pleads  a  reformation  of  church  affairs,  and  he 
left  in  manuscript  a  vindication  of  the  congregational  church  gov* 


tyt  and  candor, 
were  acknowl- 
and  prudent  in 
ed  all  men,  that 

In  his  prind- 
identorcoiigre- 
)  consist  only  of 
t  the  members 
are  pastors,  or 
ilders,  being  or- 
en;  that  all  el- 
dren  of  commu- 
•ated  the  supper 
irst  emigrants  to 
ithernor  Calvin 
d,  and  being  con- 
•th  from  Ins  holy 
mt  attachment  to 
ed  what  they  re- 
pare  it  with  other 
Brownists;  jU8-\ 
.ngland;  people's 
lays  moral  and  di- 

Mal*a  JV.  E.\. 
L-67  ;  Adams*  A*. 
}3 ;    Morton^  2,  5 

Collect^  hiat.  aoc. 
Hazarrf,i.96,3S4, 

flassachusett8,was 
,  in  England,  and 
le  was  bom  about 
lel  college.  Cam- 
reputation.    The 
1,  induced  him  to 
i,  but  did  not  cast 
"November.    In  the 
together  with  Mr. 
was  settled  in  the 
at  Ipswich  Febru- 
sn  infirm  for  some 
ice,  which  charm- 
.n  among  the  first 
jdest,  and  reserv- 
louse  of  commons 
j-ch  afiairs,  and  he 
[onal  church  govt 


ROG. 


503 


emment  in  lA^,^~Magnalia,  iii.104 — 108  ;  Mmeon/orm.memoriai, 
m.  359  ;  JofmaoTii  88,  89  ;    Winthrofit  1 14,  291. 

ROGERS  (Ezekiel),  first  minister  of  Rowley,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  England  in  1590,  and  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Rich* 
ard  Rogers  of  Wethersfield.    After  being  educated  at  Cambridge, 
he  became  the  chaplun  of  sir  Francis  Barrington.      His  preaching 
was  in  a  strain  of  oratory,  which  delighted  his  hearers.    He  after- 
wards received  the  benefice  of  Rowley,  where   his  benevolent  la- 
bors were  attended  with  great  success.     At  length  his  nonconform- 
ity obliged  him  to  seek  a  refuge  from  persecution  in  New  Eng- 
land, where  he  arrived  in  1638,  bringing  with  him  a  number  of  re- 
spectable families.     He  commenced  the  plantation  at  Rowley  in 
April  1639,  and  on  the  third  of  December  was  ordiuned.     He  died 
after  a  lingering  sickness  January  23,  lu61>  aged  seventy  years. 
His  library  he  bequeathed  to  Harvard  college,  and  his  house  and 
lands  to  the  town  for  the  support  of  the  ministry.     In  the  latter  part 
of  his  life  it  pleased  God  to  overwhelm  him  with  calamities.     A  fall 
from  his  horse  deprived  him  of  the  use  of  his  right  hand  ;  much  of 
his  property  was  consumed  by  fire  ;    and  he  buried  two  wives  and 
all  his  cl^ldren.    He  was  pious,  zealous,  and  persevering.     His  fee- 
ble health  induced  him  when  in  England  to  study  the  science  of 
medicine.      Though  his  strong  passions  sometimes  misled  liim  i 
yet  he  was  so  humble  as  readily  to  acknowledge  his  error.    He 
preached  the  election  sermon  in  1643,  in  which  he  vehemently  ex- 
horted his  hearers  never  to  choose  the  same  man  governor  for  twa 
successive  years ;  but  his  exhortation  was  disregarded,  for  Mr.  Win- 
throp  was  reelected.-^Mz£7ta/ia,  iii.  101—104 ;  Morse  and  Pari»h*a 
J\r.E.  196—204  ;    Winthrofiy  17 5 ^  196,274,275  ;  Johnson,  129, 130; 
Holmea*  anriala,  i.  3 1 1 . 

ROGERS  (John),  president  of  Harvard  college,  was  graduated 
in  this  seminary  in  1 649.  He  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Nslthan- 
iel  Rogers,  with  whom  he  preached  some  time  as  an  assistant  at 
Ipswich,  but  at  length  his  inclination  to  the  study  of  physic  withdrew 
his  attention  from  theology.  After  the  death  of  president  Oakes 
he  was  elected  his  successor  in  April  1682,  and  was  installed  Au- 
gust 12,  1683.  He  died  suddenly  July  2,  1684,  the  day  after  com- 
mencement, in  the  fifty  fourth  year  of  his  age*  He  was  succeeded 
by  Dr.  Increase  Mather.  Mr.  Rogers  was  remarkable  for  the 
sweetness  of  his  temper,  and  he  united  to  unfeigned  piety  the  ac- 
oomplishments  of  the  gentleman.— *ilfafAer'«  magnalia,  iv.  130  ; 
Hutchinson,  i.  175. 

RUSSELL  (James),  a  member  of  the  council  of  Massachusetts, 
was  bora  in  Charlestown  August  16,  1715,  and  died  April  24,  1798, 
in  the  eighty  third  year  of  his  age.  He  discharged  the  duties  of  a 
counsellor  and  a  judge,  and  of  other  public  offices,  which  he  sus- 
tained, with  the  greatest  fidelity.  To  the  poor  he  was  a  steady  and 
liberal  friend.     He  respected  the  institutions  of  the  gospel,  aqd 


M 


,1^ 


!.. 


K  f 


IS- 


-mi 


f  if  MB  i 


1 11 ! 


'  ''  f  'I 


I 


504 


RUT. 


h  '■  fi 


i-Hil   liil 


while  liis  fatnily  and  hib  eloset  witnessed  his  constant  devotionsy  his  lifis 
adorned  the  religion,  which  he  professed.  In  his  last  illness  he  was 
supported  and  consoled  by  the  truths  of  the  gospel.  His  son,  the  hon- 
orable Thomas  Russell,  esquire,  one  of  the  first  merchants  in  the 
United  States,  and  distinguished  for  his  beneficenee  to  the  poor,  died 
in  Poston  April  H,  1796,  in  the  fifty  sixth  year  of  his  age.— M>r«e*4 
tertnon  on  hia  death  ;   Warren^  i.  143. 

RUTLEDGE  (John),  governor  of  South  Carolina,  tooli  an  early 
and  distinguished  part  in  support  of  the  liberties  of  his  country  at 
the  commencement  of  the  late  revolution.  He  was  a  member  of 
the  first  congress  in  1774.  When  the  temporary  constitution  of 
South  Carplina  was  established  in  March  1776  he  was  appointed  its 
president,  and  commander  in  chief  of  the  colony.  He  continued 
in  this  station  till  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution  in  March 
1778,  to  which  he  refused  to  give  his  assent.  He  was  opposed  to 
it,  because  it  annihilated  the  council,reducing  the  legislative  author- 
ity from  three  to  two  branches,  and  was  too  democratic  in  its  fea- 
tures. In  1779  however  he  was  chosen  governor,  with  the  author- 
ity in  conjunction  with  the  council  to  do  whatever  the  public  safety 
required.  He  soon  took  the  field  at  the  head  of  the  militia.  All 
the  energies  of  the  state  were  called  forth.  During  the  siege  of 
Charleston  at  the  request  of  general  Lincoln  he  left  the  city,  that 
the  executive  authority  might  be  preserved,  though  the  capital 
should  tkll.  Having  called  a  general  assembly  in  January  1782  he 
addressed  them  in  a  speech,  in  which  he  depicted  the  perfidy,  ra- 
pine, and  cruelty,  which  had  stained  the  British  arms.  An  election 
of  a  new  governor  being  then  rendered  necessary  by  the  rotation 
established,  Mr.  John  Mathews  was  apmiinted  his  successor.  Mr. 
Rutledge  died  January  33,  1800.  He  was  a  man  of  eminent  talents, 
patriotism,  decision,  and  firmness.—- i?am«ay'«  5.  C.  i.  55,  61, 93— > 
9^8  ;  ii.  19,  23,  125,  332—349  ;  Marshally  ii.  383  ;  iv.  38. 

SALTONSTALL  (Gurdon),  governor  of  Connec'acut,  was 
bom  in  Haverhill,  Massachusetts,  March  27,  1666,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  college  in  1684.  He  was  ordained  November  35, 
1 69 1  minister  of  New  London,  where  he  continued  for  several  years, 
being  highly  esteemed.  In  1707  by  the  advice  of  the  clergy  he 
was  persuaded  totmdertalce  the  chief  direction  of  the  civil  affairs  of  the 
colony,  and  he  was  annually  chosen  governor  till  bis  death  Septem- 
ber 24, 1724,  in  the  fifty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  both  a  pro- 
found divine  ami  a  consummate  statesman.  The  complexion  of 
the  Saybrook  platform  was  owing  to  his  desire  of  bringing  the  mode 
of  church  government  somewhat  nearer  to  the  presbyterian  form. 
To  a  quick  perception  and  a  glowing  imagination  he  united  correct- 
ness of  judgment.  The  majesty  of  his  eye  and  deportment  was 
softened  by  the  features  of  benevblence.  As  an  orator  the  music 
of  his  voice,  the  force  of  his  argument,  the  beauty  of  his  allusions,  the 
ease  of  Ilia  transitions,  and  the  fulness  of  his  diction  gave  him  a 


SAN. 


505 


li.i-. 


high  rank.  His  temper  was  warm*  but  he  had  been  tau}»ht  the  avt 
of  self  command,  for  he  was  a  C\\vhdM\.-^.'idai>is*J'un.  .lerTnou  ;  Hoa- 
ton  newHlctter^  October  1,  1724. 

SANDEM  AN  (Robert),  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  SandemanJ- 
ans,  was  born  at  Perth  in  Scotland  about  the  year  17 18,  and  educated 
at  St.  Andrew's.  Having  married  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Glass  he  be- 
came one  of  his  followers.  In  his  preaching  he  represented  faith 
as  the  mere  operation  of  intellect,  and  maintained,  that  men  were 
justified  without  holiness,  merely  on  speculative  belief.  This  faith 
however,  he  contended,  would  always,  whevevcr  it  existed,  produce 
the  Christian  virtues,  so  that  his  system  cannot  be  charged  with 
opening  a  door  to  licentiousness.  In  1762  he  went  to  London  and 
established  a  congregation.  Hecame  to  Ameiicain  October  1764, 
and  from  lioston  he  went  to  Danbury  in  Connecticut.  In  that  town 
he  gathered  a  church  in  July  1765.  Having  established  several  socie- 
ties in  New  England,  he  died  at  Danbury  April  2,  1771,  aged  fifty- 
three  years.  He  published  an  answer  to  Hervey's  TherSn  and  Aspa- 
sio  in  2  vols,  8vo,  1757.  This  work  is  ingenious,  though  it  exhibits  a 
great  deal  of  asperity.  Mr.  Hervey  himself  acknowledged,  that  the 
author  had  pointed  out  some  errors  in  his  writings,  and  had  the  most 
exalted  views  of  divine  grace.— .A^to*  and  gen.  biog.  diet. ;  Robbins* 
cent,  aerm.  at  Danbury  ;  Collect,  hist.  soc.  x.  6 1 ,  7 1  ; 

SARGEANT  (Nathaniel  Peaslee),  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1750.  He  received  the  above  appointment  in  December  1789,  and 
died  at  Haverhill  in  October  1791,  aged  sixty  years. 

SCHAICK  (GoNSKN  Van),  a  brigadier  general  in  the  army  of  the 
United  States,  died  at  Albany  in  July  1789,  aged  fifty  three  years. 
He  distinguished  himself  in  April  1779  by  proceeding  from  fort 
Schuyler  and  burning  the  Onondaga  Indian  settlements,  killing* 
twelve  Indians,  and  making  thirty  four  prisoners  without  the  loss  of 
a  single  man.  His  party  consisted  of  five  hundred.— CoZ/ec/.  Met, 
soc.  ii.  164  ;  Gordon,  iii.  264  ;  Marshalty  iv.  54 ;  Holmes,,  ii.  422. 

SCHUYLER  (Peter),  mayor  of  the  city  of  Albany,  was  much 
distinguished  for  his  patriotism,  and  for  the  influence,  which  he 
possessed  over  the  Indians.  In  the  year  1691  he  headed  a  party  of 
three  hundred  Mohawks  and  with  about  the  same  number  of  En- 
glish made  a  bold  attack  upon  the  French  settlements  at  the  north 
end  of  lake  Champlain.  He  slew  three  hundred  of  the  enemy. 
Such  was  the  authority  of  colonel  Schuyler  with  ther  five  nations^ 
that  whatever  Quider  (for  so  they  called  him,  as  they  could  not  pro- 
nounce Peter)  recommended  had  the  force  of  law.  In  1710  he 
went  to  England  at  his  own  expense,  taking  with  him  five  Indian 
chiefs,  for  the  purpose  of  exciting  the  government  to  vigorous 
measures  against  the  French  in  Canada.  The  chief  command  in 
New  York  devolved  upon  him  as  the  eldest  member  of  the  council 
111  1719  J  but  in  the  following  year  governor  Burnet  arrived.    He 

65 


t  n 


'I  "ii  ■* 


506 


SCH. 


'  M 


"4  !! 


often  warned  the  New  England  colonies  of  expeditions  meditated 
against  them  by  the  French  and  Iiidians.— Sm/VA*«  JV.  Y.  66—152  ; 
Charlevoix^  nouv.  Fr.  ii.  225,  292,  340  i  Hutchinson^  ii.  142,  163, 
172  ;  Ilolmea*  annalsfi.  AS\  ;  M{r«^//,  i.  276. 

SCHUYLER  (Philip),  a  major  genetal  intlie  revolutionary  war, 
received  this  appointment  from  congress  June  19,  1775.  He  was 
directed  to  proceed  immediately  Irom  New  York  to  Ticonderpga, 
to  secure  the  lakes,  and  to  make  preparations  lor  entering  Canada. 
Being  taken  sick  in  September  the  command  devolved  upon  Mont- 
gomery. On  his  recovery  he  devoted  himself  zealously  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  affairs  in  the  northern  department.  The  superin« 
tendence  of  the  Indian  concerns  claimed  much  of  his  attention.  On 
the  approach  of  Burgoyne  in  1777  hemade  every  exertion  to  obstruct 
his  progress  ;  but  the  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  by  St.  Ci^r  occa« 
stoning  unreasonable  jealousies  in  regard  to  Schuyler  in  New  England 
he  was  superseded  by  Gates  in  August,  and  congress  directed  an  in- 
quiry to  be  made  into  his  conduct.  It  was  a  matter  of  extreme 
chagrin  to  him  to  be  recalled  at  the  moment,  when  he  was  about  to 
take  ground  and  to  face  the  enemy.  He  afterwards,  though  not  in 
the  regular  service,  rendered  important  services  to  his  country  in 
the  military  transactions  of  New  York!  He  was  a  member  of  the 
old  congress,  and  when  the  present  government  of  the  United  States 
commenced  its  operation  in  1789,  he  was  appointed  with  Rufus 
King  a  senator  from  his  native  state.  In  1797  he  was  again  ap- 
pointed a  senator  in  the  place  of  Aaron  Burr.  He  died  at  Albany 
November  Irit,  1804,  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age.  Distin- 
guished by  strength  of  intellect  and  upright  intentions  he  was  wise 
in  the  contrivance  and  enterprising  and  persevering  in  the  execu- 
tion of  plans  of  public  utility.  In  private  life  he  was  dignified,  but 
courteous,  a  pleasing  and  instructive  companion,  affectionate  in 
his  domestic  relations,  and  just  in  all  his  dealings.  General  Ham- 
ilton married  his  daughter.— Mzr«Aa//,  ii.  237,  301—- 306  ;  iii.  3,  4, 
226—258,  273  ;  iv.  449  ;  Gordon^  ii.  176,  426,474,  488  j  JV.  Y, 
aftectator,  JVov.  28,  1804  ;  Monthly  anthology^  i.  669. 

SCREVEN  (  —  ),  a  brigadier  general  in  Georgia  during  the 
late  war,  commanded  the  militia,  when  that  state  was  invaded  from 
East  Florida  in  November  1778.  While  a  party  of  the  enemy  was 
marching  from  Sunbury  towards  Savannah  he  had  repeated  skir- 
mishes with  them  at  the  head  of  a  hundred  militia.  In  an  engage- 
ment at  Midway,  the  place  of  his  residence,  he  was  wounded  by  a 
musket  ball,  and  fell  from  his  horse.  Several  of  the  British  imme- 
diately came  up  and  upbraiding  him  with  the  manner,  in  which  a 
captain  Moore  had  been  killed,  discharged  their  pieces  at  him.  He 
died  soon  afterwards  of  his  wounds.  Few  officers  had  done,  more 
for  their  country,  and  few  men  were  more  esteemed  and  beloved  fof 
their  virtues  in  private  life.-~i?am«at/'«  <S^.  C.  ii.  2 ;  Holmes*  annalt, 
ii.  406.  '        , 


'  >i'f 


!■   ^ 


SEA. 


50f 


SEABURY  (SamubL)  d.  d.)>  Brst  bishop  of  the  episcopal  church 
in  the  United  States,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Seabury,  con- 
gregational minister  at  Groton  und  afterwards  episcopal  n)inis- 
ter  at  New  London,  and  was  bom  in  1728.  After  being  grad- 
uated at  Yale  college  in  1751,  he  went  to  Scotland  for  the  pur- 
pose of  studying  medicine  ;  but  his  attention  being  soon  direct- 
ed to  theology  he  took  orders  in  London  in  1753.  On  his  re- 
turn to  this  country  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Brunswick  in 
New  Jersey.  In  the  beginning  of  1757  he  removed  to  Jamaica  on 
Long  Island  ;  and  thence  in  December  1766  to  West  Chester. 
In  ttus  place  he  reinaincd  till  the  commencement  of  the  war,  whefi 
he  went  into  the  city  of  New  York.  At  the  return  of  peace  he 
settled  in  New  London  in  Connecticut.  In  1784  he  went  to  En- 
gland to  obtain  consecration  as  bishop  of  the  episcopal  church  of 
this  state,  but  meetinjr  with  some  obstruction  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of  his  wishes,  he  went  to  Scotland,  where  on  the  fourteenth 
of  November  he  was  consecrated  by  three  nonjuring  bishops.  Af- 
ter this  period  he  discharged  for  a  number  of  years  at  New  London 
the  duties  of  his  office  in  an  exemplary  manner.  He  died  Feb- 
ruary 35,  1796,  aged  sixty  eight  years.  He  published  the  duty  of 
considering  our  ways,  1789;  a  discourse  delivered  at  Portsmouth 
at  the  ordination  of  Robert  Fowle,  1791  ;  and  two  volumes  of  ser- 
mons, which  evince  a  vigorous  and  well  informed  mind.  After  his 
death  a  supplementary  volume  was  published  in  1798.-— Miller's 
retroafiect,  ii.  369,  491  ;  Chandler's  life  q/'  Johnson j  64  ;  Backus, 
iii.22. 

SERGEANT  (John),  missionary  among  the  Indians,  was  bom 
at  Newark,  New  Jersey,  in  1710,  and  was  graduated  in  1729  at 
Yale  college,  where  he  was  afterwards  a  tutor  for  four  years.  In 
October  1734  he  went  to  Houssatonnoc,  an  Indian  village  in  the  wes- 
tern part  of  Massachusetts,  and  began  to  preach  to  the  Indians.  That 
he  might  be  enabled  to  administer  to  them  the  Christian  ordinances 
he  was  ordained  at  Deerfield  August  31,  1735.  He  died  at  Stock- 
bridge  July  27,  1749,  in  the  forty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  The  rev- 
erend Jonathan  Edwards  succeeded  him.  He  was  supported  in 
part  by  the  commissioners  of  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel, 
and  in  part  by  individuals  in  England,  whose  munificence  reached 
him  through  the  liands  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Colman  of  Boston.  He 
had  baptized  one  hundred  and  twenty  nine  Indians,  and  forty  two 
were  communicants  at  the  time  of  his  death.  With  great  labor  he 
translated  the  whole  of  the  new  testament  excepting  the  revelatioh 
into  the  Indian  language,  and  several  parts  of  the  old  testament. 
In  his  life  he  was  just,  kind,  and  benevolent.  The  Houssatonnoc 
or  Stockbridge  Indians,  of  which  he  once  had  the  care,  now  live  at 
New  Stockbridge  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  have  been  for  many 
years  under  the  care  of  his  son,  the  reverend  John  Sergeant.  He 
published  a  letter  to  Dr.  Colnoicai  on  the  education  of  the  children 


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of  tlic  Indians,  and  a  sermon  on  the  causes  and  danger  of  delusions 
ill  religion,  1743.— ^/o/iXv/ja'  luHt,  mi-moirs  of  HounHatonnoc  Indiana  ; 
Funojilint^  ii.  352—355,  396 — 400,  446 — 450  ;  Jhhnca*  life  of 
aUicn,  20. 

SEW  ALL  (Samuel),  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Englanu  March  2^,  1652.  His  futher, 
had  before  this  time  been  in  Ainericu  and  in  1634  began  the  settle* 
Tiicnt  of  Newbury.  He  tinally  established  himself  in  tnis  country 
in  1661,  when  his  son  was  nine  years  old.  In  his  childhood  judge 
^wall  was  undtjr  the  mstruction  of  Mr.  Parker  of  Newbury.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1671.  Having  been  appointed 
^  mugibtratc  or  assistant  of  Massachusetts,  in  1688  he  went  to  Eng. 
land.  In  1692  he  was  appointed  in  the  new  cnavter  one  of  the  coun* 
cil,  in  which  st.ition  he  continued  till  1725.  He  was  made  one  of 
the  judges  in  1692,  and  chief  justice  of  the  superior  couit  in  1718. 
This  office  as  well  us  that  of  judge  of  probate  for  Suflbik  he  resign- 
ed in  1728  on  account  of  infirmities.  He  died  January  1,  1730,  in 
the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age.  Eminent  for  piety,  wisdom, 
and  learning,  in  all  the  relations  of  life  he  exhibited  the  Christian 
virtues,  and  secured  universal  respect.  For  a  Ion,,-  course  of  years 
he  was  a  member  of  the  old  south  church,  and  one  of  its  greatest 
ornaments.  He  was  constant  in  his  attendance  upon  public  worship 
keeping  his  bible  before  him  to  try  every  doctrine.  He  read  the 
sacred  volume  every  morning  and  evening  in  his  family,  and  his 
prayers  with  his  household  ascended  to  heaven.  A  friend  to  eveVy 
follower  of  Christ,  he  was  liberal,  hospitabte,  and  benevolent.  He 
was  critically  acquainted  with  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  Ian* 
^ages.  In  his  last  sickness  he  was  resigned,  patient,  and  compos* 
cd,  placing  his  whole  dependence  for  salvation  upon  the  Redeemer. 
He  left  behind  him  a  diary  in  three  volumes,  which  embraces  about 
forty  years.  From  this  it  appears,  that  as  one  of  the  judges  at  the 
trial  of  the  Salem  witches  in  1692  he  concurred  in  the  sentence  of 
condenmation  ;  but  he  afterwards  of  his  own  accord  made  a  confes- 
sion of  his  error.  It  was  read  by  his  minister,  Mr.  Willard,  on  a 
day  of  public  fast,  and  is  preserved  in  his  dUuy.  He  published  an 
answer  to  queries  respecting  America,  1690;  proposals,  touching 
the  accomplishment  of  the  prophecies,  4to,  1713  ;  Phoenomena 
qusdam  Apocalyptica,  See  or  a  description  of  the  new  heavens  and 
earth,  4lo,  2d  edit.  1727. — Prince's  Jun.  serm. ;  Boston  neivsletter, 
January  8,,  1730;  Holmes*  annals^  ii.  8,  9  ;  Hutchinson^  ii.  61. 

SEWALL  (Joseph,  d.  d.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  bom  August  26,  1688.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvar(l  college  in  1707.  Having  evinced  a  serious  disposition 
from  his  earliest  days,  he  now  directed  his  attention  to  the  study  of 
theology.  Though  a  member  of  one  of  the  first  families  in  the 
tpountry,  he  sought  no  worldly  object,  it  being  his  supreme  desire 
tQ  serve  God  in  the  gospel  of  his  Son.    He  was  ordained  minister  of 


SEW. 


509 


the  old  south  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  the  reverend  Mr. 
Peinberton,  beptember  1 6, 1 7 1 3.     Alter  surviving  three  colleagues, 
Pemberton,  Prince,  and  Cumniing,  he  died  June  27,  1769,  in  the 
eighty  first  year  of  his  age,  and  the  fifty  sixth  ot  his  ministry.     His 
colleague,  the  reverend  Samuel  Blair,  was  dismissed  in  October  of 
the  same  year,  and  in  1771  the  "everend  John  Bacon  and  the  rever- 
end John  Hunt  were  ordainec  tiunisters  of  this  church.    Dr.  Sewall 
possessed  respectable  abilities,  and  was  well  acquainted  with  classical 
learning.     In  1724  he  was  chosen  president  of  Harvard  college,  but 
such  was  his  humility  and  the  elevation  of  his  views,  that  he  declined 
the  appointment,  wishing  rather  to  continue  in  the  office  of  a  minis- 
ter of  the  gospel.     His  chief  glory  was  the  love  of  God  and  the  zeal 
to  do  good,  for  which  he  was  conspicuous  among  his  brethren.  Few 
ministers  have  ever  lived  with  such  uniform  reference  to  the  great 
end  of  their  office.     Deeply  interested  himself  in  the  truths  of  re- 
ligion, he  reached  the  hearts  of  his  hearers ;  and  sometimes  his 
voice  was  so  modulated  by  his  feelings,  and  elevated  with  zeal,  as 
irresistibly  to  seize  the  attention.      Though  he  was  deliberate  and 
cautious,  he  was  courageous  in  withstanding  error.      He  could  sac- 
rifice every  thing  for  peace  but  duty,  and  truth,  and  holiness.   Dur- 
ing his  last  illness,  which  continued  for  a  number  of  months,  he  was 
remarkable  for  his  submission  and  patience.      While  he  acknowl- 
edged himself  to  be  an  unprofitable  servant,  he  looked  to  the  atoning 
sacrifice  of  Christ  for  pardon.  He  spoke  of  dying  with  cheerfulness. 
iSometimes  he  was  heard  to  say  with  great  pathos,  *'  come,  Lord  Je- 
sus, come  quickly."     At  length  he  died  as  one,  who  was  assured  of 
a  happy  inimortality.      He  published  a  sermon  on  family  religion, 
1716;  on  the  death  of  Wait  Winthrop,    1717;    king  George  I, 
Thomas  Lewis  and  Samuel  Hirst,  1727  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
his  father,    1730;  Benjamin  Wadsworth,   1737;  Josiah   Willard, 
1756  ;  Thomas  Prmce,  1758  ;  Alexander  Gumming,  1763  ;  acaveat 
against  covetousness,1718;  election  sermon,  1724;  on  a  day  of  prayer 
for  the  rising  generation,  1728  ;  at  the  ordination  of  three  mission- 
aries, 1733  ;  fast  sermon  before  the  general  court,  1740 ;  sermon  at 
Thursday   lecture  ;  the  Holy  Spirit  convincing  the  world  of  sin,  of 
righteousness,  and  of  judgment,  four  sermons,  1741;  on  a  day  of 
prayer  ;  on  the  love  of  our  neighbor,  1742  ;  sermon  on  Revelation 
v.  11,  12,  1745;  on  the  reduction  of  Havannah,  1762. — Chauncy*s 
fun.  sermon;    Boston  evening  fiost^  July  3,  1769. 

SEWALL  (Stephen),  chief  justice  of  the  superior  court  of 
Massachusetts,  was  the  nephew  of  the  honorable  Samuel  Sewall, 
and  the  son  of  major  Stephen  Sewall  of  Salem.  His  mother  was  a 
daughter  of  the  i-everend  Jonathan  Mitchel  of  Cambridge.  He  was 
born  in  December  1702,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
172 1.  Having  instructed  a  school  in  Marblehead  for  several  years 
he  began  to  preach  with  great  acceptance.  In  1728  he  was  chosen  a 
tutor  in  the  college,  and  he  filled  this  office  till  1739,  when  he  \Yasi 


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called  to  take  a  scat  on  the  bench  of  the  superior  court.  On  the  death 
of  ciucf  juhtice  Dudley  in  1752  he  was  appointed  to  succeed  him, 
tltough  he  was  not  the  senior  of  the  sunriving  judges.  He  was  also 
aoon  elected  a  luember  of  the  council  and  continued  such  till  his 
death,  though  it  was  with  difficulty,  that  he  could  be  prevailed  upon 
to  accept  the  appointment,  as  he  questioned  the  propriety  of  sus- 
taining at  the  same  time  the  two  offices.  After  a  useful  and  honor* 
able  life  he  died  September  10,  1760,  in  the  fitty  eighth  year  of  his 
age.  lie  was  distinguished  for  genius  and  learning.  He  united  in 
an  uncommon  degree  quickness  of  apprehension  with  a  deeply  pen- 
etrating and  capacious  mind.  As  a  tutor,  he  proved,  that  there  wag 
a  perfect  consistency  between  the  most  vigorous  and  resolute  exer- 
tion of  authority  and  the  most  gentle  and  complacent  manners. 
Though  he  was  a  very  humble  and  modest  man  he  supported  the 
dignity  of  u  judge.  He  was  an  exemplary  Christian,  and  while  he 
constantly  attended  upon  the  institutions  of  the  gospel,  he  offered  up 
sacrifices  to  the  Lord  in  his  own  house,  though  as  he  was  never 
married  bis  fliniily  cannot  be  supposed  to  have  had  the  deepest  in- 
terest in  his  affiictions.  His  charity  to  those  in  want  was  so  great, 
that  it  has  been  thought  excessive.  He  had  a  deep  reverence  of 
the  Supreme  Being,  and  often  spoke  with  approbation  of  the  cir- 
cumstance in  the  character  of  sir  Matthew  Hale,  that  he  never 
mentioned  the  name  of  God  without  making  a  pause  in  his  discourse. 
^—Mayhem* 8  fun,  aermon  s  Collect,  /list.  aoc.  x.  158,  159. 

SEWALL  (Stephen),  first  Hancock  professor  of  Hebrew  in 
Harvard  college,  was  born  at  York,  in  the  district  of  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts! in  April  1734,  and  was  graduated  at  the  above  seminary 
Id  1761.  When  the  office  of  Hebrew  instructer  became  vacant  by 
the  resignation  of  Mr.  Monis,  he  was  appointed  his  successor  in 
1762.  Flebrew  had  sunk  into  contempt  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Monis, 
but  it  was  now  brought  into  honor.  When  Mr.  Hancock  founded 
the  professorship  of  Hebrew,  Mr.  Sewall  was  the  unrivalled  candi- 
date. He  was  inaugurated  June  17,  1765,  and  continued  in  office 
above  twenty  years.  He  took  an  early  part  in  the  late  revolution. 
After  he  lost  his  professorship  he  led  a  very  retired  life  till  his  death 
July  23,  1804,  in  the  seventy  first  y^ar  of  his  age.  His  lectures 
proved  him  to  have  possessed  an  elegant  taste.  He  published  a 
Hebrew  grammar,  8vo,  1763  ;  oratio  funebris  in  obitum  D.Edvardi 
Holyoke,  1769;  an  oration  on  the  death  of  professor  Winthrop, 
1779 ;  the  scripture  account  of  the  Schechinah,  1794  ;  the  scripture 
history,  relating  to  the  oveithrow  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrha,  and  to 
the  origin  of  the  salt  sea,  or  lake  of  Sodom,  1796  ;  translation  of 
the  first  book  of  Young's  night  thoughts  in  Latin ;  carmina  sacra, 
quae  Latine  Graeceque  condidit  America,  1789.  He  wrote  an  admi- 
rable Chaklee  and  English  dictionary,  which  is  in  manuscript  in-the 
library  of  Harvard  college.— iV/o«^A/y  anthology y  i.  430  ;  Lit.  mitcet- 
lany,  ii.  231. 


SHE. 


511 


SHEPARD  (Thomas),  minister  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
"was  born  ncur  Northuiupton  in  llnglund  November  5,  I605,uik)  was 
educiited  at  Emanuel  college,  Cambridge.     Wiiile  in  thio  semiuury 
it  pleased  God  in  infinite   mercy  to  uwaken  him  from  his  natural 
stale  of  thoughtlessness  and  sin,  to  convince  him,  that  he  had  been 
entirely  selfish  in  his  desires  and  conduct,  to(ins[)irc  him  with  huly 
principles,  and  tu  render  him  a  humble  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ. 
He  met  afterwards  with  many  kinds  of  temptations ;  but,  as  he  said, 
h"  was  never  tempted  to  Arminianism,  his  own  experience  so  per- 
fectly confuting  the  freedom  of  the  will.      After  ne  left  the  univer- 
sity he  was  eminently  useful  as  a  preacher      His  puritan  principles 
at  length  exposing  him  to  persecution,  he  narrowly  escaped  tha 
pursuivants,  and  arrived  at  Boston  in  this  cotuitry  October  3,  1635. 
After  the  removal  of  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Stone  to  Connecticut  he 
formed  a  church  at  Cambridge  and  too\^  the  charge  of  it  February 
1,  1636.     Here  he  continued  till  his  death  August  25,  1649,  aged 
forty  four  years.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Mitchel.  As  a  preacher 
of  evangelical  truth,  and  as  a  writer  on  experimental  religion  he 
was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  his  time.     It  was  on  ac- 
count of  the  energy  of  his  preaching  and  his  vigilance  in  detecting 
and  zeal  in  opposing  the  errors  of  the  day,  that  when  the  foundation 
of  a  college  was  to  be  laid,  Cambridge  rather  than  any  other  place 
was  pitched  upon  as  the  seat  of  the  seminary.  He  was  the  patron  of 
learning  and  essentially  promoted  its  interests.  He  was  distinguish- 
ed for  his  humility  and  piety.     Under  heavy  afAictions  he  acknowl- 
edged that  he  deserved  nothing  but  misery,  and  bowed  submissive 
fyftthe  divine  will.     He  usually  wrote  his  sermons  so  early  for  the 
sabbath,  that  he  could  devote  a  part  of  Saturday  to  prepare  his 
heart  for  the  solemn  and  affectionate  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the 
following  day.     He  published  theses  sabbaticx  ;  a  letter,  entitled, 
New  England's  lamentation  for  old  England's  ertx)rs,   1 645  ;  cau- 
tions against  spiritual  drunkenness,  a  sermon  ;  subjection  to  Christ 
in  all  his  ordinances  the  best  means  to  preserve  our  liberty,  to  which 
is  added  another  treatise  on  ineffectual  hearing  of  the  word  ;  the 
sincere  convert ;  the  sound  believer,  which  is  a  discriminating  trea- 
tise on  evangelical  conversion  ;  singing  of  psalms  a  gospel  ordi- 
nance ;  the  clear  sunshine  of  the  gospel  upon  the  Indians,  4to, 
1648  ;  a  treatise  of  liturgies,  power  of  the  keys,  and  matter  of  the 
visible  church,  in  answer  to  Mr.  Ball,  4to,  1653  ;  the  evangelical 
call ;  select  cases  resolved  and  first  principles  of  the  oracles  of  God  ; 
these  were  republished  together  with  meditations  and  spiritual  ex- 
periences, extracted  from  his  private  diary,  by  Mr.  Prince  of  Bos- 
ton, 1747  ;  of  the  right  use  of  liberty  ;  the  parable  of  the  ten  vir- 
gins, a  posthumous  work  in  folio  transcribed  from  his  sermons, 
preached  from  June  1636  to  May  1640  ;  the  church  membership 
of  children  and  their  right  to  baptism,  1663  ;  the  saint's  jewel  and 
the  seal's  imitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  two  sermons  ;  the  four  last 


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thingOf  4to.—A/urA^*«  ma^no/ia,  Ui.  84— 93  i  Collect,  hiat.toc,  vh. 
17,  43—47  ;  Mul*»  JV.  E.  i.  396  ;  Morton^  143  ;  Holme*"  annaUj  i. 
349  ;    IVinthro/iy  87,  95  ;  Johnton'a  wondtr  work.firovid.  77. 

SHEPAUD  (Thomas),  minister  of  Charlcstown,  Mnitsachusctts, 
was  tlie  son  of  the  preceding*  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col> 
lege  io  1653.  He  was  ordained  April  13,  1659,  as  colleague  to  Mr. 
Zcchariah  Symmes.  After  a  ministry  of  eighteen  years  he  died 
of  the  small  pox  December  22,  1677,  in  the  forty  third  year  of  his 
age.  President  Oakes  in  a  Latin  oration  delivered  at  commence- 
mtnt  represents  Mr.  Shepard  as  distinguished  for  his  erudition, 
prudence,  modesty,  and  integrity,  as  a  strenuous  defender  of  the 
orthodox  faith,  and  as  holding  the  first  rank  among  the  ministers  of 
his  day.  He  published  the  election  sermon,  1672.  In  Mather's 
magnalia  there  is  preserved  a  paper  of  excellent  instructions  to  his 
8on«  a  student  at  college,  who  afterwards  succeeded  him  at  Charles- 
town  in  16B0,  but  died  in  1685.— >A/ajrna//a,  iv.  189~.19 1,202  ; 
Oakea*  elegy. 

SHERMAN  (John),  minister  of  Watertown,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  England  in  1613,  and  educated  at  Cambridge.  His  pu- 
ritan principles  induced  him  to  come  to  this  country  in  1634.  Af- 
ter being  a  short  time  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Phillips  at  Watertown« 
he  removed  to  Connecticut,  where  he  preached  occasionally  audi 
was  elected  a  magistrate  of  the  colony..  But  after  the  death  of  Mr. 
Phillips  in  1664  he  returned  to  Watertown,  and  was  minister  in 
that  place  till  his  death  Auj^ust  8,  1685,  in  the  seventy  second  year 
of  his  age.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Henry  Gibbs.  Be- 
sides being  a  distinguished  divine  Mr.  Sherman  was  an  eminent 
mathematician,  and  he  published  a  number  of  almanacs,  to  which 
pious  reflections  were  added.  ThouR;h  he  was  a  very  humble  man* 
in  his  preaching  there  was  an  unaffected  loftiness  of  style,  and  his 
discourses  were  enriched  with  fi<i;ures  of  oratory.  He  was  twice 
married,  having  by  his  first  wife  six  children  and  twenty  by  his  last. 
— Mi^o/m,  iii.  1 62—1 65 . 

SHERMAN  (Roger),  senator  of  the  United  States,  was  born  at 
Newton,  Massachusetts,  April  19,  1721.  He  was  not  favored  with 
a  public  education,  nor  did  he  enjoy  the  assistance  of  a  private  tu- 
tor. But  his  genius  and  indefatigable  industry  enabled  him  to  sur- 
mount difficulties,  and  to  make  great  acquisitions.  He  removed  to 
New  Milford,  Connecticut,  in  June  1743.  Having  acquired  a  com- 
petent knowledge  of  the  law,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1754.  In 
the  following  year  he  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  peace  ;  he  was 
also  chosen  a  representative  in  the  le^^islature  and  a  deacon  in  the 
church.  Removing  to  New  Haven  in  1761 ,  he  was  in  1766  chosen 
an  assistant  of  the  colony,  and  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior 
court,  which  office  he  held  for  twenty  three  years.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  congress  in  1774,  and  continued  a  member  till  his 
death,  excepting  when  the  law,  requiring  a  rotation,  excluded  him. 


*^  i  i 


t.  hitt.  toe.  vri. 
otmet'  annaUy  \. 
nd.  77. 

Maitsachusctts, 
t   Harvard  col- 
olleague  to  Mr. 
I  years  he  died 
liird  year  of  hit 
I  at  commence* 
or  his  erudition, 
defender  of  the 
the  ministers  oi 
.     In  Mather's 
structions  to  his 
him  at  Charles- 
189—191,302  ; 

,  Massachusetts, 
aridge.     His  pu- 
ny in  1634.     Af- 
sat  Watertown, 
occasionally  a;»di 
the  death  of  Mr. 
was  minister  in 
renty  second  year 
enry  Gilibs.  Be- 
vras  an  eminent 
lanacs,  to  which 
ery  humble  man, 
of  style,  and  his 
He  was  twice 
wenty  by  his  last. 

tates,  was  bom  at 
not  favored  with 
of  a  private   tu- 
abled  him  to  sur- 
He  removed  to 
'  acquired  a  com* 
le  bar  in  1754.  In 
,e  peace  ;  he  was 
id  a  deacon  in  the 
as  in  1766  chosen 
of  the  superior 
He  was  a  mem- 
a  member  till  his 
n,  excluded  hiw. 


SHI. 


510 


Ho  was  one  of  those,  whosi^ied  the  act  of  iiuicpcniicikcc  in  1776. 
During;  the  wur  he  was  a  ntcmbcr  of  tlic  ({uvcriiot's  council  of  sufe>- 
ty  for  the  Htutc  ot  Cunnecticut.  After  titu  adoption  of  the  consti* 
tution  of  tliu  United  States,  of  the  convention  tor  framing  which  he 
was  a  conttpicuous  nicmlicr,  he  was  elected  a  reprcitentutive  to  con* 
^rcss.  Ucin^  chosen  u  senator  in  179 1  he  continued  in  this  station 
till  his  death  July  S3,  1793,  aged  seventy  two  yeais.  His  talents 
were  solid  and  useful.  While  otiiers  would  yield  to  difiicultiea,  or 
content  themselves  with  a  superficial  view  of  a  subject,  he  was  ca- 
pable of  long  and  deep  investigution.  He  was  discerning,  pnulent, 
and  indefutigublc.  Having  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  at  the 
age  of  twenty  one,  he  was  never  ashamed  to  advocate  the  peculiar 
doctrines  ot  the  gospel,  which  are  generally  so  unwelcome  to  men 
of  cultivated  minds.  His  sentiments  were  derived  from  the  word 
of  (iod  and  not  from  tlie  exertions  of  his  own  reason.  In  the  rela- 
tions of  private  life  he  secured  esteem  and  iiXicc\\oi\.'^Ed<iifurd»* 
sermon  on  hia  death  {  Maaaa.  miaa.  mag.  iv.  441—445. 

SHH*PEN  (EnwARn),  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  a  native  of  England,  and  a  member  of  the  society  of  friends.  He 
came  to  Massachusetts  to  avoid  persecution,  but  persecution  drove  him 
thence  to  Pennsylvania,  in  which  colony  he  was  speaker  of  the  house  of 
assembly,  and  member  of  the  governor's  council.  He  was  also  the 
first  mayor  of  Philadelphia.  His  descendants  have  been  persons 
of  distinction  to  the  present  day. — Millery  ii.  340. 

SHIPPEN  (Edward,  ll.  d.),  chief  justice  of  Pennsylvania,  re- 
ceived this  appointment  in  1799,  but  resigned  It  in  February,  1806. 
He  died  on  the  fifteenth  of  April  following  in  the  seventy  eighth 
year  of  his  age. 

SHIPPEN  (William,  m.  d.),  first  professor  of  anatomy  in  the 
university  of  Pennsylvania,  wak,  jt  native  of  that  colony  and  was  grad- 
uated at  the  college  in  Ncw  Jersey  in  1754.  After  studying  medi- 
cine forsometime  in  Philadelphia,  he  completed  his  medical  education 
at  Edinburgh.  After  hi»  return  he  commenced  in  1764  a  course  of 
lectures  on  anatomy  at  Philadelphia,  which  were  the  first  ever  pro- 
nounced in  the  new  worid.  Being  one  of  the  founders  of  the  medical 
school,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  anatomy  in  1765.  He  had  to 
struggle  with  many  difficulties,  and  his  life  was  sometimes  endan- 
gered by  a  mob  in  consequence  of  his  dissections.  But  he  lived  to 
see  the  institution  divided  into  five  branches,  all  of  which  were 
supplied  with  able  professors,  his  own  pupils,  and  become  a  rival  to 
the  medical  school  at  Edint/urgh.  Instead  ol  the  ten  students, 
whom  he  first  addressed,  he  lived  to  address  two  hundred  and  fifty. 
About  the  year  1 777  he  was  appointed  director  general  of  the  medical 
department  in  the  army  of  the  United  States  in  the  place  of  Dr. 
Morgan.  He  resigned  his  professorship  in  1806  into  the  hands  of  his 
colleague,  Dr.  VVistar,  and  died  at  Germantown,  July  1 1,  1808,  in 

66 


M 


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i 


m. 


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<if 


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514 


SHI. 


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y  '.r 


h  ;i    ■'■ 


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the  seventy  fifth  year  of  his  tL^ez-^PtnopUtt  and  mitt,  mag,  united, 
i.  142,  143  ;  Ramaay^t  review  of  medicine^  37  ;  MUUr^  i.  320. 

SHIRLEY  (William,)  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  a  native 
of  England,  and  was  bred  to  the  law.  After  his  arrival  at  Bostoi 
about  the  vear  1733  he  practised  in  his  profession  till  he  received 
his  commission  as  governor  in  1741  in  the  place  ol  Mr.  Belcher. 
He  planned  the  successful  expedition  agtdnst  cape  Breton  in  1745 ; 
but  while  his  enterpiising  spirit  deserves  commendation,  some  of 
his  schemes  did  not  indicate  much  skill  in  the  arts  of  navigation  and 
war.  He  went  ta  England  in  1 745  leaving  Spencer  Phips,  the  lieuten- 
ant governor,  commander  in  chief,  but  returned  in  1753.  In  1754 
he  held  a  treaty  with  the  eastern  Indians,  and  explored  the  Kenne- 
bec, erecting  two  or  three  forts.  In  1755,  being  commander  in 
chief  of  the  British  forces  in  America,  he  planned  an  expedition 
ageunst  Niagara,  and  proceeded  himself  as  far  as  Oswego.  In  the 
last  of  June  175&  he  was  susperseded  in  the  command  of  the  army 
by  AbcTcrorabie.  Being  recalled  from  Massachusetts,  he  embark- 
ed for  England  in  Scpiomber,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Pownall. 
After  having  been  for  a  number  of  years  governor  of  one  of  the  Ba- 
hama islands,  he  returned  to  Massachusetts,  and  died  at  his  seat  in 
Roxbury  March  24,  1771.  Though  he  held  several  of  the  most  lu- 
crative offices  within  the  gift  of  the  crown  in  America,  yet  he  left 
1TO  property  to  his  children.  The  abolition  of  the  paper  currency 
Was  owing  in  a  great  degree  to  his  firmness  and  perseverance.  His 
penetration  and  unremitting  industry  gained  him  a  high  reputation. 
But  it  was  thought,  that  as  a  military  ofiicer,  he  was  not  sufficiently 
active  in  seizing  the  moment  for  success.  During  his  administra- 
tion England  learned  the  importance  of  this  country,  and  the  colo- 
nists learned  to  fight,  and  thus  were  trained  for  the  mighty  comest, 
which  in  a  few  years  commenced.  His  instructions  to  Shirley, 
with  a  full  accouit  of  the  expedition  against  Louisbourg  are  pre- 
served in  the  first  volume  of  the  historical  coilections.-— ^/cAira«07i, 
M.399 — 408,  433  ;  MinoU  i.  62,  74,  1 1 1,  275,  291—297  ;  BeUcnafi^ 
JV.  H.  ii.  187,  209,  225,  296  ;  Marshall^  i.  305.  402,  405  ;  CoUect. 
Mitt.  toe.  i.  5—^60  ;  Holmes*  annaft,  ii.  163,  168,  213,  299. 

&HUTE  (Samuel),  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  son  of 
an  eminent  citizen  of  London.  His  mother  was  the  daughter  of 
the  reverend  Mr.  Caryl,  a  dissenting  minister  of  distinction.  His 
early  education  was  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Charles  Morton. 
From  London  he  was  sent  to  Leyden,  and  afterwards  he  entered  the 
army  of  king  William,  served  under  Marlborough,  and  become  a 
lieutenant  colonel.  He  was  wounded  in  one  of  the  principal  battles 
in  Flanders.  Arriving  at  Boston  as  governor  October  4,  1716,  in 
the  place  of  Dudley,  he  continued  in  office  a  little  more  than  six 
years.  He  embarked  January  1 , 1 72  3,  on  lus  return  to  England  with 
complaints  against  the  province.  Governor  Burnet  succeeded  him. 
During  his  administration  he  msuataitied  a  warm  controversy  with 


SHU. 


515 


the  house  of  representatives.  He  endeavored  in  \'ain  to  procure  a 
fixed  salary,  an  object]  which  Dudley.had  sought  without  effect.  His 
right  of  negativing  the  speaker  was  denied,  und  his  powers  as  com- 
mander in  chief  were  assumed  by  the  house.  In  consequence  of 
his  complaints  an  explanatory  charter  was  procured  in  1734,  which 
confirmed  the  governor  in  the  rights,  for  which  he  had  contended. 
He  died  in  England  Apiil  15,  1742,  aged  eighty  years^— //u/cAin> 
«on,ii.  315^217,331,238;  Minotji.61. 

SHUTE  (Daniel,  D.D.)«  minister  of  Hingham,  Massachusetts,  was 
l)om  July  19, 1722,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 743.  He 
was  ordained  pastor  of  the  second  church  in  Hingham  December  10, 
1746  By  the  failure  of  his  sight  bciiig  under  the  necessity  ol  quilting 
his  public  labors  in  March  1799,  the  reverend  Mr.  Whitney  was  or- 
dained his  colleague  January  1,  1800.  Under  the  infirmities  of  age 
he  was  serene  and  patient.  He  died  August  30,  1802,  in  the  eighty 
first  year  of  his  age,  and  fifty  sixtli  of  his  ministry.  He  possessed  a 
strong  mind,  and  his  discourses  exhibit  extent  of  thought  and  cor- 
rectness of  diction.  He  was  cheerful  and  pleasant  in  the  intercourse 
of  social  life.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention,  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  Massachusetts  and  of  that,  which  adopted  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States.  He  published  artillery  election  ser- 
mon, 1767  ;  election  sermon,  1768  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  rev- 
erend Dr.  Gay,  17 &7.i—1Vare*a  sermon  on  hia  death}  JVev)  England 
fi(Uladium  Sefitember' lOf  1802  ;  Columbian  centinelf  Se/it.  9. 

SITGREAVES  (John),  district  judge  of  North  Carolina,  was  an 
officer  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  a  member  of  congress  after  the 
peace.    He  died  at  Halifax,  North  Carolina,  in  March  1802. 

SKELTON  (Samuel),  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Salem,  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  a  preacher  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  and  being  per- 
secuted for  his  nonconformity  came  to  this  country  in  June  1639, 
and  was  ordained  with  Mr.  Higginson  at  Salem  on  the  sixth  of  Au- 
gust. After  the  death  of  his  colleague  he  had  for  his  assistant  the 
famous  Roger  Williams.  Mr.  Skelton  cUed  August  2,  16S4. 
Though  stiict  in  discipline  he  was  a  friend  to  the  utmost  equality  of 
privileges  in  church  and  state.  His  fears  of  the  assumption  of  au- 
thority by  the  clergy  made  hira  je.'^lous  of  the  ministers,  who  used 

to  hold  a  meeting  once  a  fortnight  f^i    mutual  improvement 

Johnaony  S2  ;  Morton,  82,  83,  86;  Prince,  183 — 189,  191  ;  Ma,^na- 
Ua,  i.  16  ;  iii.  74,  76  ;  Winthrop,  57,  68  ;  Mal*a  JV.  E.  i.  140,  157  i 
Collect.  fu9t.  99C,  vi.  244,247,  248  ;  ix.  2  j  Morse  and  Parish's  ME. 
74,  100  ;  Holmes*  annals,  i.  350. 

SMIBERT  (John),  a  portrait  painter,  was  for  many  years  very 
eminent  in  his  profession  in  Boston,  in  which  town  it  is  believed  he 
died  after  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 

SMITH  (John),  the  father  of  the  colony  of  Virginia,  was  born  in 
Lincolnshire,  England,  in  1579.  He  early  discovered  a  romantic 
genius,  and  delighted  in  daring;  and  extravagant  actions.    At  the 


i  .■ 


I  ■;! 


ifc. 


M.i 


hn  ■ 


1  yu, 


1      '      'ij. 
i.f    ,  i     ir 


ill' 


516 


SMI. 


age  of  thirteen  he  sold  his  books  and  satchel  to  raise  money  in  order 
to  convey  himself  privately  to  sea,  but  was  prevented.  Being  an 
apprentice  to  a  merchant  he  quitted  his  master  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
and  went  into  France  and  the  low  countries.  After  his  return  he 
studied  military  history  and  tactics,  and  having  recovered  a  part  of 
the  estate,  which  his  father  left  him,  he  was  enabled  to  set  out  again 
on  his  travels  at  the  age  of  seventeen  in  a  better  condition  than  be- 
fore. Having  embarked  at  Marseilles  for  Italy  with  some  pilgrims, 
a  tempest  obliged  them  to  anchor  near  a  small  island  oif  Nice.  As 
his  companions  attributed  their  unfavorable  voyage  to  the  presence 
of  Smith,  they  threw  tlic  heretic  into  the  sea  ;  but  by  swimming  he 
was  enabled  to  reach  the  shore.  After  going  to  Alexandria,  he  en- 
tered into  the  service  of  the  emperor  of  Austria  against  the  Turks. 
By  ills  exploits  he  soon  obtained  the  command  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  horsemen.  At  the  siege  of  Regal  the  Ottomans  sent  a  chal- 
lenge^  purporting  that  the  lord  Turbisha  to  divert  the  ladies  would 
fight  any  captain  of  the  Christian  troops.  Smith  accepted  it,  and 
meeting  his  antagonist  on  horse  back  in  view  of  the  ladies  on  the 
battlements  killed  him  and  bore  away  his  head.  A  second  antago- 
nist met  the  same  fate.  Smith  then  requested,  that  if  the  ladies 
wished  for  more  diversion  another  champion  might  appear.  His 
head  was  added  to  the  number  of  the  others,  though  Smith  narrowly 
escaped  losing  his  own.  He  was  afterwards  taken  prisoner  ;  but  by 
killing  his  tyrannical  master  he  escaped  into  Russia.  When  he  re- 
turned to  England,  he  formed  the  resolution  to  seek  adventures  in 
North  America.  Having  persuaded  a  number  of  gentlemen  in  1 606 
to  obtain  a  patent  of  South  Virginia,  he  engaged  in  the  expedition, 
which  was  fitted  out  under  the  command  of  Christopher  Newport, 
and  arrived  with  the  first  emigrants,  who  made  a  permanent  settle- 
ment, in  the  Chesapeak  April  26,  1607.  A  colony  was  begun  at 
James  Town,  and  the  government  was  in  the  hands  of  a  council,  of 
which  Smith  was  a  member.  When  Newport  returned  more  than 
a  hundred  persons  were  left  in  Virginia.  They  would  have  perish- 
ed with  hunger  but  for  the  exertions  of  Smith  in  procuring  com  of 
the  Indians.  When  he  could  not  effect  his  object  by  purchase,  he 
would  resort  to  force.  He  once  seized  the  Indian  idol  Okee,  made 
of  ^kins  stufl'ed  with  moss,  for  the  redemption  of  which  as  much 
corn  was  brought  him,  as  he  required.  Whilejexploring  the  Chick- 
ahominy  river  he  was  taken  prisoner,  alter  having  killed  with  his 
own  hand  three  of  the  enemy.  He  was  carried  to  the  emperor 
Powhatan,  who  received  him,  clothed  in  o  robe  of  racoon  skins,  and 
seated  ort  a  kind  of  throne,  with  two  beautiful  girls,  his  daughters, 
near  him.  After  a  long  consultation  two  large  stones  were  brought 
in,  and  his  head  was  laid  upon  one  of  them.  At  this  moment,  when 
the  war  clubs  were  lifted  to  despatch  him,  Pocahontas,  the  king's 
favorite  daughter,  shielded  him  from  the  blows,  and  by  her  entrea- 
ties saved  his  life.    He  was  sent  to  James  Town,  where  by  his  res- 


;  money  in  order 
nted.     Being  an 
le  age  of  fifteen, 
ir  his  return  he 
covered  a  part  of 
1  to  set  out  again 
)ndition  than  be- 
h  some  pilgrims, 
id  off  Nice.     As 
e  to  the  presence 
by  swimming  he 
.lexandvia,  he  en- 
gainst  the  Turks, 
two  hundred  and 
imaiis  sent  a  chal- 
the  ladies  would 
h  accepted  it,  and 
the  ladies  on  the 
A  second  antago- 
that  if  the  ladies 
ght  appear.      His 
gh  Smith  narrowly 
[1  prisoner  ;  but  by 
sia.    When  he  re- 
3ek  adventures  in 
gentlemen  in  1606 
in  the  expedition, 
istopher  Newport, 
permanent  settle- 
)lony  was  begun  at 
ids  of  a  council,  of 
•eturncd  more  than 
would  have  perish- 
proGuring  com  of 
BCt  by  purchase,  he 
in  idol  Okee,  made 
of  which  as  much 
sploring  the  Chick- 
ring  killed  with  his 
ied  to  the  emperor 
)f  racoon  skins,  and 
iris,  his  daughters, 
tones  were  brought 
this  moment,  when 
ahontas,  the  king's 
and  by  her  entrea- 
I,  where  by  his  res- 


SMI. 


517 


olut<lon,  address,  and  industry  he  prevented  the  abandonment  of  the 
plantation.  In  1608  he  explored  the  whole  country  from  cape 
Henry  to  the  river  Susquehannah,  suling  about  three  thousand 
miles.  On  lus  return  he  drew  a  map  of  Chesapeak  bay  and  of  the 
rivers,  from  which  all  subsequent  maps  have  been  chiefly  copied. 
Tn  this  year,  when  he  was  preudent  of  the  council,  by  his  severity 
and  his  example  he  rendered  the  colonists  exceedingly  industrious. 
It  happened  however,  that  the  blistered  hands  of  several  young  gen- 
tlemen, who  had  known  better  times  in  England,  called  forth  fre- 
quent expressions  of  impatience  and  profaneness.  Smith  caused 
the  number  of  every  man's  oaths  to  be  noted  daily,  and  at  night  as 
many  cans  of  water  to  be  poured  inside  his  sleeve.  This  disci- 
pline so  lessened  the  number  of  oaths,  that  scarcely  one  was  heard 
in  a  week,  and  it  perfectly  restored  the  subjects  of  it  to  good  humor. 
In  1609  being  much  injured  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder,  he  re- 
turned to  England  for  the  benefit  of  medical  assistance.  In  1614 
he  ranged  the  coast  of  what  was  then  called  North  Virginia  from 
Penobscot  to  cape  Cod  in  an  open  boat  with  eight  men.  On  his 
return  he  formed  a  map  of  the  country,  and  desired  prince  Charles, 
afterwards  **  the  royal  martyr,"  to  give  it  a  name.  By  him  it  was 
for  the  first  time  called  New  England.  After  other  adventures 
Smith  died  at  London  in  1631  in  the  fifty  second  year  of  his  age. 
For  n5  ~:  services  and  sufferings  he  never  received  any  recompense . 
He  r  a  .  1.1  ed  the  sixth  voyage,  made  to  Virginia,  1606;  the  first 
voyai^fc  to  New  England  with  the  old  and  new  names,  1614  ;  a  rela- 
tion of  his  second  voyage  to  New  England,  1613  ;  description  of 
N.  E.  1617  ;  New  England's  trials,  declar.ng  the  success  of  twenty 
six  ships,  employed  thither  within  these  six  years,  £cc.  1620  ;  the 
general  history  of  Virginia,  New  England,  and  the  Summer  isles, 
with  the  names  of  the  adventurers.  Sec.  from  1584  to  1626,  also  the 
maps  and  descriptions  of  all  those  countries  in  six  books,  folio,  1637 ; 
his  friend,  Mr.  Purchas,  had  published  in  his  pilgrims  most  of  the 
narrative  part  before  ;  the  true  travels,  adventures,  and  observations 
of  captain  John  Smith  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America,  from 
1593  to  1629,  folio,  1630;  this  is  preserved  entire  in  Churchill's 
collections  ;  advertisements  for  the  inexperienced  planters  of  New 
England,  4to,  1650.^— Smith's  travels  ;  his  Virginia;  ChurcliiWs  col" 
lect.  ii.  ;  Belknafi'a  jimer.  biog.  i.  240—319  ;  Keith,  58. — 119  ; 
Stithy  45 — 107;  Purchase  v.  1705— .1731,  1838  ;  Holmes*  annals^ 
i.  153—167,  183,  184;  Chalmers,  i.  17—29  ;  Marshalt.i.  31 — 47. 

SMITH  (Samuel),  a  historian,  was  a  native  of  Burlington,  New 
Jersey,  in  which  place  he  died  in  1776.  He  published  a  history  of 
New  Jersey  from  its  settlement  to  1721,  8vo,  1765,  which  is  a  judi- 
cious compilation. 

SMITH  (William),  chief  justice  of  the  province  of  New  York, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1745.  He  published  a  history  of 
the  province  of  New  York  from  the  first  discovery  to  the  year  1733? 


rf,flli;i 


i  II 


518 


SMI. 


I;  t 


i;.; 


4t(H  1T57.     This  was  written  at  an  earljr  period  oi  his  life,  but  it 
contains  valuable  information.--«7Vi2//rr,  ii.  141. 

SMITH  (Josiah),  minister  in  South  Carolina,  was  the  first  na- 
tive of  that  province,  who  received  a  literary  degree,  lie  was  born 
in  Charleston  in  1704,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1725. 
He  was  ordained  in  Boston  as  ministe':'  for  Bermuda  July  1 1,  i736, 
and  afterwards  became  pastor  of  the  presbyterian  church  in  Charles- 
ton, Scuth  Carolina.  He  closed  a  useful  and  honorable  life  in  1781 
at  Phil  .Iphia,  whither  he  had  been  induced  to  fly  during  the  revo- 
]uUon&  y  war.  He  maintained  in  the  early  part  uf  his  ministry  a 
learned  disputation  with  the  reverend  Hugh  Fisher  on  the  right  of 
private  judgment.  He  published  a  sermon  at  ftis  own  ordination  ; 
the  spirits  of  God  a  holy  fire,  1736  ;  the  duty  of  parents  to  instruct 
their  children,  1727  ;  the  young  man  warned  ;  Solomon's  caution 
against  the  cup,  1729  ;  human  impositions  proved  unscriptural ; 
answer  to  a  postscript  of  a  sermon  of  Mr.  Hugh  Fisher  ;  the  di- 
vine right  of  private  judgm  ^nt  vindicated,  1730  ;  a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Hannah  Dart,  1742  ;  Jesus  persecuted  in  his  disciples ; 
zeal  for  God  encouraged  and  guarded,  1745  ;  a  volume  of  sermons, 
175'i  ;  the  church  of  Ephesus  arraigned,  the  substance  of  five 
short  sermons  contracted  into  one,  17 6 5. -—Miller' a  retrosfiecty  ii. 
363.  \ 

SMITH  (Thomas),  first  minister  of  Portland,  Massachusetts, 
was  the  son  of  Thomas  Smith,  esquire,  merchant  of  Boston,  and 
was  born  March  21,  1702.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1720.  In  1726  he  went  to  Falmouth,  now  P  ^rtland,  as  chaplain 
to  the  troops  stationed  there,  afid  preacher  to  the  inhabitants.  He 
was  ordained  March  8,  1727,  the  day,  on  which  a  church  was  gath- 
ered. Though  he  received  for  his  colleague  the  reverend  Mr. 
Deane  in  1767,  he  preached  in  his  turn  till  the  close  of  1784,  and 
officiated  in  public  prayer  till  within  a  year  and  a  half  of  his  death. 
He  died  May  23,  1795  in  the  ninety  fourth  year  of  his  age,  renounc- 
ing all  self  dependence,  and  placing  his  hope  in  the  mercy  of  God 
through  the  merits  of  the  Redcmer.  In  his  preaching  he  always 
inculcated  the  doctrines  of  grace.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the 
ordination  of  Solomon  Lombard  at  Gorham,  and  asennontosea  far- 
ing meQ.—~Deane*x  sermon  and  Kellogg'a  oration  on  his  death. 

SMITH  (Robert,  d.  d.),  minister  in  Pennsylvania,  was  bom  of 
Scotch  parents  in  Londonderry,  Ireland,  about  the  year  1723,  and 
was  brought  to  this  country  about  the  year  1730.  At  the  age  of 
sixteen  or  seventeen  years  he  became  the  subject  of  that  divine  in- 
fluence, which  so  eminently  accompanied  and  blessed  the  preaching 
of  Mr.  Whitefield  during  his  first  visit  to  America.  Having  resolved 
>o  devote  himself  to  the  service  of  his  Redeemer,  he  pursued  his 
'tlassical  and  theological  studies  for  several  years  under  thi  instruc- 
tion of  the  reverend  Samuel  Blair.  In  1751  he  was  settled  in  the 
presbyterian  church  at  Pequea  in  Pennsylvania,  in  which  station  he 


his  life,  but  it 

»8the  first  na- 
Ue  was  born 
Uego  in  IT25. 
July  11,  iT36, 
irchinCharles- 
bleUfcin  1781 
uring  the  revo- 
his  ministry  a 
on  the  right  of 
»wn  ordination ; 
rents  to  instruct 
ilomon's  caution 
ed  unscriptural ; 
Fisher  ;  the  di- 
a  sermon  on  the 
in  his  disciples ; 
ume  of  sermons, 
mbstance  of  five 
r'a  retroafiect,  ii. 

,  Massachusetts, 
of  Boston,  and 
Harvard  college 
•tland,  as  chapiwn 
inhabitants.     He 
church  was  gath- 
le  reverend  Mr. 
lose  of  1784,  and 
[half  of  his  death. 
,hisage,renounc- 
he  mercy  of  God 
■aching  he  always 
a  sermon  at  the 
sermon  to  sea  far- 
In  his  death. 
Ivania,  was  bom  of 
,e  year  1723,  and 
At  the  age  of 
.  of  that  divine  in- 
ised  the  preachin? 
.  Having  resolved 
•,  he  pursued  his 
under  thfe  instruc- 
i  was  settled  in  the 
m  which  station  he 


SMI. 


519 


continued  to  officiate  with  reputation  and  ustfukicss  till  his  df  ath 
about  the  year  1785  in  the  sixty  third  year  of  his  age.    Dr.  bnuth 
was  one  of  the  most  able  tlieologians,  the  most  profound  casuists, 
and  the  most  successful  preachers  of  his  age.     Soon  after  his  set- 
tlement he  founded  a  school  at  Pequea,  designed  chiefly  for  the  in- 
struction of  youth  in  the  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages.    lu 
this  school,  which  he  always  sui)erintcnded  himself,  he  employed 
the  most  respc':iable  teachers.     Many  young  men,  who  have  since 
filled  very  honorable  stations  in  church  and  state,  received  in  it 
their  classical  education.    It  was  his  care  to  instil  with  the  elements 
of  literature  the  principles  of  a  pure  and  ardeirt  piety.     Though  he 
was  remarkably  modest,  yet  in  the  pulpit  he  knew  not  the  fear  of 
man  ;  his  mind  was  filled  with  the  divine  presence,  and  all  earthly 
distinctions  and  feelings  were  lost  in  the  majesty  of  God.     His 
preaching  w^as  most  solemn  and  fervent.    During  his  whole  minis- 
try he  was  for  only  one  sabbath  prevented  by  sickness  from  enter- 
ing his  pulpit ;  and  on  that  day,  though  confined  to  his  chamber  by 
a  fever,  he  sent  for  the  principal  members  of  his  church,  and  ^mke 
to  them  with  his  usual  energy  on  the  comforts,  the  joys,  and  the 
duties  of  religion.     His  labors  were  not  confined  to  his  own  people* 
for  lus  benevolent  zeal  frequently  carried  him  to  the  various  parts 
of  an  extensive  district  among  churches  and  societies  destitute  of 
the  stated  ordinances  of  religion.    Knowing  the  value  of  time,  he 
suffered  not  a  moment  to  be  lost.     He  combined  numerous  duties 
in  iperfect  order.     He  slept  but  little,  and  after  spending  the  morn- 
ing in  his  closet  and  his  study,  he  was  to  be  found  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  day  either  in  his  pulpit  or  his  school,  or  among  the 
people  of  his  charge,  imparting  piuus  advice  and  instructing  their 
children  in  the  principles  of  the  gospel.    His  wife,  the  sister  of  the 
reverend  Mr.  Blair,  was  a  woman  of  an  excellent  underatandingand 
of  unaffected  piety.     In  his  absence  she  always  conducted  the  de- 
votions of  the  family  with  dignity  and  fervor.     Of  his  children  two 
embraced  the  profession  of  medicine,  and  three  entered  at  an  early 
age  on  the  sacred  ministry,  and  have  since  filled  some  of  the  most 
respectable  stations  in  the  church  as  well  as  in  the  literary  institu* 
tions  of  this  country.      In  the  fourth  volume  of  the  American 
preacher  there  are  published  three  of  his  sermons,  entitled,  the  na- 
ture of  saving  faith  ;  the  excellency  of  saving  faith  ;  practice  uses 
from  the  nature  and  excellency  of  saving  ia\th.-^ji8sembly*s  miss, 
mag.  ii.  1— «6  ;  Maaaachuaetta  miaa.  mag.  \\\.  361—366. 

SMITH  (John  Blair),  first  president  of  Union  college  at 
Schenectady  in  the  state  of  New  Yor^,  was  the  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  was  born  June  12,  1756.  In  early  life  h«  exhibited  marks 
of  uncommon  energy  of  mind,  and  Was  distinguished  by  an  ingenu- 
ous habit  of  speech  and  behavior.  He  received  much  parental  at- 
tention, and  was  the  subject  of  many  pious  prayers.;  and  those 
firayerjii  were  heard  in  heaven*    When  he  was  about'fourtcen  years 


'ifn 


520 


SMI. 


■1  '  h  'il 


f  i« 


;!!,; 


I^fllif 'ii 


■'  ^-H"; 


of  age,  it  pleased  God  to  excite  among  the  fouth  in  the  academy  at 
Pequea  a  serious  attention  to  religion.     His  mind  was  at  this  period 
deeply  impressed  by  the  truths  of  the  gospel  j  he   was  renewed  by 
the  agency  of  the  Holy  Spirit  ;   and  in  a  short  time   he  avowed 
himself  a  disciple  of  Jesus.     From  the  year  1773,  when  he  was 
graduated  at  the  college  of  New  Jersey,  he  devoted  himself  al- 
most entirely  to  theological  studies  under  the  direction  of  his  broth- 
er, the  reverend  Samuel  S.  Smith,  at  that  time  president  of  Hamp- 
den Sidney  college  in  Virginia,  and  since  president  of  the  college 
of  New  *  'P  'y.     He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  presbytery  of 
Hano^  c<        i  T78.     In  1779  he  was  settled  over  a  church  in  Virgin- 
ia, and  bi  the  same  dme  he  succeeded  his  brotner  as  principal  of  the 
seminary  of  Hampden  Sidney.    Here  he  was  eminently  honored  by 
the  great  head  of  the  church  in  being  made  instrumental  in  promot- 
ing a  general  religious  solicitude  and  reformation  among  the  people 
of  his  charge  and  of  the  neighborhood.  As  he  was  now  called  to  ex- 
traordinary exertions,  he  generally  preached  once  at  least  every  day, 
and  in  the  evenings  he  was  commonly  engaged  in  religious  conver- 
sation.   His  engagements  interfering  with  the  attention  due  to  the 
college,  he  resigned  this  part  of  his  charge,  that  he  might  give  him- 
self wholly  to  the  work  of  the  Christian  ministry.       His  z  \al  w?k 
rewarded  by  the  success,  which  attended  his  labors,  but  as  his  health 
was  enfeebled,  he  was  persuaded  to  accept  an  invitation  frc  n  the 
third  presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  was  installed  in 
December  1791.    When  Union  college  at  Schenectady  was  found- 
ed in  1795  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  it,  and  he  presided   over 
the  seminary  for  three  years  with  high  reputation.     But  amidst  his 
literary  occupations  the  duties  of  the  sacred  office  most  warmly  in- 
terested hill.    He  improved  every  opportunity  for  preaching  the 
gospel  of  his  Redeemer.    Being  again  invited  to  his  former  charge 
in  Philadelphia  he  returned  to  that  city  in  May  1799.     His  succes- 
sor in  the  care  of  the  college  was  Dr.  Edwards.     In  a  short  time 
he  was  seized  with  the  yellow  fever,  of  which  he  died  August  22, 
1799  in  resignation  and  joyful  hope. — 4s8embly*8  miss.  mag.  i.  267-- 
2'72  ;  Blair's  sermon  on  his  death;  JV.  Y.  miss.  mag.  i.  128  ;  Month- 
ly mag.  and  jimeTi  rruiew,  ii.  145  ;  Edwards*  ivorksy  Eng,  edit.  i. 
118. 

SMITH  (Robert,  d.  d.),  first  bishop  of  the  episcopal  churches 
in  South  Carolina,  died  at  Charleston  in  November  1801  in  the  sev- 
enty third  year  of  his  age.  He  had  for  forty  seven  years  discharged 
the  duties  of  a  minister  of  St.  Philip's  church. 

SMITH  (William,  d.  d.),  first  provost  of  the  college  in  Phila- 
delphia, was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  received  his  education  at  the 
university  of  Aberdeen,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1747.  The 
three  following  years  he  spent  in  teaching  in  a  parochial  school  and 
in  1750  was  sent  up  to  London  in  pursuance  of  some  plan  for  the 
better  endowment  of  such  schools.     In  London  he  was  induced  to 


SXM. 


^ki 


relinquish  the  cmploymeut,  in  which  he  was  engaged,  nnd  to  em- 
hM'k  ibr  AMicrica,  where  he  soon  aftenvardb  arrived.  Alter  being 
employed  upwards  of  two  years  as  a  private  tutor  in  the  family  of 
governor  Murtin  on  Long  Island  in  the  province  of  New  York,  he 
was  invited  to  take  the  charge  of  the  collci^c  in  Philadelphia,  and  he 
acccined  the  invitation.  After  rcvlsitin;^  England,  and  receiving 
regular  ordination  in  the  episcopal  church  in  December  1753,  he 
he  returned  to  America,  and  in  May  1754  was  placed  at  the  hfead  of 
th^  infant  seminary.  His  popular  talents  and  taste  in  polite  litcru- 
turc  contributed  gi*eatly  to  raise  the  character  of  the  college.  He 
was  principally  assisted  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Allison.  After  being 
for  many  years  a  distinguished  preacher  and  writer,  and  rendering 
important  service  to  the  literary  interests  of  America,  he  died  at  Phil- 
adeiphiuMay  14, 1803,  aged  seventy  six  years.  He  published  a  sermon 
delivered  before  freemasons,  1755  ;  discourses  on  several  public  occa- 
sions during  the  war  in  America,  1759,and  a  second  edition  with  seve- 
ralsermons  added,  1763;  a  discourse  concerning  the  conversion  of  the 
heathen  in  America,  1760 ;  an  account  of  the  charitable  corporation 
for  the  widows  of  clergymen  of  the  church  of  England,  1769;  an 
oration  before  the  American  philosophical  society,  1773  ;  a  sermon 
on  the  present  crisis  of  American  affairs,  preached  June  23,  1775  ; 
in  this  he  says  that  no  one-  had  advanced  the  idea  of  independence, 
and  he  disclaimed  it,  and  yet  he  would  support  the  chartered  rights 
of  the  colonies;  an  oration  in  memory  of  Montgomery,  1776; 
on  temporal  and  spiritual  sal',  *'>n,  1790.  His  works  were  publish- 
ed in  two  vols.  8vo,  1803. —  .Me  '«  retrosfiectt'u.  352,353  ;  Chand- 
kr*«  life  ofjohnaon^  87. 

SMITH  (Elihu  Hubbard),  an  eminent  physician  of  New  York, 
wa&bornat  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  in  1771,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  College  in  1786.  After  pursuing  a  regular  course  of  medical 
studies  under  the  direction  of  his  father,  he  commenced  the  practice 
of  physiciat  Wethersfield  in  1792,  but  removed  to  New  York  in  1793. 
In  1797  he  commenced  the  medical  repository  in  conjunction  with 
Drs.  Mitchill  and  Miller.  He  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever  in 
1798.  At  his  eariy  age  he  had  explored  a  vast  extent  of  medical 
learning.  His  diligence,  and  ardor,  and  perseverance  knew  n6 
common  bounds.  His  writings  display  singular  acutcness,  great 
force  of  reasonibg,  and  the  talents  of  accurate  and  extensive  obser- 
vation. Besides  his  medical  productions  in  the  repository,  he  pub- 
lished  Edwin  and  Angelina,  or  the  banditti,  an  opera  in  three  acts, 
1797.— 7lf///er,i.  395,  326  ;  Medical  refiositoryf  sec.  edit,  hexade  ii. 
v.  2 14,  2 15  ;  Monthly  mag.  1798,  402. 

SMITH  (Isaac),  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of  New  Jersey, 
was  graduated  at  the  college  in  that  state  in  1755,  and  afterwards 
commenced  the  practice  of  physic.  From  the  beginning  of  the 
troubles  with  Great  Britain  he  was  distinguished  for  his  patriotic 
services  in  the  cause  of  his  country.     In  1776  he  commanded  a 

6Y 


Fi-.i 


'  ,  I 


'       '     ^ 


i  ■        •, 


*     1^ 


■■f; 


522 


SOU. 


Mi 

m 


regiment,  and  during  the  periods  of  gloom  and  dismay  he  was  firm 
and  persevering.  He  associated  valor  with  discretion,  the  discipline 
ed  spirit  of  the  soldier  with  the  sagacity  of  the  Aatesman.  Soon 
Ufter  the  termination  of  the  struggle,  he  received  his  appointment  as 
judge,  and  for  eighteen  years  discharged  the  ardous  duties  of  that 
F^atiou.  After  the  present  constitution  of  the  United  States  was 
formed,  he  was  a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives,  and  was 
esteemed  by  Washington  and  Adams.  Endowed  with  fine  talents, 
3>id  having  enjoyed  a  classical  education,  he  united  the  character  of 
a  Christian,  scholar,  soldier,  and  gentleman.  He  died  August  29, 
1 807,  in  the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age,  in  hope  of  mercy  through 
the  Redeemer.— Por/yb/io,  nevtaeriea^  i.  135, 136. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
was  first  granted  with  North  Carolina  and  Georgia  to  the  earl  of 
Clarendon  and  others  in  1663.     A  small  plantation  had  for  a  nam- 
ber  of  years  been  established  within  the  boundaries  of  the  patent. 
A  more  ample  charter  was  obtained  in  1 664,  and  the  government 
was  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  proprietors.     This  proprietary  gov- 
ernment continued  about  fifty  years.    In  1719  a  change  was  effected 
in  it  by  the  inhabitants.     They  refused  to  do  any  business  with  the 
proprietary  governor,  but  at  the  same  time  offered  to  obey  him,  if 
he  would  hold  his  authority  in  the  name-  of  the  king  of  Englan^. 
This  being  refused  they  chose  a  different  governor,  and  bound  them- 
selves by  an  association  to  stand  by  each  other  in  the  defence  of 
their  rights.      From  this  period  the  government  was  regal.      The 
governor  was  appointed  by  the  crown,  and  he  had  a  negative  on  all 
the  bills  passed  by  the  assemblies.     The  English  constitution  was 
the  model.      During  the  proprietary  government  the  colony  was 
involved  in  perpetual  quarrels.      Uarrassed  by  the  Indians,  infested 
by  pirates,  invaded  by  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets,  agitated  with 
internal  dissensions,  it  did  not  much  flourish.     But  after  the  change 
in  the  government  it  increased  rapidly.      In  1729  the  province  of 
Carolina  was  divide-'l  into  the  two  distinct  governments  of  North  and 
South  Car    ma.      This  state  took  an  early  and  decided  part  in  the 
struggle  with  Great  Britain.     It  was  the  first  of  the  United  States, 
that  formed  an  independent  constitution ;  but  as  this  was  done  on 
temporary  principles  it  was  new  modelled  after  the  declaration  of 
independence  by  the  continental  congress.     The  present  constitu- 
tion of  South  Carolina  was  adopted  in  1790.     It  establishes  a  legis- 
lature of  two  branches,  a  house  of  representatives  and  a  senate,  the 
members  of  the  former  to  be  chosen  every  second  and  of  the  lattec 
every  fourth  year ;  and  they  by  a  joint  vote  elect  the  governor  for 
two  years.     The  judges  hold  their  commbsions  during  good  be- 
havior, being  appointed  by  the  legislature.— /?ainsoj/**  hitt.  revolu- 
tion in  S.  Carolina  ;    Henuatt'a  histor,  acct.  of  5.  Car,  and  Georgia ; 
Holmea*  annals  i  Morse's  geog. 


■i , 


.,.''  V  '■'■/■ 


SPR. 


523 


6PROAT  (James,  d.  d.))  minister  in  PhiladelpAiia,  was  bom  at 
Scituate  in  Massachusetts  April  11,  1732,  and  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1741.  While  a  member  oi  this  seminary  he  heard 
a  sermon  by  the  reverend  Gilbert  Tcnnent,  which  made  the  most 
permanent  impressions  upon  his  mind.  He  was  ordained  August 
S3,  1743,  a  minister  in  Guiltord,  where  he  was  highly  popular  and 
very  useful.  His  exertions  were  directed  to  extend  the  revival  of 
religion,  which  prevailed  in  this  country  at  the  time  of  his  settle- 
ment. From  Guilford  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  succeeded 
Mr.  Tcnnent  at  the  close  of  the  year  1768.  Here  he  continued  till 
his  death,  October  18,  1793,  in  the  seventy  second  year  of  his  age. 
The  reverend  Dr.  Green,  his  colleague,  survived  him.  The  ma|)- 
ner  of  his  funeral  showed  the  high  esteem,  in  which  he  was  held. 
It  was  at  tlie  time,  when  the  yellow  fever  made  such  ravages  in  the 
city,  and  when  even  two  or  three  mourning  friends  were  seldom  seen 
attending  a  corpse  to  the  grave.  About  fifty  persons  followed  him, 
and  some  religious  negroes  voluntarily  offered  themselves  to  carry 
the  bier.  These  grateful,  generous  Africans  proved  themselves 
worthy  of  the  highest  commendation.  Dr.  Sproat  was  a  respectable 
divine,  and  in  his  preaching  he  Joved  to  dwell  on  the  peculiar  doc- 
trines of  the  gospel.  His  life  exhibited  a  most  amiable  view  of  the 
influence  of  religion.  Tlie  copious  extracts  from  his  diary  in  the 
assembly's  magazine  evince  his  piety  and  submission  to  the  will  of 
God  under  the  heaviest  afflictions,  and  give  an  affecting  account  of 
the  distress,  occasioned  by  the  ravages  of  the  yellow  fever.— ./f«- 
9emb.  miaa.  mag.  i.  315 — 321,  361 — 366,  414 — 418,  461—470; 
Masfta.  rniaa.  mag.  v.  81 — 85  ;    Coiled,  hist.  soc.  x.  95. 

STANDISH  (Miles),  the  hero  of  New  England,  was  bom  in 
Lancashire  about  the  year  1584.  After  having  been  for  some  time 
in  the  army  in  the  Netherlands,  h6  settled  \yiih  Mr.  Robinson^s  con- 
gregation dt  Leyden.  Though  not  a  member  of  the  church  be  em- 
barked with  the  first  company,  that  came  to  New  England  in  1 620, 
and  was  chosen  captain  or  chief  military  commander  at  Plymouth. 
In  every  hazardous  enterprise  he  was  foremost  ;  he  was  resolute 
and  daring ;  and  often  wl^n  in  great  danger  was  guarded  by  the 
providence  of  God.  In  1623  he  was  sent  to  W,essae!:us5et  or  Wey- 
mouth to  protect  the  settlers  there  from  a  conspiiracy  of  the  Indians, 
which  Masassoit  had  disclosed.  Having  chosen  eight  men  he  weti^ 
to  the  plantation  tinder  4;he  pretence  of  trade,  and  he  found  it  in  a 
most  perilous  condition.  The  people  by  their  unjust  and  disorderly 
conduct  had  made  themselves  coEtem]*iible  in  the  eyes  of  tiic  In- 
dians. To  give  the  savages  satisfaction  on  account  of  com,  which 
had  been  stolen,  they  pretended  to  hang  the  thief,  but  nung  in  his 
stead  a  poor,  decrepid,  old  man.  After  Standish  arrived  at  Wey- 
mouth, he  was  insulted  and  threatened  by  the  Indians,  who  had  been 
named  as  cons[Hrators.  Taking  an  opportunity,  when  a  number 
of  them  were  together  he  killed  five  w:*     ivt  lQ»sing  any  of  his 


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men.  He  hittulf  seized  Pecknuot,  a  bold  chief,  snatched  his 
knii'e  from  his  neck,  and  killed  him  with  it.  The  terror,  with 
wiiich  this  enterprise  filled  the  savages,  was  of  great  advantage  to 
the  colonists.  When  the  repott  of  this  transaction  was  carrieu  to 
Holland,  Mr.  Robinson  in  his  next  letter  to  the  governor  exclaimed, 
**  O  ^hat  you  had  converted  some  before  you  had  killed  any."  Cap> 
tain  Standish  was  one  of  the  magistrates  or  assistants,  as  long  as  he 
lived.  He  died  in  1656  at  Duxliorough,  where  he  had  a  tract  of 
land  now  known  by  the  name  of  captain's  hill.  Mr.  Hubbard  says 
of  himt"  a  little  chimney  is  soon  fired  ;  so  was  the  Plymouth  cap> 
tain,  a  man  of  a  very  smaJl  stature*  yet  of  a  very  hot  and  angry  tem- 
per—He had  been  bred  n  soldier  in  the  low  countries,  and  never 
entered  into  the  school  of  Christ,  or  of  John  the  baptist."  It  does 
not  appear  however,  that  in  his  military  expeditions  he  exceeded 
his  orders.  Morton  says,  that  he  felt  asleep  in  the  hovii.f—'Belkna/i\ 
jimer.  hiog.  i.  310— 336;  Morton^  155  ;  Prince^  136— <132  ;  Holntfn' 
fmnaUf  i.  207,  225,  369  j  Hutchinson,  ii.  46 1  ;  Morac  and  Paria/i'ti 
JV.  E.  240—249  ;  Mal'a  JV.  E.  i.  101,  310. 

STluUBEN  (FasD^mcK  Wuliam,  baron  de),  a  major  gen* 
eral  in  the  American  army,  was  a  Prussian  oflicer,  who  served  many 
years  in  the  armies  of  the  great  Frederick,  was  one  of  his  aids,  and 
had  held  the  rank  of  lieutenant  general.  He  arrived  in  New  Hamp* 
9hire  from  Marseilles  in  November  1777  with  strong  recommendu- 
tions  to  congress.  He  claimed  no  rank,  and  only  requested  permis- 
sion to  render  as  a  volunteer  what  services  he  could  to  the  American 
army.  He  was  soon  appointed  to  the  ofiice  of  wspector  general 
with  the  rank  of  major  general.  He  established  a  uniform  system 
pf  manoeuvres,  and  by  his  skill  and  per^^evering  industiy  eflectcd 
during  the  continuance  of  the  troops  at  Volley  Forge  a  most  impor- 
tant improvement  in  all  ranks  pf  the  army.  He  was  a  volunteer  in 
the  action  at  Monmouth,  and  commanded  in  the  trenches  of  York 
Town  on  the  day,  which  concluded  the  struggle  with  Great  Britain. 
He  died  at  Steubenville,  New  York*  November  28)  1794,  aged 
sixty  one  years.  He  was  an  accomplished  gentleman  apd  a  virtuous 
pitizen,  of  extensive  knowledge  and  sound  judgment.  An  abstract 
of  his  system  of  discipline  was  published  in  1779,  and  in  1784 
he  published  a  letter  on  the  subject  of  an  established  militia  and 
military  arrangements — Marahalii  iii.  381 — 384  ;  Gordon,  iii.  67, 
68  ;  CoUrct.  hiat.  aoc.  ii.  130;  Gazette  U.  .$.  December^  26,  1794. 

STEVENS  (Joscph),  minister  of  Charlestovn,  Massachusetts, 
^as  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1703,  and  was  ordained  col- 
league  with  Mr.  Brad^treet  October  13,  1713.  He  died  Novem- 
oer  16,  1721,  aged  forty  years.  He  was  a  fervent  and  eloquent 
preacher,  cheerful  thcugh  serious  in  conversation,  gentle  as  a  father, 
and  beloved  by  all  his  congregation.  There  was  published  from 
his  manuscripts  his  last  sermon,  entitled,  another  and  a  better  coun« 
iry  ip  re^rve  for  all  true  believers,  and  annexed  to  it  a  discourse  on 


STE. 


525 


the  death  of  the  reTerenU  Mr.  Brattle  of  Cun)bridge.«-Co/man'« 
/"•^.  to  the  above. 

STEVEN ->  (BKNjAMiir,  o.  D.)t  minister  of  Kitteryt  Matsachu- 
settih  WM  Uie  sun  ol  the  preceding*  und  wns  gruduutcd  at  Harvard 
college  in  1740.  His  ordination  took  place  May  1, 1751.  He  died 
May  18,  179  If  having  been  respected  in  life  as  an  able  minister  of 
the  gospel,  an  exemplary  Christian,  and  a  modest  and  humble  man. 
He  possessed  a  penetrating  mind  and  sound  judgment.  While  he 
searched  the  sacred  scriptures  for  the  doctrines,  which  he  preached* 
he  paid  all  suitable  attention  to  the  manner,  in  which  he  delivered 
them  ;  and  his  discourses  were  well  studied  and  well  written.  He 
published  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  A.  Peppcrell,  esquire,  1752  ;  on 
the  death  of  sir  William  Pepperell,  1759;  election  sermon,  1761. 
wmHaven*9  termon  on  hi»  death. 

STILES  (Ezra,  d.  d.),  president  of  Yale  college,  was  the 
son  of  the  reverend  Isaac  Stiles  of  North  Haven,  Connecticut* 
and  was  born  December  15,  1737.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
seminary,  over  which  he  was  destined  to  preside,  in  1746,  and 
in  1749  was  chosen  tutor,  in  which  station  he  remained  six  years. 
Alter  having  preached  oceiisionaily  his  impaired  health  and  some 
doubt  respecting  the  truth  ot  Christianity  induced  him  to  pur* 
sue  the  study  of  the  law.  In  1753  he  took  the  attorney's  oath  at 
New  Haven,  and  practised  at  the  bar  till  1 755.  But  having  resumed 
preaching,  on  the  twenty  second  of  October  in  this  latter  year  he 
was  ordained  minister  of  the  second  congregational  church  in  New< 
port,  Rhode  Island.  In  March  1776  the  events  of  the  war  dispersed 
his  congregation,  and  induced  him  to  remove  to  Dighton.  He  after- 
wards preached  for  some  time  at  Portsmouth.  In  177/  he  was 
chosen  president  of  Yale  college,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Clap.  He  was 
.not  desirous  of  this  honor,  for  he  loved  retirement ;  but  he  was  per- 
suaded to  accept  it.  He  was  installed  July  8,1778,  and  be  continued 
in  this  station  till  his  death  May  13,  1795,  in  the  sixty  eighth  year 
of  his  age.  Dr.  Stiles  was  one  of  the  most  learned  men,  of  whom 
this  country  can  boast.  He  had  a  thoroUk:;h  knowledge  of  the 
Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin  languages,  the  former  of  which  he  learn- 
ed  when  he  was  about  forty  years  of  age  ;  he  hud  made  considerable 
progress  in  the  Samaritan,  Chaklee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic;  on  the 
Persic -and  Coptic  he  had  bestowed  some  attention;  and  the  French 
he  read  with  great  facility.  He  was  also  well  versed  in  most 
branches  ot  mathematical  knowledge.  Next  to  sacred  literature 
astronomy  was  his  favorite  science.  He  had  read  the  works  of  di- 
vines in  various  languages,  and  very  few  have  had  so  thorough  an 
acquaintance  with  the  fathers  of  the  Christian  church.  He  possess- 
ed an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  Rabbinical  writings.  He 
was  a  most  impressive  and  eloquent  preacher,  for  he  spoke  with 
that  zeal  and  energy,  which  the  deepest  interest  in  the  most  impor- 
tant subjects  cannot  fail  to  inspire.      His  early  discourses  were 


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philoiopmcal  tad  moral }  but  he  gredualljr  became  a  terioua 
powerful  preacker  of  the  momentous  truths  of  the  gospel.  In  the 
room  of  latiored  disquisitions  addressed  rather  to  the  reason  than  to 
the  oottscience  and  heart,  he  employed  his  time  in  preaching  re- 
pentance and  fiiith,  the  great  truths  respecting  our  disease  and  cure* 
the  physician  of  souls  and  our  remedy  in  him,  the  manner  in  'which 
the  sinner  is  brought  home  to  God  in  regeneration!  justification* 
ffwctification)  ai:d  eternal  glory,  the  terrors  and  blessings  of  the 
world  to  come,  the  influence  of  the  Holy  Spirit  and  the  efficacy  of 
the  truth  in  the  great  change  of  the  character,  preparatory  for  heaven. 
The  doctrines  of  the  trinity  in  unity,  of  the  divinity  and  atonement 
of  Christ,  with  the  capital  principles  of  the  great  theological  system 
of  the  doctrines  of  grace  he  believed  to  have  been  the  uninterrupted 
faith  of  eight  tenths  of  Christendom  from  the  ascension  of  Jesus 
Christ  to  the  present  day.  This  system,  he  observed  to  his  flock, 
1  have  received  from  God  in  the  scriptures  of  truth,  and  on  the  re- 
view of  my  ministry  I  hope  you  will  find,  that  I  hfve  preached  the 
unsearchable  riches  of  Christ.  He  delighted  in  preaching  the  gos- 
pel to  the  poor.  Among  the  members  of  his  church  at  Newport 
were  seven  negroes.  These  occasionally  met  in  his  study,  when  he 
instructed  them,  and  falling  on  their  knees  together  he  implored 
for  them  and  for  himself  the  blessing  of  that  God,  with  whom  all 
distinction  excepting  that  of  Christian  excellence  is  as  nothing.  In 
the  cause  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  Dr.  Stiles  was  an  enthusiast. 
He  contended,  that  the  right  of  conscience  and  private  judgment 
was  unalienable  ;  and  that  no  exigencies  of  the  Christian  church 
could  render  it  lawful  to  erect  any  body  of  men  into  a  standing  ju- 
dicatory over  the  churches.  He  engaged  with  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
his  country.  He  thought,  that  the  thirtieth  of  January,  which  was 
observed  1;^  the  episcopalians  in  commemoration  of  the  martyrdom 
of  Charles  I,  **  ought  to  be  celebrated  as  an  anniversary  thansgiv- 
ing,  that  one  nation  on  earth  had  so  much  fortitude  and  public  jus- 
tice, as  to  make  a  royal  tyrant  bow  to  the  sovereignty  of  the  peo- 
ple.'* He  was  catholic  in  his  sentiments,  for  hi^  heart  was  open  to 
receive  all,  who  loved  the  Lord  Jesus  in  sincerity.  He  was  conspicu- 
ous for  his  benevolence,  as  well  as  for  his  learning  and  piety.  The 
following  extracts  from  his  diary  furnish  evidence  of  his  Christian 
goodness.  **  The  review  of  my  life  astonishes  me  with  a  sense  of 
my  sins.  May  I  be  washed  in  the  blood  of  Jesus,  which  cleanseth 
from  all  sin.  Purify  and  sanctify  me,  O  blessed  Spirit ! — I  hope  I 
love  my  Savior  for  his  divine  excellencies,  as  well  as  for  his  love  to 
sinners ;  I  glory  in  his  divine  righteousness  ;  and  earnestly  be- 
seech the  God  of  all  grace  to  endue  me  with  true  und  real  holiness, 
and  to  make  me  like  himself.-*!  have  earnestly  importuned  the 
youth  of  thia  university  to  devote  themselves  to  that  divine  Jdsus, 
who  hath  loved  them  to  the  death.  And  praised  be  God,  I  have 
reason  to  hope  the  lilessed  Spirit  hath  wrought  effectually  on  the 


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B  •  teriotis  uiA 
;otp«l.      In  the 
rcMon  than  to 
n  preaching  re- 
Lieate  and  cur«t 
kttiir.er  in  'which 
m,  juitification, 
tletsinga  of  the 
1  the  efficacy  of 
itory  for  heaven, 
and  atonement 
Bologtcal  system 
le  uninterrupted 
tension  of  Jesus 
•ved  to  hit  flock, 
s,  and  on  the  re- 
re  preached  the 
caching  the  gos- 
urch  at  Newport 
is  study,  when  he 
Lher  he  implored 
,  with  whom  all 
is  as  nothing.    In 
vas  an  enthusiast, 
private  judgment 
Christian  church 
ito  a  standing  ju- 
al  in  the  cause  ot 
mary,  which  was 
"the  martyrdom 
Tersary  thansgiv- 
de  and  public  jus- 
ignty  of  the  peo- 
heart  was  open  to 
ie  was  conspicu- 
and  piety.     The 
J  of  his  Christian 
le  with  a  sense  of 
,  which  cleanseth 
Spirit !— I  hope  I 
as  for  his  love  to 
ind  earnestly  he- 
and  real  holiness, 
,  importuned  the 
that  divine  Jesus, 
be  God,  I  have 
effeclually  on  the 


hearts  of  sundry,  who  have,  I  think,  been  brought  homt  to  God* 
and  experienced  what  flesh  and  blood  cannot  impart  to  the  human 
mind.  Whether  I  shall  ever  get  to  heaven,  and  through  many  trib- 
ulations enter  into  rest,  God  only  knows.  This  1  know,  that  1  am 
one  of  the  moat  unworthy  of  all  the  works  of  God."  Though  in 
the  first  stage  of  his  last  sickness  he  expressed  awful  apprehen- 
sion of  standing  at  the  divine  tribunal  ;  yet  his  hopes  of  heaven 
brightened  as  he  approached  the  grave,  and  he  departed  in  great 
calmness  and  peace. 

He  was  a  man  of  low  stature,  and  of  a  small  though  well  propor- 
tioned form.  His  voice  was  clear  and  energetic.  His  counttnanco 
especially  in  conversation  was  expressive  of  benignity  and  mildness ; 
but  if  occasion  required,  it  became  the  index  of  majesty  and  au» 
thority.  He  published  a  funei'al  oration  in  Latin  on  governor  Law^ 
1751 ;  a  discourse  on  the  Christian  union,  preached  before  the  con* 
gregational  ministers  of  Rhode  Island,  1760  ;  in  ^  :is  work  he  re- 
commends harmony  among  differing  Christians,  and  showa  an  ^nti* 
mate  acquaintance  with  the  ecclesiastical  affairs  o  f  this  country ;  n  ser- 
mon at  the  installation  of  reverend  Samuel  Hopkins,  1 77'  > ;  a  Lat'n  era* 
tion  on  his  induction  into  his  office  of  president,  1778;  the  United 
States  elevated  to  glory  and  honor,  an  election  sermon,  preached  May 
8,  1783,  which  exhibits  the  eloquence,  and  patriotism,  and  glowing 
sentiments  of  liberty,  with  which  the  august  occasion  coul^  it  full 
to  inspire  him  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  the  reverend  Heory 
Channing  at  New  London,  1787  ;  history  of  the  three  judges  of 
kin^;  Charles  I,  Whalley,  Goffe,  and  Dixwell,  12mo,  1795  j  in  this 
work  he  discloses  very  fully  his  sentiments  on  civil  liberty,  and  pre* 
diets  a  <<  republican  renovation"  in  England.  He  left  an  unfinished 
ecclesiastical  liistory  of  New  England,  and  more  than  forty  volumca 
ot  manuscripts.  An  interesting  account  of  his  life  was  published 
by  his  son  in  law,  the  reverend  Dr.  Holmes,  in  1798.— ffo/mM*  i(fc 
of  Stilea  ;  Meiga*  oration,  and  Trumbull\  Dana's,  and  Patten*a  aer* 
mona  on  hia  death  ;  jiaaemb.  tniaa.  mag.  i.  163—169. 

STILLM AN  (Samuel,  d.  d.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  bom  in 
Philadelphia  February  27,  1737.  When  lie  was  but  eleven  years 
of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Charleston,  Sour-  '  .'arolina,  and  in 
an  academy  in  that  city  he  received  the  rudimenis  of  his  education. 
The  {Hvaching  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Hart  was  the  means  of  teach- 
ing him,  that  he  was  a  sinner,  and  of  converting  him.  Being  or- 
diuned  at  Charleston  February  36,  1759,  he  immediately  afterwards 
settled  at  James'  island  ;  but  his  impaired  health  induced  him  in 
1760  to  remove  to  Bordentown,  New  Jersey,  where  he  preached 
two  years,  and  then  went  to  Boston.  After  being  an  assistant  for 
about  a  year  in  the  second  baptist  church,  he  was  installed  the  min- 
ister of  the  first,  as  successor  of  Mr.  Condy,  who  now  resigned  his 
office,  January  9,  1765.  In  this  church  he  continued  his  benevo- 
Tent  labors,  oniversally  respected  and  beloved,  till  his  death  by  a 


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paralytic  shock  March  13,  180/,  In  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 
As  an  eloquent  preacher  of  the  gospe'  Dr.  Stillman  held  the  first 
rank.  Embracing  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion, 
he  explained  and  enforced  them  with  clearness  and  with  apostolic  in- 
trepidity and  zeal.  He  possessed  a  pleasant  and  most  commanding 
voice,  and  as  he  felt  what  he  s[Kike  he  w&»  enabled  to  transfuse  his 
own  feelings  into  the  hearts  of  his  auditors.  The  total  moral  de- 
pravity of  ;nan  was  a  principle,  on  which  in  his  preaching  he  much 
insisted,  anu  he  believed,  that  the  Christian  was  dependent  on  God's 
immediate  agency  for  the  origin  and  continuance  of  every  gracious 
exercise.  From  his  clear  apprehension  of  tlie  eternal  personal 
election  of  a  certain  number  of  the  human  race  to  salvation,  he  was 
led  to  believe  the  perseverance  unto  eternal  glory  of  all  those,  who 
are  regenerated  by  the  Spirit  of  God.  The  godhead  and  atonement 
of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  were  his  frequent  themes.  He  was  a 
preacher  of  righteousness,  and  his  own  life  was  holy.  In  the  cham- 
ber of  sickness  and  aflliction,  he  was  always  among  different  de- 
nominations a  welcome  visitor.  His  uncommon  vivacity  and  energy 
ef  feeling  were  united  with  a  perfect  sense  of  propriety,  and  with 
affability,  ease,  and  politeness.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  re- 
peal of  the  stamp  act,  1766 ;  atth-^  artillery  election,  1770  ;  at  the 
ordination  of  Samuel  Shepard  at  Stratham,  1771  ;  on  the  death  of 
Samuel  Ward,  1776  ;  election  sermon,  1779  ;  before  a  society  of 
freemasons,  1789  ;  apostolic  preaching  in  three  discourses,  1790  ; 
en  the  death  of  Nicholas  Brown,  1791  ;  a  thanksgiving  sermon  on 
the  French  revolution,  1794  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Stephen  Smith 
Nelson,  1797  ;  on  the  national  fast,  1799  ;  on  the  death  of  George 
Washington,  1 800 ;  on  openmg  the  baptist  meeting  house  in  Charles- 
town  ;  at  the  ordination  of  Thomas  Waterman,  1 80 1  ;  on  the  first 
anniversary  of  the  female  asylum,  1802  ;  on  the  first  anniversary  of 
the  Massachusetts  baptist  missionary  society,  1 803  ;  at  the  funeral 
of  Hezekiah  Smith,  1805.  A  volume  of  his  sermons  was  published 
from  his  manuscripts,  8vo,  180S,— -Sketch  fire/ixed  to  tda  select  eer- 
mona  ;  Baldwin's  fun.  sermon  ;  Panofilisty  ii.  533— -535  ;  Masaa, 
bafit,  tnfsa.mag.i,  317—320;  Folyanthoa,  v.  3^-9;  Emerald^  ii, 
159 — 162. 

STIRLING  (Eaul  of),  see  William  Alexander. 

STITH  (William),  president  of  William  and  Mary  college, 
Virginia,  was  a  native  of  that  colony,  and  for  a  number  of  years  a 
respectable  clergyman.  He  withdrew  from  the  laborious  office, 
which  he  sustained  in  the  college,  soon  after  the  year  1740.  He 
puHUshed  a  history  of  the  first  discovery  and  settlement  of  Vir- 
gin)), Williamsburg,  8vo,  1747.  It  brings  down  the  history  only 
to  li)24.  An  appendix  contains  a  collection  of  chatters  relating  to 
the  period,  comprised  in  the  volume.  Besides  the  copious  materi- 
als of  Smith  the  author  derived  assistance  from  the  manuscripts  of 
his  uncle,  sir  Joui\  Randolph,  and  from  the  records  of  the  London 


jrear  of  his  age. 
in  held  the  first 
iristian  religion, 
ivith  apostolic  in- 
Mt  commanding 
to  transfuse   his 
I  total  moral  de- 
aclung  he  much 
lendent  on  God's 
>f  every  gracious 
eternal  personal 
salvation)  he  was 
}f  all  those,  who 
id  and  atonement 
mes.     He  was  a 
ly.   In  the  cham- 
ong  different  de- 
kracity  and  energy 
jpriety,  and  with 
ermon  on  the  re- 
ion,  1770  ;  at  the 
;  on  the  death  of 
efore  a  society  of 
iiscourses,  1790  ; 
Lgiving  sermon  on 
,f  Siephen  Smith 
!  death  of  George 
r  house  in  Charles- 
1801  ;  on  the  first 
irst  anniversary  of 
)3  }  at  the  funeral 
ons  was  published 
d  to  hia  select  «<rr- 
13 — 535  ;    Masaa, 
—9  ;  Emeraldf  ii. 

cr. 

nd  Mary  college, 
mmber  of  years  a 
laborious  office, 
le  year  1740.  He 
ettlement  of  Vir- 
n  the  history  only 
barters  relating  to 
le  copious  materi- 
he  manuscripts  of 
irds  of  the  London 


STO. 


529 


oompany,  put  into  his  hands  by  colonel  William  Byrd,  president  of 
the  council,  and  from  the  valuable  library  of  this  gentleman.  Mr. 
Stith  was  a  man  of  classical  learning,  and  a  faithful  historian  ;  but 
he  was  destitute  of  taste  in  style,  and  his  details  are  exceedingly 
minute.-— Prf/ace  to  hi«  Aiatojy  ;  Miller^  ii.  361  }  Jeffcraon'a  notes ^ 
query  xxiii. 

STOCKTON  (Richard),  a  respectable  statesman  of  New  Jer- 
sey, was  graduated  ut  Princeton  college  in  1748  in  the  first  class, 
and  was  fur  many  years  a  distinguished  patron  of  that  seminary. 
He  appeared  at  the  bar  with  unrivalled  reputation  and  success,  re- 
fusing to  engage  in  any  cause,  which  he  knew  to  be  unjust,  and 
standing  forth  in  defence  of  the  helpless  and  the  injured.  He  filled 
the  office  of  judge  for  several  years  with  integrity  and  learning. 
He  died  at  Princeton  March  1,1781.  His  superior  powers  of  mind, 
which  were  highly  cultivated,  were  united  with  a  Sowing  and  per- 
suasive eloquence ;  and  he  was  a  Christian,  who  was  an  honor  to  the 
church.— 5//jirA*«yMn.  aermon. 

STODDARD  (Solomon),  minister  of  Northampton,  Massachu- 
setts, was  bom  in  Boston  in  1643,  and  was  the  eldest  son  of  Anthony 
Stoddard,  esquire.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  m  1662. 
He  was  afterwards  appointed  a  fellow.  His  health  being  impaired, 
he  went  to  Barbadoes  as  chaplain  to  governor  Serle,  and  preached 
to  the  dissenters  on  that  island  near  two  years.  After  his  return, 
being  ordained  September  1 1,  1672,  as  successor  to  Mr.  Mather  at 
Northampton,  he  continued  in  that  place  till  his  death  February  1 1, 
1729,  in  the  eighty  sixth  year  of  his  age.  His  ministerial  labors 
were  interrupted  for  but  a  short  time.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Edwards, 
survived  him.  Mr.  Stoddard  was  a  learned  man,  well  versed  in  re- 
ligious controversies,  and  himself  an  acute  disputant.  He  maintained 
a  controversy  with  Dr.  Increase  Mather  respecting  the  Lord's  supper, 
maintaining  that  tlie  sacrament  was  a  converting  ordinance,  and  that 
all  baptized  persons,  not  scandalous  in  life,  may  lawfully  approach  the 
table,  though  they  know  themselves  to  be  unconverted,  or  destitute  of 
true  religion.  As  a  preacher  his  discourses  were  plain*  experiment- 
al, searching,  and  argumentative.  He  was  blessed  with  great  suc- 
cess. Hie  used  to  say,  that  he  had  five  harvests;  and  in  these 
revivals  there  was  a  general  cry,  what  must  I  do  to  be  saved  ?  He 
was  so  diligent  in  his  studies,  that  he  left  a  considerable  number  of 
sermons,  which  he  h^  never  preached.  He  wrote  so  fine  a  hand, 
that  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  his  discourses  arc  contained  in  a  small, 
duodecimo,  manuscript  volume,  which  with  the  greatest  ease  may 
be  carried  in  the  pocket.  He  published  the  doctrine  of  instituted 
churches,  London,  4to,  1 700,  in  which  he  advanced  some  sentiments, 
that  were  not  very  well  received  in  this  country,  such  as  the  follow- 
ing ;  that  theLord's  table  should  be  accessible  to  all  persons  not  immor- 
al in  their  lives,  that  the  power  of  receiving  and  censuring  members  is 
vestedexclusively  in  the  elders  of  the  church,and  that  synods  have  pow- 

68 


i^i^' 


y ! 


WW' 


■M 


5G0 


STO.. 


It 


or  to  excommunicate  and  deliver  from  cliurch  censures^  He  publuih- 
ed  ulso  the  danger  of  degeneracy^  1702 ;  election  sermon)  1703  ;  a 
sermon  on  Exodus  xii.  47}  48,  supporting  his  notions  with  regard  to 
the  supper,  1707  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Joseph  Willard 
ut  Swampfieid,  1708;  appeal  to  the  learned  on  the  Lord's  supper,. 
against  the  exceptions  of  Mr.  I.  Mather,  1709  ;  plea  for  tithes; 
(\ivine  teachings  render  persons  blessed,  1712;- a  guide  to  Christ, 
or  the  way  of  directing  souls  in  the  way  to  conversion,  compiled  for 
youn^  ministers,  1714;  three  sermons,  showing  the  virtue  of 
Christ's  blood  to  cleanse  from  sin,  that  natural  men  are  under  the 
government  of  self  love,  that  the  gospel  is  the  meana  of  conversion, 
and  a  fourth  annexed  to  stir  up  young  men  and  maidena  to  praise 
the  name  of  the  Lord,  1717;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Thomas 
Cheney,  1718  ;  a  treutise  concerning  conversion  ;  the  way  to  know 
sincerity  and  hypocrisy,  1719 ;  answerto  cases  of  conscience,  1722 ;, 
whether  God  is  not  angry  with  the  country  for  doing  so  little  towards 
ihe  conversion  of  the  Indians,  1723 ;  safety  of  appearing  at  the 
judgment  in  the  righteousness  of  Christ ;  this  work  was  republished 
at  Edinburgh,  Svo,  1792,  with  a  recommendatory  preface  by  Dr. 
Erskine  .—Co/man'«  termonon  hia  death  i.  JBo»ton  nevntlettevy  number 
112  ;  EdtvardH*  narrative ;  Christian  history  for  1743,  112  ;  Back' 
u&*  abridgment i  137,    144,  145;  Collect,  hist,  ancsi.  157,  16ft> 

STODDARD  (John),  a  member  of  the  council  of  Massadiusett^, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1701.  He  dischar(;ed  the  duties  of  several  important  stations 
with  great  ability  and  uprightness.  He  was  many  years  in  the  coun- 
cil, was  chief  justice  in  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and  colonel  of  a 
regiment.  With  a  vigorous  mind  and  keen  penetration  he  united 
an  accurate  acquaintance  with  the  concerns  of  the  colonies  and  of 
the  neighboring  tribes  of  Indians.  Thoroughly  established  in  the 
principles  and  doctrines  of  the  first  fathers  of  New  England,  he 
greatly  detested  what  he  considered  the  opposite  errors  of  more 
modenv  divinity.  He  died  at  Boston  June  19,  1748^  in  the  sixty 
seventh  year  of  his  ?i%t  j-— Edward' a  aermon  on  hia  death. 

STONE  (Samuel),  one  of  the  first  ministers  of  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut, was  a  native  of  England,  and  was  educated  at  the  university 
of  Cambridge.  To  escape  persecution  he  came  to  this  country  with 
Mr.  Cotton  and  Mr.  Hooker,  and  was  settled  as  an  assistant  of  the 
latter  at  Cambridge  October  1 1,  1633.  He  removed  with  him  in 
1636  to  Ha'  'ford,  where  he  died  July  20,  1663.  While  he  was  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  most  accurate  and  acute  disputants  of  his  day, 
he  was  also  celebrated  for  his  wit,  pleasantry,  and  good  humor.  Be- 
ing eminently  pious,  he  abounded  in  fastings  and  prayer,  and  was  a 
most  strict  observer  of  the  Christian  sabbath.  He  published  a  con- 
gregational church  is  a  catholic  visible  church,  &c.  London,  1652. 
In  this  work,  which  is  a  curious  specimen  of  logic,  he  endeavors  to 
<1emolish  the  system  of  a  national,  political  church.     He  left  in 


STO. 


5^1 


manuscript  a  confutation  of  the  antimonianst  and  a  body  of  divinity. 
•The  latter  was  so  much  esteemed  as  to  be  often  tr<inscribed  1^ 
theological  students.— Mi/Arr**  magnahoy  iii.  63, 1 1 6^1 18  }  Tnitn- 
buitf  Connect,  i.  336  ;  Morton,  179—181 ;  Holmes*  annah,  i.  S88  j 
-Coilect.hitt.  toe.  yu.4\.  " 

STONE  (JoHW  HosKiNs),  governor  of  Mirryland,  was  one  of 
-those  patriots,  who  shed  their  blood  in  support  of  Americim  inde- 
pendence. In  early  life  and  at  an  early  period  of  the  revolution  he 
was  first  captain  in  the  celebrated  regiment  of  Smaliwood.  At  the 
battles  of  Long  Island*  White  plains,  and  Princeton  he  was  highly 
distinguished.  In  the  battle  of  Germantown  October  4,  1777,  he 
received  a  wound,  which  deprived  him  of  bodily  activity  for  the 
remainder  of  his  life.  But  he  still  bent  his  exertions  to  promote 
the  sa  ne  cause,  for  which  he  had  bled.  The  powers  of  his  mind 
remained  with  him,  and  as  a  member  of  the  executive  council  he 
continued'to  serve  his  country  till  lie  was  chosen  governor  in  1794. 
After  being  in  this  office  three  years,  the  constitution  obliged  him 
to  withdraw  from  it.  General  stone  died  at  Annapolis  in  1 804, 
leaving  behind  him  the  character  of  an  honest  and  honorable  man, 
an  intrepid  soldier,  a  firm  patriot,  and  a  Hberal,  hospitable,  friendly 
•citizen .-^M>nM/y  anthology,  i.  573. 

STOUGHTON  (William),  lieutenant  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  «on  of  colonel  Israel  Stoughton,  early  an  assistant  in 
the  colony,  who  commanded  the  Massachusetts  troops  in  the  Pequot 
war.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1650,  and  becoming 
a  preacher  was  appointed  to  preach  the  election  sermon  in  1668, 
■though  he  was  not  a  settled  minister.  This  sermon  has  been  rank- 
ed among  the  best  delivered  upon  the  occasion.  After  the  death  of 
Mr.  Mitchel  he  declined  an  invitation  to  become  his  su(:cessor  in 
the  care  of  the  church  at  Cambridge.  In  1671  he  was  chosen  a 
magistrate,  and  in  1 677  wient  to  England  as  an  agent  for  the  prov- 
ince* He  was  a  member  of  the  council,  and  chief  justice  of  the 
superior  court.  Being  appointed  liei\tenant  governor  in  1692,  he 
was  commander  in  chief  from  1691  to  1699  and  again  in  1700.  He 
died  at  Dorchester  July  7,  1701,  aged  seventy  years.  He  was  a 
man  of  great  learning,  integrity,  prudence,  patriotism,  and  piety. 
He  was  a  generous  benefactor  of  Harvard  college,  giving  to  that 
institution  about  one  thousand  pounds.  'Stoughton  hall  was  erected 
at  his  expense  in  1698.  He  left  a  tract  of  land  for  the  support 
of  students,  natives  of  Dorchester,  at  the  college,  and  another  tract 
for  the  benefit  of  schools.  He  was  never  married.—  lVillard*a  serm.^ 
on  bis  death;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  ii.  10  ;  vii.  30,  31  ;  ix  180  ;  Hutch- 
inaon,  ii.  53,  81,  131,  135,  127,  128  ;  Mara  M  E.  ii.  174  ;  Holmea* 
annala^  ii.  56  ;  Nonconform,  memor.  i.  254. 

STUYVESANT  (Peter),  the  last  Dutch  governor  of  ^e^^fr 
York,  began  his  administration  in  1647.  He  was  conrinuatly  em- 
|>leyed  in  resisting  the  encroachments  of  the  English  and  Swedes 


i  r^ 


>ii 


532 


SUL. 


1 


It  ■     £  <  I 


:li 


!^ 


i    ,: 


tt* 


I  ! 


upon  the  territory  entrusted  to  him.  In  1664  an  expedition  from 
England  was  sent  out  against  the  Dutch  possessions.  Three  or 
four  frigates  under  the  command  ot  colonel  Nicolis  appeared  belore 
New  Amsterdam  or  New  York)  and  governor  Stuy  vesant  was  sum- 
moned to  surrender  ;  but  as  be  was  a  good  soldier  and  had  lost  a 
leg  in  the  service  of  the  States  he  was  by  no  means  disposed  to 
comply.  He  returned  a  long  letter  vindicating  the  claims  of  the 
Dutch,  and  declaring  his  resolution  to  defend  the  place.  He  was 
however  obliged  to  capitulate  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  August. 
The  whole  of  th?  New  Netherlands  soon  became  subject  to  the 
English.  He  rerciained  in  this  country,  and  at  his  death  was  buried 
in  a  chapel  on  hJs  owr  farm  a  few  miles  from  New  York.f— i'mzV/t'a 
J\r.  Y.  5—33. 

StJLLlV'AN  (John,  ll.  d),  major  general  in  the  American  army, 
and  president  of  New  Hampshire,  was  appointed  by  congress  a 
hrigadier  general  in  1775,  and  in  the  following  year*  it  is  believed, 
a  major  general.  He  superseded  Arnold  in  the  command  of  the 
army  in  Canada  June  4,  1776,  but  was  soon  driven  out  of  that  prov- 
ince. He  afterwards  on  the  illness  of  Greene  took  the  command 
of  his  division  on  Long  Island.  In  the  buttle  of  August  the  twenty 
seventh  he  was  taken  prisoner  with  lord  Stirling.  In  a  few  months 
however  he  was  exchanged*  for  when  Lee  was  carried  off,  he  took 
the  command  of  his  division  in  New  Jersey  on  the  twentieth  of  De- 
cember. On  the  twenty  second  of  August  1777  he  planned  and  exc- 
cuiw:d  an  expedition  against  Staten  Island,  for  which  on  an  inquiry  in- 
to his  conduct  he  received  the' approbation  of  the  court.  In  September 
he  was  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine,  and  on  the  fourth  of 
October  in  that  of  Germantown.  In  the  winter  he  was  detached  to 
command  the  troops  in  Rhode  Island.  In  August  1778  he  laid 
siege  to  Newport,  then  in  the  hands  of  the  British,  with  the  fullest 
confidence  of  success  ;  but  being  abandoned  by  the  French  fleet 
under  D'Estaing,  who  sailed  to  Boston,  he  was  obliged  to  his  un- 
utterable chagrin  to  raise  the  siege  On  the  tw^cnty  ninth  an  action 
took  place  with  the  pursuing  enemy,  who  were  repulsed.  On  the 
thirtieth  with  great  military  skill  he  passed  over  to  the  continent, 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  article,  and  without  the  slightest  suspi- 
cion on  the  part  of  the  British  of  his  movements.  In  the  summer  of 
1779  he  cuminandedan  expedition  against  the  six  nations  of  Indians 
in  New  York.  Being  joined  by  general  Clinton  on  the  twenty  sec- 
ond of  August,  he  marched  towards  the  enemy  under  the  command 
of  P"andt,  the  Butlers,  and  others  at  Newtown  between  the  south 
end  ^^f  Seneka  lake  and  Tioga  river,  attacked  them  in  their  works, 
and  completely  dispersed  them.  He  then  laid  waste  the  country, 
destroyed  all  their  villages,  and  left  not  a  single  vestige  of  hutnan 
industry.  This  severity  was  necessary  to  prevent  their  ravages. 
General  Sullivan  had  made  such  hi|>h  demands  for  military  stores, 
apd  h^d  so  freely  complained  of  tlic  government  i'ov  inattention  to 


SUL. 


533 


1  expedition  from 

iions.  Tiirce  or 
i  uppcared  be  I  ore 
yvesant  was  »um- 
ier  and  had  lost  a 
leans  disposed  to 
the  claims  ot  the 
B  place.  He  was 
venth  of  August, 
me  subject  to  the 
}  death  was  buried 
iw  York.'^— 6'»nz7/i'« 

le  American  army, 
ted  by  congress  a 
rcar^  it  is  believed, 
e  command  of  the 
sn  out  of  that  prov- 
took  the  command 
August  the  twenty 
.     In  a  few  months 
carried  off,  he  took 
^c  twentieth  of  De- 
le  planned  and  exc- 
ch  on  an  inquiry  in- 
bourt.  In  September 
nd  on  the  fourth  of 
le  was  detached  to 
Uj^ust  1778  he  laid 
sh,  with  the  fullest 
)y  the  French  fleet 
obliged  to  his  un- 
nty  ninth  an  action 
epulsed.     On  the 
cr  to  the  continent, 
the  slightest  suspi- 
In  the  summer  of 
X  nations  of  Indians 
on  the  twenty  sec- 
mder  the  command 
between  the  south 
»em  in  their  works, 
waste  the  country, 
e  vestige  of  human 
;vent  their  ravages. 
for  military  stores, 
u  iov  inattention  to 


those  demands,  as  to  give  much  offence  to  some  merobefs  of  con- 
gress and  to  the  board  of  war.  He  in  consequence  resigned  his 
command  on  the  ninth  of  November.  He  was  afterwards  a  member 
of  congress.  In  the  years  1786,  1787,  and  1789  he  was  president 
of  New  Hampshire,  in  which  station  by  his  vigorous  exertions  he 
quelled  the  spirit  of  insurrection,  which  exhibited  itself  at  th  *:  time 
of  the  troubles  in  Massachusetts.  In  Octolier  1789  he  was  ap- 
pointed district  judge  of  New  Hampshire.  He  died  at  his  seat  in 
Durham  January  23,  1795,  aged  fitty  tour  years.— Mar«/j«t//,  ii.  362» 
367,430,458,535;  iii.  135 — 137,179,488-^520;  iv.l04— 113; 
V.  Ill;  Harren,  ii.  100-— 119;  Gordoriy  ii.  503;  lii.  159— 168* 
307^312.  ,.,.  .  ijiai..  '  .'  ••» 

SULLIVAN  (James,  LL.n.),  governor  of  Massachuietts,  was 
the  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  at  Berwick  in  the  district 
of  Maine  April  23,  1744.      His  father,  a  man  of  liberal  education, 
came  to  this  country  about  the  year  1723.    He  took  the  sole  charge 
of  the  education  of  his  son  James  and  lived  to  see  him  distinguished 
in  the  world,  dying  in  July  1795,  in  the  one  hundred  and  sixth  year 
of  his  age.      Governor  Sullivan  was  destined  for  the  military  life, 
but  the  fracture  of  a  limb  in  his  car!  y  years  induced  him  to  bend 
the  vigorous  powers  of  his  mind  to  ttie  investigation  of  the  law. 
After  pursuing  the  study  of  this  science  under  his  brother,  general 
Sullivan,  he  soon  rose  to  celebrity,  and  was  appointed  king's  attor- 
ney for  the  county,  in  which  he  .resided.     On  the  approach  of  the 
revolution  he  took  an  early  and  active  part  on  the  side  of  his  country. 
Being  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts  in 
1775,  he  was  entrusted  together  with  two  otlier  gentlemen  with  a 
difficult  commission  to  Ticonderoga,  which  was  executed  in  a  very 
satisfactory  manner.     Early  in  the  following  year  he  was  appointed 
a  judge  of  the  superior  court.    He  was  a  member  of  the  convention, 
which  framed  the  constitution  of  the  state  in  1779  and  1780.     In 
February  1782  he  resigned  his  office  of  judge  and  returned  to  the 
practice  of  the  bar.     He  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  congress  in 
1783  ;  and  in  the  ensuing  year  was  one  of  the  commissioners  in 
the  settlement  of  the  controversy  between  Massachusetts  and  New 
York  respecting  their  claims  to  the  western  lands.     He  was  repeat* 
cdly  chosen  to  represent  the  town  of  Boston  in  the  legislature,  in 
1787  %vasa  member  of  the  executive  council  and  judge  of  probate 
for  Suffislk,  and  in  1 790  was  appointed  attorney  general,  in  which 
office  he  continued  till  June  1807,  when  he  was  called  to  the  chief 
magistracy  of  the  commonwealth,  as  successor  of  governor  Strong. 
He  was  appointed  by  president  Washington  agent  under  the  fifth 
article  of  the  British  treaty  for  settling  the  boundaries  between  the 
United  States  and  the  British  provinces.    Of  the  American  acade- 
my of  arts  and  sciences  he  was  one  of  the  members  from  its  first 
institution  ;  a  principal  founder  and  many  years  president  of  the 
IVIa^sachusetts  historical  society ;  president  of  the  Massachusetts 


:'■  ■* 


'  i. 


i.\ 


,.■. 


:! 


534 


SUL. 


i    ' 


n 


aim .    .^wW.f  ■ 
1^1  ^*'K' 


I. 


;■''  I 


i' 


con^ref^lional,  charitable  society  ;  and  a  member  of  the  humane 
society.  He  w&^  'hi.  ,)rojectcr  of  the  Middlesex  canal,  to  which 
object  he  devoted  a  gutat  portion  of  time  and  labor.  Soon  after  his 
second  election  to  the  office  of  governor  his  health  became  enfee- 
bled, ati J  he  suffered  a  ion^  and  distressing  confinement,  which  ter- 
minated in  his  death  December  10,  1808,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  of 
his  age. 

"he  van.-jus  public  offices,  which  governor  SuUivvn  euatainpd  du- 
ring a  period  of  forty  years,  were  conferred  upt  n  hisp.  by  the  irec 
and  unbiassed  suff'rageiof  his  countrymen.    As  l.c  ^a    -iot  aesistcfl 
in  his  progress  to  distivt<:tion  by  the  advantages  of  opulenc«=!  or  fam- 
ily connexions,  the  stations,  which  he  heh!,  were  %  )>roo!.'  uf  hi^  tai 
ents,  of  his  iiidefatigabtc  industry,  e^d  of  thi^>  confidence,  which  wus 
reposed  in  his  integrity-     If  in  the.  course  of  a  long  political  career, 
in  times  of  turbulence  and  party  biu  ^tness,  he  did  not  always  es- 
cape the  common  tributt  ol'  reproach,  which  accomp' ;iies  all  ill'ts- 
trious  talents,  his  strongest  opponents  could  never  deny,  thai  t^is 
execution  of  every  public  trust  was  distinguished  by  that  ^leculiar 
quality,  which  was  most  appropriate  to  itf  na.u re.     As  a  ^  tJge  he 
was  u^ijversally   acknowledged  to  have  displayed  the  M>ost  perfect 
.impart  .)ljiy.      As  the  lablic  prosecutor  of  the  state  he  tempered 
the  sternncJiu  oi  ofRclai  severity  with  the  rarer  tenderness  of  hu- 
manity.    K'>  3Vyle  of  eloquence  was  original,  and  adapted,  with  ju- 
dicious dbcM><u!)atio;i,  to  the  occasion,  the  subject,  and  to  the  tribu- 
nal, before  which  it  was  called  forth.     Deeply  vtrsed  in  the  science 
of  the  law,  and  equiUy  well  acquainted  with  the  sources  of  persua- 
sion in  the  human  mind,  he  was  alike  qualified  tor  the  investigation 
of  the  most  intricate  and  complicated  questions  of  legal  dicussion, 
and  for  the  developement  of  the  tissues  of  fact  before  juries.     As 
the  chief  magistrate  of  the  state,  he  considered  lumself  as  the  del- 
egated officer  not  of  a  political  sect,  but  of  the  whole  people,  and 
endeavored  to  mitigate  the  violence  of  parties.    In  all  the  relations 
of  domestic  and  social  Hfc  his  conduct  was  exemplary.     He  early 
made  a  profession  of  Christianity,  and  his  belief  of  its  trilth  was 
never  shaken.    Tne  following  extract  from  a  private  letter,  written 
while  subject  to  an  overwhelming  affliction,  will  show  his  reverence 
for  tlie  providence  of  the  Most  High.     "  I  know,  that  God  has 
formed,  that  he  guides  and  governs  this  vast  universe,  holding  in- 
numerable worlds  in  their  orbs.     I  know,  that  not  one  atom  frc 
the  worm,  that  creeps  in  the  dust,  up  to  the  highest  created  intei 
licence,  can  be  out  of  his  view,  or  committed  for  onfc  moment  to  for- 
tuitous events.    Why  this  earth  is  the  repository  of  pain  and  sor- 
row I  know  not.     But  I  know  it  is  so,  and  that  Jesus  Christ  is  the 
great  Physician,  who  mingles  the  draught,  prescribes  the  regimen, 
and  pours  the  balm  of  comfort  on  the  wounded  soul.     Blessed  Re^ 
deeiiier  !  When  he  said,  the  cup  my  heavenly  Father  giveth  -me, 
shail  I  not  drink  it  ?  shall  I,  a  sinner,  say  that  I  will  refuse  what  hr 


SUM. 


535 


offers  me  I  Though  he  slay  roe,  I  will  trust  in  him.  I  will  go  in 
and  out  as  when  the  candle  of  the  Lord  shincd  on  my  tabernacle. 
I  will  attempt  to  do  the  duties  of  a  citis-wii,  of  a  liusband,  a  Christ- 
ian, trying  to  say  from  my  heart,  Father,  not  my  will,  but  thine  be 
done."  When  his  frame  was  evidently  sliattered,  and  he  had  rea- 
son to  think,  that  God  wait  calling  hmi  to  his  great  account,  the 
faith  of  Jesus  was  ever  gaining  a  new  ascendency  in  hia  views,  and 
his  thoughts  expatiated  with  singular  clearness  on  the  scenes,  which 
awaited  him,  on  the  mercy  of  his  God,  his  own  unworthiness,  and 
the  worth  of  the  Redeemer.  His  private  prayers  and  his  domestic 
devotions,  expressing  at  times  both  the  joy  and  the  anguish  of  his 
feelings,  proved  tliat  his  passions  were  not  all  given  to  the  world. 
He  closed  his  laborious  life  with  the  unshaken  assurance  of  renew- 
ing his  existence  in  another  and  better  suae. 

Amidst  the  great  and  constant  pressure  of  business,  which  occu- 
pied him,  governor  Sullivan  still  lound  time  for  the  pursuits  of  lit- 
erature and  science.  His  mind  has  been  compared  to  a  native  for- 
est, which  had  never  been  entirely  cleared  or  carefully  divided  ; 
where  the  light  giuned  admission  at  every  opening,  and  not  through 
any  regular  avenue  ;  where  the  growth  was  rapid  and  thick,  and 
though  occasionally  irregular,  yet  always  strong  ;  where  new  seeds 
were  successively  shooting  up,  and  the  materials  never  seemed  likely 
to  be  exhausted.  He  was  ever  ready  to  contribute  the  effort  of  his 
powerful  and  original  mind  to  the  purpose  of  public  utility.  He 
published  observations  on  the  government  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  1791  ;  dissertation  on  the  suability  of  the  states;  the 
path  to  nches,  or  dissertation  on  banks,  1792;  history  of  the  dis« 
trict  of  Msune,  8vo,  1795  ;  history  of  land  titles  in  Massachusetts, 
8vo,  1801 ;  dissertation  on  the  constitutional  lilierty  of  the  press  in 
the  United  States,  1801 ;  history  of  the  Penobscot  Indians  in  the 
historical  collections.  Besides  these  works  his  fugitive  pieces  and 
occasional  communications  to  the  public  prints  were  very  nun\e- 
YovLS.—^BuckTTiinster'g  aermon  on  his  death  ;  Sketch  of  his  life  in  Pal- 
ladium^  December  16,  and  Columbian  centinrl,  December  17,  1308  ; 
Panofiliat  and  miaa.  mag.  united,  i.  332 — 334  ;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  'X. 
207—232. 

SUMNER  (Increase),  ccovemov  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  in 
Roxbury  November  27,  174>,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1767.  After  enterini;- upon  t!ie  profession  of  the  law  he 
was  chosen  a  representative  of  his  native  town  in  the  legislature, 
andtnen  a  senator.  In  1782  governor  Hancock  placed  him  on  the 
bench  of  the  supreme  court.  As  a  judge  he  was  dispassionate,  im- 
partial, and  discerning.  In  1797  he  was  chosen  governor  as  suc- 
cessor of  Samviel  Adams,  and  he  was  reelected  in  the  succeeding 
years  till  his  death  June  7,  1799,  in  the  fifty  third  year  of  his  age. 
He  possessed  a  strons?  and  well  balanced  mind.  His  judgment 
■was  correct,  atiid  though  he  maintained  an  unusual  degree  of  self 


1  '■  I 


« 


If'' 


m 


I'  iVA 


.|.    1! 


•.••ilr 


I 


536 


SWI. 


*3 


command,  yet  his  coolness  of  temper  was  to  be  ascribed  rather  to 
the  influence  of  religious  discipline)  than  to  constitutional  tempera- 
ment. He  was  mild,  candid,  and  moderate,  being  remarkably  free 
from  everv  appearance  of  party  spirit.  In  the  intercourse  of  do- 
mestic and  private  life  he  was  affectionate  and  faithful.  Soon  after 
he  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  he  made  a  public  profession 
of  his  belief  in  Christianity,  and  his  life  was  exemplary.  His  social 
hours  were  not  passed  in  idle  anecdote.  Few  persons  were  more 
in  the  habit  of  introducing  in  their  familiar  conversation  reflections 
of  a  moral  and  religious  nature.  In  his  last  sickness  be  observed 
to  a  friend,  *'  a  dying  bed  is  not  the  place  for  one  to  begin  to  attend 
to  his  religion,  and  prepare  for  another  world.  But  I  have  not  been 
unmindful  of  these  conceins.  I  have  thoufjHt  muchof  tfietn.  The 
more  I  have  rcflrxted  on  the  subject  o*  relin;ion,  the  nioie  has  my 
mind  been  settled  and  confirmed  in  its  reality  and  importance.  I 
am  sensible  that  many  infirmities  and  errors  have  attended  me  ;  but 
I  trust  I  have  the  testimony  of  my  conscience  to  tlic  general  recti- 
tude of  my  views  and  conduct  in  life."'— Porter'a  and  Thachcr'a  npr- 
motta  on  his  dtath."  '    '^     ^'   '  '  ^' 

SWIFT  (Job,  d.  n.),  minister  of  Bennington,  Vermont,  was  born 
in  Sandwich,  Massachusetts,  in  1743,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
coUego  in  1765.  About  the  year  1766  he  was  ordained  at  Richmond, 
Massachusetts,  where  he  continued  seven  years,  making  every  ex- 
ertion to  instruct  his  people  in  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel. 
At  length  some  difference  of  opinion  between  himself  and  the 
church  proved  the  occasion  of  his  dismission.  He  then  removed 
to  a  place,  called  the  Nine  Partners  in  the  state  of  New  York. 
Here  he  met  with  no  opposition,  and  his  labors  were  attend  id  with 
no  success.  His  hearers  remainiui^  in  the  greatest  stupidity  not- 
withstanding all  his  exertions  to  awaken  their  attention  to  reliqious 
truth,  at  the  close  of  seven  or  eight  years  he  thought  it  his  duty  to 
leave  them.  He  went  to  Manchester  in  Vermont,  where  he  con- 
tinued about  two  years,  and  rejoiced  in  perceiving,  that  the  precioUo 
truths  of  the  gospel,  which  he  proclaimed,  were  rendered  by  the 
divine  Spirit  subservient  to  the  everlasting  good  of  a  number  of 
persons.  He  then  had  an  invitation  to  settle  in  Bennington,  where 
he  spent  about  sixteen  years.  Again  he  was  dismissed,  but  the 
causes  of  his  dismission  had  no  reference  to  his  moral  and  ministe- 
rial character.  Removing  to  Addison,  he  was  the  means  of  organ- 
?zing  a  church,  and  of  bringing  to  the  people  of  this  town  the  richest 
blessings.  While  he  was  on  a  mission  in  the  northern  part  of 
Vermont,  undertaken  at  his  own  expense,  he  died  at  Enoshurgh 
October  20,  1 804,  aged  about  sixty  one  years.  He  rejoiced,  that 
his  life  was  to  terminate  at  a  distance  from  his  friends,  without  wit- 
nessing the  distresses  of  his  family.  The  patience,  with  which  he 
endured  thepainsof  his  last  sickness,  and  the  composure,  with  which 
he  met  the  king  of  terrors,  excited  tlie  greatest  ustouishmeat  in  an 


SYM. 


537 


ibed  rather  to 
ional  tempcra- 
sinarkably  free 
rcourse  of  do- 
iil.  Soon  after 
iblic  profession 
iry.  HU  social 
ons  were  more 
Lion  reflections 
;8s  ne  observed 
begiii  to  attend 
1  have  not  been 
loftliem.  The 
,e  nioie  has  my 
importance.  I 
tended  mc;  but 
ic  general  recti- 
id  Thacher'a  hii- 

trmont,  was  born 
riuKuited  ut  Yule 
ned  at  Richmond, 
naking  every  ex- 
es of  the  gospel, 
himself  and  the 
le  then  removed 
fe  of  New  York. 
:re  attends  d  with 
St  stupidity  not- 
ition  to  religious 
^ht  it  his  duty  to 
|t,  where  he  con- 
|th  jt  the  precioUo 
rendered  by  the 
of  a  number  of 
jnnington,  where 
israissed,  but  the 
lond  and  ministe- 
means  of  organ- 
Is  town  the  richest 
northern  part  of 
^d  at  Enoshurgh 
ffle  rejoiced,  that 
;nds,  without  wit- 
;e,  with  which  he 
Insure,  with  which 
iionishment  in  at; 


unbeliever,  who  was  prt  'ent.  While  suffering  a  great  variety  of  evils 
in  life  he  never  uttered  a  cumplaining  word,  and  when  he  discovert ' 
uneasiness  or  discontent  in  any  of  tlie  members  of  hi»  tumily  he 
inculcated  upon  them  the  duty  of  submission,  and  reminded  them  of 
the  undeserved  blessings,  which  they  were  yv^t  permitted  to  enjoy, 
lie  possessed  a  vigorous  and  comprehensive  mind,  which  was  ca< 
pabic  ol  investigating  the  abstrusest  subjects.  In  his  preaching  he 
dwelt  much  upon  the  doctrine  of  human  depravity,  the  necessity  of 
regeneration,  faith,  repentance,  and  good  works.  His  zeal  for  the 
promotion  of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom  was  ardent  and  constant,  and 
in  the  death  of  no  other  man  could  the  churches  of  V^ermont  in  hu- 
man estimation  have  sustained  a  greater  loss.  After  the  death  of 
Dr.  Swift  a  volume  of  his  sermons  was  published  in  12 mo,  1805. 
But  they  arc  in  an  imperfect  state,  as  they  were  not  intended  for 
the  press,  and  as  the  author  was  not  in  the  habit  of  fully  writing  his 
sermons^— 'Sketch  firefixed  to  hia  discourses. 

SYiVlMCS  (Thomas),  minister  of  Bradford,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  sun  of  the  reverend  Zechariah  Symmes,  the  first  minister  of 
that  town,  who  died  Marcli  27,  1707.      His  grandfather,  the  rever- 
end Zechariah  Symmes,  was  for  more  than  forty  years  the  minister 
of  Charlestown.      He  was  born  at  Bradford  February  1,  1678,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1698.     He  was  ordained  the 
first  minister  of  Boxford  December  SO,  1702,  but  was  dismissed 
from  that  town  in  1708,  and  succeeded  his  father  at  Bradford  in  the 
same  year.      In  this  town  he  died  October  6,  1725,  in  the  forty- 
eighth  year  of  his  age.      He  was  a  man  of  strong  powers  of  mind 
and  of  very  considerable  learning.      Sometimes  in  his  family  he 
would  read  the  scriptures  from  the  Hebrew.    In  early  life  his  prin- 
ciples were  not  very  strict,  but  he  afterwards  embraced  the  doc- 
trines of  original  sin,  grace,  and  predestination,  justification  by  fdth 
through  the  imputed  righteousness  of  Christ,  and  the  perseverance 
of  the  saints.     He  was  an  animated,  popular,  faithful,  and  successful 
preacher.      His  exertions  to  do  good  in  private  and  public  were  re- 
warded by  large  accessions  to  his  church  of  such,  as  he  hoped  would 
be  saved.      He  was  remarkable  for  the  sanctity  of  his  life,  for  his 
constancy  in  secret  devotion,  for  his  self  examination  and  his  regard 
to  days  of  fasting  and  prayer.     He  published  monitor  to  delaying 
sinners  }  artillery  election  sermon,  1720  ;  discourse  against  preiu- 
dice  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Joseph  Emerson,  1721  ;  joco* 
serious  dialogue  on  singing,  1723  ;  the  people's  interest  relating  to 
the  support  of  ministers,  1724  ;  historical  memoirs  of  the  fight  at 
Piggwacket  May  9,  172  5,  with  a  sermon  on  the  fall  of  capunn  Love- 
well.    After  the  death  of    Mr.  Symmes  an  account  of  his  life  was 
published  by  the  reverend  John  Brown  of  Haverhill,  to  which  is 
annexed  from  his  manuscripts  his  advice  to  his  children  and  to  tlie 
church,— i/row«*»  sermon  on  his  deaths  and  memorative  mccount. 

69 


V 


Iv 


-< 


■s  ■, 


\ 


538 


SYM. 


:l  tl 


n 


i'-i 


SYMAIES  (William,  O.D.),  minister  of  Andover,  Massachu* 
ifctts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1750,  and  from  175S  to 
1758  was  a  tutor  in  that  seminary.  His  ordination  took  place  on 
the  first  of  November  of  this  latter  year.  He  died  May  3,  1807, 
ill  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age,  and  the  forty  ninth  of  his 
ininistr/.  To  his  profession  he  devoted  himself  exclusively,  and 
he  was  occupied  through  life  in  theological  pursuits.  His  sermons 
were  written  with  great  care  and  in  a  style  remarkably  neat  and 
correct.  He  was  distinguished  for  his  prudence,  hospitable,  dig- 
nified in  his  manners,  and  pure  in  his  principles  and  conduct.  He 
published  election  sermon,  1735,  and  two  other  occasional  dis> 
courses.'— Jie/iertory,  May  15,  1807. 

TACKAN ASH  (John),  Indian  minister  on  Martha's  Vineyard, 
was  ordained  colleague  with  Hiacoomes  August  22,  1670,  the  day, 
on  which  the  first  Indian  church  was  gathered  on  the  island.  He 
possessed  very  considerable  talents,  and  was  exemplary  in  his  life. 
Allowing  himself  in  few  diversions,  he  studied  much,  and  seemed 
to  advance  in  piety,  as  he  became  more  acquainted  with  the  truths 
of  the  gospel.  He  was  the  most  distinguished  of  Indian  preachers. 
In  prayer  he  was  devout  and  fervent,  faithful  in  his  instructions  and 
reproofs,  strict  in  the  discipline  of  his  church,  excluding  the  immoral 
from  the  ordiniuices  till  they  repented.  So  much  was  he  respected, 
that  a  number  of  the  English,  when  deprived  of  their  own  minister, 
attended  the  meeting  of  Mr.  Tackanach  and  received  the  Lord's  sup- 
per from  his  hands.  All  would  probably  have  attended,  if  they  had 
understood  the  Indian  language,  in  which  he  preached.  He  died  in 
the  peace  and  hope  of  the  Christian  January  23,  1684.  His  place  of 
residence  was  at  Nunpang  at  the  east  end  of  Martha's  Vineyard.— 
Mayheia'a  Indian  converts,  14—16. 

-  TAPPAN  (David,  D.D.),  professor  of  divinity  in  Harvard  col- 
lege,  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Benjamin  Tappan  of  Manchester, 
Massachusetts,  and  was  bom  April  21,  1752.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  university  of  Cambridge  in  1771.  After  pursuing  the  study 
of  divinity  for  two  or  three  years  he  comnfienced  preaching,  and  was 
ordained  minister  of  the  third  churh  in  Newbury  in  April  1774. 
In  this  place  he  continued  about  eighteen  years.  His  successor  was 
the  reverend  Mr.  Woods.  In  June  1792  he  was  elected  professor 
of  divinity  in  Harvard  college  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Wigglesworth, 
who  had  resigned,  and  after  anxious  deliberation  and  the  advice  of 
an  ecclesiastical  council  he  was  inaugurated  December  26,  1793. 
When  he  was  introcKiced  into  this  office,  the  students  of  the  univer- 
sity  were  uncommonly  dissolute.  For  some  time  they  had  received 
no  regular  instruction  in  theology,  and  the  tide  of  opinion  began  to 
run  in  the  channel  of  inlidelity.  But  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Tappan, 
which  combined  entertainment  with  information,  which  were  pro- 
found and  yet  pathetic,  elegant  in  style  and  conclusive  in  argtiment, 
and  which  came  warm  from  a  pious  heart,  soon  checked  the  prog- 


I  ] 


lover,  ^las&achii« 
and  from  1755  to 
ion  took  place  on 
led  May  3,  1807, 
"orty  ninth  of  his 
If  exclusively,  and 
its.    His  sermons 
narkabl^  neat  and 
;e,  hospitable,  dig- 
md  conduct.      He 
er  occasional  dis- 

Iarthtt*8  Vineyard, 
23,  1670,  the  day, 
n  the  island.     He 
:mplary  in  his  life, 
much,  and  seemed 
Led  with  the  truths 
f  Indian  preachers, 
tiis  instructions  and 
iluding  the  immoral 
h  was  he  respected, 
their  own  minister, 
ived  the  Lord*3  sup- 
ttended,  if  they  had 
pached.    He  died  in 
1684.    His  place  of 
artha's  Vineyard.— 

ity  in  Harvard  col- 
)pan  of  Manchester, 
He  was  graduated 
pursuing  the  study 
preaching,  and  was 
,ury  in  April  1774. 
.    His  successor  was 
as  elected  professor 
Dr.  Wigglesworth, 
jn  and  the  advice  of 
December  26, 1793. 
idents  of  the  univer- 
tie  they  had  received 
3  of  opinion  began  to 
ures  of  Dr.  Tappan, 
on,  which  were  pro- 
elusive  in  argMment, 
n  checked  the  prog. 


TAP. 


539 


ressof  profanity  and  dissipation,  a^  ^  put^open  irreligion  to  shame. 
It  has  been  thought  however,  th^  nis  usefulness  to  the  cause  of 
divine  truth  might  have  been  increased,  if  he  hud  dwelt  upon  the  dis- 
tinguishing doctrines  of  the  gospel,  which  he  believed,  with  more 
frequency  and  with  greater  perspicuity  and  fulness,  and  if  in  some 
instances  he  had  been  less  careful  to  accommudalc  hiuiself  to  opin- 
ions, which  he  disapproved,  and  to  prejudices,  which  he  thouijjht 
pernicious.  His  remarkable  humility,  meekness,  and  modesty,  the 
keen  sensibility  of  his  nature,  and  his  caution  nut  to  otfcnd,  lest  the 
mind  should  be  shut  to  the  truth,  might  at  times  have  given  a  di- 
rection to  the  benevolent  spirit,  which  animated  him,  that  would  nut 
have  been  taken  by  a  man  of  greater  hardihood  of  temper  ;  but  he 
was  always  anxious  to  do  good  and  always  interesting  and  energetic 
in  his  preaching.  After  a  short  sickness  he  died  August  37,  1803, 
aged  fifty  one  years.  He  was  succeeded  in  the  professorship  by 
tlie  reverend  Dr.  Ware. 

Dr.  Tappan  possessed  much  activity  and  vigor  of  mind,  fertility 
of  invention,  and  force  of  imagination.  He  had  a  facility  in  fixing 
his  attention,  and  in  discriminating  and  arranging  his  thoughts.  His 
readiness  of  conception  and  command  of  language  enabled  him  both 
in  speaking  and  writing  to  express  what  he  thought  and  felt  with 
propriety,  per.picuity,  and  force.  The  religious  principles,  which 
he  embraced,  were  the  doctrines  of  the  eternal  counsels  of  Jehovah, 
man's  fallen,  ruined  state,  the  electing  love  of  God,  the  atonement 
of  Christ,  justification  by  grace,  and  the  efficacy  of  the  divine  Spirit 
in  renewing;  sinners  and  preparing  them  for  glory.  The  doctrine 
of  redemption  by  a  crucified  Savior  constituted  in  his  view  the  basis 
of  the  gospel.  In  such  a  light  did  he  regard  the  proper  divinity 
of  Jesus  Christ,  that  he  declared  it  to  be  "  the  rock  of  his  eternal 
hopes."  To  benevolence  and  candor,  sincerity  in  speech,  and  up- 
rightness in  conduct  he  joined  the  careful  cultivation  and  practice 
of  the  personal  virtues.  He  was  superior  to  all  fretful  and  anxious 
thoughts  about  his  temporal  affaiib,  and  to  all  vanity  of  extcrnar 
appearance.  When  tried  by  the  ignorance  and  stupidity,  or  by  the 
perverseness  and  injustice  of  men,  he  was  calm  and  collected.  For 
the  conduct  of  those,  who  had  treated  him  with  the  most  puinful 
unkindness,  he  invented  the  most  charitable  excuses,  'iOd  even 
sought  opportunities  of  dohig  them  good.  His  religion  as  well  as 
his  nature  disposed  him  to  sympathy,  tenderness,  and  love.  Kind 
aflfeciions  lighted  up  liis  countenance,  gave  a  j^low  to  his  coiivcrsa- 
tion,  and  cheerfulness  to  his  active  benevolence.  When  arrested 
by  his  last  sickness,  and  warned  of  his  approaching  dissolution,  he 
was  not  discomposed.  With  many  expressions  of  humility  and 
self  abasement  intermingled,  he  declared  liis  hope  in  the  infinite 
mercy  of  God  through  the  atonement  of  Christ.  When  his  wife 
expressed  some  of  the  i'eelin;:;s,  which  were  excited  by  t'u;  thoui:;ht 
of  parting  with  him,  he  said,"  if  Gocl  is  glorified,  I  am  made  forever. 


i'l  r, 


V.  |i. 


,  »• 


'  1 


540 


TAW. 


\i  1 


i:il 


Can't  you  lay  hold  of  that  I  Can't  you  Uy  hold  of  th^  <"  To  hi» 
sons  he  said,  '^  1  charge  you  to  love  God  8upremely}p.r.;i  to  love  yoiu* 
neighbor  as  yourselves ;  for  without  these  there  is  no  V  wc  religion." 
lie  had  such  u  sense  of  the  evil  of  sin  and  of  his  own  ill  desert  thai 
nothing  could  afford  him  consolation,  but  the  all  sufiicient  gruce  of 
the  Redeemer.     In  Jesus  Christ  his  soul  found  rest. 

Dr.  Tappan  published  two  discourses,  preached  ^n  the  sabbath 
after  his  ordination,  1774;  a  discourse  on  the  character  aiid  best 
exercises  of  unrcgenerate  sinners,  1782  ;  a  sermon  on  the  fast, 
1783  ;  on  the  peace,  1783  ;  on  the  death  of  Moses  Parsons,  1784  ; 
two  friendly  letters  to  Philalethcs,  1785  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordina- 
tion of  J.  Dickinson)  1789  ;  address  to  the  students  of  Andover 
academy,  179 1 ;  sermon  at  the  election,  1792  ;  before  an  association 
at  Portsmouth,  1792;  farewell  sermon  at  Newbury;  on  the  fast, 
1 793  ;  at  the  ordination  of  J.  T.  Kirkland ;  a  discourse  to  graduates; 
address  to  students  at  Andover  ;  discourse  on  eight  persons  drewn« 
ed  in  the  Merrimack ;  to  the  class,  which  entered  college,  1794 ; 
on  the  thanksgiving,  1795  ;  on  the  death  of  J.  Russell,  a  student ;  to 
the  class,  which  entered  college,  1796  ;  sermon  before  the  conven- 
tion, 1797  ;  on  the  fast,  1798 ;  at  the  ordination  of  James  Kendall ; 
on  the  death  of  Washington  ;  at  the  ordination  of  N.  H.  Fletcher, 
1800  ;  on  the  death  of  lieutenant  governor  Phillips ;  at  the  instalU- 
lion  ot  H.  Packard,  1802  ;  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Hitchcock  ;  on  the 
death  of  Mary  Dana,  1803.  Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Tappan  two 
volumes  have  been  published  from  his  manuscripts,  the  one  con- 
sisting of  sermons  on  important  subjects,  and  the  other  entitled, 
lectures  on  Jewish  antiquities,  8vo,  IS07 ^-^Pano/iliatj  i.  1—5,  45— 
51,  137 — 142, 185 — 193  ;  Monthly  anthology,n.  120 — 124  ;  Holmes' 
and  Kendall*8  aermom  on  hia  death ;  Columbian  centinel,  September 
14, 1803. 

TAWANQU ATUCK,  the  first  Indian  sachem,  who  was  con- 
verted to  Christianity  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  lived  on  that  island, 
when  the  English  first  settled  there  in  1643.  His  conversion 
through  the  labors  of  Mr.  Mayhew  was  a  circumstance  very  irri- 
tating to  his  copper  colored  brethren,  who  were  indignant,  that  he 
should  turn  away  from  the  religion  of  their  fathers.  One  night, 
after  an  assembly  of  the  Indians,  as  Tawanquatuck  lay  asleep  upon 
a  mat  by  a  little  fire,  an  Indian  approached  him  and  let  fly  a  broad 
beaded  arrow,  intending  to  drench  it  in  his  heart's  blood  ;  but  it 
struck  his  eyebrow,  and  being  turned  in  its  direction  by  the  solid 
bone,  glanced  and  slit  his  nose  from  the  top  to  the  bottom.  The  next 
morning  Mr.  Mayhew  visited  the  sagamore,  and  found  him  praising 
God  for  his  great  deliverance.  He  afterwards  became  a  Christian 
magistrate  to  his  people,  and  discharged  faithfully  the  trust  reposed 
in  him  as  long  as  he  lived.  He  died  about  the  year  1670.— Afay- 
lif"ii>*a  Indian  converts^  80—82  ;   Whilfield  *a  light  appearing^  is^c. 


TAY. 


541 


TAYLOR  (William),  remarkable  (or  longevity,  died  in  Pitt 
county,  Nurth  Curoiinu,  in  October  1794,  a|;ed  one  hundred  and 
fouriuen  years.  He  was  a  nuiivc  of  Virginia.  On  the  morning  of 
his  death  he  had  set  out  to  walk  two  miles.-— Gazcrrc  U.  H,  A*ov<m- 
btr  15,  1794. 

TENNLNT  (John),  a  physician  of  Virginia,  |)ubUshed  at  Wil« 
liamsburg  in  1736  an  essay  on  the  pleurisy,  which  was  reprinted  at 
Newyork  in  1743.  In  this  work  he  hrst  brought  into  view  the  vir- 
tues of  the  SoDcka  snake  root.  The  immediate  cause  of  a  pleurisy 
or  peripneuroony,  in  his  opinion,  is  a  viscidity  of  blood  of  the  samo 
nature  with  that  produced  by  the  venom  ot  the  rattle  snake  ;  and 
as  the  rattle  snuke  root  had  been  found  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  the 
snake,  he  proposed  it  as  a  cure  for  the  pleurisy.— /{am«ay'«  review 
(if  medicine ^  36  ;  Miller^  i.  318. 

TCNNENT  (William),  a  useful  scholar  and  minister  of  a 
presbyteriun  church  at  Ncshaminy,  Pennsylvania,  received  episco- 
pal ordination  in  Ireland,  and  emigrated  to  this  country  in  the  year 
1718,  with  four  sons,  Gilbert,  William,  John,  and  Charles.  Not 
long 'after  his  arrival  in  America  he  renounced  his  connexion  with 
the  episcopal  church,  and  was  admitted  into  the  synod  of  Philadel- 
phia. He  spent  a  short  time  in  the  state  of  New  York,  and  then  in 
1721  or  1722  removed  to  Bensalcmin  Pennsylvania.  Here  he  re- 
mained not  more  than  four  or  five  years  ;  for  in  1726  he  settled  at 
Neshaminy,  about  twenty  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
where  he  became  pastor  of  a  small  presbytcrian  congregation. 
Here  he  established  a  seminary  of  learning,  which  soon  received 
the  name  of  the  log  coUej^e,  by  which  it  was  long  known.  But  this 
institution,  though  humble  in  name,  was  the  nursery,  in  which  many 
ministers  of  the  gospel  were  trained  up  for  eminent  usefulness. 
Among  these  were  his  four  sons,  who  were  educated  under  his  sole 
instruction,  and  Messrs.  Rowland,  Campbell,  Lawrence,  Beatty, 
Robinson,  and  Samuel  Blair.  He  never  had  an  assistant  in  his 
academy,  excepting  for  a  short  time,  when  his  eldest  son  Gilbert 
acted  in  that  capacity,  while  pursuing  his  theological  studies.  He 
had  the  happiness  to  see  all  his  sons  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
church  for  several  years  before  his  death.  As  the  calls  for  ministe- 
rial service  were  urgent  he  sent  them  out,  as  soon  as  they  were 
qualified  for  the  work.  Of  these  John  died  in  early  life,  and  the 
others  lived  to  advanced  age,  and  were  among  the  most  useful  and 
respectable  ministers  of  their  time.  Mr.  Tennent  died  and  was 
buried  at  Neshaminy  about  the  year  1743.  He  was  eminent  as  a 
classical  scholar  ;  but  his  attainments  in  science,  it  is  thought,  were 
not  so  great.  He  was  a  man  of  great  integrity,  simplicity,  indus- 
try, and  piety  ;  and  to  his  labors  and  benevolent  zeal  the  American 
churches  are  in  no  small  degree  indebted.-^M7/<?r,  ii.  341  }  Pano- 
Jitistf  ii.  2—4. 


J'l 


V 


ti 

if  ^^i 

t 


Ii 


I 


'  m 

m 


m 


I 


Ii 


!;!. 


■r 


i 


542 


TEN. 


!i 


a   :    !,.! 


V. 


♦    ' 


TENNENT  (Gilbert),  minister  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  born  in  Ireland  February  5,  1703.     He  was 
brought  to  this  country  by  his  father,  by  whom  he  was  educated. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  began  to  be  anxious  for  the  salvation  of 
his  soul }  he  was  often  in  great  agony  of  mind  ;  but  at  length  the 
character  of  Jesus  Christ  as  the  Savior  of  sinners  filled  him  with 
peace.    Still  he  was  diffident  of  his  Christian  character,  and  in  con- 
sequence pursued  the  study  of  physic  for  a  year,  but  afterwards 
devoted  himself  to  theology,  and  began  to  preach  in  1725.      In  the 
autumn  of  1726  he  was  ordained  minister  of  New  Brunswick  in 
New  Jersey.    For  some  time  he  was  the  delight  of  the  pious,  and 
was  honored  by  those,  who  were  destitute  of  religion.      But  when 
God  began  to  bless  his  faithful  labors  to  the  awakening  of  secure 
sinners  and  to  their  conversion  from  darkness  unto  light,  he  pres« 
cntly  lost  the  good  opinion  of  false  professors ;  his  name  was  loaded 
with  reproaches,  and  the  grossest  immoralities  were  attributed  to 
him.     But  he  bore  all  with  patience.     Though  he  had  sensibility  to 
character  as  well  as  other  men,  yet  he  was  willing  to  encounter  dis- 
grace, rather  than  neglect  preaching  the  truth,  however  offensive  tor 
the  sinful,  whom  he  wished  to  reclaim.      Towards  the  close  of  the 
year  1740  and  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  1741  he  made  a  tour 
in  New  England  at  the  importunate  request  of  Mr.  Whitefield. 
He  succeeded  the  latter  in  Boston,  and  an  astonishing  efficacy  ac- 
companied his  labors.    V^isiting  various  parts  of  New  England,  he 
was,  every  where  remarkably  useful.     In  this  tour  the  dress,  in 
which  he  commonly  entered  the  pulpit,  was  a  great  coat,  girt  about 
him  with  a  leathern  girdle,  while  his  natural  hair  was  left  undressed. 
His  large  stature  and  grave  aspect  added  a  dignity  to  the  simplicity 
or  rather  rusticity  of  his  appearance.    In  1743  he  established  a  new 
presbyterian  church  in  Philadelphia  out  of  those,  who  were  denom- 
inated the  followers  and  converts  of  Mr.  Whitefield.      In  1753,  at 
the  request  of  the  trustees  of  New  Jersey  college,  he  went  to  Eng- 
land to  solicit  benefactions  for  that  seminary.      After  a  life  of  great 
usefulness  he  died  in  much  peace  about  the  year  1764  or  1765. 
He  was  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Dr.  Sproat.      For  more  than 
forty  years  he  had  enjoyed  a  habitual,  unshaken  assurance  of  his  in- 
terest in  redeeming  love.      As  a  preacher,  he  was  in  his  vigorous 
days  equalled  by  but  few.     His  reasoning  powers  were  strong ;  his 
language  forcible  and  often  sublime  ;  and  his  manner  of  address 
warm  and  earnest.     His  eloquence  however  was  rather  bold  and 
awful,  than  soft  and  persuasive.     With  admirable  dexterity  he  ex- 
posed the  false  hope  of  the  hypocrite,  and  searched  the  corrupt 
heart  to  the  bottom.     He  was  most  pungent  in  his  addresses  to  the 
conscience.     When  he  wished  to  alarm  the  sinner,  he  could  repre- 
sent in  the  most  awful  manner  the  terrors  of  the  Lord.      He  was 
bold,  coura!!;eous,  ardent,  and  independent.     A  number  of  presbyte- 
rians  both  I'.inong  the  clergy  and  laitv,  v/iio  were  considered  as  mere 


TEN. 


543 


,  was  the  son  of 
1703.     He  was 
was  educated, 
the  salvation  of 
It  at  length  the 
filled  him  with 
:ter,  and  in  con- 
but  afterwards 
1725.     In  the 
H  Brunswick  in 
i"  the  pious,  and 
on.      But  when 
ening  of  secure 
i  light,  he  pres. 
lame  was  loaded 
re  attributed  to 
lad  sensibility  to 
o  encounter  dis- 
ever  offensive  tor 
i  the  close  of  the 
i  he  made  a  tour 
Mr.  Whitefield. 
hing  efficacy  ac- 
Jew  England,  he 
,ur  the  dress,  in 
t  coat,  girt  about 
as  left  undressed, 
to  the  simplicity 
stablished  a  new 
rho  were  denom- 
Id.      In  17 53,  at 
he  went  to  Eng- 
ter  a  life  of  great 
ir  1764  or  1765. 
For  more  than 
iurance  of  his  in- 
s  in  his  vigorous 
(vere  strong ;  his 
anner  of  address 
rather  bold  and 
dexterity  he  ex- 
hed  the  corrupt 
addresses  to  the 
[,  he  could  repre- 
Lord.      He  was 
iber  ofpresbyte- 
nsidcrcd  as  meiu 


formalists  in  religion,  violently  opposed  Mr.  Whitefield  and  Mr. 
Tennent.     The  consequence  was,  that  in  a  short  time  the  synod  of 
iPhiladelphia  was  split  into  two  parts,  each  of  which  formed  a  sepa- 
rate synod,  and  for  several  years  treated  each  other  ^vith  great  cen-  . 
soriousncss.      At  length  Mr.  Tennent,  who  had  been  principally 
concei'ned  in  promoting  the  separation,  became  desirous  of  restoring 
harmony,  and  labored  with  great  industry  for  this  purpose.      His 
longest  and  most  elaborate  publication,  entitled  the  peace  of  Jeru- 
salem, was  upon  chis  subject.     The  synods  were  happily  united  in 
1758.     The  whole  transaction  illustrates  the  character  of  Mr.  Ten- 
nent, in  whom  an  ardent  love  to  what  he  conceived  to  be  truth  and 
duty  always  triumphed  o\'er  all  considerations  of  a  personal  kind. 
As  an  officer  in  the  church  he  earnestly  endeavored  to  maintain  strict 
discipline.    But  above  other  things  the  purity  of  the  ministry  was 
his  care.    He  zealously  urged  every  scriptural  method,  by  which 
earthly  minded  men  might  be  kept  from  entering  the  sacred  oiTice, 
and  men  of  piety  and  zeal  as  well  as  learning  might  be  introduced. 
Abhorring  all  artifice  and  dissimulation,  there  was  in  his  conversa- 
tion an  undisguised  honesty.     He  was  tender,  kind,  compassionate, 
the  friend  of  the  good,  the  patron  of  those,  who  were  injured  or 
were  in  distress.     He  published  the  righteousness  of  the  scribes 
and  Pharisees  considered  ;  a  sermon  on  justification  ;  remarks  upon 
a  protestation,  presented  to  the  synod  of  Philadelphia,  1741  ;  the 
examiner  examined,  or  Gilbert  Tennent  harmonious,  in  answer 
to  Mr.  Hancock's  pamphlet,  entitled,  the  examiner,  or  Gilbert 
against  Tennent ;  three  sermons  on  holding  fast  the  truth  against 
the  Moravians ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Charles  Beatty  at: 
Neshaminy,  1743  ;  a  sermon  on  the  victory  of  the  British  arms 
in  the  Mediterranean ;  two  sermons  preached  at  Philadelphia ; 
an  account  of  the  revival  of  religion  in  Pennsylvania  and  other 
parts  in  Prince's  Christian  history,  1744  ;  a  sermon  on  the  success 
of  the  expedition  against  Louisbourg  ;  discourses  on  several  sub- 
jects, on  the  nature  of  justification,  on  the  law,  and  the  necessity  of 
good  works  vindicated,  13mo,  1745  ;  a  sermon  on  the  lawfulness 
of  defensive  war,  1747  ;  a  sermon  on  the  consistency  of  defensive 
war  with  true  Christianity ;  defensive  war  defended ;  a  fast  sermon  ; 
a  sermon  before  the  sacramen.al  solemnity,  1748;  essay  on  the 
peace  of  Jerusalem;  a  thanksgiving  sermon;  sermon  on  the  dis- 
plays of  divine  justice  in  the  propitiatory  sacrifice  of  Christ,  1749  ; 
sermons  on  important  subjects,  adapted  to  the  present  state  of  t)ie 
British  nation,  Svo,  1758  ;  a  sermon  at  the  opening  of  the  preabyte- 
rian  church. — Maembly*s  miss.  mag.  i.  238— 1248  ;  ii.  46  ;  Mass.  miijs. 
mag.  iv.  361 — 365,  401 — 405  ;  Chauncy's  thoughts,  37,  40,  127,  J  47, 
249;   Christian  hist.    1744,127,133,285—298,314,384.-391,  411. 
TENNENT  (William),  minister  of  Freehold.   New  Jersey, 
was  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  was  born  in  Ireland  June  3, 
1705,     He  arrived  in  America,  when  in  the  fourteenth  year  of  his 


^1 


h  m 


i.t 


•^  all 


t-' 


544 


TEN. 


ii'i- 


I  A' 


*'■  1  ii 


h,^ 


age.  Having  resolved  to  devote  himself  to  the  ministry  of  the  gos- 
pel his  intense  application  to  the  study  of  theology  under  the  care 
of  his  brother  at  New  Brunswick  so  impaired  his  health,  as  to  bring 
on  a  decline.  He  became  more  and  more  emaciated,  till  little  hope 
of  life  was  left.  At  length  he  fainted  and  apparently  expired.  The 
neighborhood  were  invited  to  attend  his  funeral  on  the  next  day.  In 
the  evening  his  physician,  a  young  gentleman,  who  was  his  p?irtitn- 
lar  friend,  returned  to  the  town,  and  was  afflicted  beyond  measure 
at  the  news  of  his  death.  Being  toldv  that  when  the  body  was  laid 
out  a  little  tremor  of  the  ilesh  under  the  arm  had  been  perceived) 
he  encouraged  the  hope,  that  the  powers  of  life  had  not  yet  depart- 
ed. On  examining  the  body  he  affirmed  that  he  felt  an  unusual 
warmth,  and  had  it  restored  to  a  warm  bed,  and  the  funeral  delayed. 
All  probable  means  were  used  to  restore  life,  but  the  third  day  ar- 
rived, and  the  unintermitted  exeitions  of  the  doctor  had  as  yet  been 
in  vain.  It  was  determined  by  the  brother,  that  the  funeral  should 
now  take  place  ;  but  the  physician  requested  a  delay  of  one  hour, 
then  of  half  an  hour,  and  finally  of  a  quarter  of  an  hour.  As  this 
last  period  was  near  expired,  while  he  was  endeavoring  to  soften  the 
tongue,  which  he  had  discovered  to  be  much  swollen,  by  putting 
some  ointment  upon  it  with  a  feather,  the  body  opened  its  eyes, 
gave  a  dreadful  groan,  and  sunk  again  into  apparent  death.  The  ef- 
forts were  now  renewed,  and  in  a  few  hours  Mr.  Tennent  was  re- 
stored to  life.  His  recovery  however  was  very  slow  ;  all  former 
ideas  were  for  some  time  blotted  out  of  his  mind  ;  and  it  was  a 
year  before  he  was  perfectly  restored.  To  his  friends  he  repeated- 
ly stated,  that  after  he  Iiad  apparently  expired  he  found  himself  in 
heaven,  where  he  beheld  a  glory,  which  he  could  not  describe,  and 
heard  songs  of  praise  before  this  glory,  which  were  unutterable. 
He  was  about  to  join  the  throng,  when  one  of  the  heavenly  messen- 
gers said  to  him,  ''  you  must  return  to  the  earth."  At  this  instant 
he  groaned,  and  opened  his  eyes  upon  this  world.  For  three  years 
afterwards  the  sounds,  which  he  had  heai'd,  were  not  out  of  his 
ears,  and  earthly  things  were  in  his  sight  as  vanity  and  nothing.  In 
Octobp;-  1733  he  was  ordained  ut  Freehold,  as  the  successor  of  his 
brother,  the  reverend  John  Tennent.  It  was  not  long  before  his  in- 
attention to  worldly  concerns  brought  him  into  debt.  In  his  embar- 
rassment a  friend  from  New  York  told  him,  that  the  only  remedy 
was  to  get  a  wife.  "  I  do  not  know  how  to  go  about  it,"  was  the  an- 
swer. "  Then  I  will  undertake  the  business,"  said  his  friend  ;  "  I 
have  a  sister  in  law  in  the  city,  a  prudent  and  pious  widow."  The 
next  evening  foimd  Mr.  Tennent  in  New  York,  and  the  day  after  he 
was  introduced  to  Mrs.  Noble.  Being  pleased  with  her  appearance, 
when  he  was  left  alone  with  her  he  abruptly  told  hcr^  that  he  sup- 
posed she  knew  his  errand,  that  neither  his  time  nor  inclination 
would  suffer  him  to  use  much  ceremony,  and  that  if  she  pleased  he 
would  attend  his  charge  on  the  next  sabbath,  and  return  on  Monday 


listry  of  the  gos- 
r  under  the  care 
ealth,  as  to  bring 
sd,  Ull  little  hope 
ly  expired.  The 
the  next  day.    In 
3  was  his  particn- 
beyond  measure 
he  body  was  laid 
been  perceived, 
id  not  yet  depart- 
le  felt  an  unusual 
e  funeral  delayed, 
the  third  day  ar- 
ar  had  as  yet  been 
;he  funeral  should 
lelay  of  one  hour, 
an  hour.     As  this 
pring  to  soften  the 
mllen,  by  putting 
y  opened  its  eyes, 
nt  death.    Theef- 
Tennent  was  re- 
slow  ;  all  former 
id  ;  and  it  was  a 
[ends  he  repeated- 
5  found  himself  in 
not  describe,  and 
were  unutterable, 
heavenly  messen- 
At  this  instant 
For  three  years 
re  not  out  of  his 
and  nothing.    In 
successor  of  his 
long  before  his  in- 
bi.     In  his  embai- 
tbe  only  remedy 
)ut  it,"  was  the  an- 
lid  his  friend  ;  "  I 
JUS  widow."    The 
id  the  day  after  he 
th  hcv  appearance, 
her.,  that  he  sup- 
me  nor  inclination 
It  if  she  pleased  he 
return  on  Monday 


TEN. 


545 


and  be  married.    With  some  hesitation  the  lady  consented  ;  and 
she  proved  an  invaluable  treasure  to   him.     About  the  year  1744, 
wnen  the  fLiithful  prej<ching  of  Mr.  Tcnnent  and  Mr.  John  Row- 
land was  the  means  of  advancing  in  a  very  remarkable  det^ree  the 
cause  of  religion  in  New  Jersey,  tne  indignation  and  malice  ot  those, 
who  loved  darkness  rather  than  light,  and  who  could  not  quietly 
submit  to  have  their  false  security  shaken,  was  excited  against  these 
servants  ^  God.     There  was  at  this  time  prowling  through  the 
coimtry  a  noted  man  named  Tom  Bell.     One  evening  he  arrivcvi  at 
a  tavern  in  Princeton,  dressed  in  a  parson's  frock,  and  was  immedi- 
ately accosted  as  the  reverend  Mr.  Rowland,  whom  he  much  re- 
sembled.    This  mistake  was  sufficient  for  him.     The  next  day  iie 
went  to  a  congregation  in  the  county  of  Hunterdon,  and  declaring 
himself  to  be  Mr.  Rowland,  was  invited  to  preach  on  the  sabbath. 
As  he  was  riding  to  church  in  the  family  waggon  accompanied  by 
his  host  on  an  elegant  horse,  he  discovered  when  he  was  near  the 
church  that  he  had  left  his  notes  behind,  and  proposed  to  ride  back 
for  them  on  the  fine  horse.     The  proposal  was  agreed  to,  and  Bell 
after  returning  to  the  house  and  rifling  the  desk  made  off  with  the 
horse.     Mr.  Rowland  was  soon  indicted  for  the  robbery,  but  it  hap- 
pened that  on  the  very  day,  in  which  the  robbery  was  convmitted, 
he  was  in  Pennsylvania  or  Maryland,  and  this  circumstance  bemg 
proved  by  the  testimony  of  Mr.  Tennent  and  two  other  gentlemen, 
who  accompanied  him,  the  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
Mr.  Rowland  could  not  again  be  brought  liefore  the  court ;  but  the 
witnesses  were  indicted  for  wilful   and   corrupt   perjury.      The 
evidence  was  very  strong  against  them,  for  many  had  seen  the  sup- 
posed Mr.  Rowland  on  the  elegant  horse.     Mr.  Tennent  employed 
Mr.  John  Coxe,  an  eminent  lawyer,  to  conduct  his  defence.      He 
went  to  Trenton  on  the  day  appointed,  and  there  found  Mr.  Smith 
of  New  York,one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  America,  and  of  a  religious 
character,  who  had  voluntarily  attended  to  aid  it;   ''^>  defence.      He 
found  also  at  Trenton  his  brother  Gilbert  from  i'hiladelphia  with 
Mr.  Kinsey,  one  of  the  first  counsellors  in  the  city.      Mr.  Tennent 
was  asked  who  were  his  witnesses  ;  he  replied,  that  he  had  none, 
as  the  persons,  who  accompanied  hini,  wei*e  also  indicted.      He 
was  pressed  to  delay  the  trial,  as  he  would  most  certainly  be 
convicted  ;  but  he  insisted,  that  it  should  proceed,  as  he  trusted 
in  God  to  vindicate  his  innocence.      Mr.  Coxe  was  charging  Mr. 
Tennent  .with  acting  the  part  of  an  enthusiast,  when  the  bell  sum- 
moned them   to  court.      The  latter  had  not   walked  far  in  the 
street  before  he  was  accosted  by  a  man  and  his  wife,  who  asked 
him  if  his  name  was  not  Tennent.      The  man  said,  that  he  lived 
in  a  certain  place  in  Pennsylvania  or  Maryland;  that   Mr.  Ten- 
nent and   Mr.   Rowland  had  lodged  at  his  house,  or  at  a  house 
where  he  and  his  wife  had  been  servants,  at  a  purtirnlur  titrtn,  and 
on  the  next  day  preached  ;  t!ia*  some  nights  before  he  left  home, 

70 


If    »'.i  i> , 


l^.  rl 


:i 


( 


am 


r'\ri 


f  't  '1'  r 


1',^ 


I ; 


h 


I  Mjij,! 


54a 


TEN. 


he  and  his  wife  both  dreamed  repeatedly,  that  Mr.  Tennent  was  in 
distress  at  Trenton,  and  they  only  could  relieve  him ;  and  that  they 
in  consequence  had  come  to  that  town,  and  wished  to  know  what 
they  had  to  do.  Mr.  Tennent  led  them  to  the  court  house,  and 
their  testimony  induced  the  jury  to  bring  in  a  verdict  of  not  guilty 
to  the  astonishment  of  hisenemies.  After  a  life  of  great  usefulness, 
Mr.  Tennent  died  at  Freehold  March  B,  1777,  aged  seventy  one 
years.  He  was  well  read  in  divinity,  and  ptolessed  himself  a  mod- 
erate Calvinist.  The  doctrines  of  man's  depravity,  the  atonement 
of  Christ,  the  necessity  of  tne  all  powerful  influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  to  renew  the  heart,  in  consistence  with  the  free  agency  of 
the  sinner,  were  among  the  leading  articles  of  his  faith.  With  his 
frienus  he  was  at  all  times  cheerful  and  pleasant.  He  once  dined 
in  company  with  governor  Livingston  and  Mr.  Whitefield,  when 
the  latter  expressed  the  consolation  he  found  in  believing  amidst  the 
fatigues  of  the  day  that  his  work  would  soon  be  done,  and  that  he 
should  depart  and  be  with  Christ.  He  appealed  to  Mr.  Tennent, 
whether  that  was  not  his  conifort.  Mr.  Tennent  replied,  "  what 
do  you  think  I  should  say,  if  I  was  to  send  my  man  Tom  into  the 
field  to  plough,  and  at  noon  should  find  tiim  lounging  under  a  tree, 
complainin;^  of  the  heat,  and  of  his  difficult  work,  and  begging  to  be 
discharged  of  his  hard  service  ?  What  should  I  say  ?  Why,  that 
he  was  an  idle,  lazy  fellow,  and  that  it  was  his  business  to  do  the 
work,  that  I  had  appointed  him.'*  He  was  the  friend  of  tlie  poor. 
The  public  lost  in  him  a  firm  assertor  of  the  civil  and  religious 
rights  of  his  country.  Few  men  have  ever  been  more  holy  in  life, 
more  submissive  to  the  will  of  God  under  heavy  afilictions,  or  more 
peaceful  in  death.  An  accoimt,  which  he  wrote  o£  the  revival  of 
religion  in  Freehold  and  other  places,  is  published  in  Prince's 
Christian  history. — Asaembh/a  miaa.  ma^.  ii.  97 — 103,  146— >166, 
202 — 207,  333 — 335  ;  Panofiiiat,  ii.  I — 5,  49 — 67,  97 — 100  ;  Maa- 
aachusetts  miss.  mag.  iv.  I,  41,  81,  121  ;  Christian  hiatory  for  1744, 
298— -310. 

TENNESSEE,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  for- 
inerly  a  part  of  Carolina,  and  in  1754  contained  not  more  than  fifty 
families,  who  were  either  destroyed  or  driven  away  by  tlie  Indians 
before  the  close  of  the  following  year.  In  1765  the  settlement  of 
this  territory  again  commenced,  and  the  ravages  of  the  Indians  af- 
terwards occasioned  much  suffering.  This  country  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States  in  1789,  and  in  1790  congress  established  a  terri- 
torial government.  It  was  erected  into  a  separate  state  in  1796,  and 
adniitted  into  the  union.  By  the  constitution  of  this  state,  which 
was  adopted  February  6,  1796,  a  general  assembly  is  established, 
consisting  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  the  members  of 
which  are  chosen  for  two  years.  The  governor  is  chosen  by  the 
people  for  two  years,  and  is  eligible  only  for  six  years  out  of 'eight. 
-^Morse's  gcog.  ;  Holm.es*  annala)  ii.  494. 


Tcnncnt  was  in 
n ;  and  that  they 
id  to  know  what 
;ourt  house)  and 
lictofnot  guilty 
great  usefulness, 
iged  seventy  one 
id  himself  a  mod- 
y,  the  atonement 
ence  of  the  Holy 
le  free  agency  of 
k  faith.     With  his 
He  once  dined 
Whitefi«ld,  when 
slieving  amidst  the 
done,  and  that  he 
I  to  Mr.  Tennent, 
It  replied,  «  what 
man  Tom  into  the 
iging  under  a  tree, 
and  begging  to  be 
;  say  ?    Why,  that 
business  to  do  the 
friend  of  the  poor, 
civil  and  religious 
I  more  holy  in  life, 
afflictions,  or  more 
e  o£  the  revival  of 
jlished  in  Prince's 
7—103,  146—166, 

r,  97 — 100  ;  Maa- 
m  history  for  1744, 

America,  was  for- 
not  more  than  fifty 
iway  by  tlie  Indians 
5  the  settlement  of 
iS  of  the  Indians  af- 
intry  was  ceded  to 
established  a  terri- 
e  state  in  1796,  and 
f  this  state,  which 
ibly  is  established, 
^es,  the  members  of 
ar  is  chosen  by  the 
n  years  out  of  "eight. 


THA. 


54: 


THACHER  (Thomas),  first  minister  of  the  old  south  church  in 
Boston,  was  born  in  England  May  1,  1620,  and  arrived  in  this  coun- 
try in  June  1635.  He  pursued  his  studies  under  the  direction  of 
Mr.  Chauncy,  afterwarus  president  of  the  college.  On  the  second 
of  January  1644  he  was  ordained  minister  ot  Weymouth,  where  he 
remained  more  than  twenty  years  ;  but  after  the  death  of  his  first 
wife  in  1664  a  number  of  circumstances  induced  him  to  remove  to 
Boston.  When  a  new  church  was  formed  out  of  the  first  by  pcr« 
sons,  displeased  with  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Davenport,  Mr.  Thuch- 
er  was  installed  its  pastor  February  1 6,  1 670.  He  died  October  1 5, 
1678,  aged  fifty  eight  years.  His  colleague,  Mr.  Wiilard,  surviv- 
ed him.  Being  well  skilled  in  the  Hebrew,  Mr.  Thacher  composed 
a  lexicon  of  the  principal  words  in  that  language.  President  btiles 
speaks  of  him  as  the  best  Arabic  scholar  in  the  country.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  very  popular,  being  remarkably  fervent  and 
copious  in  prayer.  He  was  zealous  against  the  quakers,  for  he  be- 
lieved that  their  doctrines  subverted  the  gospel,  and  led  men  into 
the  pit  of  darkness  under  the  pretence  of  giving  them  light.  Be- 
sides being  an  excellent  minister  and  Christian,  he  was  also  a  phy- 
sician. He  published  a  fast  sermon,  1674  ;  a  brief  rule  to  guide 
the  common  people  in  the  small  pox  and  measles,  \  677,"^ Magna- 
lia^  lii.  148— •ISS  ;  Collect,  biat.  soc.  viii.  278  ;  Emeraori'a  aermon  on 
the  death  of  Dr.  Thacher. 

THACHER  (Petek),  first  minister  of  Milton,  was  the  son  of  the 
preceding,  and  was  born  at  Salem  'in  1651.  After  he  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1671,  he  was  chosen  a  tutor  and  fellow.  In 
a  few  years  he  iwent  to  England,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  a  number  of  eminent  divines.  On  his  return  he  was  or- 
dained at  Milton  June  1,  1681.  He  died  December  17,  1727,  in 
the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age.  His  successor  was  Mr.  John 
Taylor.  In  his  natural  temper  there  was  a  great  deal  of  vivacity, 
which  gave  an  interest  to  his  conversation  and  to  his  public  perform- 
ances. While  he  was  cheerful  and  affable,  he  was  envinent  for 
sanctity  and  benevolence.  Besides  the  ordinary  laborsof  the  Lord's 
day  he  preached  a  monthly  lecture,  and  encouraged  the  private 
meetings  of  his  neighbors  for  religious  purposes.  He  sometimes 
preached  to  a  society  of  young  men.  Having  studied  the  Indian 
language  he  also  at  a  monthly  lecture  imparted  to  the  Indians  of  a 
neighboring  village  the  gospel  of  salvation.  Being  a  physician,  his 
benevolence  prompted  him  to  expend  a  great  part  of  his  yearly  sal- 
ary in  the  purchase  of  medicines  and  other  necessaries  for  the  sick 
and  indigent.  His  death  was  somewhat  sudden.  The  last  words, 
which  he  uttered,  weie, "  I  am  going  to  Christ  in  glory."  He  pub- 
lished vmbelief  detected  and  condemned,  to  which  is  added  the  treas* 
ures  of  the  fathers  inheritable  by  their  posterity,  1708;  election 
sermon,  1711  ;  Christ's  forgiveness  a  pattcm,  1712  ;  a  sermon  on 


Y"  ^  !• 


!'  I)i 


U  l! 


, 


J   -r  I  .: 


543 


THA. 


i  « 


Ir' 


« ' 


,^'^', 


I'll 


im 


the  death  of  Samuel  Man,  1719  ;  a  divine  riddle,  he  that  is  weak 
is  strong,  1723  ;  the  perpetual  covenant,  a  sermon  to  a  society  of 
youus^  men— Mi^/i(T'«  aermon  on  hit  death  ;  Collect,  htat.  »oc.  viii. 
377  i  ix.  195  ;  Emiraon'a  aermon  on  Dr.  Thacher  i  JV.  E.wtekly 
journal,  Detemher  25,  1727. 

TH  -YCHl'lR  (Peter),  minister  in  Boston,  was  bom  in  that  town 
and  wus  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1696.  While  a  member 
of  this  institution  it  pleased  a  sovereign  God  to  give  him  a  deep 
sense  of  his  sin,  and  at  length  to  inspire  him  with  a  cheerful  iaith 
ill  the  Savior  of  the  lost.  After  living  for  some  time  at  HatBeld  as 
a  schoolmaster,  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Weymouth,  where 
he  remained  eleven  or  twelve  years.  He  was  installed  pastor  of 
the  new  north  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Webb,  Jan- 
uary 28,  1723.  In  consequence  of  some  divisions  in  the  society, 
and  some  irregularity  in  the  measures,  which  were  adopted  to  ob- 
tain Mr,  Thacher,  the  association  retused  to  assist  in  his  settlement. 
He  died  Febmary  26,  1739,  in  the  sixty  second  year  of  his  age. 
He  possessed  a  strong  and  masterly  genius.  Mr.  Cooper  calls  him 
the  evangelical  reasoner.  While  he  was  remarkably  skilled  in 
theology,  his  judgment  was  penetrating,  his  style  in  liily,  and  his 
reasoning  close  attd  accurate.  He  was  always  zealous  in  defending 
the  Calvinistic  doctrines,  which  after  indefatigable  &<tudy  and  earnest 
prayer  he  embraced.  A  natural  modesty  adorned  his  rich  endow- 
ments. He  exhibited  great  humbleness  of  mind  without  meanness 
of  spirit.  As  a  preacher  he  was  pathetic,  for  he  believed  and  felt 
what  he  delivered.  In  the  gift  of  prayer  he  was  almost  unequalled. 
During  his  last  sickness  he  was  cheerful,  for  he  hoped  in  the  mercy 
of  God  through  the  Redeemer.  He  published  the  election  sermon, 
1726,  and  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Mrs.  Gee.— »Co/man*«,  Coofier*8f 
and  Webb*8  aerm.  on  his  death  ;  Eliot^s  dedicat.  sermon. 

THACHER  (Peter),  minister  of  Middleborough,  Massachu- 
setts, was  the  son  of  the  .reverend  Mr.  Thacher  of  Milton,  and  was 
born  October  6,  1688.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1706.  After  preaching  two  years  in  Middleborough,  he  was  or- 
dained November  2,  1709  His  death  took  place  April  22,  1744. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Conant.  Receiving  from  his  ancestors  a 
large  collection  of  puritan  authors,  Mr.  Thacher  imbibed  the  spirit 
of  these  writings.  He  was  very  distinguished  for  the  sanctity  of 
his  life.  At  on^  period  his  faithful  exertions  as  a  minister  were  the 
means  of  adding  near  two  hundred  members  to  his  church  in  less 
th:tn  three  years.  The  doctrines,  which  he  preached,  were  the  di- 
vine trinity,  the  total  depravity  of  man,  the  sovereign  grace  of  God 
in  choosing  any  to  salvation,  and  in  sending  his  Son  to  purchase  and 
his  Spirit  to  apply  it,  and  justiBcation  through  the  righteousness  ot" 
Christ.  n<^  was  anxious  to  render  men  holy  and  benevolent.  .  He 
published  an  account  of  the  revival  of  religion  in  Middleborough 


\M 


THA. 


549 


\t  that  is  weak 
a  to  a  society  of 
:t.  hiat.  »oc.  viii. 
r  ;  JV.  E.  wtekly 

Kjm  in  that  town 
Vhile  a  member 
rive  hiin  a  deep 
k  a  cheerful  iaith 
me  at  Hatfield  as 
'ey mouth,  where 
istalled  pastor  of 
Mr.  Webb,  Jan- 
18  in  the  society, 
•e  adopted  to  ob- 
in  his  settlement, 
year  of  his  acje. 
Cooper  calls  him 
rkably  skilled  in 
e  vu  udy,  and  his 
dous  in  defending 
;  hvtudy  and  earnest 
d  his  rich  endow- 
without  meanness 
B  believed  and  felt 
dmost  unequalled, 
oped  in  the  mercy 
e  election  sermon, 
'olman^Si  Coofier*a, 
mon. 

[rough,  Massachu- 
,f  Milton,  and  was 
arvard  college  in 
|rough,  he  was  or- 
e  April  22,  1744. 
•om  his  ancestors  a 
imbibed  the  spirit 
"or  the  sanctity  of 
minister  were  the 
his  church  in  less 
Iched,  were  the  di- 
;eign  grace  of  God 
on  to  purchase  and 
le  righteousness  ot 
J  benevolent.  .  He 
lin  Middleborough 


in  the  Christian  history,  where  is  a  minute  account  of  his  life  by 
Mr.  Prince. — Christian  history  for  1743,  171,  412  ;  for  1744,  77-* 
99  ;  Barker's  century  sermon  ;  Collect,  hint.  hoc.  iii.  149. 

THACHER  (Oxbnoridge),  a' representative  of  Boston  in  the 
general  court,  was  the  son  of  Oxcnbridgc  Thacher,  esquire, 
who  died  in  1773  in  the  ninety  third  year  of  his  age,  and  grandson 
of  the  reverend  Peter  Thacher  of  Milton.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1738  and  died  July  8, 1765,  aged  forty  five  years. 
He  was  a  learned  man  and  good  writer.  He  published  u  pamphlet 
on  the  gold  coin,  1760,  and  the  sentiments  of  a  British  American, 
occasioned  by  the  act  to  lay  certain  duties  in  the  British  colonies 
and  plantations,  1764.— CW/fcr.  /««/.  *oc.  viii.  277  ;  Emerson's  ser- 
mon .n  Dr.  Thacher. 

THACHER  (1*ETER,  D.  D.),  minister  in  Boston,  was  the  son  of 
the  precedinjL^,  and  was  boin  in  Milton  March  21,  1752.     He  gave 
early  indications  of  a  seiious  miml,  prelerring  books  of  pieiy  and 
the  cuiiversatiou  of  persons  older  than  himself  to  the  diversions 
of  the  childish  age.     He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1769, 
when  but  seventeen  years  of  age.     He  always  thought,  that  his  ed- 
ucation was  too  much  hurried.     On  the  nineteenth  of  September 
1770  he  was  ordained  the  minister  of  Maiden.      As  a  preacher  he 
was  admired.     His  charming  voice,  his  oratorical  powers,  his  fluen- 
cy in  prayer,  and  the  pathos  of  his  expression  were  applauded  by 
the  serious  and  intelligent,  and  rendered  him  uncommonly  accepta- 
ble to  the  multitude.     No  young  man  preached  to  such  crowded  as- 
semblies.    Mr.  WhitefieUl  in  his  prayers  called  him  the  young  E- 
lijah.     Being  a  strict  Calvinist  in  his  sentiments,  he  contended  zeal- 
ously for  the  faith  of  his  fathers.     When  the  controversy  began  with 
Great  Britain,  he  exerted  himself  in  the  pulpit,  in  conversation,  and 
in  other  ways  to  support  the  rights  of  his  country.     He  was  a  dele- 
gate from  Maiden  to  the  convention,  which  formed  the  constitution 
of  Massachusetts  in  1780.     Being  democratic  in  his  sentiments  he 
contended,  that  there  should  be  no  governor,  and  when  a  decision 
was  made  contrary  to  his  wishes  he  still  made  particular  objections 
to  the  title  of  excellency,  which  was  given  to  the  chief  magistrate. 
But  afterwards,  as  he  became  better  acquainted  with  the  policy  of 
government,  he  was  warmly  attached  to  those  parts  of  the  constitu- 
tion, which  he  had  once  disapproved.     He  was  installed  minister  of 
the  church  in  Brattle  street,  Boston,  as  successor  of  Dr.  Cooper, 
January  12,  1785  ;  and  in  this  vineyard  of  the  Lord  he  continued 
till  his  death.     Being  af&icted  with  a  pulmonary  complaint,  his 
physicians  recommended  the  milder  air  of  a  more  southern  climate. 
He  accordingly  sailed  for  Savannah,  where  he  died  December  1 6, 
1802  in  the  fifty  first  year  of  his  age.     He  was  succeeded  by  the 
reverend  Mr.  Buckminster.     Just  before  he  set  sail  from  Boston 
he  was  visited  by  Dr.  Stillman,  to  whom  he  expressed  his  belief, 
that  he  should  not  recover,  and  said  with  peculiar  energy,  "  the 
doctrines  I  have  preached  are  now  my  only  comfort.     My  hopes 


r. 


• 


550 


THO. 


ti! 


1 


1 


'n- 


*■  i'i- 


arc  built  on  the  atonement  and  righteousness  of  Christ."     The  last 
words,  which  he  uttered,  were  "  Jesus  Christ,  my  Savior." 

Dr.  Thacber  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  commissioners  for 
propagating  the  gospel  among  the  Indians  in  North  America,  of 
the  historical  society  of  Massachusetts,  of  several  charitable  and 
humane  societies,  and  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  9ci> 
cnccs.       As   a  preacher   his  discourses   were  not  elaborate,  but 
they  were  recommended  by  vivacity  of  thought  and  by  a  graceful 
dehvcry.     During  his  residence  in  Boston  he  relaxed  somewhat 
from  his  former  strictness  and  became  more  liberal  in  hi»  senti- 
ments.    In  the  chamber  of  sickness  he  was  remarkably  acceptable. 
By  the  couch  of  those,  who  were  dismayed  by  the  terrors  of  death, 
he  administered  consolation  by  dwelling  upon  the  mercy  oi  tnat 
Savior,  who  died  to  redeem  a  guilty  and  suffering   world.     To 
the  distressed  and  afflicted  his  voice  was  that  of  an  angel  of  com- 
fort.    In  prayer  he  was  uncommonly  eloquent,  uttering  in  i upres- 
sive   and  pathetic  language  the  devout  feelings  of  his  own   heart, 
and  exciting  deep  emotions  in  the  hearts  of  his  hearers.     He  pub- 
lished an  oration  against  st.inding  armies,  delivered  March  5,  1776 ; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Andrew  Eliot,   1773  ;  three  sermons  in 
proof  of  the  eternity  of  future  puniiihment,  1782  ;  observations  on 
the  state  of  the  clergy  in  New  E>  ^land,  with  strictures  upon  the 
power  of  dismissing  them,  usurped  uy  some  churches,   1783;  a 
a  reply  to    strictures    upon    the    preceding  ;     a  sermon  on  the 
death  of  Joshua  Paine  ;    at    the    ord'.nation    of   Elijah    Kellogg, 
1788  ;  memoirs    of  Dr.    Boylston,  published    in    Massachusetts 
magazine,    1789  ;  a    sermon  at    the  ordination    of   William    F. 
Rowland,    1790  ;  on  the  death  of  governor  Bowdoin,  1791  ;  ser- 
mon at  the  ai'tillery  election  ;  on  the  death  of  governor  Hancock, 
1793  ;  on  the  death  of  Samuel  Stillman,  junior ;  at  the  ordination 
of  his  son,  Thomas  Cushing  Thacher,  1794  ;   a  sermon  before  the 
Massachusetts  congregational  charitable   society,    1795  ;    on  the 
death  of  Thomas  Russell  ;    on  the  death  of  Nathaniel  Gorham, 
1795  ;  a  sermon  before  a  society  of  freemasons,  1797  j  at  the  in- 
terment of  Dr.  Clarke  ;  on  the  death  of  Rebecca  Gill,  1798  ;  on 
the  death  of  governor  Sumner  ;  a  sermon  to  the  society  in  Brattle 
street  on  the  completion  of  a  century  from  its  establishment,  1799; 
a  discourse  on  the  death  of  Washington,  1800. — Emeraon'a  sermon 
on  his  death  ;  Collect,   hiat.  aoc.  viii.  277 — 284  ;   Stillman* a  aermonsy 
256  ;  Polyantko/t.^  iii.  2— *12  ;   Columbian  centinel^  January  1,  1803. 

THOMAS  (John),  an  Indian  remarkable  for  longevity,  died  at 
Naticat,  Massachusetts,  in  1727,  aged  one  hundred  and  ten  years. 
He  «as  among  the  first  of  the  praying  Indians.  He  joined  the 
church,  when  it  was  first  gathered  at  Naiick  by  Mr.  Eliot,  and  was 
exemplary  through  life.— CoZ/ec/.  hiat.  aoc.  v.  206. 

THOMAS  (John),  a  major  general  in  the  American  army,  served 
in  the  wars  a.c;ainst  the  French  and  Indians  with  reputation.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  by  congress  a  brigadier  general,  and  during 


hrist."    The  last 
Savior." 

ommissioners  for 
orth  America,  of 
ral  chaiitablc  and 
y  of  artR  and  sci- 
lot  elaborate,  but 
and  by  a  graceful 
elaxed   samewhat 
iberal  in  hi*  senti- 
irkably  acceptable, 
le  terrors  of  death, 
the  mercy  oi  tnat 
ering   world.     To 
an  angel  of  com- 
itteringin  i  nprea- 
of  his  own   heart, 
hearers.     He  pub- 
ed  March  5,  1776; 
(  three  sermons  in 
2  ;  observations  on 
strictures  upon  the 
churches,  1783 ;  a 
a  sermon  on  the 
kf   Elijah    Kellogg, 
in    Massachusetts 
In    of   William    F. 
(wdoin,  1791  ;  ser- 
govemor  Hancock, 
;  at  the  ordination 
sermon  before  the 
Ity,    1795  ;    on  the 
INathaniel  Gorham, 
18,  1797  i  at  the  m- 
eccaGill,  1798;  on 
fe  society  in  Brattle 
(Stablishment,  1799; 
.Emeraon'a  sermon 
Stillman'a  aertnonsi 
[e/,  January  I,  1803. 
ir  longevity,  died  at 
idred  and  ten  years, 
lans.     He  joined  the 
Mr.  Eliot,  and  was 

|06.  ■ 

ierican  army,  served 

[with  reputation.    In 
general,  and  during 


THO. 


551 


the 'siege  of  Boston  he  commanded  a  ilivisiun  of  the  provincial 
troops  at  Roxbury.  In  the  followin;^  year  he  was  uppuintci!  inojor 
general,  and  after  the  death  of  Montgomery  was  cntnist(?d  with  ilic 
command  in  Canada,  lie  joined  the  army  before  Quebec  on  ihc 
first  of  May,  but  soon  found  it  necessary  to  raise  the  siege  and  com- 
mence his  retreat.  He  died  of  the  small  pox  ut  Chamblce  May 
30,  1776.  On  his  death  the  command  devolved  for  a  few  days  on 
Arnold,  and  then  on  general  Sullivan.  He  was  a  man  ol  sound 
judgment  and  tixed  courage,  who  was  beloved  by  his  soldiers  and 
amiable  in  th«  relations  of  private  life. — Marahall^  ii.  34U,  354~. 
J58  ;  Gordon^  ii.  251—254  ;  Collect,  hint.aoc.'ix.  66;  liarrcn^  i, 
344,  345  ;  Boaton  Gazette^  June  24,  1776. 

THOMPSON  (William),  first  minister  of  Braintrec,  Massa- 
chusetts,  was  a  native  of  England,  and  was  first  settled  in  Lanca- 
shire.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country,  when  a  church  was  .  ■  athered 
at  mount  Wollaston,  or  Braintree,  he  was  chosen  Its  pastor,  and  was 
installed  September  24,  1639.  Mr.  Flynt  was  settled  as  his 
colleague  March  17,  1640.  In  the  year  1642  Mr.  Thompson 
accompanied  two  other  ministers  to  Virginia  in  order  to  carry  the 
gospel  to  the  ignorant,  but  was  soon  obliged  to  leave  that  colony  for 
his  nonconformity  to  the  episcopalian  worship.  He  died  at  Brain- 
tree  December  10, 1666,  aged  sixty  »;ight  years.— ilforron,  192, 193 ; 
Win/Aro/i,  188,  256,  271  ;  Ilancock'a  century  sermons  Hclmea* 
annalafi.  311  ;  MagnaliOi  iu.  119—120  ;  Collect,  /list,  aoc.ix.  191  ; 
Johnson^  161,  162. 

TORREY  (Samuel),  minister  of  Weymouth,  Massachusetts, 
died  April  21,  1707,  aged  about  seventy  six  years.  He  had  been  in 
the  ministry  fifty  years,  and  was  an  able  and  faithful  preacher.  He 
published  the  election  sermon  in  the  years  1674,  1683,  and  1695.-~ 
Collect.  Mat.  aoc  ix.  105  ;  Chriatian  hiatQry,i.  98. 

TRACY  (Uriah),  an  eminent  statesman,  was  graduated  at 
Yale  college  in  1778,  and  afterwards  directing  his  attention  to  the 
law  he  soon  rose  to  eminence  in  that  profession.  The  last  fourteen 
years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  the  service  of  his  country  in  the 
national  councils,  where  he  was  admired  by  his  friends,  and  respected 
by  his  opponents.  After  having  been  a  member  of  the  house  of 
representatives  for  some  time  he  was  chosen  a  senator  in  the 
place  of  Mr.  Hillhouse,  who  resigned,  in  October  1796,  and  he 
continued  in  this  high  station  till  his  death.  In  the  beginning  of 
March  1807,  while  in  a  feeble  state  of  health,  he  exposed  himself  by 
attending  the  funeral  of  Mr.  Baldwin,  his  former  fellow  student,  and 
late  colleague  in  the  senate.  From  this  pe^-iod  '  c  declined  ;  and 
he  died  at  Washington  July  19,  1807,  in  the  hlty  fourth  year  of 
his  age.  His  devotion  to  the  public  service  precluded  him  from 
that  attention  to  his  private  interests,  which  claim  the  principal  re- 
ga'd  of  most  men.  His  speeches  displayed  a  vigorous  and  well 
informed  mind.      In  wit  and  humor  he  was  uurivalied,  in  delivery 


♦.   '■■    I 


i   <u 


hi 


i 


'  >ff 


Cl     '■  T 

!■•       ■ 

liii 

w 

]                                                  ■            \ 

«y^R 

li  i^ 

!,'     1 

Vm 

■fi 

1 

^ 

552 


TRE. 


/   'M 


m 


Phmi 


.i.^i 


mm  ^';! 

fit   lii';      .  »t 


!  't 


graceful,  and  lucid  in  argument  He  was  sometimes  severe  ;  but 
the  ardor  uf  debate,  the  mpidity  of  his  ideas,  and  tiie  impetuohity  oi 
his  elo(|uence  constituted  an  apology.  He  was  an  instructive  and 
agreeable  comuunion.  While  his  observations  were  frequently 
profound,  his  lughts  seemed  to  come  without  premeditation,  and 
they  alarmed  i  one's  pride.  His  humor  wax  -nyand  natural. 
Like  the  lighming  of  a  summer  evening,  whn  tv  itashes  without 
thunder,  it  would  nhow  the  object  without  wounding  the  person. 
As  his  temper  was  uniformly  kinJ,  he  never  wantonly  attacked  any 
one.  For  the  last  six  years  of  his  life,  Mr.  Tracy  scarcely  for  a 
moment  knew  the  perfect  cheerfulness  of  health.  The  following  is 
an  extract  from  a  letter,  which  he  wrote  a  short  time  betore  his 
death.  "  Infinite  power  is  the  same  here,  and  infinite  goodness  the 
same,  that  they  are  any  where  and  every  where  else;  why  then 
should  I  prefer  location,  in  which  to  draw  my  last  breath  ?  Place 
is  nothing,  and  circumstances  nothing;  eternity  is  all  to  man. 
This  eternity  is  the  proper.y  of  God  himself,  and  his  goodness,  in- 
finite and  unbounded  as  it  i&,  should  fix  the  steady  eye  of  faith  and 
regulate  that  of  reason,  and  certainly  silence  every  complaint."— -Z.tN 
erary  mag.  viii.  40  ;  Marahally  v.  520,  52 1 ;  ^mer.  reg.  ii.  79-— 8 1 . 

TREAT  (Robert),  governor  of  Connecticut,  was  the  son,  it  is 
believed,  of  Mr.  Robert  Treat,  one  of  the  settlers  of  Milford  in 
1639.  He  was  chosen  one  of  the  magistrates  in  1673.  After  Phil- 
ip's war  commenced,  he  was  sent  to  Westfield  at  the  head  of  the 
Connecticut  troops,  and  when  the  enemy  attacked  Springfield,  he 
inarched  to  its  relief,  and  drove  them  from  the  town.  He  also  at- 
tacked t'tic  li.dians  in  their  assault  upon  Hadley  on  the  nineteenth  of 
Octoh*  i  ifiul  J,  't  them  completely  to  flight.  In  1676  he  was  chosen 
dein?v  sovc 'noi»  'xnd  in  1683  governor,  to  which  office  he  was  an- 
nuaUy  cSecicd  for  lifteen  years.  From  1698  to  1708  he  was  again 
deputy  go\  srnor.  He  died  July  12,  1710,  in  the  eighty  ninth  year 
of  his  age.  His  character  was  very  respectable,  and  he  had  render- 
ed the  most  important  services  to  his  country.  As  a  military  offi- 
cer he  united  firmness  and  courage  with  caution  and  prudence  He 
was  venerated  and  beloved  by  the  inhabitants  of  Milford,  where  he 
resided. — TrumbulCs  Connecticut ^  \.  Z^O^  350 — 3fc3,  455. 

TREAT  (Samuel),  first  minister  of  Eastham,*  Massachusetts, 
was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  col- 
lege in  1669.  He  was  o.^dained  in  1672,  a  church  hiving  been  es- 
tablished for  more  than  twenty  years.  Soon  after  his  settlement  he 
studied  the  Indian  language,  and  devoted  to  the  Indians  in  his  neigh- 
borhood much  of  his  time  and  attention.  Through  his  zeal  and 
labors  many  of  the  savages  were  brought  into  a  state  of  civilization 
and  order,  and  not  a  few  of  them  were  converted  to  the  Christian 
faith.  In  1693  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Dr.  Increase  Mather,  in  .which 
be  states,  that  there  were  within  the  limits  of  Eastham  five  hundred 
adult  Indians,  to  whom  he  had  for  many  years  imparted  the  gospel 


TRU. 


555 


les  severe  ;  but 
!  impeiuohity  oi 
1  insiruclivc  and 
irere   frequently 
cmeditation,  and 
^^y  and  natural, 
ilashes  without 
ling  the  person. 
»nly  attacked  any 
cy  scarcely  for  a 
The  following  is 
time  before  his 
nite  goodness  the 
else;  why  then 
t  breath  ?     Place 
f  is  all  to  man. 
1  his  goodness,  in- 
f  eye  of  faith  and 
compltdnt." — Lit- 
reg.ii.  79—^1. 
,  was  the  son,  it  is 
ers  of  Milford  in 
1673.    After  Phil- 
at  the  head  of  the 
ed  Springfield,  he 
own.     He  also  at- 
n  the  nineteenth  of 
676  he  was  chosen 
1  office  he  was  an- 
1708  he  was  again 
i  eighty  ninth  year 
[and  he  had  render- 
As  a  military  offi- 
and  prudence    He 
Milford,  where  he 

•3,455. 

Ti,.  Massachusetts, 

[edat  Harvard  col- 
:h  bwing  been  es- 
x  his  settlement  he 
idians  in  his  neigh- 
augh  his  zeal  and 
|jtate  of  civilization 
[ed  to  the  Christian 
"Mather,  in  .which 
|istham  five  hundred 
[mparted  the  gospel 


iiere  was  such  u  place 

*'  the  Lord  against 

icctions.     He  was 

.1  was  pleasant  and 

iiis  second  wife  was  the 


wt  ilieir  own  langua^^c.  He  had  under  him  four  Indian  tcachcrsi 
who  read  in  separate  villages  on  every  sal)b.itU,  cxceptin>;  on  every 
fourth  w.icn  lie  hi mse It  preached,  the  surmuns,  which  he  wrote  lor 
them.  He  procuie<l  schoolmasters  and  persu.ided  the  Indiarts  to 
chouse  frum  among  themselves  six  magistrates,  who  held  regular 
courts.  Mr.  1,  eat,  after  having  passed  near  half  u  century  in  the 
most  l)enevolent  exertions  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  died  March 
I  i,  1717,  in  the  sixty  ninti)  year  of  his  age.  fic  was  a  consis- 
tent 4^ul  strict  Calviiiist,  who  zealously  pruclaiine4  those  truths, 
which  are  calculated  to  alarm  and  humble  the  sinner  ;  and  it  pleased 
God  at  different  times  to  accompany  his  labors  with  a  divine  bles- 
sini;.  Some  of  his  friends  however  thouL;Ht,  that  there  was  too 
much  of  terror  in  his  discourses.  An  ext-act  from  one  of  his  ser- 
mons, which  proves  that  the  author! 
as  hell,  and  that  he  was  able  to  array 
tne  impenitent,  is  preserved  in  the  i 
mild  in  his  natural  temper,  and  his  ci. 
sometimes  facetious,  but  always  decent, 
daughter  of  the  reverend  Mr.  VVillard  of  Boston.  One  of  his 
daughters  by  her  was  the  mother  of  the  honorable  judge  Paiuc. 
Mr.  Treat  published  the  confession  of  faith  in  the  Nauset  Indian 
language;  and  the  election  sermon,  17  \  3. -^'Coilect.  hitt.  aoc.  viii. 
170 — 183;  Mag^nalia,  in.  200. 

TRUMBULL  (Jonathan),  governor  of  Connecticut,  was  bortj 
at  Lebanon  in  1710,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1727. 
He  was  chosen  governor  in  1769  and  was  annually  elected  till  1783, 
when  he  resigned,  having  been  occupied  for  fifty  years  without  in- 
terruption in  public  employments,  and  having  rendered  during  eight 
years'  war  the  most  important  services  to  his  country.  Having  seen 
the  termination  of  the  contest  in  the  establishment  of  the  indepen- 
dence of  America  he  withdrew  from  public  labors,  that  he  might 
devote  himself  to  the  concerns  of  religion,  and  to  a  better  prepara- 
tion for  his  future  existence.  Hetdicd  August  17,  1785  iu  the  sev- 
enty fifth  year  of  his  age.  In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was  the 
intimate  friend  of  president  Stiles,  who  esteemed  him  the  more 
highly  for  uniting  an  accurate  knowledge  of  theology  with  his  polit- 
ical abilities,  and  especially  for  the  union  of  piety  with  his  patriot- 
ism. General  Washington  in  a  letter  of  condolence  on  his  death  to 
one  of  his  sons,  wrote  thus ;  "  under  this  loss,  however  great  as  your 
pangs  may  have  been  at  the  first  shock,  you  have  every  thing  to  con- 
sole you.  A  long  and  well  spent  life  in  the  service  of  his  country 
placed  governor  Trumbull  among  the  first  of  patriots  ;  in  the  social 
duties  he  yielded  to  none  ;  and  his  lamp  from  the  common  course 
of  nature  being  nearly  extingusihed,  worn  down  with  age  and  cares, 
but  retaining  his  mental  faculties  in  perfection  are  blessings,  which 
attend  rarely  his  advanced  life.  All  these  combining  have  secured 
to  his  memory  universal  respect  here,  and  no  doubt  increasing  hap« 

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piness  hereafter."  A  long  letter  of  governor  Trumbull  upon  the 
war  is  printed  in  the  historical  collectionsii— iUbrtAo/l,  li.  ttfiftend.  3  ; 
V.  58  {  ffoimea*  iife  qf  Stilet^  383  ;  CAaateUux*»  traveUj  i.  33  ;  JV. 
Y.  aftectator^  January  8,  1800  }  Collect.  Mtt.  90c.  vi.  154—185  ;  A' 
merican  mtueum^  ii.  33—36. 

TUCKER  (JoHir,  o.  o.))  minister  of  Newbury,  Massachusetts, 
was  born  in  Amesbui  y,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1 74 1 .  He  was  ordained  colleague  with  the  reverend  Christopher 
Tappan  November  30,  1745.  As  there  was  not  a  perfect  union  in 
the  invitation,  which  was  given  him,  he  hesitated  l<»ig  ;  but  as  the 
opposition  arose  from  contrariety  of  sentiment,  which  probably 
would  continue  to  exist,  he  was  induced  to  accept  the  call.  Those, 
who  dissented,  formed  with  others  the  presbyterian  society,  of  which 
the  reverend  Jonathan  Parsons  was  :he  first  minister.  Dr.  Tucker 
died  March  33, 1793,  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age,  and  the 
forty  seventh  of  his  ministry.  The  reverend  Mr.  Moor  succeeded 
him,  and  the  reverend  Mr.  Popkin  is  now  the  minister  of  the  same 
church.  He  possessed  a  strong  and  well  furnished  mind,  and  in  ar- 
gumentation exhibited  peculiar  ingenuity  and  talents.  In  his  ex- 
amination of  the  sacred  scriptures  he  formed  conclusions  respecting 
some  doctrines  different  from  those,  which  were  adopted  by  many 
of  his  brethren,  but  his  life  displayed  the  Christian  virtues.  Hfe 
was  habitually  meek  and  placid,  but  when  called  to  engage  in  con- 
troversy he  defended  himself  with  courage  and  with  the  keenness  of 
satire.  He  published  a  sermon,  preached  at  the  ordination  pf  Ed- 
mund Noyes,  Salisbury,  1751  ;  four  sermons,  on  iche  danger  of  un- 
ners  hardening  their  hearts  under  the  sparing  mercy  of  an  offended 
God,  on  God*s  special  care  over  the  righteous  under  public  calami- 
ties occasioned  by  the  earthquakes,  on  the  scripture  doctrine  of  the 
reconciliation  of  sinners  to  God,  and  on  being  bom  of  God,  1756  ; 
a  thanksgiving  discourse,  1756;  observations  on  the  doctrines  and 
uncharitableness  of  the  reverend  Jonathan  Parsons,  as  exhibited 
more  especially  in  his  late  discourses  on  1  Timothy  i.  15,  1757; 
a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Amos  Moody,  Pelham,  N.  H.  1765 ; 
a  brief  account  of  an  ecclesiastical  council,  so  called,  convened  in 
the  first  parish  in  Newbury,  to  which  is  annexed  a  discourse,  being 
a  minister's  appeal  to  his  hearers,  as  to  his  life  and  doctrines,  1767 ; 
two  discourses  occasioned  by  the  death  of  reverend  John  Lowell, 
Newburyport,  1767  ;  remarks  on  a  sermon  of  reverend  Aaron 
Hutchinson,  preached  April  33,  1767  ;  the  reply  of  reverend  Aa- 
ron Hutchinson  considered,  1768  ;  a  letter  lo  reverend  James  Chand- 
ler, Rowley,  relative  to  a  marginal  note  or  two  in  his  sermon, 
preached  at  Newburyport  June  35,  1767,  preparatory  to  the  set* 
tlingof  a  minister;  a  reply  to  Mr.  Chandler's  answer,  1766  ;  re- 
marks on  Mr.  Chandler's  serious  address  to  a  society  at  Newbury- 
port, 1768  ;  a  sermon  at  the  convention  of  ministers,  May  36, 1768 ; 
two  sermons,  on  the  gospel  condition  of  salvation,  and  on  the  nature 


TUR. 


555 


and  aecessitjr  of  the  Father's  drawing  such  as  come  to  Christ*  1769 ; 
the  election  sermon)  1771  ;  remarks  on  a  discourse  of  reverend 
Jonathan  Parsons,  delivered  March  5,  177-4  ;  the  Dudleian  lecture 
at  Cambridge  entitled,  the  validity  of  presbyterian  ordintttion  ar- 
gued ^m  Jesus  Christ's  being  the  founder,  the  sole  legislator,  and 
supreme  head  and  ruler  of  the  Christian  church,  1778  ;  and  a  ser- 
mon at  Newbury  Port  August  14, 1788,  on  a  day  for  seeking  the  di- 
vine direction  in  the  choice  of  a  colleague  pastor  with  reverend 
Thomas  Cwy. ^-^JKamet* Jim,  term  s  Pofikin*a  *ermon»  on  guiuing  the 
oldf  and  entering  the  new  meeting  houte^  .Newbury,  ' 

TURELL  (EBBKBZKa),  minister  of  Medford,  Massachusetts, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1721,  and  was  ordained  No- 
vember 35,  1734,  as  successor  of  ttte  reverend  Aaron  Porter.  He 
died  December  5,  1778,  in  the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age,  and 
the  fiity  fourth  of  his  ministry.  He  was  an  eminent  preacher,  of  a 
ready  invention,  a  correct  judgment,and  fervent  devodon,  who  deliv- 
ered divine  truth  with  animation,  and  maintained  discipline  in  bis 
church  with  boldness  tempered  with  prudence.  His  doctrine  was 
Caivinistic,  and  alvrays  improved  to  promote  practical  godliness. 
To  his  country  he  was  a  zealous  friend  in  all  its  interests.  After 
Allowing  to  the  grave  three  wives  of  the  first  families,  one  of  whom 
wa»  the  daughter  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Colman,  he  himself  died  in  the 
lively  hope  of  a  blessed  immortality  through  the  merits  of  his  divine 
Master.  He  published  the  life  and  character  of  the  reverend  Dr. 
Colman,  8vo,  17 49 ,?— Independent  chronicle^  FebntaryfiSt  1779. 

TYTLER  (Jambs),  eminent  for  learning,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, and  emigrated  to  this  country  about  the  year  1796.  He  died 
at  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  January  1804  in  the  fifty  ninth  year  of 
his  age*  He  was  poor  and  lived  on  a  point  of  )and  at  a  little  dis- 
tance from  the  town.  Returning  to  his  house  in  a  dark  night  he 
fell  into  a  clay  pit  and  was  drowned.  His  conduct  in  life  was  mark- 
ed with  almost  perpetual  imprudence ;  yet  he  was  a  man  of  no 
common  science  and  genius.  He  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Ed- 
inburgh edition  of  the  encyclopedia  Britannica,  published  &.  uuniber 
of  years  ago,  and  compiled  the  articles  aerology,  aerost;^uon,  chem- 
istry, electricity,  ginnery,  hydrostatics,  mechanics,  meteorology,  a 
part  of  the  article  motion,  and  most  of  the  separate  articles  in  the  va- 
rious branches  of  natural  history.  He  published  in  great  Britain  an 
answer  tothe  first  part  of  Paine's  age  of  reason,  and  at  Salem  in 
1796  an  answer  to  his  second  part.  He  also  published  a  treatise  on 
the  plague  and  yellow  fever,  8vo.  Ai  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
engaged  in  compiling  a  universal  geography.-— £nryr/o/k.  Philadel- 
fihiaedit.fire/aceiXiu. 

UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA,  the  last  naUon,  which 
has  arisen  in  the  world,  existed  formerly  as  disconnected  colonies 
of  Great  Britain.  After  the  settlement  of  America  the  first  appear- 
ance of  a  union  among  the  distinct  colonies  is  presented  in  the  artl- 


mn 


■ 


ill 


wt 


556 


UNI. 


clcs  of  confederation  entered  into  at  Boston  May  19)  1643  by  com* 
inissionertt  Irom  New  flavent  Connecticut!  Massachusetts)  and 
Plymimth.  It  was  agreed^  that  t  ro  deputies  irom  each  of  these 
colonies  should  meet  annually)  aud  have  power  to  make  war  and 
pcdcc  with  the  Dutch)  i'rench)  and  IndianS)  and  to  establish  all  laws 
oi  a  general  concern.  All  common  uftdirs  were  to  be  transacted 
uud^r  the  name  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England.  Rhode 
Island  applied  for  admission  in  1 648)  but  was  refused.  This  union 
continu^  niore  than  forty  years  till  the  abrogation  of  the  New  Eng- 
land charters  by  James  11.  A  more  extensive  plan  of  union  was 
proposed  in  1 754  in  consequence  of  the  apprehension  of  an  approach- 
ing war  with  the  French*  A  conyentioU)  consisting  of  delegates 
from  New  Hampshire)  Massachusetts)  Rhpde  Island)  Connecticut) 
Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland)  with  the  lieutenant  governor  and  coun- 
cil oi  New  York)  met  at  Albany  on  the  fourteenth  of  June*  and  after 
making  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the  six  nationS)took  up  the  sub- 
ject of  union.  A  plan,  which  was  drawn  up  by  Dr.  Franklin)  was 
signed  on  the  fourth  of  July  by  all  the  delegate!)  excepting  those  of 
Connecticut.  It  proposed  a  general  government)  to  be'  administered 
by  a  president  general  appointed  by  the  crown)  and  by  ^  grand  coun- 
cil) consistini;  of  members  chosen  by  the  colonial  assemblies.  No 
colony  was  to  have  more  than  seven)  nor  less  than  two  represents 
atives.  The  consent  of  the  president  was  to  be  necessary  to  the 
passing  of  a  bill  into  a  law,  and  all  laws  were  to  be  sent  to  England 
for  the  approbation  of  the  king.  Among  other  powers  to  be  vested 
in  the  president  and  council  was  that  of  laying  such  dutieS)  imposts, 
oi  taxes  as  should  be  necessary  for  the  general  defence.  A  copy  of 
this  plan  was  transmitted  to  each  of  the  colonial  assemblies  and  to 
the  king's  council,  and  it  was  rejected  by  both ;  by  the  first)  because 
it  was  supposed  to  give  too  much  power  to  the  representative  of  the 
king,  and  Liy  the  last  because  it  was  supposed  to  gr  *oq  much  power 
to  the  representatives^  of  the  people.  It  is  ies.i  irising  that  the 
confederation  should  be  rejected  in  England,  tha^i  ihat  the  conven* 
tion  should  have  been  permitted  to  take  place,  or  that  when  pssem-* 
bled  the  delegate-^  should  have  been  suffered  to  direct  their  thoughts 
to  the'  subject  of  union.  The  proposal  oi  a  union  first  came  from 
Sliirley,  the  royal  governor  of  Massachusetts.  After  the  passing  of 
the  stamp  act  by  the  firitish  parliament  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a 
revenue  in  America,  the  assembly  of  Massachusetts  proposed  a 
congress  of  deputies  from  each  colony  to  consult  on  the  common 
interest.  Deputies  from  the  assemblies  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey)  Pennsylvania)  the 
Delaware  coimtieS)  Maryland)  and  South  Carolina  accordingly  met 
at  New  York  in  October  1765,  and  immediately  made  a  declaration 
of  rights  and  grievances.  They  claimed  for  the  colonies  the  ex- 
clusive power  of  taxing  themselves,  and  agreed  upon  a  petition  to 
^he  king)  and  a  memorial  to  eacli  house  of  parliament.     From  thie 


"tr-  ' 


UNI. 


557 


period  the  pretensions  of  Great  Britun  were  examined  with  the 
greatest  freedom ;  the  assemblies  of  different  colonies  adopted  spir- 
ited resolutions,  asserting  their  rights;  a  general  noniraportatioa. 
agreement  was  entered  into;  committees  of  correspondence  were 
appointed ;  and  affairs  were  hastening  to  a  crisis.  The  bill)  which 
s:)Ut  the  port  of  Boston  in  1774)  excited  tmiversal  indignation.' 
Through  sympathy  in  the  sufferings  of  Massachusetts  the  i^ouse  o£ 
burgesses  of  Virginia  appointed  a  day  of  tasting  and  prayer,  and 
signed  an  agreement,  declaring,  that  an  attack  upon  a  sister  colony 
to  compel  submission  to  arbitrary  taxes  was  an  attack  on  all  firitisii 
Amenca.  They  also  directed  the  committee  of  correspondence  to 
propose  a  general  congress.  On  the  fifth  oi  September  1774  the- 
first  congress,  composed  of  delegates  from  eleven  colonies,  was 
held  at  Philadelphia.  During  a  session  of  eight  weeks  a  declaration 
of  rights  was  adopted;  a  nop  importation,  non  consumption,  and 
non  exportation  agreement  was  made  ;  an  address  to  the  people  of 
Gre^  Britun,  a  memorial  to  the  inhabitants  of  Britbh  America,  and 
a  loyal  address  to  his  majesty  were  prepared ;  and  letters  were 
written  to  the  people  of  Canada,  and  to  the  colonies  of  St.  John's, 
Nova  ScoUa,  Georgia,  and  the  Floridas,  inviting  them  to  unite  in 
the  common  cause.  The  battle  of  Lexington,  April  19,  1775^  was 
the  signal  of  war  and  the  royal  troops  in  Boston  soon  found  them- 
selves besieged  by  an  airmy  of  twenty  thousand  men.  The  second 
congress  assembled  at  Philadelphia  on  the  tenth  of  May,  and  imme- 
diately resolved  upon  taking  up  arms,  and  emitted  bills  of  credit  to 
the  amount  of  three  millions  of  dollars  to  deiray  the  expenses  oi  the 
war,  for  the  redemption  of  which  bills  the  twelve  confederate  cole^ 
nies  were  pledged.  Tb-^^y  however  prepared  a  second  petition  to 
the  king,  a  second  address  to  the  iuhubitants  of  Great  Britain,  and 
addresses  to  the  people  of  Canada,  and  to  the  assembly  of  Jamaica, 
all  of  which  were  written  in  a  masterly  manner.  In  the  mean  time 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  taken  by  troops  under  the  com* 
mand  of  colonel  Allen,  and  the  hard  fought  battle  of  Bimker*s  hill 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston  on  the  seventeenth  of  June  taught 
the  Americans,  that  they  were  able  to  contend  with  the  disciplined 
troops  oi  Great  Britain.  General  Washington  arrived  at  Cambridge 
as  the  commander  in  chief  in  July.  In  the  autumn  Canada  was 
invaded  by  Montgomery,  who  took  Montreal,  and  Arnold  penetrat- 
ed through  the  wilderness  of  the  district  of  Maine  and  presented 
himself  before  Quebec.  The  assault  upon  the  city  at  the  close  of  the 
year  was  however  unsuccessful.  The  British  were  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  evacuating  Boston  March  17,  1776,  and  in  June  the  A- 
mericans  were  obliged  to  withdraw  themselves  from  Canada.  On 
the  fourth  of  July,  after  an  animated  debate,  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence was  adopted  by  congress.  The  members  of  that  illustri- 
ous body  solemnly  declared  the  united  colonies  to  be  *^  free  and  in- 
(Jependent  states,"  and  in  support  of  this  declaration,  with  a  firm 


'  i 


mm 


■fell 


^'l} 


558 


UNL 


!    i! 


retiancc  on  tli»  pratection  of  divine  provideiic«,tht]r  RiutiwUjr  pledg- 
ed to  titct^  other  tiieir  lives*  their  £Mtuiies»  anid  their  lacred  Aonor. 
In  August  the  British  drove  the  Americans  finom  Long  JUUnd ;  in 
Se|itember  they  took  possession  of  New  York ;  and  in  a  short  time 
they  captured  u>rts  Washington  and  Lee^and  obliged  the  pommand- 
er  in  chief  to  retire  beyond  the  Delaware.  The  congress  removed 
to  Baltimore  in  December.  On  the  twenty  sixth  of  this  month  the 
battle  ot'  Trenton  res^ved  the  expiring  cause  of  America.  Dur- 
ing tne  year  1777  there  was  a  number  of  warm  engagements. 
In  September  after  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  the  enemy  took  pos- 
session of  Philadelphia.  The  Americans  were  again  defeated  in 
the  battle  ttf  Germantown  October  the  fourth.  The  northern  cam- 
paign was  more  encouraging,  for  on  the  seventeenth  of  October 
Burgoyne  was  captured  with  his  whole  army  of  upwards,  of  frve 
thousand  feven  hundred  men.  In  the  beginning  cSf  1778  a  treaty 
was  i^ado  with  France,  and  a  powerful  ally  obtained.  This  event 
induced  the  British  to  abandon  Philadelphia  in  June  in  order  to 
concentrate  the  royal  forces  at  New  York.  They  were  pursued  and 
attacked  at  Monmouth.  At  the  close  of  the  year  Savannah  fell  in- 
to the  hands  of  the  enemy.  In  1779  an  expedition  was  undertaken 
from  New  York  against  Connecticut,  and  New  Haven  was  plunder- 
ed, and  Furfield  and  I^orwalk  burned.  Stony  poiot  on  the  othcir 
band  was  taken  by  general  Wayne  by  assault.  The  country  of  the 
Indians  of  the  ux  nations  was  desolated  by  general  Sullivan  in  Au- 
gust and  September.  In  October  an  unsuccessful  attempt  tore- 
cover  Savannah  was  made  by  count  D  'Estaing  and  general  Lincoln. 
On  the  twenty  fifth  of  the  same  month  Newport  in  Rhode  Island, 
which  had  been  held  by  the  enemy  from  December  1776,  was  evac- 
uated. In  the  year  1780  sir  Henry  Clinton  suled  to  Charles- 
ton) and  on~  the  twclfkh  of  May  made  general  Lincoln  and  the 
whole  g^anison  prisoners.  On  the  axteenth  of  August  Gates 
was  defeated  in  the  battle  of  Camden.  In  September  the  treach- 
ery (^Arnold  was  detected.  The  year  1781  was  distinguished 
by  the  most  important  eraits.  Greene,  who  had  superseded  Gates 
in  the  southern  department,  brought  the  highest  honor  to  the  Amer- 
ican arms.  The  splendp  victory  of  Eutaw  on  the  eighth  of  Septem- 
ber closed  the  revolutimary  war  in  South  Carolina.  CornwaUis  was 
beuege4  in  Yovktownny  the  united  American  and  French  armies, 
and  on  the  nineteenth  of  October  he  was  obliged  to  capitulate  with 
about  six  thouscmd  men.  The  capture  of  this  army  may  be  consid« 
ered  as  the  termination  of  the  war,  for  the  events,  which  took  place 
afterwards,  were  of  little  comparative  magnitude. 
r.  Till  the  year  178 1  the  powers  of  congress  seem  to  have  been  de- 
fined by  no  formal  agreement  between  the'several  states,  but  in  this 
year  articles  of  confederation  were  adopted.  The  aiticles  had' been 
made  by  congress  November  15,  1777,  and  submitted  to  the  indi- 
vidual states,  but  Maryland  did  not  sign  them  till  March  1,  1781. 


UNI. 


559 


On  their  reception  by  this  state  the  act  of  union  wm  completed. 
There  were  perhaps  some  advantageM  in  the  delay  of  this  event ; 
for  as  seven  states  were  a  majority,  whenever  that  number  met  it 
was  considered  as  the  represOntatire  body  of  the  thirteen,  and  if 
a  measure  was  adopted  by  four  out  of  the  seven,  it  was  considered 
as  the  act  of  the  whole,  even  in  those  cases,  which  by  the  confeder* 
ation  required  the  concurrence  of  nine  states.  The  following  are 
the  principal  features  of  the  confederation,  which  was  the  iowda- 
tion  of  the  American  government  until  the  establishment  of  the 
present  constitution.  The  style  of  the  confederacy  was,  the  XJtAt- 
ed  States  of  America,  each  state  retaining  all  powers  not  expressly 
delegated  No  state  was  to  be  represented  in  congress  by  less  than 
two,  nor  by  more  than  seven  members.  The  delegates  were  chosen 
annually,  and  while  they  were  incapable  of  being  chosen  for  more 
than  three  years  in  any  term  of  six  years,  they  were  liable  at  any 
time  to  be  recalled.  Nc  one  could  be  a  member  of  congress,  who 
held  an  office  of  profit  under  the  United  States.  Each  state  was  to 
have  one  vote.  Affairs  of  common  concern  were  for  the  most  part 
intrusted  to  congress.  There  was  to  be  a  common  treasury,  and  a  rev- 
enue was  to  be  raised  by  taxes,  apportioned  among  the  states  ac- 
cording to  the  value  of  surveyed  lands  and  buildings,  but  to  be  levi- 
ed by  the  legislatures  of  the  respective  states.  In  all  disputes  re- 
specting the  boundary  or  jurisdiction  of  states,  an  appeal  could  be 
made  to  congress  in  the  last  resort.  Measures  were  decided  by  a 
majority  of  the  United  States  assembled.  Congress  could  not  ad- 
journ for  a  longer  time  than  six  months,  and  during  a  recess  *<  ia 
committee  of  the  states,"  consisting  of  one  delegate  from  each,  might 
execute  such  powers,  as  nine  of  the  states  should  confer  upon  them. 
No  alteration  could  be  made  in  the  articles  of  tinion,  unless  agreed 
to  in  congress,  and  confirmed  by  the  legislatures  of  every  state. 

On  the  thirtieth  of  November  1782  provisional  articles  of  peace 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  were  signed,  and  the  de- 
finitive treaty  September  3, 1783.  New  York  was  evacuated  on  the 
twenty  fifth  of  November,  and  Washington  soon  afterwards  repaired 
to  congress  and  resigned  his  military  commission.  In  1 786  there  was 
an  insurrection  in  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire,  occasioned 
principally  by  the  burdens  of  the  necessary  taxes,  but  it  was  suppress- 
ed in  the  following  year.  In  May  1787  the  convention,  which  framed 
the  present  constitution  of  the  United  Stales  assembled  at  Philadel- 
phia. A  new  government  had  been  rendered  necessary  byithe  imbe- 
tliity  of  the  confederation.  An  enormous  debt  had  been  contracted 
by  the  war,  and  to  discharge  it  a  system  of  revenue  had  been  devised, 
an  essential  part  of  which  was  a  general  impost.  But  as  the  states 
were  no  longer  bound  together  by  common  danger  and  common  in- 
terest, the  ordinances  of  congress  were  disregarded.  CommerciiCl 
Teg:ulations,  adopted  by  some  states,  only  operated  to  divert  the 
course  of  business  to  the  advantage  of  the  other  states.  In  the  midst 


t  i 


t! 


* ' 


560 


UNL 


i\ 


'Hi 


of  the  calamides,  which  were  felt*  and  of  greater  calamitiet)  which 
were  apprehended*  Mr.  Madiion  in  the  legislature  of  Virginia  pro- 
posed  a  general  convention.  Commissioners  accordingly  met  at 
Annapolis  in  September  1786,»but  adjourned  to  May  3S,  1787, 
when  delegates  with  more  ample  powers  assembled  {  and  they 
agreed  upon  the  present  cohstitution  on  the  seventeenth  of  Septem- 
ber. It  was  ratified  first  by  Delaware  December  3,  1787*  and  by 
the  twenty  fifth  of  June  1788  it  was  accepted  by  nine  other  states, 
which  more  than  completed  the  number  necessary  for  rendering  it 
valid.  It  was  afterwards  abopted  by  New  York  July  36, 1788,  by 
North  Carolina  November  27,  1789,  by  Rhode  Island  May  39, 1790, 
and  by  Vermont  January  10, 1791.  The  constitution  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  as  it  now  exists,  for  some  amendments  have  been  made, 
vr.sts  all  legislative  powers  in  a  congress,  consisting  of  a  senate 
tuid  a  house  of  representatives,  the  members  of  the  former  to 
be  chosen  for  six  years  Iiy  the  legislatures  of  the  respective  states, 
and  the  members  of  the  latter  to  be  chosen  for  two  years  by  the 
people  of  the  several  states.  Two  senators  are  chosen  from  each 
state,  and  one  representative  is  allowed  for  every  thirty  three  thous- 
and of  estimated  persons  in  a  state,  the  following  rule  being  adopted 
in  making  the  estimation,  tbat  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons, 
including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding 
Indians  not  taxed,  there  be  added  three  fifths  of  all  other  persoiis. 
No  persen,  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States,  can  be  a  mem- 
ber of  either  house.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  president  of 
the  United  States  of  America.  He  is  chosen  every  four  years  by  elec- 
tors, appointed  by  each  of  the  states,  in  number  oqnal  to  the  whole 
number  of  senators  and  representatives,  to  which  a  state  may  be  en- 
titled. These  electors  meet  in  their  separate  states  on  the  same 
day,  and  give  in  written  votes  for  a  president  and  vice  president.  A 
list  of  these  votes  is  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  government,  where  they 
are  counted  in  the  presence  of  the  senate  and  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. The  person,  who  has  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  votes  for  president  is  elevated  to  that  office.  In  the  event  of 
his  decease,  the  vice  president,  who  presides  in  the  senate,  takes 
his  place.  The  president  is  so  far  concerned  in  legislation,  that 
every  bill,  which  has  passed  the  two  houses  of  congress,  must  be 
presented  to  him  for  his  si;^ature,  and  if  he  objects  to  it  must  be 
reconsidered  and  approved  by  two  thirds  of  each  house  before  it  can 
become  a  law.  With  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate  he  has 
power  to  make  treaties,  and  appoint  ambassadors,  and  the  principal 
public  officers.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  coiirts 
hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior.  No  religious  test  is  re- 
quired as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or  pqblic  trust  under  the  United 
States,  and  no  law  can  be  made  respecting  an  establishment  of  re- 
ligion. All  powers  not  delegated  are  reserved  to  the  states  re- 
spectively or  to  the  people. 


■*  m^ 


t_%*-^^-~  -^jr/Jf^     -.  "-«..>* iT*-^' 


Van. 


551 


calamitiet,  which 
i  of  Virginia  pro- 
cordingly  met  at 
o  May  35,  1787, 
mbled  ;  and  they 
teenth  of  Septem- 
r  3,  1787,  and  by 
nine  other  atates, 
py  for  rendering  it 
July  26, 1788,  by 
land  May  39, 1790, 

tution  of  the  Unit- 
A  have  been  made, 
listing  of  a  senate 
of  the  former  to 
;  respective  states, 

•  two  years  by  the 
B  chosen  from  each 

thirty  three  thous- 

rule  being  adopted 

berof  free  persons, 

ears,  and  excluding 

•  all  other  peraoiii&. 
tates,  can  be  a  mem- 
rted  in  a  president  of 
y  four  years  by  elec- 
r  «qual  to  the  whole 
1  a  state  may  be  en- 
states  on  the  same 
..  vice  president.  A 
irnment,  where  they 
Lhe  house  of  repre- 

the  whole  number 
e.    In  the  event  of 
[n  the  senate,  takes 
in  legislation,  that 
congress,  must  be 
ibjects  to  it  must  be 
.  house  before  it  can 
jf  the  senate  he  has 
[rs,  and  the  principal 
and  inferior  courts 
religious  test  is  rc- 
ist  under  the  United 
jstablishment  of  re- 
ed to  the  sUtes  ro^ 


On  the  sixth  of  April  1789  a  quorum  of  senators  and  representative! 
assembled  at  New  York,  and  on  counting  the  votes  declured  George 
Washingtontobeelectedpresideiitand  John  Adams  vice  president  of 
the  United  States.    On  the  thlrtitth  Washington  was  inaugurated 
into  his  high  ofiice.     His  administraiibn  lasted  eight  years,  as  hh 
was  reelected  after  the  expiration  of  the  first  term.     A  treaty  with 
Great  Britahi  was  signed  at  London  Noveihber  19,  1794,  and  treat* 
ies  with  Spain  and  the  dey  of  Algiers  were  made  in  1795.    During 
the  continuance  of  president  Washington  in  office  the  foundations 
of  thfe  prosperity  of  America  were  laid.    In  1797  John  Adams  was 
chosen  president  of  the  United  S«Ates  and  Thomas  Jefferson  vice 
president.     During  this  adminiitration  a  treaty  was  made  with 
Prus^a  July  11,  1799,  and  after  repeated  injuries  from  revolution- 
ary France  a  convention  was  concluded  at  Paris  with  the  French 
republic  September  30,  1 800.    This  event  contributed  much  to  tho 
growing  prosperity  of  America.      In  1801  Thomas  Jefferson  was 
elected  president  and  Aaron  Burr  vice  president  of  the  United 
States.     In  1803  Louisiana  was  purchased  of  France  for  fifteen 
millions  of  dollars.    In  1805  Thomas  Jefferson  was  reelected  pres- 
ident and  George  Clinton  was  chosen  vice  president  of  the  United 
States.     In  this  year  general  Eaton  distinguished  himself  by  his 
exploits  against  the  barbarians  of  Tripoli.     In  December  1 806  ft 
negotiation  for  the  settlement  of  differehces  with  England  termin- 
ated in  a  treaty,  which  was  sent  to  this  country^    It  was  rejected  by 
the  president  because  it  contained  no  engagement  against  the  im- 
presamtint  of  seamen  from  merchant  vessels,  and  on  account  of  a  note 
annexed,  that  England  retauned  the  right  of  retaliating  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Berlhi  decree,  if  the  United  States  submitted  to  it.    In 
December  1807  an  act, laying  an  embargo  on  all  vessels  in  the  ports 
of  the  United  States,  was  passed  in  consequence  of  the  decree  of 
Berlin  by  the  French  emperor,  declaring  the  British  islands  in  a 
state  of  blockade^  and  of  "  increasing  dangers,"  which  threatened 
our  commerce^     This  act  continued  in  force  until  the  non  inter* 
course  act  was  substituted  in  its  place  at  tlise  close  of  the  ^.^^Loinis- 
tration  of  Mr.  Jefferson.    In  1809  Jahies  M»dison  was  chosen  pres- 
ident of  the  United  States  and  George  Clinton  was  chosen  vice 
president.    On  the  nineteenth  of  April  the  prv*sident  issued  d  proc* 
lamadon  restoring  the  intercourse  with  Great  Britain  on  the  tenth 
of  Jiyie,  as  the  government  of  that  country  had  declared,  that  the 
orders  in  council  in  retaliation  of  the  French  decree  would  at  that 
time  be  vrithdrawn,  as  far  as  they  respected  the  United  States.^-u.Mzr- 
thall ;  Ramsay  ;  Gordon  ;  Warren  ;  Minot ;  Morae*ft  geog,  /  Holmett* 
annah  ;  AdanCt  A*.  E.  ;  Belknafi*a  A.  H.  n.  384-^287. 

VANE  (Sir  Henry),  governor  of  Massachusetts,-  was  bom  in 
England  and  educated  at  Oxford.  He  then  went  to  Geneva,  where 
he  became  arepublican,  and  found  arguments  against  the  established 
church.    On  his  return  to  London,  as  his  nonconformity  displeased 

73 


t|> 


i>Al 


562 


VAR. 


'fi 


the  bifthop,  he  came  to  New  England  in  the  beginning  of  1635.  la 
the  next  year,  though  he  was  only  twenty  four  year*  of  agef  he  waa 
chosen  governor  ;  but  attaching  himself  to  the  party  of  Mrs. 
Hutchinson)  he  was  in  1637  superseded  by  governor  Winthrop. 
He  soon  returned  to  England,  where  he  joined  the  party  against 
the  kingt  though  he  waa  opposed  to  the  usurpation  of  Cromwell. 
After  the  restoration  he  was  tried  for  high  treason,  and  beheaded 
June  1 4,  1662,  aged  fifty  years.  Hume  in  his  history  of  England 
represents  his  conduct  at  his  execution  in  a  manner,  which  renders 
him  an  object  of  admiration.  He  published  a  number  of  speeches ; 
the  retired  man's  meditations,  or  the  mystery  and  power  of  godii* 
ncss,  showing  forth  the  living  word,  &c.  4to,  1655  ;  a  needful  cor- 
rective or  balance  in  popular  government ;  of  the  love  of  God  and 
union  with  God  ;  an  epistle  general  to  the  mystical  body  of  Christ, 
Sec.  1 662  ;  the  face  of  the  times,  or  the  enmitv  between  the  seed 
of  the  woman  and  of  the  serpent,  \  662  ;  meditations  concerning 
man's  life  ;  nieditations  on  death  ;  and  a  number  of  political  tracts, 
and  pieces  relating  to  his  trial.— Fane'a  iife  ;  WoodUAth,  Oxon.  ii. 
391 — 297;  ftutchinaoriy  i.  41,  53 — 57,  61—67;  J^eal*a  A*.  £.  i. 
161,  162  ;  Belknati*a  biog.n.  346;  Wintkro/i^  88,  93,  100,  128; 
Collect .  hiat.  aoc.  v.  172;  Bardie. 

VARNUM  (James  M.),  a  major  general  in  the  late  American 
army,  died  at  Marietta  in  December  1789.  A  letter,  addressed  to 
his  wife  a  few  days  before  his  death,  in  which  he  speaks  of  the  val- 
ue of  the  gospel,  is  in  the  Massachusetts  magazine  for  November, 
1790.  He  was  a  representative  of  congress  from  Rhode  Island  be- 
fore the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution. 

VAUDREUIL  (Marquis  de),  governor  of  Canada,  received 
the  government  of  Montreal  in  1689  and  in  1703  he  succeeded  to 
the  government  of  the  whole  province  of  Canada.  He  continued 
in  this  office  till  his  death  October  10,  1725.  His  administration 
was  distinguished  by  vigilance,  firmness,  and  success.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  chevalier  de  Beauharnds,  who  sent  one  of  his  officers 
to  penetrate  to  the  south  sea.  This  object  was  effected^— CAar/«- 
votJCj  nouv.  France,  ii.  77—409. 

VERMONT,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  not  set- 
tled in  any  part  until  1724,  when  fort  Dummer  on  Connecticut  river 
was  built  by  Massachusetts.  The  French  from  Canada  built  a  fort 
at  Crown  Point  in  173 1.  When  the  boundary  line  between  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  Hampshire  was  drawn  in  1741,  the  latter  colony 
concluded,  that  its  jurisclicJon  extended  as  far  west,  as  that  of  the 
former,  and  under  this  impression  granted  many  townships  of  i^nds. 
The  government  of  New  York,  which  claimed  the  territory,  which 
is  nov  'Vermont, required  the  settlers  to  t^^ke  out  new  grants,  which 
were  a  nded  with  great  expense.  The  settlers  generally  refused 
and  the  controversy  rose  to  such  a  height  about  the  year  1765,  that 
some  of  the  officers  of  New  York  were  resisted  and  wounded  in 


Vllt 


563 


MtempUog  to  execute  the  judgments  of  the  courts  of  tUat  province. 
The  people  were  determined  not  quietly  to  submit  to  oppression. 
Colonels  Allen  and  Warner  were  the  leaders  in  the  opposition^  and 
they  were  cool,  firm»  and  resolute.  At  len^tli  the  govemment'of 
New  York  passed  a  law  in  1774  requiring  all  oflenders  to  surrender 
themselves  under  the  severest  penalties)  and  fifty  pounds  a  head 
were  offered  for  the  apprehension  of  eight  of  the  most  olmoxious 
of  the  settlers.  Preparations  were  now  making  for  civil  war,  when 
provincial  disputes  were  lost  in  the  grandeur  of  the  contest,  which 
commenced  with  Great  Britain.  A  convention  in  1777  adopted  the 
bold  measure  of  declaring  the  New  Hampshire  grunts,  as  Vermont 
was  then  called,  a  free  and  independent  state.  They  then  petitioned 
congress  for  admission  into  the  union,  but  the  petition  was  dismissed. 
New  York  called  for  the  interference  of  congress  in  suj^rt  of  their 
claims,  but  it  was  thought  dangerous  to  irritate  a  brave  people,  who 
were  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  enemy.  Vermont  at  the  same 
time  had  the  policy  to  enter  into  a  negotiation  with  the  British  in 
Canada,  and  thus  alarmed  congress,  and  prevented  an  invasion  by 
the  royal  troops.  After  the  peace  admission  into  the  union  ceased 
to  be  an  object  of  desire,  and  the  circumstances  of  this  state  be- 
came most  easy  and  prosperous.  The  long  continued  controversy 
with  New  York  was  terminated  in  1790  by  an  agreement  on  the 
pait  of  Vermont  to  pay  the  former  thirty  thousand  dollars.  On  the 
renewal  of  the  request  to  be  admitted  into  the  federal  union,  an  act 
of  congress  completed  the  business  February  18,  1791.  A  consti- 
tution of  government  was  formed  by  Vermont  in  1778,  and  it  was 
revised  in  1786  and  1792.  The  present  constitution  of  this  state 
was  adopted  in  July  1793.  It  vests  the  legislative  powers  in  a  gen- 
eral assembly,  consisting  of  representatives  from  the  several  towns, 
annually  chosen.  The  governor  is  elected  every  year,  and  with 
the  consent  of  a  council,  appointed  by  the  people,  he  may  propose 
amendments  to  all  bills,  originating  in  the  assembly,  and  if  the 
amendments  are  not  agreeed  to,  he  may  suspend  the  passing  of 
such  bills  until  the  next  session  of  the  legislature.  His  authority 
however  is  very  limited,  for  he  has  only  a  casting  vote  in  the  coun- 
cil. The  judges  of  the  state  are  chosen  annually  by  the  assembly. 
A  council  of  censors  is  chosen  every  seven  years,  whose  authority 
continues  for  but  one  year.  They  are  empowered  to  inquire 
whether  the  constitution  has  been  preserved  inviolate,  to  call  a  con* 
vention,  and  to  pass  censures.— ^zV/iama'  hist,  qf  Vermont. 

VIRGINIA,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  was  given  by 
patent  to  the  London  company  in  1606.  For  twenty  years  previously 
to  this  dme  attempts  had  been  made  to  establish  a  colony  in  Virginia 
under  the  patronage  of  sir  Walter  Raleigh,  but  the  settlements 
were  broken  up  and  the  attempts  were  unsuccessful.  The  first 
permanent  colony,  sent  out  by  the  company  already  mentioned, 
arrived  in  1607.      The  adventurci*s  took  possession  of  a  peninsula 


i 


III 


■.■"  r 


1164 


VIR. 


i    »!■ 


■.'   M 


•n  Powhatan  or  Jainc»'  river  May  the  thirteenth,  and  immcdiatelf 
commenced  building  a  town,  which  they  called  Jamea  Town.    Thia 
waa  the  firat  permanent  habiution  of  the  Engliah  In  America.    Da- 
fore  the  cloke  of  the  year  the  number  of  the  colony  amounted  to 
tMo  hundred.      In  1608  captain  Smith  in  an  open  barge  with  four- 
teen penona  explored  the  watera  from  cape  Henry  to  the  Suaque- 
hannuh.     On  his  return  he  waa  made  pre^dent  ol  the  colony.    A 
accond  charter  with  more  ample  privilegea  waa  granted  in  1609, 
and  as  tKe  number  of  proprietors  was  increased,  the  augmented 
wealth  and  reputation  enabled  them  *o  proceed  with  greater  spirit. 
8cven  ships  were  Btted  out  with  five  hundred  people  for  the  colony. 
Soon  after  their  arrival  a  plot  was  formed  by  the  Indians  for  exter- 
minating them,  but  it  being  disclosed  by  Pocahontas,  ihey  were 
proviMeiitially  saved  from  destruction.      In  1610  the  stifTenngs  of 
the  colony  were  extreme  both  on  account  of  the  hostility  of  the 
Indians,  and  the  wam  of  provisions.    Of  near  five  hundred  persona 
left  at  the  departure  of  captain  Smith  sixty  only  remained  at  the 
expiration  of  aix  months.     The  small  remains  of  the  colony  )iad 
embarked  with  the  intention  of  returning  to  England,  when  the  ar- 
rival of  lord  Delaware  prevented  them  from  abandoning  the  country. 
Ho  came  with  three  ships  and  an  abundant  supply  of  proyisipns. 
He  appointed  a  council  to  aasist  him  in  the  admini^^tration.,   Un^er 
his  care  the  affairs  of  the  colony  were  soon  reestablished.    A  third 
churter,  granted  in  1613,  annexed  to  Virginia  all  the  islands  within 
three  hundred  miles  of  that  coast.  A  provincial  legislature,in  which 
the  colonists  were  represented,  was  established  in  1619.      In  the 
followi.ig  year  the  settlement  was  increased  and  strengthened  by  the 
accession  of  more  than  twelve  hundred  persons.     As  many  of  the 
settlers  were  destitute  of  wives,  the  company  was  politic  enough  to 
send  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  girls,  young  and  handsome.      The 
price  of  a  wife  at  first  was  one  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco,  but  as  the 
bumber  was  diminished,  the  price  was  increased  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds,  the  value  pf  which  in  money  was  three  shillings  per 
pound.     The  first  negroes  were  imported  into  Virginia  in  1630. 
In  the  following  year  sir  Francis  Wyat  arrived  as  governor  with 
seven  hundred  people.  Some  changes  took  place  in  the  government 
favorable  to  freedom .    The  constitution  at  this  period  became  fixed. 
The  assembly  was  composed  of  two  burgesses  from  every  planta- 
tion, and  all  matters  were  to  be  decided  by  the  majority  of  voices, 
reserving  a  negative  to  the  governor.      A  glebe  of  a  hundred  acres 
of  land  was  ordered  in  every  borough,  and  the  stipend  of  the  minis- 
ter was  fixed  at  about  two  hundred  pounds  sterling.      There  were 
at  this  time  only  five  ministers  in  the  colony.     The  year  1 633  is 
memorable  for  the  massacre  of  the  English.   On  the  twenty  seventh 
of  March  the  Indians  earned  into  effect  a  preconcerted  conspiracy, 
and  massacred  with  indiscriminate  barbarity  three  hundred  and  forty 
feven  of  .the  English,  who  were  unresisting  and  defenceless.     A 


and  immcdiatelf 
net  Town.  This 
n  America.  B«- 
lony  amounted  to 
barge  with  four- 
f  to  the  Suaque' 
)t  the  colony.  A 
granted  in  1609, 
I,  the  augmented 
ith  greater  apirit. 

?le  for  the  colony, 
ndiana  for  exter- 
lontaa,  the^  were 
the  auffermga  of 
lie  hoatility  of  the 
e  hundred  persona 
[y  remained  at  the 
of  the  colony  liad 
land,  when  the  ar- 
doning  the  country, 
pply  of  proyiaipna. 
ni!>tration.,   Un^ef 
ablished.    A  thira 
1  the  islands  within 
egislature,in  which 
in  1619.      In  the 
ktrengthened  by  the 
As  many  of  the 
8  politic  enough  to 
handsome.     The 
f  tobacco,  but  as  the 
to  one  hundred  and 
three  shillings  per 
Virginia  in  1620. 
as  governor  with 
in  the  government 
eriod  became  fixed, 
from  every  planta- 
majority  of  voices, 
of  a  hundred  acres 
ipend  of  the  minis- 
ling.     There  were 
The  year  1633  is 
.the  twenty  seventh 
tncerted  conspiracy, 
'e  hundred  and  forty 
nd  defenceless.     A 


WAD. 


56$ 


war  immediately  commenced,  and  to  ita  evils  were  added  the  mis* 
cries  of  (amine.     A  new  aupply  from  the  parent  country  soon  how- 
ever counterbalanced  the  lostea,  which  had  been  austained.      In 
1634  the  charter  of  Virginia  woa  vacated,  and  the  company,  which 
had  expended  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  pounda  in  pUnting 
the  colony,  was  dusolved.    King  Charlea  I  in  1635  made  Virginia 
dependent  on  the  crown.    In  1633  severe  lawawere  enacted  to  sup- 
presa  sectaries  and  preserve  uniformity  in  religion.     Sir  William 
Berklay  was  appointed  governor  in  1639,  and  a  reguhkr  administra- 
tion ol  justice  took  place.      Virginia  waa  the  last  of  the  king'a  do* 
minions,  which  submitted  to  Cromwel/s  usurpation,  and  the  firat 
that  threw  it  off.  After  the  restoration,  in  the  year  1668  the  church 
•f  England  waa  regularly  established  by  the  assembly,  and  all  min- 
isters not  ordained  by  some  bishop  in  England  were  prohibited  from 
preaching  on  pain  of'^suspension  or  banishment.    The  year  1 676  it 
memorable  for  Bacon's  rebellion.      Several  causes  contributed  t» 
produce  it,  among  which  causes  were  the  clashing;  of  different  grants 
of  lands,  the  impositions  on  the  trade  of  the  plantations,  and  the  dim* 
inution  of  the  traffic  with  the  Indians.      Mr.  Bacon  fomented  the 
discontent,  which  existed,  and  at  length  usurped  the  government. 
His  sudden  death  extinguished  the  flames  of  civil  war.  This  rebell- 
ion cost  the  colony  one  hundred  thousand  pounds.     The  colonf 
from  this  period  increased,  and  no  very  important  events  took  place 
for  a  number  of  years.     At  the  commencement  of  the  controversf 
Mdth  Great  Britam,  which  terminated  in  American  independence^ 
Virginia  passed  the  first  resolutions  a|;ainst  the  stamp  act,  asserdng 
the  colonial  rights,  and  denying  the  claim  of  parliamentary  taxation. 
This  state  was  uniformly  distinguished  for  intelligence  and  decision. 
The  present  constitution  of  Virginia  was  adopted  July  5, 1776.    It 
vests  the  legislative  powers  in  a  general  assembly,  consisting  of  a 
house  of  delegates  and  a  senate,  the  members  of  which  Are  chosen 
annually.    No  person  can  be  a  senator  more  than  four  years  out  of 
uny  five.    The  governor  is  chosen  by  the  assembly.    With  the  ad- 
vice of  a  council  he  exercises  the  executive  powers  of  government. 
The  judges,  who  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  are  ap- 
pointed by  the  assembly;  the  justices  of  the  peace  are  appointed 
by  the  governor .^—iS^mtM ;  Keit^;  Stitht  Burks  Wynne i  Brit,  em* 
Jiirey  ii.  3 13— 339  ;  Jeffervm*^  notes  ;    Morale  geog, ;    Holmes  an* 
naU  ;  Z)otff/aM,ii.  385-^393,  4 14-n*436|  Purc/uu*  fiilgrimatX. 

WADDELL  (James,  d^d.),  a  presbyterian  minister  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Orange,  Virginia,  died  in  Albemarle  county  in  the  summer  of 
1805.  But  little  is  known  of  him,  as  his  retired  habits  and  situation 
have  involved  him  in  obscurity.  He  is  however  represented  as  a 
preacher  of  very  uncommon  eloquence.  A  traveller  speaks  of  en- 
tering his  old,  decayed  house  of  worship  in  the  forest.  He  was 
struck  with  the  preternatural  appearance  of  a  tall  and  very  spare 
old  man,  whose  head,  covered  with  a  white  linen  cap,  whose  shxir^ 


in 


w 

1 1 

M' 

f 

i  ■! 

1 


I 


i! 


n 


^    i-'i 


i  III 


%m 


566 


WAD 


elled  bandt  and  voice  were  all  shaking  under  the  influence  of  a  pal- 
spTi  and  vrho  was  perfectly  blind.  It  was  a  day  of  the  administra- 
tion of  the  sacrament)  and  his  subject  was  the  passion  of  the  Savior. 
As  he  descended  from  the  pulpit  to  distribute  the  mystic  symbols, 
there  was  more  than  a  human  sohmnity  in  his  air  and  manner.  He 
drew  a  picture  of  the  sufferings  of  our  Saviori  of  his  trial  before  Pi- 
late, of  his  ascent  to  Calvary,  of  his  crucifixion  and  death.  His  voice 
trembled  on  every  syllable,  and  every  heart  trembled  in  unison. 
He  presented  the  original  scene  to  the  eyes  of  the  assembly,  and  all 
were  indignant.  He  touched  the  patience  and  the  forgiving  meek- 
ness of  the  Redeemer,and  as  he  represented  his  blessed  eyes  stream- 
ing in  tears  to  h<  aven,  and  his  voice  breathing  a  gentle  prayer  of 
pardon  for  his  murderers,  the  voice  of  the  preacher,  which  had  all 
idong  faltered,  grew  fainter  and  fainter,  until  his  utterance  being 
completely  broken,  he  raised  his  handkerchief  to  his  eyes,  and  burst 
into  a  loud  and  irresisdble  flood  of  grief.  The  groans  and  sobs  of 
the  congregation  mingled  in  sympathy.  When  he  was  enabled  to 
proceed,  he  broke  the  awful  silence  in  a  manner,  which  did  not  im- 
pair the  dignity  and  solemnity  of  the  subject.  Removing  his  white 
handkerchief  from  his  aged  face,  wet  with  tears-,  and  slowly  stretch- 
ing forth  the  palsied  hand,'which  held  it,  he  said,  adopting  the  words 
of  Rousseau,  <<  Soci-ates  died  like  a  philosopher ;"  then  pauung, 
raising  his  other  hand,  pressing  them  clasped  together  with 
warmth  and  energy  to  his  breast,  lifting  his  sightless  eyeballs  to 
heaven,  and  pouring  his  soul  into  his  tremulous  voice,  he  added, 
*<but  Jesus  Christ  like  a  God  !"— rAt;  British  afiy  in  Virginia i 
Evang.  intelligencer^  March  1808  ;  A*.  Y.  apectatory  October  19, 
1805. 

WADSWORTH  (Benjamin),  president  of  Harvard  college,  was 
graduated  at  that  seminary  in  1690.  He  was  ordained  minister  of 
^e  first  church  in  Boston,  as  colleague  with  Mr.  Allen,  September 
ti,  1696.  Here  he  continued  till  his  elecUon  as  president  of  Har- 
vard college  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Leverett.  Into  this  office  he 
was  inducted  July  7,  1725,  Mr.  Fozcroft,  his  colleague,  remaining 
in  the  church  at  Boston.  Mr.  Wadsworth  died  March  16, 1737  in 
in  the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age.  His  successor  was  president 
Holyoke.  His  heart  was  early  impressed  with  the  truths  of  the 
gospel.  While  he  had  the  most  affectionate  concern  for  the  highest 
welfare  of  his  fellow  men*  he  possessed  the  faculty  of  making  relig- 
ious truth  plain  and  intelligible  to  the  meanest  capacity.  His  learn- 
ing was  considerable,  and  he  was  most  pious,  humble,  prudent,  and 
a  very  pathetic  and  excellent  preacher.  A  tenth  part  <>f  his  income 
he  devoted  to  charitable  uses.  He  published  artillery  ejection  ser- 
mon 1700;  exhortations  to  early  piety,  1702  ;  three  sermons,  enti- 
tled, men  worse  in  their  carriage  to  God  than  to  one  another,  psalms 
sung  with  grace  in  the  heart,  a  pious  tongue  an  enriching  treasure, 
1706;  discourses  on  the  day  of  judgment,  1709;  a  sermon  on  as- 


ifluence  of  a  pal- 
[the  administra- 
on  of  the  Savior. 

mystic  symbols, 
and  manner.  He 
is  trial  before  Pi- 
aeaih.  His  voice 
mbled  in  unison, 
assembly,  and  all 
B  forgiving  meek- 
ssed  eyes  stream- 

gentle  prayer  of 
ler,  which  had  all 
8  utterance  being 
his  eyes,  and  burst 
groans  and  sobs  of 

he  was  enabled  to 
which  did  not  im- 
emoving  his  white 
and  slowly  stretch- 
adopting  the  words 
■ri'*  then  pausing, 
ed   together    with 
ghtless  eyeballs  to 
IS  voice,  he  added, 
1  sfiy  in   Virginia  i 
rctatort  October  19, 

[arvard  college,  was 
rdained  minister  of 
.  Allen,  September 
president  of  Har- 
Into  this  office  he 
league,  rems&iing 
March  16, 1  rsr  in 
essor  was  president 
h  the  truths  of  the 
cem  for  the  highest 
Ityofmaldngrelig- 
ipacity.    His  learn- 
imble,  prudent,  and 
li  part  ^f  his  income 
lillery  ejection  ser- 
Lhree  seqnons,  enti- 
[one  another,  psalms 
enriching  uetoure, 
:  a  sermon  on  as* 


WAL. 


567 


sembling  at  the  house  of  God,  17 10 ;  the  well  ordered  family,  1713  ; 
Christian  advice  to  the  sick  and  well ;  explanation  of  assembly's 
catechism,  or  an  help  to  get  knowledge,  1714;  invitation  to  th« 
gospel  feast  in  eleven  sermons,  13mo;  paints'  prayer  to  escape 
temptation;  a  discourse  on  the  death  of  Isaac  Addington,  1715  ; 
election  sermon,  1716  ;  twelve  single  sermons  on  various  subjects, 
1717;  zeal  against  flagrant  wickedness;  essay  for  spreading  the 
gospel  into  ignorant  places,  8 vo,  1718;  Christ's  fan  is  in  his  hand ; 
imitation  of  Christ  a  Christian  duty,  1723 ;  a  dialogue  between  « 
minister  and  his  neighbor  on  the  Lord's  supper,  1724  ;  it  is  honor- 
able not  shameful  to  suffer,  1725  ;  the  benefits  of  a  good  and  mis- 
chiefs of  an  evil  conscience  in  fourteen  sermons ;  none  but  the 
righteous  saved. — Sev)aU*8  and  Wigglenoorth*a  diacourtea  onhia  death  $ 
^lynt*a  oratiofunebria  i  Collect.  Mai.  aoc.x,  169. 

WALES  (Samuel,  d.  d.),  professor  of  divinity  in  Yale  coUeget 
was  graduated  at  that  seminary  in  1767,  and  was  afterwards  the  min- 
ister of  Milford.      He  was  inducted  into  his  office  as  successor  of 
professor  Daggett,  June  13,  1783.     He  died  February  18,  1794. 
For  two  years  previously  to  this  event  he  was  afflicted  with  an  ep- 
ilepsy.     His  mighty  mind  was  broken,  and  the  great  man  was  in 
rums.     He  brought  to  the  theoicgical  chair  great  abilities,  a  pure 
and  energetic  style,  exemplary  piety,  and  dignity  and  solemnity  of 
manner.    The  following  anecdote  is  a  specimen  of  his  wit.    Being 
once  asked  by  a  lawyer  how  it  happened,  that  while  many  persons 
descended  fiom  the  pulpit,  and  entered  the  bar,  so  few  lawyers 
should  renounce  their  profession  and  become  ministers ;  he  replied) 
Facilis  descensus    Averni  ;— 
Sed  revocare  gradum,  superasque  evadere  ad  auras,     >' 
Hoc  opus,  hlc  labor  est.— i7o/me«*  life  qf  Stileat  39, 380, 
396,  338,  339. 

WALLEY  (Thomas),  minister  df  Barnstable,  Massachusetts, 
was  ejected  from  a  parish  in  London  by  the  act  of  uniformity  in 
1663,  and  in  the  following  year  sought  a  refuge  from  ecclesiastical 
oppression  in  America,  and  was  settled  at  Barnstable.  The  church 
in  this  town  had  been  broken  with  disputes ;  but  the  prudent  and 
holy  Walley  was  the  means  of  restoring  the  harmony,  which  had 
been  interrupted.  He  died  March  24,  1679,  aged  sixty  one  years. 
He  was  an  accomplished  scholar  and  an  eminent  Christian.  His 
remarkable  humility  rendered  him  quiet  in  himself,  and  promoted 
peace,  wherever  he  went.  He  made  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  the 
mun  subject  of  his  preaching.  In  the  discharge  of  the  sacred  of- 
fice he  was  mindful,  that  the  souls  of  persons  in  the  humblest  sta- 
tions were  infinitely  precious,  as  well  as  the  souls  of  persons  in  the 
highest.  In  his  visits  to  his  people  he  imparted  religious  instruc- 
tion and  advice,  and  also  relieved  the  wants  of  the  poor.  He  seems 
to  have  possessed  uncommonly  correct  notions  of  toleration  for  the 
time,  in  which  he  lived.      On  a  public  occasion  he  observed,  that  it 


n 


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11 


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:  t 


it: 


m 


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l!li 


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I  \ 


mm 


m 


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^<  i) 

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568 


WAL. 


■ « 


1  I    :i'. 


would  not  consist  with  the  profession  of  IdTe  to  Christ  to  ti^Qble 
those,  that  differ  from  the  i^nerality  of  God's  pciople  in  lesser  things, 
and  that  those,  who  are  like  to  live  together  in  heaven  at  last* 
should  endeavor  to  live  peaceably  together  here.  He  published 
balm  in  Gilead  to  heal  Zion's  wounds,  an  election  sermon  preached 
in  Plymouth  colony  June  1, 1669.— MzMer'«  magnaliai  iii.  222,223; 
Mmconform.  memorial^  i.  149. 

WALLEY  (John),  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  a  member  of  the  council,  died  at  Boston  January  11, 1712, 
in  the  sixty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  In  the  year  1690  he  accompani- 
ed sir  William  Phips  in  his  unsuccessful  expedition  against  Canada, 
being  entrusted  with  the  com  nand  of  the  land  forces.  He  was  one 
of  the  principal  founders  of  the  town  and  church  of  Bristol,  now  in 
Rhode  Island.  He  discharged  the  high  trusts  reposed  in  him  by 
his  country  with  ability  and  fidelity.  To  his  wisdom  as  a  counsellor 
and  his  impartiality  as  a  judge,  he  added  an  uncommon  sweetness 
and  candor  of  spirit,  and  the  various  virtues  of  the  Christian.  His 
faith  was  justified  by  his  integrity  and  his  works  of  piety  and  char*>^ 
ity.  He  died  in  calmness  and  humble  reliance  upon  the  great  Me- 
diator for  mercy.  His  journal  of  the  expedition  to  Canada  is  pre- 
served in  Hutchinson.— Pfrnd^r/on'tf  sermon  on  Ida  death  ;  Hutchin* 
<on,  i.  401,  554— 566. 

WALTER  (NaHBMiAR),  minister  of  Roxbury,  Massachusetts 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  December  1663.  His  father  brought  him  to 
this  country  about  the  year  1680,  and  he  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1 634.  He  soon  afterwards  went  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  lived 
in  a  French  family  in  order  to  learn  that  language.  He  acquired  a 
correct  knowledge  of  it,  and  thus  was  enabled  in  the  latter  periods 
of  his  life  to  preach  to  a  society  of  French  protestants  in  Boston  in 
the  absence  of  their  pastor.  After  his  return  he  pursued  his  stud- 
ies for  some  time  at  Cambridge,  where  he  was  appointed  a  fellow 
of  the  college.  He  here  treasured  up  a  fund  of  human  and  divine 
learning.  He  was  ordained  at  Roxbury  October  17,  1688,  ^s  col- 
league with  the  apostolic  Eliot,  who  was  then  in  the  eighty  fourth 
year  of  his  age.  After  a  ministry  of  more  than  sixty  years  Mr. 
Walter  died  in  peace  and  hope  September  17,  1750,  in  the  eighty 
seventh  year  of  his  age.  His  ministry  and  that  of  Mr.  Eliot  occu- 
pied a  space  of  near  one  hundred  and  twenty  years.  He  preached 
for  six  or  seven  years  after  his  settlement  without  his  notes  in  the 
usual  manner  of  the  day ;  but  his  memory  having  been  impaired  by 
a  fit  of  sickness,  he  from  that  period  kept  his  notes  before  him. 
Though  his  voice  was  feeble  his  elocution  was  remarkably  good. 
While  his  utterance  was  deliberate,  with  frequent  pauses,  he  was 
pathetic,  and  the  tears  of  his  auditory  proved' his  discourses  to  be  the 
breathings  of  a  warm  heart  His  sermons  were  rem  irkablc  for  per- 
spicuity and  simplicity.  He  w is  so  plr.n  \w<\  intellii^ible,  that  it 
seemed  a<)  if  any  nuan  could  preach  as  he  did,  but  there  were  feWy 


WAL. 


569 


Christ  to  tttxAAt 

in  lesser  tkungSi 

heaven  at  last, 

He  pulitished 

lermon  predched 

r/ia,ui.  222,223; 

lit  of  Massachu- 
Jdnuary  11,1712, 
)0  he  accompani- 
)n  against  Canada, 
:e9.    He  was  one 
,f  Bristol,  now  in 
eposed  in  him  by 
)m  as  a  counsellor 
,mraon  sweetness 
e  Christian.      His 
of  piety  and  char^ 
pon  the  great  Me- 
i  to  Canada  is  pre- 
la deaths    Hutchin^^ 

iry,  Massachusetts 
her  brought  him  to 
duated  at  Harvard 
va  Scotia,  and  lived 
re.     He  acquired  a 
1  the  latter  periods 
stants  in  Boston  in 
J  pursued  his  stud- 
,  appointed  a  fellow 
|f  human  and  divine 
ir  17, 1688,  iscol- 
i  the  eighty  fourth 
in  sixty  years  Mr. 
.750,  in  the  eighty 
of  Mr.  Eliot  occu- 
irs.     He  preached 
lut  his  notes  in  the 
;  been  impaired  by 

notes  before  him. 

remarkably  good. 

■nt  pauses,  he  was 

rtiscoursea  to  be  the 

li-emirkableforper- 

inieUii3;iW!e.  that  it 

,ut  there  werefeW* 


wild  dould  e^ual  h'nt.  He  was  eminent  in  the  gift  of  prayer.  If 
was  a  maxim  v\\  ;m,  that  those  religious  principles  might  well 
be  suspected,  whiv  could  not  be  introduced  in  an  address  to  heaven ; 
and  he  was  pleased  in  observing  that  those,  who  in  their  preaching 
opposed  the  system  of  Calvin,  were  wont  to  pray  in  accordance  with 
it.  His  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  great  objects  of  the  Christian 
ministry.  He  presented  a  bright  example  of  personal  holiness. 
He  was  humble,  modest,  affectionate,  can^d,  averse  from  controver- 
sy, free  from  censoriousness  and  bitterness,  yet  firm  and  coura* 
geous  in  the  cause  of  truth.  Mr.  Whitefield,  who  saw  him  in  1740, 
calls  him  a  good  old  puritan,  and  says,  **  I  had  but  little  conversa- 
tion with  him,  my  stay  was  so  short ;  but  I  remember  he  told  me, 
he  was  glad  to  hear  I  sud,  that  man  was  half  a  devil  and  half  a  beast." 
In  his  own  preaching  it  was  the  care  of  Mr  Walter  to  humble  man, 
and  to  exalt  the  grace  of  God.  He  ptiblished  the  body  of  death 
anatomized,  an  essay  on  the  sense  of  indwelling  sin  in  th«  regenef" 
ate,  12 mo,  1707 ;  a  discourse  on  vain  thoughts;  the  great  concern 
of  man  ;  the  wonderfalness  of  Chri&t,  171S  ;  a  convention  sermon 
on  faithfulness  in  the  ministry,  1723;  unfruitful  hearers  detected 
and  warned,  1754 ;  a  posthumous  volume  of  sermons  on  the  fifty 
fiith  chapter  of  Isaiah,  with  a  preface  by  Mr.  Prince  and  Mr.  Fox- 
croft,  8vo,  X^SSf-'Life  firefixed  to  ^a  aermotUi  Magnalia^  iii.  206; 
WhiteJletd*ajoum.  in  JV.  E.  54  ;  Collect.  Mat.  aoe.  x.  169. 

WALTER  (Thomas),  minister  of  Roxbury^  Massachusetts,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in 
1713.  He  was  ordained  colleague  with  his  father  October  19,1718, 
but  died  January  10,  1725.  He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
scholars  and  acutest  disputants  of  his  day.  He  seemed  to  have 
an  intuitive  knowledge  of  almost  every  subject,  and  he  had  an 
astonishing  power  over  his  thoughts,  and  command  of  language. 
He  was  not  a  hard  student,  for  he  loved  company ;  but  so  retentive 
was  his  memory,  that  he  easily  made  himself  master  of  almost  all 
the  learning  of  J^is  uncle.  Dr.  Cotton  Mather,  by  frequent  convert 
sation  with  him.  In  this  Way  he  acquired  more  knowledge  than 
most  others  could  have  gained  by  a  whole  life's  diligent  study. 
He  was  a  champion  of  the  doctrines  of  grace.  In  his  last  illness  he 
was  for  some  time  very  anxious  for  the  salvatidn  of  his  soul,  as  the 
follies  of  his  youth  were  fresh  in  his  view ;  but  at  length  his  appre- 
hensions were  removed.  He  said, "  I  shall  be  the  most  glorious 
instance  of  sovereign  grace  in  all  heaven."  He  published  a  sermon 
at  the  lecture  for  promodng  good  singing,  1722 ;  the  scriptures 
the  only  rule  of  f^th  and  practice,  1723  ;  and  two  other  occasional 
discourses.— Mi/Affr'«  srrmon  onAia  death;  Life  of  J^T.  Walter  $  CoU 
lect.  fuat.  aoc.  x.  155,  156. 

WALTER  (TiioMAs),  distinguished  for  his  attachment  to  bota- 
ny, was  a  native  of  Engkund.  After  his  arrival  in  this  country  he 
became  a  planter  a  few  miles  from  Charleston  in  South  Carolina, 

73  * 


;>•" 


f-' 


\:i 


r  I 


>  til 


I  ,;■ 


570  WAR. 

and  died  towards  the  close  of  the  last  eentory.  He  published  a  work 
of  a  respectable  characteri  entitled^  flora  Carolinianai  1788^— M/- 
lcr*4  retro^eetf  i.  143. 

WARD  (Nathaiiikl)»  first  minister  of  Ipswich,  Massachusetts^ 
was  bom  in  Haverhill,  England,  in  1570,  and  was  the  son  of  John 
Ward,  a  minister  of  the  established  church.  He  was  educated  at 
the  uniTersity  of  Cambridge  and  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  mas- 
ter of  arts  in  1595.  After  having  been  for  some  time  a  student  and 
practitioner  of  the  law,  he  travelled  into  Holland,  Germany,  Prussia, 
and  Denmark.  At  the  univeruty  of  Heidelberg  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  the  celebrated  scholar  and  divine,  David  Parens,  and 
by  conversing  with  him  was  induced  to  abandon  the  profession)  upon 
which  he  had  entered,  and  to  commence  the  study  of  divinity.  Aner 
being  occupied  for  some  time  in  theological  pursuits  at  Heidelberg, 
he  returned  to  England,  and  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Standon 
in  Hertfordshire.  He  was  ordered  before  the  bishop  December  13, 
163  l,to  answer  for  his  nonconformity  ;  and  refusing  to  comply  with 
the  requisitions  of  the  church,  he  was  at  length  forbidden  to  conUnue 
in  the  exeruse  of  his  clerical  office.  In  April  1 634  he  left  his  native 
country,  and  arrived  in  New  England  in  June.  He  was  soon  settled 
as  pastor  of  the  church  at  Aggawam,  or  Ipswich.  In  1635  he  re- 
ceived Mr.  Norton  as  his  colleague  ;  but  in  the  following  /ear  Ihe 
was  by  his  own  request  released  from  his  engagement  as  a  minister, 
and  Mr.  Nathaniel  Rogers  was  settled  in  his  place.  The  cause  of 
his  dismisuon  was  som^  natural  infirmity,  best  known  to  himself, 
which  rendered  iiim  deuroua  of  not  being  called  upon  to  preach  so 
frequently,  as  while  he  retained  his  office  of  pastor.  In  1641  he 
was  chosen  by  the  freemen  without  thq  consent  of  the  magistrates 
to  preach  the  election  sermon.  In  December  of  the  same  year  the 
general  court  established  one  hundred  laws,  called  *V  the  body  of 
liberties,"  which  were  drawn  up  by  Mr.  Ward  in  1639,  and  Ifadbcen 
committed  to  the  governor  and  others  for  consideration.  In  1 647  he 
returned  to  England,  and  soon  after  his  arrival  published  a  work  en* 
itled, "  the  simple  cobler  of  Aggawam  in  America,*'  which  was  writ- 
ten during  the  civil  wars  of  Charles  I,  and  designed  to  encourage  the 
opposers  of  the  king,  and  the  enemies  of  the  established  church. 
He  resumed  his  profession,  and  in  1648  was  settled  at  Shenfield  in 
Essex,  where  he  remained  till  his  death  in  1653,  being  about  eighty 
thi<ee  years  of  age.  He  was  a  man  of  great  wit  and  humor.  A  number 
of  amusing  anecdotes  relating  to  him  are  yet  remembered  in  Ips« 
wich.  Dr.  Cotton  Mather  found  over  his  mantelpiece  the  follow* 
ing  words  engraved,  **  sobrie,  justet  pie,  Isete/'  Besides  his  sini' 
pie  cobler  of  Aggawam,  which  was  printed  at  London  in  4to,  and 
reprinted  at  Boston  1713,  and  which  Is  a  curious  specimen  of  his 
wit  and  of  the  vigor  ui  bis  mind,  he  published  sever^  qt\iw  huntor' 
ous  works  ;  but  they  are  now  forgotten,  excepting"  a  trifling  satire 
upon  the  pteachers  in  London}  entitled,  Mercuriusj  Antimecharius. 


WAR. 


571 


or  the  flimple  cobler*»  boy^  with  his  lap  full  ofcaTeats,  tec.  1647/«o 
Mtgnatittj  iii.  167  ;  Hoitnet*  amtattf  i.  3 17)  344  ;  Uutehhuon^  i.  120 ; 
Monthly  anthoiofyt  vii.  34 1—^47)  399  ;  ^'oAnten,  66,  67, 73,  tS  i 
mnthrofiy  327.  237  ;  RemarkabUt  qf  I.  Mather^  187. 

WARD  (Iohm),  first  minister  of  HaTcrtuil,  Massachusetts,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  in  England  November  5, 
1606.  Afler  having  begun  his  ministry,  he  came  to  this  country 
in  1639.  He  preached  for  some  time  at  Agamenticus,  but  in  164 1 
was  settled  at  Haverhill,  then  a  new  plantation.  Here  he  continued 
till  his  death  December  27,  1693  in  ttie  eighty  eighth  year  of  his 
age.  About  a  month  before  this  event  he  preached  an  excellent 
sermon  to  his  people.  His  firm  health  in  his  advanced  age  waa 
owing  to  his  temperance  in  eating,  drinking,  sleeping,  and  to  his 
much  exercise.  He  sometimes  walked  thirty  miles  without  any 
difficulty.  He  was  very  modest  and  diffident,  plain  in  his  dressi 
and  prudent  in  his  whole  conduct.  While  he  was  an  exact  gram* 
Qiarian  and  a  thorough  divine,  he  was  also  an  expert  phyucian,  and 
a  pleasant  companion.*— itiZz/An***  magnaiiai  iii.  1 67—- 1 68 ;  WintArofi, 
321. 

WARD  (Samubl),  governor  of  Rhode  Island,  was  elected  to 
this  office  in  1762  and  again  in  1765  and  in  1766.  He  sustained  also 
the  office  of  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  At  the  commence* 
ment  of  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain  he  proved  himself  th« 
incorruptible  friend  of  his  country.  He  was  a  member  of  the  first 
congress  in  1774.  While  attending  his  duty  as  a  member  of  this 
body,  he  died  at  Philadelphia  of  the  small  pox  March  26,  1776.  He 
was  not  only  a  firm  patriot,  but  a  sincere  Christian,  a  devout  attend- 
ant on  the  Lord's  supper,  and  a  useful  member  of  the  church,  with 
which  he  was  connectedi^— 5/(V/man'«  aermon  on  At<  death  ;  IVarren, 
iii.  295. 

WARD  (Artbhas),  the  first  major  general  in  the  American  ar- 
my, was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1743,  and  was  afterwards 
a  representative  in  the  legislature,  a  member  of  the  council,  and  a 
justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  for  Worcester  county,  Mas- 
sachusetts. When  the  war  commenced  with  Great  Britain,  he  was 
app(Hnted  by  congress  first  major  general  June  17,  1775.  After 
the  arrival  of  Washington  in  July,  when  disposition  v.  as  made  of 
the  troops  for  the  nege  of  Boston,  the  command  of  the  right  wing 
of  the  army  at  Roxbury  was  entrusted  to  general  Ward.  He  re- 
signed his  commission  in  April  1776,  though  he  continued  for  some 
time  longer  in  command  at  the  request  of  Washington.  He  af- 
terwards devoted  himself  to  the  duties  of  civil  life.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  congress  both  before  and  after  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution.  After  a  long  decline,  in  which  he  exhibited  the  most 
exemplary  patience,  he  died  at  Shrewsbury  October  28,  1800,  aged 
seventy  three  years.  He  was  a  man  of  incorruptible  integrity.  So 
fixsd  and  unyielding  were  the  principles,  which  governed  him,  tlu^ 


ti 


lis 


h. 


$72 


WAR. 


bis  contcientiounieM  in  lesser  concenis  was  by  some  ascribed  to 
bigotry^  His  lite  presented  the  virtues  of  tlie  Christian^— Mi««a^ 
ehiuetta  «/iy,  Mveynber  5,  1800 ;  Gortfon,  i.  486  ;  ii.  66;  JoumaU 
f\f  congreu. 

WARH  AM  (John),  first  minister  of  Windsor,  Connecticut,  was 
an  eminent  minister  in  Exeter,  England,  before  he  came  to  this 
country.  Having  taken  the  char^  of  a  church,  which  Vas  gathered 
«t  Plymouth,  consisting  of  persons  about  to  (emigrate  to  Ameri- 
ca, he  accompanied  them  as  teacher  and  Mr.  Maverick  as  pastor. 
They  arrived  at  >fantasket  May  30,  1630,  and  in  June  began  a  set- 
tlement at  Oorchettter  near  Qoston.  In  1 635  this  church  removed 
to  Connecticut  river  and  settled  at  Windsor.  Mr.  Maverick,  while 
preparing  to  follow  them,  died  Febnury  3,  1636  ;  but  Mr.  Warham 
joined  them  in  September.  Here  he  continued  about  thirty  four 
years  till  his  dca^h  April  1»  1670.  Though  he  was  distinguished 
for  piety  and  the  strictest  morals,  yet  he  was  sometimes  the  prey  of 
religious  melancholy.  He  was  known  to  administer  the  Lord's 
supper  to  his  brethren,  while  he  did  not  participate  with  them 
through  apprehension,  that  the  seals  of  the  new  covenant  did  not 
belong  to  him.  It  is  supposed,  that  he  was  the  first  minister  in 
New  England,  who  used  notes  in  preaching  ;  yet  he  was  animated 
and  energetic  in  his  manner .p—MifAer'*  ma jrna//(z,iii.  131  ;  Trum- 
bull*a  Connect,  i.  55,  492  ;  Collect,  Mat.  »oc.  i.  99  ;  iii.  74  ;  v.  166 
—168  ;  ix.  148,  154  ;  Holrnea*  annul;  \.  408. 

WARREN  (Josbpr),  a  major  general  in  the  American  army, 
was  bom  in  Roxbury  in  1740,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college 
in  1759.  Directing  his  attention  to  medical  studies,  he  in  a  few 
years  became  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians  in  Boston.  But 
he  lived  at  a  period,  when  greater  objects  claimed  his  attention,  than 
those,  which  related  particularly  to  his  profession.  His  country 
needed  his  efforts,  and  his  zeal  and  courage  would  not  permit  him 
to  shrink  from  any  labors  or  dangers.  His  eloquence  and  his  talents 
as  a  writer  wer«  displayed  on  many  occasions  from  the  year,  in 
which  the  stamp  act  was  passed,  to  the  commencement  of  the  war. 
He  was  a  bold  politician.  '  Wnile  many  were  wavering  with  regard 
to  the  measures,  which  should  be  adopted,^  he  contended,  that  every 
kind  of  taxation,  whether  external  or  internal,  was  tyranny,  and 
ought  immediately  to  be  resisted  ;  and  he  believed  that  America 
was  able  to  withstand  any  force,  that  could  be  sent  against  her.  From 
the  year  1768  he  was  a  principal  member  of  a  secret  meeting  or 
caucus  in  Boston,  vrhich  had  great  influence  on  the  concerns  of  the 
coumry.  With  all  his  boldness^  and  decision,  and  zeal,  he  was  cir> 
cumspect  and  ^ise.  In  this  assembly  the  plans  of  defence  were 
matured.  After  the  destruction  of  the  tea,  it  was  no  longe.r  kept 
secret.  He  was  twice  chosen  the  public  orator  of  the  town  on  the 
anniversary  of  the  massacre,  and  his  orations  breathe  the  energy  of 
fi  great  and  daring  mind.    It  was  hey  who  on  the  evening  before,  the 


smi-  f  ■ 


WAR. 


S73 


iom«  aBcribed  to 
hrittian^— Ma«ttt* 
i  ii.  66j  JoumaU 

,  CimnecUcut)  was 

he  came  to  this 

hichVaa  gathered 

[)>igrato  to  Ameri- 
iverick  a»  paator. 
June  began  a  set- 
B  church  removed 
r.  Maverick,  whUe 
ibulMr.Warham 
i  about  thirty  four 
was  distinguished 
letimes  the  prey  of 
linister  the  Lord's 
ticipate  with  them 
r  covenant  did  not 
le  first  minister  in 
et  he  was  animated 
iiciii.  131  ;  Trum- 
99  }  iii.  74  }  V.  166 

ic  American  army, 
d  at  Harvard  college 
itudies,  he  in  a  few 
ws  in  Boston.     But 
sd  his  attention,  than 
ision.      His  country 
ould  not  permit  him 
uence  and  his  talents 
I  from  the  year,  in 
incement  of  the  war. 
wavering  with  regard 
:ontended,  that  every 
il,  was  tyranny,  and 
lieved  that  America 
mtagiunst  her.  From 
a  secret  meeting  or 
the  concerns  of  the 
and  ze«J,  he  was  cir- 
;lans  of  defence  were 
it  was  no  longer  kept 
T  of  the  town  on  the 
jreathc  the  energy  of 
he  evening  befpre  the 


battle  of  Lexington  obtained  information  of  the  intended  cxpedi- 
tion  against  Concord,  and  at  ten  o'clock  at  night  despatched  an  ex- 
press to  Messrs.  Hancock  and  Adams,  who  were  at  Lexington,  to 
warn  them  of  their  danger.    He  himself  on  the  next  day,  the  mem* 
orabie  nineteenth  of  April,  was  very  active.    It  is  said  in  general 
Heath's  memoirs,  that  a  ball  took  off  part  of  liis  ear  lock.    In  the 
confused  state  of  the  army,  which  soon  assembled  at  Cambridge,  hm 
had  vast  influence  in  preserving  order  among  the  troops.    After  tb« 
departure  of  Hancock  to  congress  he  was  chosen  president  of  th« 
provincial  congress  in  his  place.  Four  days  previously  to  the  battle 
of  Bunker's  or  Breed's  hill  he  received  his  commission  of  major 
general.    When  the  intrenchments  were  made  upon  the  fatal  spot, 
to  encourage  the  men  within  the  lines  he  went  down  from  Cam- 
bridge  and  joined  them  as  a  voluntoer  on  the  eventful  day  of  the 
battle,  June  the  seventeenth.     Just  as  the  retreat  commenced,  a 
ball  struck  him  on  the  head  and  he  died  in  the  trenches,  aged  thirty 
five  yearsk    He  was  the  first  victim  of  rank,  that  fell  in  the  struggle 
with  Great  Britain.    In  the  spring  of  1776  his  bones  were  taken  up 
and  entombed  in  Boston,  on  which  occasion,  as  he  had  been  grand 
master  of  the  free  masons  in  America,  a  brother  mason  and  an  elo* 
quent  orator  pronounced  a  funeral  eulogy.    With  zeal  in  the  cause 
of  liberty,  which  blazed,  Dr.  Warren  was  yet  judicious  in  counsel, 
and  candid  and  generous  towards  those,  who  had  different  senti- 
ments respecting  thccontroversy.    His  mind  was  vigorous,  his  dis- 
position humane,  and  his  manners  affable  and  engaging.    In  his  in- 
tegrity and  patriotism  entire  confidence  was  placed.    To  the  most 
undaunted  bravery  he  added  the  virtues  of  domestic  life,  the  elo- 
quence of  an  accomplished  orator,  and  the  wisdom  of  an  able  states- 
man.    He  published  an  oration  in  1772  and  another  in  1775  com- 
memorative of  the  fifth  of  March  1770.— Gort/on,  i.  489  ;   ii.  46— » 
49,  314  ;  Ramaayy  i.  205  ;  Ru$h*a  eulogium  ;   Warren*»  hitt.  qfthc 
war,i.  232,  323  ;    Polyanthot,  iii.  217 — 224  ;  iv.  173  ;  Morton** 
eulogy  ;  Holtnea*  annalsf  ii.  335  ;  Collect,  hist.  toe.  v.  107  ;  Poetical 
eulogium  ;  Hardie. 

WARREN  (James),  a  distinguished  friend  of  his  country,  was 
descended  from  Richard  Warren,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Plym» 
outh  in  1620, and  was  bom  in  the  year  1726.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1745.  Directing  his  attention  to  commercial 
affairs,  he  was  for  many  years  a  respectable  merchant.  About  the 
year  1757  his  father  died  and  left  him  a  handsome  patrimonial  estate, 
which  had  descended  from  Richard  Warren.  He  was  at  this  time 
appointed  high  sheriff  as  successor  of  his  father,  and  he  retained 
this  office  till  the  commencement  of  the  war,  notwithstanding  the 
active  part,  which  he  took  in  opposing  the  measures  of  the  Brit- 
ish ministry.  In  May  1766  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  general 
court  from  Plymouth,  and  he  uniformly  supported  the  rights  of  his 
country.     The  govemipent,  who  knew  his  abilities  and  feared  his 


S;  ;, 


574 


WAS. 


''■'"• 


;,  \  \^ 


opposition}  tried  the  influence  of  promises  and  of  tiireats  upon  liim ; 
but  his  intetpitj  was  not  to  be  corrupted.  In  1T7S  his  proposal  for 
establishing  committees  of  correspondence  was  generally  adopted. 
When  solicited  to  take  a  seat  in  the  first  congress  he  declined*  not 
then  having  had  the  small  pox.  After  the  death  of  his  friend,  gen- 
eral  Warren,  he  was  appointed  president  of  the  provincial  congress. 
While  the  army  lay  at  Cambridge  in  1775  he  was  made  paymaster 

fencral,  but  in  the  following  year,  when  the  troops  went  to  New 
ork  and  three  departments  were  constituted,  he  resigned.  In  1776 
he  was  appointed  major  general  of  the  militia,  though  he  never  acted 
in  that  capacity.  After  the  formatbn  of  the  constitution  of  Massa- 
chusetts he  was  for  many  years  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives. Preferring  an  activti  station,  in  which  he  could  serve  his 
country,  he  refused  the  office  of  lieutenant  governor,  and  that  of 
Judge  of  the  supreme  court,  but  accepted  a  seat  at  the  navy  board, 
the  duties  of  which  were  very  arduous.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
retired  from  public  employments  to  enjoy  domestic  ease  and  leisure. 
He  afterwards  however  accepted  a  seat  in  the  council,  and  the  last 
act  of  his  long  labors  for  the  benefit  of  his  country  was  the  discharge 
of  the  duty  of  an  elector  of  president  and  vice  president  in  1804. 
He  died  at  Plymouth  November  37,  18Q8,  aged  eighty  two  years. 
Amidst  his  public  cares,  which  demanded  his  abilities,  and  much  oc- 
cupied him,  he  never  neglected  the  more  humble  dudes  of  domes- 
tic life,  or  the  more  «xalted  claims  of  religion:  While  his  conduct 
was  uniformly  upright,  his  piety  was  retired,  unassuming,  and  con- 
stant.—^arrfn'«  hiat.  qf  the  nratr,  i.  58,  109,  135,  181,  236,  335  ; 
Gordon^  i.  308  ;  Marthallt  i.  afiftendiXi  4\  ;  ii.  278. 

WASHBURN  (Joseph),  minister  of  Farmington,  Connecticut, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1793,  and  was  ordained  in  1794  or 
1795.  His  declining  health  induced  him  in  1805  to  seek  a  more 
southern  climate.  While  on  his  passage  fW)m  Norfolk  to  Charles- 
ton, he  died  in  the  arms  of  Mrs.  Washburn  on  the  twenty  fifth  of 
Dece^mber,  and  his  body  was  deposited  in  the  ocean.  He  was  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Connecticut  evangelical  magazine.  A  vol- 
ume of  his  sermons  has  been  published  since  his  death  in  13mo. 
It  is  esteemed  for  the  plain  and  important  instructions,  which  it 
contains.— ^ffMm6/y*«  mz««.  mag.  ii.  143. 

WASHINGTON  (George),  commander  in  chief  of  the  Amer- 
ican army  during:  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  and  first  president  of 
the  United  States,  was  the  third  son  of  Mr.  Augustine  Washington, 
and  was  bom  at  Bridj^es  creek  in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  Vir- 
ginia, February  33,  1732.  His  great  grandfather  had  emigrated  to 
that  place  from  the  north  of  Englapd  ahoat  the  year  1657.  At  the 
1^  of  ten  years  he  lost  his  father,  and  the  patrimonial  estate  de- 
scended to  his  elder  brother,  Mr.  Lawrence  Washington,  who  in 
the  year  1740  had  been  engaged  in  the  expedition  against  Cartha- 
gena.     In  honor  of  the  British  admiral,  who  commanded  the  fleet, 


WAS. 


575 


exD'i'ivjyed  in  that  enterprise,  the  estate  was  called  Mount  Vernon. 
At  the  age  of  fifteen,  agreeably  to  the  wisUes  oi  his  brother  «•  well 
at  to  his  own  urgent  request  to  enter  into  the  British  navy,  the  place 
of  a  midshipman  in  a  vessel  of  war,  then  sutioned  on  tlie  coast  of 
Virginia,  was  obtained  for  him.      Every  thing  was  in  readiness  for 
his  departure,  when  the  fears  of  a  timid  and  afiTectiouate  mother 
prevailed  upon  him  to  abandon  his  pro^sed  career  on  the  ocean, 
and  were  the  means  of  retaining  him  upon  the  land  to  be  the  future 
▼indicator  of  his  country's  rights.     All  the  advantages  of  education* 
which  he  enjoyed,  were  derived  from  a  private  tutor,  who  instructed 
iiim  in  English  literature  and  the  general  principles  of  science,  as 
well  as  in  morality  and  religion.     After  his  disappointment  with 
regard  to  entering  the  navy,  he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the 
study  of  the  mathematics ;  and  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  as  a, 
surveyor  he  had  an  opportunity  of  acquiring  that  information  re- 
specting the  value  of  vacant  lands,  which  afterwards  greatly  contrib- 
uted to  the  increase  of  his  private  fortune.     At  (he  age  of  nine- 
teen, when  the  militia  of  Virginia  were  to  be  trained  for  actual  ser« 
vice,  he  was  appointed  an  adjutant  general  with  the  rank  of  major. 
It  was  for  a  very  short  time,  that  he  discharged  the  duties  of  this 
office.    In  the  year  1753  the  plan,  formed  by  France  for  connecting 
Canada  with  Louisiana  by  a  line  of  posts,  and  thus  of  encloung  the 
British  colonies  and  of  establishing  her  influence  over  the  nume- 
rous tribes  of  Indians  on  the  frontiers,  began  to  be  developed.     In 
the  prosecudon  of  this  design  possession  had  been  taken  of  a  tract 
of  land,  then  believed  to  be  within  the  province  of  Virginb.    Mr. 
Dinwiddle,  the  lieutenant  governor,  being  determined  to  remonstrate 
against  the  supposed  encroachment,  and  violaUon  of  the  treaties  be- 
tween the  two  countries,  despatched  major  Washing^n  through  the 
wilderness  to  the  Ohio  to  deliver  a  letter  to  the  commanding  officer  of 
the  French,  and  also  to  explore  the  country.  This  trust  of £mger  and 
fatigue  he  executed  with  great  ability.    He  left  Williamsburg  Oc- 
tober 31,  1753,  the  very  day,  on  which  he  received  his  commission, 
and  at  the  frontier  settlement  of  the  English  engaged  guides  to  con- 
duct him  over  the  Alleghany  mountains.      After  pasung  them  he 
pursued  his  route  to  the  Mononi^ahela,  examining  the  coimtry  with 
a  military  eye,  and  taking  the  most  judicious  means  for  securing 
the  friendship  of  the  Indians.     He  selected  the  forks  of  the  Monon- 
gahela  and  Alleghany  rive'^  as  a  position^  which  ought  to  be  imme- 
diately possessed  and  fortified.    At  this  place  the  French  very  soon 
erected  fort  du  Quesne,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English  in 
1758  and  was  called  by  them  fort  Pitt.     Pursuing  his  way  up  the 
Alleghany  to  French  creek,  he  found  at  a  fort  upon  this  stream  the 
commanding  officer,  to  whom  he  delivered  the  letter  from  Mr.  Din- 
widdle.    On  his  return  he  encountered  great  difficulties  and  dan- 
gers.   As  the  snow  was  deep  and  the  horses  weak  from  fatigue,  he 
left  his  attendants  at  the  mouth  of  French  creek,  and  set  out  on  foot, 


'•A'k'. 


•4 


Mi: 

r: 

■M 


Mi' all 


m, 


i 


11 


1 1 


? 


576 


WAS. 


with  hia  papers  and  provisions  in  his  pack,  accompanied  only  by  hia 
pilot*  Mr.  Gist.  At  a  pl^ce  upon  the  Alleghany,  called  Murdering 
town,  they  fell  in  with  a  hostile  Indian,  who  was  one  of  a  party  then 
lying  in  wait,  and  Who  fired  upon  them  not  ten  steps  distant.  They 
took  him  into  custody  and  kept  him  until  nine  o'clock,  and  then  let 
him  go.  To  avoid  the  pursuit,  which  they  presumed  would  be 
commenced  in  the  morning,  they  travelled  all  night.  On  reacliing 
the  MonongaheU,  they  had  a  hard  day's  work  to  make  a  raft  with  a 
hatchet.  In  attempting  to  cross  the  river  to  reach  a  trader's  house, 
the^  were  enclosed  by  masses  of  ice.  In  order  to  stop  the  raft 
major  Washington  put  down  his  setting  pole  ;  but  the  ice  came 
with  such  force  against  it,  as  to  jerk  him  into  the  water.  He  saved 
himself  by  seizin^^  one  of  the  raft  logs.  With  difficulty  they  landed 
on  an  ikland,  where  they  passed  the  night.  The  cold  was  so  severe, 
that  the  pilot's  hands  and  feet  were  frozen.  The  next  dav  they 
crossed  the  river  upon  the  ice.  Washington  arrived  at  Williams- 
burg January  f6,  1754.  His  journal,  which  evinced  the  solidity  of 
his  judgment  and  his  fortitude,  was  published. 

As  the  French  seemed  disposed  to  remain  upon  the  Ohio,  it  was 
determined  to  raise  a  regiment  of  three  hundred  men  to  maintain 
the  claims  of  the  British  crown.  The  command  was  given  to  Mr. 
Fry,  and  major  Washington,  who  was  appointed  lieutenant  cokmel, 
marched  with  two  companies  early  in  April  1754  in  advance  of  the 
other  troops.  A  few  miles  west  of  the  Great  Meadows  he  surprised 
a  French  encampment  in  a  dark,  rainy  night,  and  only  one  man  es- 
caped. Before  the  arrival  of  the  two  remaining  companies  Mr.  Fry 
died,  and  tlie  command  devolved  on  colonel  Washington.  Being 
joined  by  two  other  companies  of  regular  troops  from  South  Caro- 
lina and  New  York,  after  erecting  a  small  stockade  at  the 
Great  Meadows,  he  proceeded  towards  fort  du  Quesne,  which  had 
been  built  but  a  shoit  time,  with  the  intention  of  dislodging  the 
Franch.  He  had  marched  only  thirteen  miles  totUe  westernmost  foot 
of  the  Laurel  hill,  before  he  received  information  of  the  approach 
of  the  enemy  with  superior  numbers,  and  was  induced  to  return  to 
his  stockade.  He  began  a  ditch  around  it,  and  called  it  fort  Neces- 
sity ;  but  the  next  day,  July  the  third,  he  was  attacked  by  fifteen 
hundred  men.  His  own  troops  were  onlv  about  four  hundred  in 
number.  The  action  commenced  at  ten  m  the  morning  and  lasted 
until  dark.  A  part  of  the  Americans  fought  within  the  fort,  and  a 
part  in  the  ditch  filled  with  mud  and  water.  Colonel  Washington 
was  himself  on  the  outside  of  the  fort  during  the  whole  day.  The 
enemy  fought  under  cover  of  the  trees  and  high  grass.  In  the 
course  of  the  night  articles  of  capitulation  were  agreed  upon.  The 
garrison  were  allowed  to  retain  their  arms  and  baggage,  and  to 
march  unmolested  to  the  inhabited  parts  of  Virginia.  The  loss  of 
the  Americans  in  killed  and  wounded  was  supposed  to  be  about  a 
hundred,  and  that  of  the  enemy  about  two  hundred.    In  a  few 


I'' 

HI 


WAS. 


577 


aM>ntht  aftermtrd*  orden  were  received  for  settling  the  rank  of  the 
oflScerS)  and  thoM}  who  were  conamiiftionod  by  the  kin(i;«  being  di' 
rected  to  take  rank  of  the  provincial  officers^  colonel  Waihington 
Indignantif  reiigned  hi*  committion.  He  now  retired  to  Mount 
Vernon,  that  estate  by  the  death  of  his  brother  having  devolved  up- 
on  him.  But  in  the  spring  of  1753  he  accepted  an  invitation  from 
genenU  Braddock  to  enter  hb  family  as  a  volunteer  aid  de  camp  in 
hia  expedition  to  the  Ohio.  He  .proceeded  with  him  to  Wills*  creek, 
afterwards  called  fort  Cumberland!  in  April.  After  the  troops  had 
marched  a  few  milea  from  this  place,  he  was  seized  with  a  raging 
fever ;  but  refusing  to  remain  behind  he  was  conveyed  in  a  covered 
waggon.  By  his  advice  twelve  hundred  men  were  detached  in  or- 
der by  a  rapid  movement  to  reach  fort  du  Quesne  before  an  expected 
reenforcement  should  be  received  at  that  place.  These  disencum- 
bered  troops  were  commanded  by  Braddock  himself,  and  colonel 
Washington,  though  still  extremely  ill,  insisted  upon  proceeding 
With  them.  After  they  arrived  upon  the  Monongahcla  he  advised 
the  general  to  employ  the  ranging  companies  of  Virginia  to  scour 
the  woods  and  to  prevent  ambuscades  ;  but  his  advice  was  not  fol- 
lowed.  On  the  ninth  of  July,  when  the  army  was  within  seven 
miles  of  fort  du  Quesne,  the  enemy  commenced  a  sudden  and  fu- 
rious attack,  being  concealed  by  the  wood  and  high  grass.  In  a 
shdrt  time  colonel  Washington  was  the  only  ud,  that  was  unwound- 
ed,  and  on  him  devolved  the  whole  duty  of  carrying  the  orders  of 
the  comrtVinder  in  chief.  He  was  cool  and  fearless.  Though  he 
had  two  horses  killed  under  him,  and  four  balls  through  his  coat, 
he  escaped  unhort,  while  every  other  officer  on  horseback  was  ei- 
ther killed  or  wounded.  Doctor  Craik,  the  physiciam  who  at- 
tended him  in  his  last  sickness,  was  present  in  this  battle,  and  says, 
"  I  expected  every  moment  to  see  him  fall.-— Nothing  but  the  su- 
perintending care  of  Providence  could  have  saved  him  from  the 
fate  of  all  around  him."  After  an  action  of  three  hours  the  troops 
gaye  way  in  all  directions,  and  colonel  Washington  and  two  others 
brought  off  Braddock,  who  had  been  mortally  wounded.  He  attempt- 
ed to  rally  the  retreadng  troops  ;  but,  as  he  B:iys  himself,  it  was  like 
endeavoring  "  to  stop  the  wild  bears  of  the  mountains."  The  con- 
duct of  the  regular  troops  was  most  cowardly.  The  enemy  wero 
few  in  numbers  and  had  no  expectation  of  victory.  In  a  sermon 
occauonedlnr  this  expedition  the  reverend  Dr.  Davies  of  Hanover 
county  thus  prophetically  expressed  himself ;  **  as  a  remarkable  in- 
stance of  patrioUsm  I  may  point  out  to  the  public  that  heroic  youth, 
colonel  Washington,  whom  I  cannot  but  hope  Providence  has  hith- 
erto preserved  in  so  signal  a  manner  for  some  important  service  to 
his  country."  For  this  purpose  he  was  indeed  preserved,  and  at 
the  end  of  twenty  years  he  began  to  render  to  his  country  more  im- 
portant services,  than  the  minister  of  Jesua  could  have  anticipated. 
From  1755  to  1758  he  commanded  a  regiment,  which  was  nosed 

P     74 


(J.!! 


578 


WAS. 


Cor  the  protection  of  the  frontiera,  nnd  during  this  period  he  mtm 
JiDcc»Mntly  occupied  in  efforts  to  tiiield  the  exposed  tettlement* 
from  the  incursionit  of  the  savages.  His  exertions  were  in  »  great 
degree  ineffectual  in  consequence  of  the  errors  and  the  pride  of 
govemnicntt  and  of  the  impossibility  of  guarding  with  a  few  troops 
Ml  extended  territory  from  an  enemy,  which  was  averse  to  open 
warfare.  He  in  the  most  earnest  manner  recommended  offensivr, 
measures  as  the  only  method  of  giving  complete  protectiua  to  the 
scattered  settlements.  lu  the  year  1758  to  his  great  joy  it  wa«  de- 
termined to  undertake  another  expedition  against  fort  du  Quesne, 
and  he  engaged  in  it  with  zeul.  Early  in  July  the  troops  were  as- 
Mmbled  at  fort  Cuml)erland ;  and  here  ngainstall  the  remonstrances 
and  arguments  of  colonel  Washington  general  Forbes  resolved  to 
open  a  new  road  to  the  Ohio  instead  of  taking  the  old  route.  Such 
was  the  predicted  delay,  occasioned  by  this  measure,  that  in  No- 
vember It  was  resolved  not  to  proceed  further  during  that  cam- 
I>aign.  But  intelligence  of  the  weakness  of  the  garrison  induced 
un  alteration  of  tiie  plan  of  passing  the  winter  in  the  wilde vnesv 
By  slow  marches  the  army  was  enabled  on  the  twenty  fifth  of  ?«  • 
vember  to  reach  fort  du  Quesne,  of  which  peaceable  piossefl^^ion  was 
taken,  as  the  enemy  on  the  preceding  night  after  setting  it  on  fire 
had  abantloned  it,  and  proceeded  down  the  Ohio.  The  works  in 
this  place  were  repaired,  and  its  name  was  changed  to  that  of  fort 
Pitt.  Thft  success  of  the  expedition  was  to  be  attributed  to  the 
British  fleet,  which  intercepted  reenforcements,  destined  for  Cana- 
da, and  to  events  in  the  northern  colonies.  The  great  object,  which 
he  had  been  anxious  to  effect,  being  now  accomplished,  and  his 
health  being  enfeebled,  colonel  Washington  resigned  his  commission 
as  commander  in  chief  of  ail  the  troops  raised  in  Virginia. 

Soon  after  his  resignuiion  he  was  married  to  the  widow  of  Mr. 
Custis,  a  young  lady,  to  wham  he  had  been  for  some  time  strongly 
attached,  and  who  to  a  large  fortune  and  a  fine  person  added  those 
amiable  accomplishments,  which  fill  with  silent  felicity  the  scenes 
of  domestic  life.  His  attention  for  several  years  was  principally 
directed  to  the  management  of  his  estate,  which  had  now  become 
considerable.  He  had  nine  thousand  acres  under  his  own  manage- 
ment. So  great  a  part  was  cultivated,  that  in  one  year  he  raised 
aeven  the  isand  bushels  of  wheat,  and  ten  thousand  of  Indian  com. 
His  slaves  and  other  persons,  employed  by  hir<v  arr^ounted  to  near 
a  thousand;  and  the  woollen  and  linen  clota  re^rsi-ary  for  their 
use  was  chiefly  manufactured  on  the  estate.  'Af  «  \l  this  . 
riod  a  respectable  member  of  the  legislature  oi  \  irgiiiia,  in  which 
he  took  a  decided  part  in  oppoution  to  the  principle  of  taxation, 
asserted  by  the  British  parliament.  I^e  also  acted  as  a  judge  of  a 
county  court.  In  1774  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  fipst  con- 
gresr.,  ar:d  was  placed  on  all  those  committees,  whose  duty  it  waste 
B^a^ui   arrangcmerts  for  defence.     In  the  following  year,  after  the 


••"-^  - 


WAS. 


570 


thl«  period  he  wm 
Lpoted  MtUemenU 
tnt  were  In  »  great 
rsuMlihe  pride  of 
g  with  a  few  trocpt 
MM  averse  to  open 
immended  offensivr. 
Ht  protectkco  to  the 
great  joy  U  wtw  de- 
»t  fort  du  Quetne, 
the  troopt  were  a»- 
lU  the  remonttrancei 
I  Fortiea  resolved  to 
the  old  route.    Such 
eaturot  that  in  No- 
er  during  that  cam- 
the  garrison  induced 
r  in  the  wilde  nes^ 
B  twenty  fifth  of  N 
ceable  possession  was 
fter  setting  it  on  fire 
ihio.     The  works  in 
langed  to  that  of  fort 
o  be  attributed  to  the 
ts,  destined  for  Cana- 
he  great  object,  Mrhich 
iccoroplished,  and  his 
igned  hiscommiMion 
in  Virginia, 
to  the  widow  of  Mr. 
jv  some  time  strongly 
[e  person  added  those 
'ent  felicity  the  scenes 
years  was  principally 
iich  had  now  become 
[ider  his  own  manage- 
in  one  year  he  rwscd 
lusand  of  Indian  com. 
[v\   ar^iountcd  to  near 
I.  »;cu.  s  ,.ry  for  their 
lie^   „      \t  this  ,  .• 
oL  Virginia,  in  which 
principle  of  taxation, 
0  acted  as  a  judge  of  a 
sinbcrofthe  fijrstcon- 
»,  whose  duty  it  was  to 
llo^ying  year,  after  the 


battle  of  Lexingtont  when  it  h  .«  determined  by  congress  torerart 
to  arms,  colonel  Washington  w.i  unanimously  elected  commander 
in  chief  of  the  army  of  the  united  colo  Tics.  All  were  satisfied  as  to 
his  qualifications,  and  the  dele^  ''"^  from  Nevi  England  were  par- 
ticularly pleased  with  his  clecuon,  hh  it  woukl  tend  to  unite  the 
southern  colonies  cordially  in  lie  war.  iff  iiccepted  the  appoint- 
ment with  diffidence,  and  expressed  his  intention  ^f  receiving  no 
compensation  for  his  services,  and  only  a  mere  discharge  ol  his  ex* 
penses.  He  immediately  repaired  to  Cambridge  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Boston,  where  he  anived  on  the  second  of  July.  He  formed 
the  army  into  three  divisions  in  order  the  most  effectually  to  encloHe 
the  i*ne  JMy,  entrusting  the  division  nt  Roxbury  to  general  Ward, 
fh«  ilivis.'m  on  Prospect  and  Winter  hills  to  general  Lee,  and  coos- 
ii.'iiiUu'r,  amself  the  centre  at  Cambridge.  Here  he  had  to  Mnig- 
glj  with  great  difficulties,  with  the  want  of  ammunition,  clothing, 
i;.u  magazines,  defect  of  arms  and  discipline,  and  the  evils  of  short 
enii^tments ;  but  instead  of  yielding  to  despondence  he  bent  tiie 
whole  force  of  his  mind  to  overcome  them.  He  soon  made  the 
a*'i.naing  discovery,  that  there  was  only  sufficient  powder  on  hand 
to  furnish  the  army  with  nine  cartridges  for  each  man.  With  the 
greatest  caution  to  keep  this  fact  a  secret,  the  utmost  exertions  \  /ere 
employed  to  procure  a  supply.  A  vessel,  which  was  despatches!  to 
Africa,  obtained  in  exchange  for  New  England  rum  all  the  gen- 
powder  in  the  British  factories ;  and  in  the  beginning  of  winter  cu  !>• 
tain  Manly  captured  an  ordnance  brig,  which  furnished  the  Ameri- 
can army  with  the  precise  articles,  of  which  it  was  in  the  greatest 
want.  In  September  general  Washington  despatched  Arnold  on 
an  expedition  against  Quebec.  In  February  1 776  he  proposed  to  a 
council  of  his  officers  to  cross  the  ice  and  attack  the  enemy  in  Boston, 
but  they  unanimously  disapproved  of  the  daring  measure.  It  was 
however  soon  resolved  to  take  possession  of  the  heights  of  Dorches- 
ter. This  was  done  without  discovery  on  the  night  of  the  fourth  of 
March,  and  on  the  seventeenth  the  enemy  found  it  necessary  to 
evacuate  the  town.  The  recovery  of  Boston  induced  congress  to 
pass  a  vote  of  thanks  to  general  Washington  and  his  brave  army. 

In  the  belief,  that  the  efforts  of  the  British  would  be  directed  to«< 
wards  the  Hudson,  he  hastened  the  armyito  New  York,  where  he 
himself  arrived  on  the  fourteenth  of  April.  He  made  every  exer- 
tion to  fortify  the  city,  and  attention  was  paid  to  the  forts  in  the 
highlands.  While  he  met  the  most  embarrassing  difficulUes,  a 
plan  was  formed  to  assist  the  enemy  in  seizing  his  person,  and  some 
of  his  own  guards  engaged  in  the  conspiracy  ;  but  it  was  discovered, 
and  some,  who  were  concerned  in  it,  were  executed.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  July  general  Howe  landed  his  troops  at  Staten  Island. 
His  brother,  lord  Howe,  who  commanded  ti.c  fleet,  soon  arrived; 
and  as  both  were  commissioners  for  restoring-  peace  to  the  colonies, 
I  the  latter  addressed  a  letter  upon  the  subject  to  "  George  Washing* 


580 


WAS. 


i   ■« 


i-)i  ', 


I    ) 


•I  I 


m 


I.  \} 


h  i 


ton,  eiquice^''  but  (he  general  refused  to  receive  it,  m  it  did  not 
acknowledge  the  public  character,  with  which  he  was  invested  by  con» 
gress,  in  which  character  only  he  could  have  any  intercourse  with 
his  lordship.  Another  letter  was  sent  to  "  George  WaahingUMK  ^« 
Sec.  &c.'*  This  for  the  same  reuiion  was  rejected.  Alter  the  disas- 
trous  battle  of  Brooklyn  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  August,  in^which 
Stirling  and  Sullivan  were  taken  prisoners,  and  of  which  he  was  only 
a  spectator,  he  withdrew  the  troops  from  Long  Island,  and  in  a  few 
days  he  resolved  to  withdraw  from  New  York.  At  K-ipp's  bay, 
about  three  miles  from  the  city,  some  works  had  been  thrown  up  to 
oppose  the  eneaiy  ;  but  on  tlieir  approach  the  American  troops 
fled  with  precipitation.  Washington  rode  towards  the  lines,  and 
made  every  exertion  to  prevent  the  disgraceful  flight.  He  drew 
bis  sword,  and  threatened  to  run  the  cowards  through ;  he  cocked 
and  snapped  his  pistols ;  but  it  was  all  in  v£un.  Such  was  the  state 
of  his  mind  at  this  moment,  that  he  turned  his  horse  towards  the 
advancing  enemy  apparently  with  the  intention  of  rushing  upon 
death.  His  aids  now  seized  the  bridle  of  his  horse  and  rescued  him 
from  destruction.  New  York  was  on  the  same  day,  September  the 
fifteenth,  evacuated.  In  October  he  retreated  to  the  White  Plains , 
where  on  the  twenty  eighth  a  considerable  action  took,  place,  in 
which  the  Americans  were  overpowered.  After  the  loss  of  forts 
Washington  and  Lee  he  passed  into  New  Jersey  in  November,  and 
was  pursued  by  a  triumphant  and  numerous  enemy.  His  army 
did  not  amount  to  three  thousand,  and  it  was  daily  diminishing  ;  his 
men  as  the  winter  commenced  were  barefooted  and  almost.  naJied, 
destitute  of  tents  and  of  utensils,  with  which  to  dress  their  scanty 
provisions ;  and  every  circumstance  tended  to  fill  the  mind  with 
despondence.  But  general  Washington  was  undismayed;  and  firm. 
He  showed  himself  to  his  enfeebled  army  with  a  serene  and  unem* 
barrassed  countenance,  and  they  were  inspired  with  the  resolution 
of  their  commander.  On  the  eighth)  of  December  he  was  obliged 
to  cross  the  Delaware ;  but  he  had  the  precaution  to  secure  th( 
boats  for  seventy  miles  upon  the  river.  While  the  British  were 
waiting  for  the  ice  to  afford  them  a  passage,  as  his  own  army  had 
been  reenforced  by  several  thousand  men,  he  formed  the  resolution 
of  carrying  the  cantonments  of  the  enemy  by  surprise.  On  the 
night  of  the  twenty  fifth  of  December  he  crossed  the  river  nine 
miles  above  Trenton,  in  a  storm  of  snow  mingled  with  hail  and  rain, 
with  about  two  thousand  and  four  hundred  men.  Two  other  detach* 
ments  were  unable  to  effect  a  passage.  In  the  morning  precisely  at 
eight  o'clock  he  surprised  Trenton  and  took  a  thousand  Hessians 
prisoners,  a  thousand  stand  of  arms,  and  six  field  piqces.  Twenty  of 
of  the  enemy  were  killed.  Of  the  Americans  two  privates  were 
killed,  and  two  frozen  to  death ;  and  one  officer  and'  three  or 
four  privates  were  wounded.  On  the  same  day  he  recrossed  the 
Delaware  with  the  fruits  of  his  enterprise ;  but  in  two  or  three 


WAS. 


581 


days  pftBsed  again  into  New  Jersey,  and  eoncenttated  his  forc- 
eSf  amounting  to  five  tihousand,  at  Trenton.  On  the  approach  o£a 
superior  enemy  under  Comwaliis  January  2,  1777,  he  drew  up  his 
mea  behind  Assumpinck  creek.  He  expected  an  attack  in  the 
morning;,  which  would  probably  result  in  a  ruinous  defeat.  At  this 
moment,  when  it  was  hazardous  if  not  impracticable  to  return  into 
PennsylTania,  he  formed  the  resolution  of  getting  into  the  rear  of 
the  enemy  and  thus  slop  them  in  their  progress  towards  Philadel- 
pliia.  in  the  night  he  silently  decamped,  taking  a  circuitous  route 
through  Allen's  town  to  Princeton.  A  sudden  change  of  the  weath> 
ev  to  seveoe  cold  rendered  the  roads  favorable  for  his  inarch.  About 
sunrise  his  van  met  a  British  detachment  on  its  way  to  join  Comr 
wallia,  and  was  defeated  by  it ;  but  as  he  came  up  he  exposed  him* 
self  to  every  danger  and  gtuned  a  victory.  With  three  hundred 
prisoners  he  then  entered  Princeton.  During  this  march  many  of- 
bis  soldiers  were  without  shoes^  and  their  feet  left  the  marks  of 
blood  upon  the  frozen  ground.  This  hardship  and  their  want  of 
repose  induced  him;  to  lead  his  army  to  a  place  of  security  on  the 
road  to  Morristown.  Comwaliis  in  the  morning  broke  up  his  camp 
and  alarmed  for  his  stores  at  Brunswick  urged  the  pursuit.  Thus 
the  military  genius  of  the  American  commander,  under  the  bless- 
ing of  divine  Providence,  rescued  Philadelphia  from  the  threatened 
danger,  (^liged  tlie  enemy,  which  had  overspread  New  Jersey,  to^ 
return  to  the  neighborhood  of  New  York,  and  revived  the  despond- 
ing spirit  of  his  country.  Having  accomplished  these  objects,  he 
retired  to  Morristown,  where  he  caused  his  whole  army  to  be  inoc> 
ulated  with  the  small  pox,  and  thus  was  freed  from  the  apprehen- 
sion of  a  calamity,  which  might  impede  his  operations  during  the 
next  campfugn. 

On  the  last  of  May  he  removed  his  army  to  Middlebrook,  about 
ten  miles  from  Brunswick,  where  he  fortified  himself  very  strongly. 
An  ineffectual  attempt  was  made  by  sir  William  Howe  to  draw  him* 
from  his  position  by  marching  towards  Philadelphia ;  but  after 
Howe's  return  to  New  York  he  moved  towards  the  Hudson  in  or- 
der to  defend  the  passes  in  the  mountains  in  the  expectation  that  a 
junction  with  Burgoyne,  who  was  then  upon  the  lakes,  would  be  at- 
tempted. After  the  British  general  sailed  from  New  York  and  en* 
tered  the  Chesapeak  in  August,  general  Washington  marched  im- 
mediately for  the  defence  of  Philadelphia.  On  the  eleventh  of 
September  he  was  defeated  at  Brandywine  with  the  loss  of  nine 
hundred  in  killed  and  wounded.  A  few  days  afterward,  as  he  was 
pursued,  he  turned  upon  the  enemy,  determined  upon  another  en- 
gagement; but  a  heavy  rain  so  damaged  the  arms  and  ammunition^ 
that  he  was  under  the  absolute  necessity  of  again  retreating.  Phila- 
delphia was  entered  by  Comwaliis  on  the  twenty  sixth  of  Septem- 
ber. On  the  fourth  of  October  the  American  commander  made  a 
well  planned  attack  upon  the  British  camp  at  Germantown  ;  but  in 


III!  !l 


582 


WAS. 


hi 


1,.^ 


■li . 


.i 


consequence  of  the  darkness  of  the  mornings  and  the  impetfect  dis- 
cipline of  liis  troops,  it  terminated  in  the  loss  of  twelve  hundred 
men  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners.  In  December  he  went  into 
winter  quarters  at  Valley  Forge  on  the  west  side  of  the  Schuylkill, 
between  twenty  and  thirty  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Here  his  ar- 
my was  in  the  greatest  distress  for  want  of  provisions,  and  he  was 
reduced  to  the  necessity  of  sending  out  parties  to  seize  what 
they  could  find.  About  the  same  time  a  combination,  in  which 
some  members  of  congress  were  engaged,  was  formed  to  remove 
the  commander  in  chief  and  to  appoint  in  his  place  Gates,  whose 
successes  of  late  had  given  him  a  high  reputation.  But  the  name  of 
Washington  was  too  dear  to  the  great  body  of  Americans  to  admit 
of  such  a  change.  Notwithstanding  the  discordant  materials,  of 
which  his  army  was  composed,  there  was  something  in  his  charac- 
ter, which  enabled  him  to  attach  both  his  officers  and  soldiers  so 
strongly  to  him,  that  no  distress  could  weaken  their  affection,  nor 
impair  the  veneration,  in  which  he  was  generally  held.  Without, 
this  attachment  to  tiim  the  army  must  have  been  dissolved.  Gen- 
eral Conway,  who  was  concerned  in  this  faction,  being  wounded  in  a 
duel  with  general  Cadwallader,  and  thinking  his  wound  mortal^ 
wrote  to  general  Washington,  "  you  are,  in  my  eyes,  the  great  and 
good  man."  On  the  first  of  February  1778  there  were  about  four 
thousand  men  in  camp  unfit  for  duty  for  want  of  clothes.  Of  these 
scarcely  a  man  had  a  pair  of  shoes.  The  hospitals  also  were  filled 
with  the  sick.  At  this  time  the  enemy,  if  they  had  marched  out  of 
their  winter  quarters,  would  easily  have  dispersed  the  American  ar- 
my. The  apprehension  of  the  approach  of  a  French  fleet  inducing 
the  British  to  concentrate  their  forces,  when  they  evacuated  Phila- 
delphia on  the  seventeenth  of  June  and  marched  towards  New  York, 
general  Washington  followed  them.  Contrary  to  the  advice  of  a 
council  he  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  on  the  twenty  eighth, 
the  result  of  which  made  an  impression  favorable  to  the  cause  of 
America.  He  slept  in  his  cloak  on  the  field  of  battle,  intending  to 
renew  the  attack  the  next  morning,  but  at  midnight  the  British 
marched  off  in  such  silence,  as  not  to  be  discovered.  Their  loss  in 
killed  was  about  three  hundred,  and  that  of  the  Americans  sixty 
nine.  As  the  campaign  now  closed  in  the  middle  states,  the  Ameri- 
can army  went  into  winter  quarters  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  high- 
lands upon  the  Hudson.  Thus  after  the  vicissitudes  of  two  years 
both  armies  were  brought  back  to  the  point,  from  which  they  set 
out.  During  the  year  1779  general  Washington  remained  in  the 
neighborhood  of  New  York.  In  January  1780,  in  a  winter  mem- 
orable for  its  severity*  his  utmost  exertions  were  necessary  to  save 
the  army  from  dissolution.  The  soldiers  in  general  submitted  with 
heroic  patience  to  the  want  of  provisions  and  clothes.  At  one  time 
they  cat  every  kind  of  horse  food  but  hay.  Their  sufferings  at 
length  were  so  great,  that  in  March  two  of  the  Connecticut  regi- 


WAS. 


585 


the  imperfect  dis- 
>f  twelve  hundred 
mber  he  went  into 
of  the  Schuylkill, 
hia.    Here  his  ar- 
sions,  and  he  was 
lies  to  seize  what 
>inaUon,  in  which 
formed  to  remove 
lace  Gates,  whose 
1.  But  the  name  of 
imericans  to  admit 
rdant  materials,  of 
hing  in  his  charac- 
ers  and  soldiers  so 
their  affection,  nor  . 
llyheld.    Without 
n  dissolved.    Gen- 
being  wounded  in  a 
his  wound  mortal 
eyes,  the  great  and 
;re  were  about  four 
'  clothes.    Of  these 
lals  also  were  filled 
[had  marched  out  of 
d  the  American  ar- 
ench  fleet  inducing 
:y  evacuated  Phila- 
towards  New  York, 
[y  to  the  advice  of  a 
.  the  twenty  eighth, 
ible  to  the  cause  of 
battle,  intending  to 
idnight  the  British 
red.    Their  loss  in 
|e  Americans  sixty 
states,  the  Ameri- 
.jrhood  of  the  high- 
itudes  of  two  years 
fom  which  they  set 
[ton  remained  in  the 
I,  in  a  winter  mem- 
3  necessary  to  save 
eral  submitted  with 
jthcs.     At  one  time 
[Their  sufferings  at 
Connecticut  regi- 


ments mutinied,  but  the  mutiny  was  suppressed  and  the  ringleaders 
secured.  In  September  the  treachery  of  Arnold  was  detected.  In 
the  winter  of  1781,  such  were  again  the  privations  of  the  army,  that 
a  part  of  the  Pennsylvania  line  revolted,  and  marched  home.  Such 
however  was  still  their  patriotism,  that  they  delivered  up  some 
British  emissaries  to  general  Wayne,  who  hanged  them  as  spies* 
Committing  the  defence  of  the  posts  on  the  Hudson  to  general 
Heath,  general  Washington  in  August  marched  with  count  Rocham- 
beau  for  the  Chesapeak  to  cooperate  with  the  French  fleet  there. 
The  siege  of  Yorktown  commenced  on  the  twenty  eighth  of  Sep- 
tember,  and  on  the  nineteenth  of  October  he  reduced  Comwallis  to 
the  necesuty  of  surrendering  with  upwards  of  seven  thousand  men 
to  the  combined  armies  of  America  and  France.  The  day  after  the 
capitulation  he  ordered,  that  those,  who  were  under  arrest,  should 
be  pardoned,  and  that  divine  service  in  acknowledgment  of  the  in- 
terposition of  Providence  should  be  performed  in  all  the  brigades 
and  'divisions.  This  event  filled  America  with  joy  and  was  the 
means  of  terminating  the  war. 

Few  events  of  importance  took  place  in  1782.    In  March  178S 
he  exhibited  his  characteristic  firmness  and  decision  in  opposing  an 
attempt  to  produce  a  mutiny  by  anonymous  letters.    His  address  to 
his  officers  on  the  occasion  displays  in  a  remarkable  degree  his  pru- 
dence and  the  correctness  of  his  judgment.     When  he  began  to 
read  it  he  found  himself  in  some  degree  embarrassed  by  the  im- 
perfection of  his  sight.    Taking  out  his  spectacles  he  said,  *'  these 
eyes,  my  friends,  have  grown  dim,  and  these  locks  white  in  the  ser- 
vice of  my  country  ;  yet  I  have  never  doubted  her  justice."  He  only 
could  have  repressed  the  spirit,  which  was  breaking  forth.  On  the 
nineteenth  of  April  a  cessation  of  hostilities  was  proclaimed  in  the  A- 
roerican  camp.  In  June  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the  governors  of  the 
several  states,  congratulating  them  on  the  result  of  the  contest  in  the 
establishment  of  independence,  and  recommending  an  indissoluble 
union  of  the  states  under  one  federal  head,  a  sacred  regard  to  public 
justice,  the  adoption  of  a  proper  peace  establishment,  and  the  prev- 
alence of  a  friendly  disposition  among  the  people  of  the  several 
states.     It  was  with  keen  distress,  as  well  as  with  pride  and  admi- 
ration, that  he  saw  his  brave  and  veteran  soldiers,  who  had  suffered 
so  much,  and  who  had  borne  the  heat  and  burden  of  the  war,  re- 
turning peaceably  to  their  homes  without  a  settlement  of  their  ac- 
counts, or  a  farthing  of  money  in  their  pockets.      On  the  twenty 
filth  of  November  New  York  was  evacuated,  and  he  entered  it  ac- 
companied by  governor  Clinton  and  many  respectable  cidzens.  On 
the  fourth  of  December  he  took  his  farewell  of  his  brave  comrades 
in  arms.      At  noon  the  principal  officers  of  the  army  assembled  at 
Frances*  tavern,  and  their  beloved  commander  soon  entered  the 
room.      His  emotions  were  too  strong  to  be  concealed.      Filling  a 
glass  with  wine,  he  turned  to  them  r.nd  said,  "  Aviih  ti  licait  full  of 


f 


'  "\ 


*    i   i 


[\U: 


,1    .1 


f  \i 


(  ', 


I::! 


i. 


584 


WAS. 


love  and  gratitude^  I  mow  take  leave  of  ywk ;  I  most  devoutly  irishy 
that  your  latter  days  may  be  as  prosperons  and  happy,  as  your  Ibr- 
ner  ones  have  been  glorious  and  honorable."  Having  dmnfc,  he 
lidded, "  I  caoBotoome  to  each  of  you  to  take  my  leave,  but  shall  be 
obliged  to  you,  if  each  of  you  will  come  and  take  me  by  the  hand."  . 
General  Unox,  being  nearest,  turned  toUm.  IrcapaUe  of  utter- 
ance, general  Washington  gra^d  bis  hand,  and  embraced  him.  In 
the  aame  affectionate  manner  he  toolk  his  leave  of  each  succeeding 
ofl&cer.  In  eveiy  eye  was  the  tear  of  dignified  sensibility,  and  not  a 
word  was  articulated  to  interrupt  the  siknce  and  the  tenderness  of 
the  aceae.  Ye  men,  who  delight  in  blood,  slaves  of  ambition  i 
When  your  work  of  carnage  was  finished,  could  ye  thus  part  with 
your  companions  in  crime  ?  Leaving  the  room,  general  Washing- 
ton passed  through  the  corps  of  light  infantry,  and  walked  to  White 
hall,  where  a  barge  waited  to  carry  him  to  Powles'  hook.  The 
whole  company  followed  in  mute  procession  with  dejected  counte^ 
nances.  When  he  entered  the  barge,  he  turned  to  them,  and 
waving  his  hat  bade  them  a  silent  adieu,  receiving  from  them  the 
aame  last,  affectionate  compliment.  On  the  twenty  third  of  De- 
cember he  resigned  his  commission  to  congress,  then  assembled  at  . 
Anni^lis.  He  delivered  a  short  address  im  the  occasion,  in  which  he 
said,  **  I  consider  it  an  indispensable  duty  to  close  this  last  solemn  act 
of  my  official  life  by  commending  the  interests  of  our  dearest  country 
to  the  protection  of  Almighty  God,  and  those,  who  have  the  superin- 
tendence of  them,  to  his  holy  keeping.*'  He  then  retired  to  Mount 
Vernon  to  enjoy  again  the  pleasures  of  domestic  life.  Here  the 
expressions  of  the  gratitude  of  his  countrymen  in  affectionate  ad- 
dresses poured  in  upon  him,  and  he  received  every  testimon  y  of 
respect  and  veneration. 

In  his  retirement  however  he  could  not  overiook  the  public  inter- 
ests. He  was  desirous  of  opening  by  water  carriage  a  communica- 
tion between  the  Atlantic  and  the  western  portions  of  our  country  in 
order  to  prevent  the  diversion  of  trade  down  the  Mississippi,  and  to 
Canada,  from  which  he  predicted  consequences  injurious  to  the 
union.  Through  his  influence  two  companies  were  formed  for  pro- 
moting inland  navigation.  The  legislature  of  Virginia  presented 
him  with  three  hundred  shares  in  them,  which  he  appropriated  to 
public  uses.  In  the  year  1786  he  was  convinced,  with  other  states- 
men, of  the  necessity  of  substituting  a  more  vigorous  general  gov- 
ernment in  the  place  of  the  impotent  articles  of  confederation.  Still 
Jic  was  aware  of  the  danger  of  running  from  one  extreme  to  another. 
He  exclaims  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Jay,  "  what  astonishing  changes  a 
few  years  are  capable  of  producing  !  I  am  told,  that  even  respect- 
able characters  speak  of  a  monarchical  form  of  government  without 
horror.  From  thinking  proceeds  speaking ;  thence  to  acting  is  of- 
ten but  a  single  step.  But  how  irrevocable,  and  tremendous  I 
What  a  triumph  for  our  enemies  to  verify  their  predictions  I   What 


WAS. 


585 


a  triumph  for  the  advocates  of  despotism  to  find,  that  wc  are  inca- 
pable of  governing  ourselves,  and  that  systems,  founded  on  the  ba- 
sis of  equal  liberty,  are  merely  ideal  and  fallacious  !"  In  the  follow- 
ing year  he  was  persuaded  to  take  a  seat  in  the  convention,  which 
formed  the  present  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  he  pre- 
sided in  that  body.  •  In  1 789  he  was  unanimously  elected  the  first 
president  of  the  United  States.  It  was  with  great  reluctance,  that 
he  accepted  this  office.  His  feelings,  as  he  said  himself,  were  like 
those  of  a  culprit,  going  to  the  place  of  execution.  But  the  voice  of 
a  whole  continent,  the  pressing  recommendation  of  his  particular 
friends,  and  the  apprehension,  that  he  should  otherwise  be  consider- 
ed as  unwilling  to  hazard  his  reputation  in  executing  a  system, 
which  he  had  assisted  in  forming,  determined  him  to  accept  the 
appointment.  In  April  he  left  Mount  Vernon  to  proceed  to  New 
York,  and  to  enter  on  the  duties  of  his  high  office.  He  every  where 
received  testimonies  of  respect  and  love.  At  Trenton  the  gentler 
sex  rewarded  him  for  his  successful  enterprise  and  the  protection, 
which  he  afforded  them  twelve  years  before.  On  the  bridge  over 
the  creek,  which  passes  through  the  town,  was  erected  a  triumphal 
arch,  ornamented  with  laurels  and  flowers,  and  supported  by  thir- 
teen pillars,  each  encircled  with  wreaths  of  evergreen.  On  the 
iiront  of  the  arch  was  inscribed  in  large,  gilt  letters 

THE  DEFENDER  OF  THE  MOTHERS      "^ 

WILL  BE  THE 
PROTECTOR  OF  THE  DAUGHTERS. 
At  this  place  he  was  met  by  a  party  of  matrons,  leading  their  daugh- 
ters, who  were  dressed  in  white,  and  who  with  baskets  of  flowers  in 
their  hands  sung  with  exquisite  sweetness  the  following  ode,  writ- 
ten for  the  occasion. 

Welcome,  mighty  chief,  once  more 
^  "  '  '     Welcome  to  this  grateful  shore  ; 

Now  no  mercenary  foe 

Aims  again  the  fatal  blow,  .    *  , 

,.  J ''         Aims  at  thee  the  fatal  blow. 

•  i.o     '  iv   Virgins  fair  and  matrons  grave, 

Those  thy  conquering  arms  did  save, 
Build  for  thee  triumphal  bowers  ; 
"i  '  ^         Strew,  ye  fair,  his  way  with  flowers, 
Strew  your  hero's  way  with  flowers. 

At  the  last  line  the  flowers  were  strewed  before  him.  After  re- 
ceiving such  proofs  of  affectionate  attachment  he  arrived  at  New 
York,  and  was  inaugurated  first  president  of  the  United  States  on 
the  thirtieth  of  April.  In  making  the  necessary  arrangements  of 
his  household  he  publicly  announced,  that  neither  visits  of  business 
norof  ceremony  would  be  expected  on  Sunday,  as  he  wished  to  reserve 
that  day  sacredly  tp  himself.    At  the  close  of  his  first  term  of  four 

75 


%\ 


ilis  " 


586 


WAS. 


'  !  f 


II 


,    (• 


i 


years  be  prepared  a  valedictory  address  to  the  Amerlcaa  people) 
anxious  to  return  again  to  the  scenes  of  domestic  life  ;  but  the 
earnest  entreaties  of  his  friends  and  the  pecuhar  situation  of  his 
country  induced  him  to  be  a  candidate  for  a  second  election.  Dur- 
ing his  administration  of  eight  years  the  labor  of  establishing  the 
different  departments  of  a  new  government  was  accomplished  ; 
and  he  exhibited  the  greatest  firmness,  wisdom,  and  independence. 
He  was  an  American,  and  he  chose  not  to  involve  his  country  in 
the  contests  of  Europe.  He  accordingly  with  the  unanimous  ad- 
vice of  his  cabinet^  consisting  of  Messrs.  Jefferson,  Hamilton* 
Knox,  and  Randolph,  issued  a  proclamation  of  neutrality  April  22, 
1793,  a  few  days  after  he  heard  of  the  commencement  of  the  war 
1)ctween  England  and  France.  This  measure  contributed  in  a  great 
degree  to  the  prosperity— of  America.  Its  adoption  was  the  more 
honorable  to  the  president,  as  the  general  sympathy  was  in  favor  of 
the  sister  republic,  against  whom  it  was  said  Great  Britain  had  com- 
menced the  ^var  for  the  sole  put-pose  of  imposing  upon  her  a  mo- 
luirchical  form  of  government.  He  preferred  the  peace  and  welfare  of 
his  country  to  the  breath  of  popular  applause.  Another  act,  in  which 
he  proved  himself  to  be  less  regardful  of  the  public  partialities  and 
prejudices,  than  of  what  he  conceived  to  be  the  public  good,  was  the 
ratification  of  the  British  treaty.  The  English  government  had 
neglected  to  surrender  tlie  western  postS)  and  by  commercial  re- 
strictions and  in  other  ways  had  evinced  a  hostile  spirit  towards  this 
country.  To  avert  the  calamhy  of  another  war  Mr.  Jay  was  nom- 
inated as  envoy  extraordinary  in  April  1794.  In  June  1795  the 
treaty,  which  Mr.  Jay  had  made,  was  submitted  to  the  senate,  and 
was  ratified  by  that  body  on  the  condition,  that  one  article  should  be 
altered.  While  the  president  was  deliberating  upon  it,  an  incor- 
rect copy  of  the  instrument  was  made  public  by  a  senator,  and  the 
whole  country  was  thrown  into  a  state  of  extreme  irritation.  At 
this  period,  he  in  August  conditionally  ratified  it,  and  in  February 
1795,  when  It  was  returned  from  his  Britannic  majesty  with  the 
proposed  alteration,  he  declared  it  to  be  the  law  of  the  land.  After 
this  transaction  the  house  of  representatives  requested  him  to  lay 
before  them  the  papers  relating  to  the  treaty,  but  he  with  great  in- 
dependence refused  to  comply  with  their  request,  as  they  could 
have  no  claim  to  an  inspection  of  thcni  except  upon  a  vote  of  im- 
peachment, and  as  a  compliance  would  establish  a  dangerous  prec- 
edent. He  had  before  this  shown  a  disposition  to  maintain  the 
authority,  vested  in  his  ofHce,  by  declining  to  affix  his  signature  to  a 
bill,  which  hdti  passed  both  houses. 

As  the  period  for  a  new  election  of  a  president  of  the  United  States 
approached,  and  after  plain  indications  that  the  public  voice  would 
be  in  his  favor,  and  when  he  probably  would  be  chosen  for  the  third 
time  unanimously,  he  determined  irrevocably  to  withdraw  to  the 
3l\ades  of  private  life.      He  iHiblished  in  September  1796  his  fare* 


WAS. 


58: 


well  address  to  the  people  of  the  United  States,  which  ought  to  be 
engraven  upon  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen.     In  the  most  curncst 
and  affectionate  manner  he  called  upon  them  to  cherish  an  immove- 
able attachment  to  the  national  union,  to  wutch  for  its  preservation 
with  jealous  anxiety,  to  discountenance  even  the  suggestion,  that  it 
could  in  any  event  be  abandoned,  and  indij^nantly  to  frown  upon  the 
first  dawning  of  every  attempt  to  alienate  any  portion  oi  our  coun- 
try from  the  rest.      Overgrown  military  establishments  he  repre- 
sented as  particularly  hostile  to  republican  liberty.      While  he  rec- 
ommended the  most  implicit  obedience  to  the  acts  of  the  establish- 
ed government,  and  reprobated  all  obstructiuns  to  the  execution  of 
the  laws,  all  combinations  and  associations,  under  whatever  plausi-  * 
ble  character,  with  the  real  design  to  direct,  control,  counteract,  or 
awe  tlie  regular  deliberation  and  action  of  the  constituted  authori- 
ties ;  he  wished  also  to  guard  against  the  spirit  of  innovation  upon 
the  principles  of  the  constitution.     Aware  that  the  energy  of  the 
system  might  be  enfeebled  by  alterations,  he  thought  that  no  change 
should  be  made  without  an  evident  necessity,  and  that  in  so  exten- 
sive a  country  as  much  vigor  as  is  consistent  with  liberty  is  indis- 
pensable.     On  the  other  hand  he  pointed  out  the  danger  of  a  real 
despotism  by  breaking  down  the  partitions  between  the  several  de- 
partments of  government^  by  destroying  the  reciprocal  checks,  and 
consolidating  the  different  powers.      Against  the  spirit  of  p»rty,  so 
peculiarly  baneful  in  an  elective  government,  he  uttered  his  most 
solemn  remonstrances,  as  well  as  against  inveterate  antipatlues  or 
passionate  attachments  in  respect  to  foreign  nations.      While  he 
thought  that  the  jealousy  of  a  free  people  ought  to  be  constantly  and 
impartially  awake  against  the  insidious  wiles  of  foreign  influence,  he 
wished  that  good  faith  and  justice  should  be  observed  towards  all 
nations,  and  peace  and  harmony  cultivated.     In  his  opinion,  honesty 
no  less  in  public  than  in  private  affaii-s  is  always  the  best  policy. 
Providence,  he  believed,  had  connected  the  permanent  felicity  of  a 
nation  with  its  virtue.      Other  subjects,  to  which  he  allufled,  were 
the  importance  of  credit,  of  economy,  of  a  reduction  of  the  public 
debt,  and  of  literary  institutions  ;  above  all  he  recommended  religion 
and  morality  as  indispensably  necessary  to  political  prospeiity.  "  In 
vain,"  says  he, "  would  that  man  claim  the  tribute  of  patriotism, 
who  should  labor  to  subvert  these  great  pillars  of  human  happiness, 
these  firmest  props  of  the  duties  of  men  and  citizens^"      Bequeath- 
ing these  counsels  to  bis  countrymen  he  contmued  in  office  till  tho 
fourth  of  March  1797,  when  he  attended  the  inauguration  of  his 
successor,  Mr.  Adams,  and  with  complacency  saw  Irim  invested 
with  the  powers,  which  had  for  so  long  a  lime  be^n  exercised  by 
himself.     He  then  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  giving  to  the  world  an 
example,  most  humiliating  to  its  emperors  and  kings ;  the  example 
of  a  maji,  voluntarily  disrobing  himself  of  the  highest  authority,  and 
returning  to  private  life  with  a  character,  having  upon  it  no  stain  of 


; 


h 


w 


I   r^ 


i 


111 


IW 


^1 


M 


\ 

■I 


u 


'   ' !  ■: 


Ml  ..: 


I 


588 


WAS. 


\ 


ambition,  of  covetour<ncss,  of  profusion)  of  luxury,  of  oppression,  of 
of  injustice. 

It  was  now,  that  the  soldier,  the  statesnnan,  and  the  patriot  hoped 
to  repose  himself  after  the  toils  of  so  many  years.  But  he  had  not 
been  long  in  retirement  before  the  outrages  of  republican  France 
induced  our  government  to  raise  an  army,  of  which  in  July  1798 
he  was  appointed  commander  in  chief.  Though  he  accepted  the 
appointment,  his  services  were  not  demanded,  and  he  himself  did 
not  believe,  that  an  invasion  would  take  place.  Pacific  overtures 
"Were  soon  made  by  the  French  directory,  but  he  did  not  live  to  see 
the  restoration  of  peace.  On  Friday,  December  13,  1799,  while 
attending  to  some  improvements  upon  his  estate,  he  was  exposed 
to  d  light  rain,  which  wetted  his  neck  and  hair.  Unapprehensive 
of  danger  he  passed  the  afternoon  in  his  usual  manner  ;  but  at 
night  he  was  seized  with  an  inflammatory  affection  of  the  windpipe. 
The  disease  commenced  M'ith  a  violent  ague,  accompanied  with 
6ome  pain  and  a  sense  of  stricture  in  the  throat,  a  cough,  and  a  dif- 
ficult deglutition,  which  were  soon  succeeded  by  fever  and  a  quick 
and  laborious  respiration.  About  twelve  or  fourteen  ounces  of  blood 
were  taken  from  him.  In  the  morning  his  family  physician,  doctor 
Craik,  was  sent  for  ;  but  the  utmost  exertions  of  medical  skill  were 
applied  in  vain.  The  appointed  time  of  his  death  was  near.  Be- 
lieving from  the  commencement  of  his  complaint,  that  it  would  be 
mortal,  a  few  hours  before  his  departure,  after  repeated  efforts  to  be 
understood,  he  succeeded  in  expressing  a  desire,  that  he  might  be 
permitted  to  die  without  being  disquieted  by  unavailing  attempts  to 
rescue  him  from  his  fate.  After  it  became  impossible  to  get  any 
thing  down  his  throat,  he  undressed  himself  and  went  to  bed,  there 
to  die.  To  his  friend  and  physician,  who  sat  on  his  bed,  and  took 
his  head  in  his  lap,  he  said  with  difficulty,  "  doctor,  I  am  dying,  and 
have  been  dying  for  a  longtime ;  but  I  am  not  afraid  to  die."  Res- 
piration became  more  and  more  contracted  and  imperfect  until  half 
past  eleven  on  Saturday  night,  when,  retaining  the  full  possession  of 
his  intellect,  he  expired  without  a  struggle.  Thus  on  the  fourteenth 
of  December  1799,  in  the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age,  died  the 
father  of  his  country,^'  the  man,  first  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first 
in  the  hearts  of  his  fellow  citizens."  This  event  spread  a  gloom 
over  the  country,  an4.the  tears  of  America  proclaimed  the  services 
and  virtues  of  the  hero  and  sage,  and  exhibited  a  people  not  insensi- 
ble to  his  worth.  The  senate  of  the  United  Spates  in  an  address  to 
the  president  on  this  melancholy  occasion  indulged  their  patriotic 
pride,  while  they  did  not  transgress  the  bounds  of  truth  in  speaking 
of  their  WASHINGTON.  «  Ancient  and  modern  names,"  said 
they, "  are  diminished  before  him.  Greatness  and  guilt  have  too 
often  been  allied  ;  but  his  fame  is  whiter  than  it  is  brilliant.  '  The 
destroyers  of  nations  stood  abashed  at  the  majesty  of  his  virtues. 
Jt  reproved  the  intemperance  of  their  ambition,  and  darkened  th$ 


Y)  of  opprcBsloD)  or 


WAS. 


589 


splendor  of  victory.  The  scene  is  closed,  and  we  are  no  longer 
anxious  lest  misfortune  should  sully  his  glory  ;  he  has  travelled  on 
to  the  end  of  his  journey)  and  carried  with  him  an  increasing  ^ht 
of  honor ;  he  has  deposited  it  safely  where  misfortune  cannot  tar* 
nish  it)  where  malice  cannot  blast  it." 

General  Washington  was  rather  above  the  common  stature  ;  his 
frame  was  robust)  and  his  constitution  vigorous.    His  exterior  cre- 
ated in  the  beholder  the  idea  of  strength  united  with  manly  grace- 
fulness.    His  eyes  were  of  a  gray  color,  and  his  complexion  light. 
His  manners  were  rather  reserved  than  free.     His  person  and  whole 
deportment  exhibited  an  unaffected  and  indescribable  dignity,  un- 
mingled  with  haughtiness)  of  which  all,  who  approached  him)  were 
sensible.    The  attachment  of  thosO)  who  possessed  his  friendship} 
was  ardent  but  always  respectful.    His  temper  was  humanC)  benev- 
olent) and  conciliatory  ;  but  there  was  a  quickness  in  his  sensibility 
to  any  thing  apparently  offensive)  which  experience  had  taught  Itim 
to  watch  and  correct.      He  made  no  pretensions  to  vivacity  or  wit. 
Judgment  rather  than  genius  constituted  the  most  prominent  feature 
of  his  character.      As  a  military  man  he  was  brave)  enterprising, 
and  cautious.     At  the  head  of  a  multitude)  whom  it  was  sometimes 
impossible  to  reduce  to  proper  discipline  before  the  expiration  of 
their  time  of  service)  and  having  to  struggle  almost  continually  with 
the  want  of  supplies)  he  yet  was  able  to  contend  with  an  adversary 
superior  in  numbers,  well  disciplined)  and  completely  equipped,  and 
was  the  means  of  saving  his  country.    The  measure  of  his  caution 
has  by  some  been  represented  as  too  abundant ;  but  he  sometimes 
formed  a  plaU)  which  his  brave  officers  thought  was  too  adventurous, 
and  sometimes  contrary  to  their  advice  he  engaged  in  battle.      If 
his  name  is  not  rendered  illustrious  by  splendid  achievements)  it  is 
not  to  be  attributed  to  the  want  of  military  enterprise.    He  conduct- 
ed the  war  with  that  consummate  prudence  and  wisdom)  which  the 
situation  of  his  country  and  the  state  of  his  army  demanded.      He 
also  possessed  a  firmness  of  resolution,  which  neither  dangers  nor 
difficulties  could  shake.      In  his  civil  administration  he  exhibited 
repeated  proofs  of  that  practical  good  sense,  of  that  sound  judgment, 
which  is  the  most  valuable  quality  of  the  human  mind.     More  than 
once  he  put  his  whole  popularity  to  hazard  in  pursuing  measures, 
which  were  dictated  by  a  sense  of  duty,  and  which  he  thought  would 
promote  the  welfare  of  his  country.      In  speculation  he  was  a  real 
republican,  sincerely  attached  to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  that  system  of  equal,  political  rights,  on  which  it  is  founded. 
Real  liberty,  bethought,  was  to  be  preserved  only  by  preserving  the 
authority  of  the  laws,  and  maintaining  the  energy  of  government. 
Of  incorruptible  integrity,  his  ends  were  always  upright,  and  the 
means,  which  he  employed,  were  alwayspure.    He  was  a  politician, 
to  whom  wiles  were  absolutely  unknown.      When  any  measure  of 
importance  was  proposed,  he  sought  information  and  was  ready  to 


\'f> 


h 


i*  h! 


=:,! 


ii 


^1 


i; 


n 


590 


WAS, 


;  .. 


hi 


iMaiv  without  prejudice,  whatever  could  be  said  iii  relation  (o  Ox, 
subject ;  he  suspended  his  judgment  till  it  was  necessary  to  decide ; 
ibiit  ufter  his  decision  had  been  thus  deliberately  oiitde,  it  was  seldom 
shaken,  and  he  was  as  active  and  persevering  in  executing,  as  he 
had  been  cool  in  forming  it.  He  possessed  an  innate  and  unassum- 
ing modesty,  which  adulation  would  have  offended,  which  the  plau- 
dits of  milUons  could  not  betray  into  indiscretion,  and  which  was 
blended  with  a  high  sense  of  personal  dignity,  and  a  just  conscious- 
nessof  the  respect,  which  is  due  to  station. 

With  regard  to  the  religious  character  of  general  Washington 
there  have  been  different  opinions.  In  the  extracts  from  some  of 
his  private  letters,  which  have  been  published  by  the  historian  of  his 
life,  the  name  of  the  Supreme  Bemg  Is  once  or  twice  introduced  in 
a  manner,  which  in  common  conversation  is  deemed  irreverent.  It 
is  also  understood,  that  in  a  few  instances  during  the  war,  particular- 
ly when  he  met  general  Lee  retreadng  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth, 
his  language  was  unguarded  in  this  respect  It  may  not  be  impos- 
sible, that  a  good  man  in  a  moment  of  extreme  irritation  should  ut- 
ter a  profane  expression ;  but  perhaps  it  is  less  possible)  that  such  a 
man,  wiien  his  passion  has  passed  away,  and  his  sober  recollections 
have  returned,  should  not  repent  bitterly  of  his  irrev&rence  to  the 
name  of  God.  On  the  other  hand,  general  Washingicon,  y/hep  at 
the  head  of  the  army,  issued  public  orders,  calling  upon  his  officers 
to  discountenance  the  habit  of  profanity  ;  he  speaks  in  his  writings 
of"  the  pure  and  benign  light  of  revelation,"  and  of  the  necessity  of 
imitating  '*  the  charity,  humility,  and  pacific  temper  of  mind,  which 
were  the  characteristics  of  the  Divine  Author  of  our  blessed  relig- 
ion ;'*  he  gratefully  acknowledged  the  int<  i  ^iosions  of  Providence  in 
favor  of  this  country ;  his  life  was  upright  and  virtuous;  he  princi- 
|>ally  supported  an  episcopal  church  in  the  neighborhood  of  Mount 
Vernon,  where  he  constantly  attended  public  worsliip ;  during  the 
war  he  not  unfrequently  rode  ten  or  twelve  miles  from  camp  foi- 
the  benefit  of  the  institutions  of  religion  ;  and  it  is  believed,  that  he 
every  day  had  his  hour  of  retirement  from  the  world  for  the  pur- 
2>ose  of  private  devotion. 

General  Wasfiington  was  blessed  with  abundant  wealth,  and  he 
was  not  ignorant  of  the  pleasure  of  employing  it  for  generous  pur- 
poses. His  style  of  living  was  dignified,  though  he  maintained 
the  strictest  economy.  While  he  was  in  ths  army  he  wrote  to  the 
superintendent  of  his  estate  in  the  following  terms.  "  Let  the  hos- 
pitality ot  the  house  be  kept  up  with  regard  to  the  poor.  Let  no 
one  go  hungry  away.  If  any  of  this  sort  of  people  should  be  in 
want  of  corn^  supply  their  necessities,  provided  it  does  not  encour- 
age them  in  idleness.  I  have  no  objection  to  your  giving  my  money 
in  charity,  when  you  think  it  will  be  well  bestowed ;  I  mean,  that  it 
is  my  desire,  that  it  should  be  done.  You  are  to  consider,  that  nei< 
ther  myself  nor  my  wife  are  in  the  way  to  do  these  good  offices." 


ddiii  relation  (o  Ukt 
DeceKsary  to  decide ; 
made,  it  ww  seldom 
in  executing,  as  he 
inDate  and  unassum- 
ded,  which  the  plau- 
5tion,  and  which  wa» 
and  a  just  conscious« 

general  Washington 
Uracttt  from  some  of 
i>y  the  historian  of  his 
>r  twice  introduced  in 
Denied  irreverent.    It 
»g  the  war,  particular- 
battle  of  Monmouth, 
It  may  not  be  impos- 
e  irritation  should  ut- 
is  possible,  that  such  a 
us  sober  v«coUections 
his  irreverence  to  the 
Washington,  wheti  at 
kllingupon  his  officers 
speaks  in  hia  writings 
and  of  the  necessity  of 
temper  of  mind,  which 
,r  of  our  blessed  relig- 
)sions  of  Providence  in 
d"irtuoua;  he  princi- 
eighborhood  of  Mount 
ic  worsliip ;  during  the 
1  miles  from  camp  fof 
d  it  is  believed,  that  he 
the  world  for  the  pur- 

undant  wealth,  and  he 
)g  it  for  generous  pur- 
though  he  msdntained 
3  army  he  wrote  to  the 
terms.  "  Let  the  hos- 
I  to  the  poor.  Let  no 
of  people  should  be  in 
ed  it  does  not  encoui- 
your  giving  my  money 
towed;  I  mean,  that  it 
re  to  consider,  that  nci- 
do  these  good  offices." 


WAS. 


bH 


Thns  was  he  btneflcent,  while  at  the  same  time  he  rwitiirctJ  an  ex- 
act compliance  with  engagements.     A  pleasing  proof  of  the  gener* 
ous  spirit,  which  governed  him,  is  exhibited  in  his  conduct  towards 
the  son  of  his  friend,  the  marquis  de  La  Fayette.      The  marquis* 
after  fighting  in  this  country  for  American  liberty,  hud  returned  to 
France ;  but  in  the  convwlHions  of  the  French  revolution  he  was  ex- 
ited and  imprisoned  in  Germany.      General  Washington  gave  ev- 
idence of  sincere  attachment  to  the  unhappy  nobleman  not  only  bj 
exerting  all  his  infiuence  to  procure  his  release  from  confinement* 
but  by  extending  his  patronage  to  his  son,  who  made  his  escape  from 
France,  and  arrived  with  his  tutor  at  Boston  in  1795.     As  soon  as 
he  was  informed  of  his  arrival,  he  wrote  to  a  friend,  requesting  him 
to  visit  the  young  gentleman  and  make  him  acquainted  with  the  re- 
lations between  this  country  and  France,  which  would  prevent  the 
president  of  the  United  States  from  publicly  espousing  his  interestf 
^ut  to  assure  him  of  his  protection  and  support.     He  also  directed 
this  friend  to  draw  upon  him  for  monies  to  defray  all  the  expenses 
which  young  La  Fayette  might  incur.    Towards  his  slaves  general 
Washington  manifested  the  greatest  care  and  kindness.     Their 
servitude  lay  with  weight  upon  his  mrnd,  and  he  directed  in  his  will). 
that  they  should  be  emancipated  on  the  decease  of  his  wife.    There 
were  insuper.able  difficulties  in  the  way  of  their  receiving  freedom 
previously  to  this  event.      On  the  death  of  Mrs.  Washington  May 
32,  1 803,  the  estate  of  general  Washington,  as  he  had  no  children* 
was  divided  according  to  his  will  among  his  and  her  relations.     It 
amounted  by  his  own  esthnate  to  more  than  five  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

The  pul)lic  addresses  and  other  productions  of  general  Washing- 
ton's pen  are  written  in  a  style  of  dignified  simplicity.  Some  have 
seen  so  much  excellence  in  his  writings,  that  they  have  been  readj- 
to  transfer  the  honor  to  his  secretaries  ;  but  nothing  has  appeared 
under  his  name,  to  which  his  own  powers  were  inadequate.  A 
volume  of  epistles,  confidential  and  domestic,  attributed  to  him» 
was  published  in  1777,  and  republished  about  the  year  1796.  Of 
these  general  Washington,  in  a  letter  to  the  secretary  of  state  in 
1797,  declared  the  following  to  be  forgeries;  a  letter  to  Lund 
Washington,  dated  June  13,  1776;  a  letter  to  John  Parke  Custis, 
dated  June  18,  1776;  letters  to  Lund  Washington,  dated  July  8r 
July  16,  July  15,  and  July  92,  1776 ;  and  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Washing- 
ton, dated  June  34,  1776.  His  official  letters  to  the  American  con- 
gress, written  during  the  war,  were  published  in  two  volumes  Svot 
1795.  Since  his  death  his  letters  to  Arthur  Young  and  sir  John 
Sinclair  on  agriculture  and  the  rural  economy  of  the  United  States 
have  been  published. — MarshaWs  life  of  Washington  ;  Hia  Hfe  htf 
Ramaayyand  Bancrojt ;  Gordon*a  history  of  the  revolution;  Hardit^s 
biog^dict.  i  Dimght^s  and  Tafifxari's  diacojirsea  on  his  death. 


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WAYNE  (Amthoxt),  major  general  in  the  army  of  the  United 
Stutcd,  wat  born  in  ClieHtcr  count/}  Fenntylvania,  in  1743.    In  1773 
he  wat  appointed  a  representative  to  the  general  ataembljr,  where  in 
conjunction  with  John  Dicldnaon,  Thomas  Mifflin,  Charles  Thom- 
son, and  other  gentlemen  he  took  an  active  part  in  opposition  to  the 
claims  of  Great  Britain.      In  1775  he  quitted  the  councils  of  hit 
country  for  the  field.    He  entered  the  army  as  a  colonel,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  year  accompanied  general  Thomson  to  Canada.     When 
this  officer  was  defeated  in  his  enterprise  against  the  Thiee  Rivers 
in  June  1776,  and  taken  prisoner,  he  himself  received  a  flesh  wound 
in  the  leg.     His  exertions  were  useful  in  the  retreat.     In  the  same 
year  he  served  at  Ticonderoga  under  general  Gates,  by  whom  he 
was  esteemed  both  for  his  courage  and  military  talents,  and  for  his 
knowledge  as  an  engineer.      At  the  close  of  the  campaign  he  was 
made  a  brigadier  general.    In  the  campaign  of  1777  in  the  middle 
states  he  took  a  very  active  part.      In  the  battle  of  Brandy  wine  he 
distinguished  himself,  though  he  was  in  a  few  days  afterward  sur- 
pribcd  and  defeated  by  major  general  Grey.    He  fought  also  in  the 
battle  of  Germantown,  as  well  as  in  the  battle  of  Monmouth  in  June 
1778.     In  his  most  daring  and  successful  assault  upon  Stony  Point 
in  July  1779,  while  he  was  rushing  forward  with  his  men  under  a  tre- 
mendous fire  of  musketry  and  grape  shot,  determined  to  carry  the 
works  ut  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  he  was  struck  by  a  musket  ball 
upon  his  head.    He  was  for  a  moment  stunned  ;  but  as  soon  as  he 
was  able  to  rise  so  as  to  rest  on  one  knee,  believing  that  his  wound 
was  mortal,  he  cried  to  one  of  his  aids,  "  carry  me  forward,  and  let 
me  die  in  the  fort.*'      When  he  entered*  it  he  gave  orders  to  stop 
the  effusion  of  blood.      In  1781  he  was  ordered  to  march  with  the 
Pennsylvania  line  from  the  northward,  and  form  a  junction  with  La 
Fayette  in  Virginia.    On  the  sixth  of  July,  after  receiving  informa- 
tion, that  the  main  body  of  the  enemy  under  Comwallis  had  crossed 
James'  river,  he  pressed  forward  at  the  head  of  eight  hundred  men 
to  attack  the  rear  guard.     But  to  his  utter  astonishment,  when  he 
reached  the  place,  he  found  the  whole  British  army,  consisting  of 
four  thousand  men,  drawn  up  ready  to  receive  him.     At  this  mo- 
ment he  conceived  of  but  one  way  to  escape.     He  rushed  towards 
the  enemy  till  he  came  within  twenty  five  yards,  when  he  com- 
menced a  gallant  attack,  which  he  supported  for  a  few  minutes,  and 
then  retreated  with  the  utmost  expedition.      The  British  general 
was  confounded  by  this  movement,  and  apprehensive  of  an  ambus- 
cade from  La  Fayette  would  not  allow  of  a  pursuit.    After  the  cap- 
ture of  Comwallis,  he  was  sent  to  conduct  the  war  in  Georgia,  where 
with  equal  success  he  contended  with  British  soldiers,  Indian  sav- 
ages, and  American  traitors.     As  a  reward  for  his  services  the  leg- 
islature of  Georgia  presented  him  with  a  valuable  farm.      At  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  he  retired  to  private  life.      In  1787  he  was  a 
member  Qf  ^he  Pennsylvania  convention,  which  radfled  the  consti- 


WEA. 


593 


tution  of  the  United  States.  In  179S  he  succeeded  St.  Clair  in  the 
command  of  the  army  to  be  employed  against  the  Indians.  In  th« 
battle  of  the  Miamis  August  30,  1794  he  gained  a  complete  victory 
over  the  enemy  ;  and  afterwards  desolated  their  country.  On  the 
third  of  August  1795  he  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  hostile  Indiunn 
northwest  of  the  Ohio.  While  in  the  service  of  his  country  he 
died  in  a  hut  at  Prcsque  Isle,  aged  about  Bfty  one  years,  and  was 
buried  on  the  shore  of  lake  Erie. — Afonthty  mag.  for  1797,  73,  73 ; 
Polyanthoa^  iU3  17  ;  Emerald^  ii.  87-^89  ;  Hardie ;  Marthally  iii. 
lAl ;  iv.  75^43  ;  V.  375,  461,  567,  570^574,  639  ;  Gordon^  iil. 
368;  iv.  117,  300. 

WEARE  (MEsiiBCH),\>residentof  the  state  of  New  Hampshire^ 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1735.  Having  been  for  some 
time  in  the  legislature,  he  was  in  1754  appointed  a  commissioner 
to  the  congress  at  Albany,  afterwards  one  of  the  justices  of  the  su- 
perior court,  and  in  1777  chief  justice.  When  this  country  was 
declared  independent  of  great  Britain  in  1776,  the  people  of  Ne^ 
Hampshire  established  a  frame  of  government^  and  he  was 
chosen  the  president.  Such  was  the  imperfection  of  this  svstem) 
and  such  also  was  the  confidence  reposed  in  him,  that  he  was  mvest- 
ed  at  the  same  time  with  the  highest  offices^  legislative,  judicial, 
and  exccutiVe,in  which  he  wias  continued  by  annual  elections  during 
the  whole  war.  When  a  new  constitution  was  adopted  in  1784,  he 
was  again  elected  president ;  but  he  resigned  before  the  close  of  the 
year.  He  died,  worn  out  with  public  services,  January  15,  1786,  in 
the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age.  He  was  not  a  person  of  an  orig- 
inal and  inventive  genius ;  but  he  had  extensive  knowledge,  a  clear 
perceptidn,  an  accurate  judgment,  a  calm  temper,  a  modest  deport- 
ment, an  upright  and  benevolent  heart,  and  a  habit  of  prudence  and 
diligence  in  discharging  the  various  duties  of  public  and  private  life. 
^»Betknafi*s  A*.  H.  ii.  401,  485  ;  Macclintock*t  aermon  at  commence^ 
ment  of  conatitutiofi, 

WEBB  (John),  minister  in  Boston,  was  graduated  at  Harvanl 
college  in  1708.  White  a  member  of  this  seminary  he  was  in- 
spired with  that  love  of  God,  of  which  he  was  before  destitute,  and 
determined  to  deVote  himself  to  that  Being,  who  had  imparted  to 
him  the  blessings  of  the  gospel.  After  having  been  chaplain  at  the 
c&stle,  and  afler  preaching  for  some  time  in  one  of  the  parishes  of 
Newbury,  he  was  ordained  the  first  minister  of  the  new  north  church 
in  Bostbh  Octdb^f-  30,  1714.  After  surviving  one  colleague,  Mr. 
Thacher,  and  enjoying  the  assistance  of  another.  Dr.  feliot,  for  eight 
yearii,  he  died  in  peace  and  joy  April  16,  1750,  in  the  sixty  third 
year  of  his  age.  His  colleague  pronounced  him  "  one  of  the  best 
of  Christians  and  one  of  the  best  of  ministers."  It  was  his  constant 
desire  to  dispense  the  gospel  of  Christ  in  its  purity  and  simplicity, 
and  not  to  sooth  the  ears  of  his  hearers  with  well  turned  periods. 
The  doctrines,  which  he  almost  always  introduced  into  his  discount 


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eSf  were  those  of  the  universal  depravity  of  man^  of  the  necessity  oi 
divine  influence  to  renew  the  heart,  of  juttiScation  by  faith  alone* 
und  of  the  perseverance  of  all,  who  have  been  brought  to  repentance  ^ 
but  in  handling  these  subjects  he  always  showed  a  concern  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  practical  godliness.  He  was  faithful  in  the 
discharge  of  all  the  duties  of  the  sacred  ofBce,  and  his  fervent  labors 
were  attended  with  great  success.  He  was  humble^  temperatei  and 
upright.  While  a  tenth  part  of  his  income  was  consecrated  to 
charitable  uses,  his  table  was  always  accessible  to  the  necessitous. 
Some  were  disposed  to  think  him  illiberal  on  account  of  his  zeal  for 
what  he  considered  as  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  Christianity ;  but 
thoui3[h  he  abhorred  an  indiflTerence  or  an  affected  candor  where  the 
cause  of  truth  was  concerned,  and  was  ever  steady  to  his  principles;, 
yet  he  loved  the  image  oi  the  divine  holiness  wherever  it  was  pre* 
sented.  His  temper  was  naturally  warm ;  but'he  bore  with  patience 
the  reproaches,  which  were  cast  upon  him.  He  published  the  fol- 
lowing sermons;  to  a  society  of  yoimg  men,  1718 ;  on  the  peculiar 
advantages  of  early  piety,  1731 ;  a  sermon  before  the  general  as- 
sembly, 1722 ;  a  seasonable  warning  against  bad  company  keeping, 
1726 ;  on  the  death  of  William  Waldron,  1727 ;  the  beuever's  re- 
dempuon  by  the  precious  blood  of  Christ;  on  the  payment  of  vows, 
1728  ;  dircciionsto  obtain  eternal  salvation  in  seven  sermons,  1729 ;. 
the  great  concern  of  New  England ;  a  discourse  at  the  ordination  of 
a  deacon  1731  ;  the  duty  of  a  degenerate  people  to  pray  for  the 
reviving  of  God's  work ;  a  sermon  in  the  hearing  of  two  condemned 
]naIefactor&i  1734;  the  government  of  Christ,  an  election  sermon, 
1738;  on  the  death  of  Peter  Thacher,  1739;  Christ's  suit  to  the 
sinner  while  he  stands  and  knocks  at  the  door^— ^.  EUot*afun.  term,  i 
J,  EUot*a  dedicat.  termon. 

WEBSTER  (Samubl,  d.d.),  minister  of  Salisbury,  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  in  1718  and  was  graduated  at  Hanran]  coUe,, .  in 
1737.  His  ordination  took  place  August'12,  1741.  After  a  min- 
istry otnear  fifty  five  years,  he  died  July  18,  1796,  in  the  seventy 
eighth  year  of  his  age.  At  the  time,  when  he  entered  the  sacred 
office,  his  mind  was  so  oppressed  by  the  importance  of  the  work, 
in  which  he  was  about  to  engage,  that  he  was  ready  to  abandon  all 
thoughts  of  the  calling.  In  his  preaching  he  was  remarkably  clear 
and  plain.  He  did  not  study  for  ornament,  or  elegance  oS  style,  but 
it  was  his  chief  tdm  to  preach  with  distinctness,  that  he  might  do 
good  to  his  hearers.  He  first  endeavored  to  enllg^hten  iheir  under- 
standings, and  then  to  warm  their  hearts.  There  was  an  earnestness 
in  his  manner,  which  convinced  his  hearers,  that  he  himself  felt  what 
he  delivered.  As  he  did  not  think  himself  obliged  to  adopt  any  hu- 
man system,  but  derived  his  doctrines  from  the  word  of  God ;  so 
he  freely  taught  what  he  believed  to  btf  the  truth.  He  did  not 
preach  the  things,  which  he  considered  as  of  doubtful  disputation. 
He  possessed  a  happy  talent  in  visiting  his  people,  and  could  adapt 


/ 


i>  of  the  necessity  oi 
Ation  by  faith  alone* 
)ught  to  repentance  ; 
ed  a  concern  to  pro* 
I  was  faithful  in  the 
ind  his  fervent  labors 
nblct  temperate,  and 
was  consecrated  to 
i  to  the  necessitous, 
ccount  of  his  zeal  for 
of  Christianity ;  but 
ed  candor  where  the 
idy  to  his  principles;^ 
Hrherever  it  was  pre- 
le  bore  with  patience 
He  published  the  fbl- 
riS;  on  the  peculiar 
fore  the  general  as- 
id  company  keeping, 
7 ;  the  beUever*s  re- 
:he  payment  of  vows, 
keven  sermons,  1739  i. 
«  at  the  ordination  of 
ople  to  pray  for  the 
ngof  two  condemned 
an  election  sermon, 
Christ's  suit  to  the 
.ji.  EUot*a/un.  aerm.  i 

Salisbury,  Massachu- 
t  Harvard  coUe^,  ^  in 
1741.  Afteramin- 
1796,  in  the  seventy 
B  entered  the  sacred 
ortance  of  the  work, 

ready  to  abandon  all 
vas  remarkably  clear 
ilegance  of  style,  but 
is,  that  he  might  do 
nlighten  iheir  under» 
re  was  an  earnestness 
t  he  himself  felt  what 
ged  to  adopt  any  hu- 
he  word  of  God ;  so 

truth.  He  did  not 
doubtful  disputation, 
pie,  and  could  adapt 


WEL. 


595 


lumself  to  their  circumstances,  and  in  a  pleasing  manner  ^ve  them 
instruction.  The  beauties  of  Christian  virtue  were  exhibited  iu 
his  whole  life.  He  published  a  fast  sermon,  entitled,  the  misery 
and  duty  of  an  oppressed  and  enslaved  people,  1 774  ;  a  sermon  to 
two  companies  of  minute  men,  1775  ;  election  sermon,  1777  ;  two 
discourses  on  infant  baptism,  third  ed.  1760^-Caiy*s  aermon  on  hia 
death, 

WELDE  (Thomas),  first  minister  of  Roxbury,  Massachusetts, 
was  a  native  of  England  and  was  a  minister  in  Essex  before  he 
came  to  this  country.  Refusing  to  comply  witli  the  impositions  of 
the  established  church,  he  determined  to  seek  the  quiet  enjoyment 
of  the  rights  of  conscience  in  America.  He  arrived  at  Boston 
June  5, 1633,  jind  in  July  was  invested  with  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
church  in  Roxbury.  In  November  following  he  received  Mr.  John 
Eliot  as  his  colleague.  In  1639  he  assisted  Mr.  Mather  and  Mr, 
Eliot  in  making  the  tuneful  New  England  version  of  the  Psalms, 
In  1641  he  was  sent  with  Mr.  Hugh  Peters  to  England  as  an  agent 
for  the  province,  and  he  never  returned.  He  was  settled  at  Gates- 
head, but  lost  his  living  with  the  other  ejected  ministers  in  1663. 
He  published  a  short  story  of  the  rise,  reign,  and  ruin  of  the  anii« 
nomians,  familists,  and  libertines,  that  infected  the  churches  of  New 
England,  4to,  1644,  and  a  second  edition,  1692  ;  an  answer  to  W. 
R.'s  narration  of  the  opinions  and  practices  of  the  New  England 
churches,  vindicating  those  godly  and  orthodoxal  dmrches  from 
more  than  a  hundred  imputations,  &c.  1 644.  With  three  other 
ministers  he  wrote  the  perfect  pharisee  under  monkish  holiness, 
ag'unst  the  quakers,  \6i^j-^Collect.  Mat.  aoc.  viii.  7—10  ;  ix.  33  ; 
Hutchinaon^  i.  98  ;  ii.  504,507  ;  J{on(onfonn.  memorial^  ii.  181, 183 ; 
Adama*  aermona  on  relig,  liberty, 

VviilLLES  (Noah,  d.  d.),  minister  of  Stamford  in  Connecticut, 
was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1741,  and  was  ordained  December 
31,  1746.  His  death  took  place,  it  is  believed,  in  the  yeai  1776. 
He  was  a  theologian  of  great  distinction,  and  he  took  an  active  part 
in  the  controversy  respecting  an  American  episcopate.  He  pub- 
lished a  discourse  in  favor  of  presbyterian  ordination  ;  a  vindication 
of  the  validity  and  divine  right  of  presbytericin  ordination,  as  set 
forth  in  Mr.  Chauncy's  Dudleian  lecture  and  Mr.  Welles'  discourse, 
in  answer  to.  the  exceptions  of  Mr.  Jeremiah  Learning,  1767  ;  a 
funeral  sermon  on  the  reverend  Mr.  Hobart,  1773. 

WENTWORTH  (Benning),  governor  of  Now  Hampshire, 
was  the  son  of  lieutenant  governor  Wcntworth,  and  was  p^rctduated 
at  Harvard  college  in  1715.  After  having  been  a  member  of  the 
assembly  and  of  the  council,  his  mercantile  business  called  him  to 
liOndon,  where  he  solicited  and  obtained  the  commission  nf  gover- 
nor. He  began  his  administration  in  1 74 1  and  continued  in  tliis  office 
near  twenty  years.  He  was  superseded  in  1 767  by  his  nej^he w,  John 
Wcntworth,  and  died  October  14,  1770,  in  the  seventy  fifth  year  of 


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his  age .  He  possessed  strong  passions  and  hi^  resentments  were  last^ 
ing.     Closely  attached  to  the  interest  of  the  church  of  England)  in 
his  grants  of  lands,  by  which  he  enriched  himseU,he  reserved  a  right 
in  every  township  for  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel,  of  yrhich 
he  was  a  member.     Bennington  in  Vermont  has  its  name  from  him, 
and  he  granted  many  other  towns  in  that  state.    Though  during  his 
administration  he  declined  giving  a  charter  for  a  college  in  New 
Hampshire,  unless  it  was  put  under  the  direction  of  the  bishop  of 
London  ;  yet  he  afterwards  gave  a  lot  of  five  hundred  acr«s  of  land 
to  Dartmouth  college,  and  on  this  land  the  college  edifice  was  erected. 
He  cooperated  with  the  assembly  in  giving  to  Harvard  college  three 
hundred  pounds  towards  repairing  the  library,  which  had  been  de- 
stroyed by  fire.     In  his  appointment  of  civil  and  military  officers 
lie  was  frequently  governed  by  motives  of  favor  ;  but  his  adminis- 
tration in  other  respects  was  beneficial.     He  was  frequently  visited 
by  the  gout,  and  from  these  visits  he  did  not  acquire  much  patience. 
~~Belknafi*a  JV.  H.  ii.  181—187,303,  312,  330,338^7-342,352,  355. 
WEST  (Samuel,  d,.  d.),  minister  of  New  Bedford,  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  in  Yarmouth  March  4,  1730,  and  was  occupied  in 
the  labors  of  husbandry  till  he  passed  the  twentieth  year  of  his  age. 
As  he  discovered  such  traits  of  genius  and  such  an  extensive  ac- 
quaintance with  the  scriptures^  and  other  books,  which  fell  in  h^s 
"Way,  as  awakeded  the  attention  of  a  few  intelligent  and  good  men, 
they  resolved  to  give  him  a  liberal  education.     He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1754,  having  gained  a  rank  among  the  mostdis-. 
tinguished  of  bis  class.    About  the  year  1764  he  was  ordained  at 
New  Bedford.      The  year  177il  awakened  his  attention  to  politics, 
and  he  became  a  whig  partisan.    He  wrote  many  forcible  pieces  in 
the  newspapers,  which  roused  the  spirits  of  the  timid,  and  animated 
the  courageous.  He  decyphered  the  letter  of  doctor  Church,  whiclj^ 
exposed  to  the  enemy  the  particular  state  of  the  American  army. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  for  forming  the  constitution  of 
Massachusetts  and  of  the  United  States  ;  and  was  chosen  honorary 
member  of  the  academy  of  arts  and  sciences,  instituted  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  a  member  of  the  American  academy  at  Boston.    In  th^i 
latter  part  of  his  life  liis  memory  almost  entirely  fidled  him.     The 
vast  treasure  of  his  ideas  began  to  vanish  at  the  age  of  seventy,  an4 
during  the  seven  succeeding  years  the  great  man  disappeared.    He 
died  at  Tiverton,  Rhode  Island,  September  24,  1807,  aged  seventy 
seven  years,  and  was  buried  at  New  Bedford.  He  possessed  an  original 
mind  of  vigorous  powers.    During  the  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  he . 
tised  no  notes  in  preaching.    So  deep  had  been  his  researches  into 
almost  every  theological  subject,  that  he  could  preach  an  hour  upon 
any  text  without  premeditation,  and  yet, with  coherence  and  unity 
of  design.    It  was  his  practice,  when  he  was  not  in  his  own  pulpit^ 
to  ^scourse  upon  any  text,  whicli  was  pointed  out  to  him  ;  and 


"^W^ 


ientments  were  la^str 
urcn  of  England)  in 
,he  reserved  a  right 
the  gospel)  of  yrhich 
» its  name  from  him) 
Though  during  his 
ir  a  college  in  New 
ion  of  the  bishop  of 
andred  acres  of  land 
i  edifice  was  erected, 
[arvard  college  three 
which  had  been  de- 
ind  military  officers 
or  ;  but  his  adminis* 
as  frequently  visited 
quire  much  patience. 
,338---342,352,  355. 
Bedford)  Massachu- 
and  was  occupied  in 
itieth  year  of  his  age. 
mch  an  extensive  ac- 
>kS)  which  fell  in  h^ 
igent  and  good  men, 
He  was  graduated  at 
among  the  most  dis-. 
he  was  ordained  at 
attention  to  politics) 
any  forcible  pieces  in 
i  dmid)  and  animated 
jioctor  Church)  which 
le  American  army, 
ng  the  constitution  of 
was  choscin  honorary 
instituted  at  Philadel- 
ly  at  Boston.    In  the. 
sly  failed  him.     The 
e  age  of  seventy)  and, 
lan  disappeared.    He 
,  1807)  aged  seventy 
possessed  an  original 
rty  years  of  his  life  he 
I  his  researches  into 
preach  an  hour  upon 
coherence  and  unity 
not  in  his  own  pulpit^ 
nted  out  to  him  ;  and 


WES. 


597 


sometimes  the  most  difficult  and  obscure  passages  would  be  given 
him  for  the  purpose  of  trying  his  strength.  He  was  not  however  « 
popular  preacher.  There  were  defects  in  tlie  tone  and  inflexion  o( 
his  vmce)  and  there  was  a  angularity  and  uncoutbness  in  his  man^ 
ner)  for  which  the  ingenuity  and  strength  of  his  arguments  could 
not  compensate.  In  his  metaphysical  opinions  he  was  opposed  to 
the  system)  supported  by  president  Edwards  in  his  inquiry  into  the 
freedom  of  the  will)  and  contended  that  men  possess  a  self  deter- 
mining power.  Yet  of  all  men  he  seemed  to  have  the  least  power 
of  controlling  his  own  feelings  or  of  determining  his  own  volitions. 
At  times  be  exhibited  the  greatest  abstraction  of  thought.  A  new 
book  absorbed  his  whole  attention  and  made  him  neglect  the  com* 
mon  rules  of  decorum.  He  paid  no  attention  to  domestic  matters 
^11  compelled  by  imperious  necessity.  He  could  not  readily  for- 
give those)  who  doubted  the  truth  of  certain  favorite  opinions)  or 
reminded  him  of  any  instances  of  credulity)  with  which  he  might 
be  charged.  In  some  respects  he  seemed  to  be  completely  under 
the  control  of  prejudice.  His  manners  were  unpolished  ;  his  fig- 
ure &nd  deportment  were  not  very  attracting  ;  nor  was  his  temper 
very  mild  and  amiable.  Notwithstanding  his  siiigularities  no  man 
could  accuse  him  of  the  wilful  violation  of  any  principle  of  moral 
rectitude.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Samuel 
West  of  Needham)  1764  ;  election  sermon,  before  the  provincial 
convention)  1776  ;  at  the  anniversary  of  the  landing  of  the  forefa- 
thers at  Plymouth)  1777  ;  at  the  ordination  of  John  AUyn,  1788  ;, 
a  small  tract  on  infant  bapUsm  ;  essays  on  liberty  and  necessity)  in 
whic^  the  arguments  of  president  Edwards  and  others  for  necessity 
are  considered,  the  first  part  in  1793)  the  second  in  1795.  To  these 
essays  Dr.  Edwards,  the  son  of  the  president,  wrote  an  answer,  air* 
Dr.  West  left  behind  him  a  reply  almost  completed.— M>n;/i/|/  an-^ 
thologyy  V.  133—137  ;  Panopliaty  iii.  537—541. 

WEST  (Samuel,  d.  d.))  minister  in  Boston,  was  born  at  Mar-n 
tha*s  Vineyard  November  19,  1738.  His  father,  the  reverend 
Thomas  West,  was  the  colleague  of  the  reverend  Experience  May- 
hew,  but  afterwards  removed  to  Rochester.  He  w&s  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1761,  and  soon  afterwards  was  appointed  chap-^ 
lain  at  fort  Pownall  in  Penobscot,  where  he  had  a  good  opportunity 
for  pursuing  his  theological  studies.  He  was  ordained  minister  of 
Needham  April  25,  1764.  In  this  place  he  continued  till  1788,, 
'^hen  his  relation  with  his  people  wa<i  dissolved  in  consequence  of  a 
preasbg  invitation  to  remove  to  Boston,  which  he  had  received.  He 
was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  in  HoUis  street,  as  successor  of 
the  reverend  Mr.  Wight,  March  12,  1789.  After  a  lingering  ill- 
ness of  several  years,  he  died  April  10,  1808,  in  the  seventieth  year 
of  his  age.     He  has  been  succeeded  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Holley. 

Dr.  West  was  educated  in  the  system  of  Calvin.      Being  of  a 
mild  disposition  he  was  ^ever  disposed  to  intolerance^  to  polem^* 


i 

i! 


i 


K 


!l 


i 


1.  ■ 

f 
1       *■ 

^     .\ 

■  5; 

'     .'1 

r'l* 

Mi* 

h 


iV^ 


Hi 


;m* 


111 


u 


598 


WES. 


'!  ,* 


li  %' 


w 


I  r 


eal  discussion,  or.  acrimonious  censure  of  others.  He  could  live  in 
habits  of  friendship  rsrith  men,  whose  opinions  were  opposite  to  his 
own.  His  sentiments  in  the  latter  periods  of  his  life,  it  is  represent- 
ed, suffered  considerable  change.  Having  an  excellent  memory,  he 
wus  in  the  practice  of  preaching  without  the  use  of  his  notes,  though 
his  sermons  were  always  the  fruit  of  deep  study  and  reflection, 
While  at  Needham  he  presided  over  what  were  called  family  meet« 
ings.  It  was  his  design  in  them  to  give  instruction  to  those,  who 
either  by  age  or  sickness  were  detained  from  public  worship  on  the 
sabbath,  and  to  be  more  plun  and  familiar  in  his  address,  than  when 
in  the  pulpit.  He  used  to  say,  that  in  no  branch  of  his  ministerial 
duty  did  he  enjoy  more  satisfaction,  than  in  these  meetings.  His 
candor  and  charity  towards  all  men  were  as  abundant  and  extensive, 
as  could  possibly  be  consistent  with  moral  rectitude.  In  his  politi- 
cal sentiments  and  conduct  he  exhibited  remarkable  moderation 
both  during  the  struggle  with  Great  Britain,  and  in  the  conflict  of 
parties  since  the  revolution.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordi- 
nation of  Jonathan  Newell,  1774  ;  a  funeral  sermon  ;  two  fast  ser- 
mons, 1785  ;  election  sermon,  1786;  a  sermon  at  his  own  instal- 
ment, 1789;  artillery  election  sermon,  1794;  a  thanksgiving  ser- 
mon, 1795  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  George  Washington,  1800  ; 
a  series  of  essays  in  the  Columbian  centinel  with  the  signature  of 
<'  an  old  man,"  commenced  November  29,  1806,  and  continued  to 
August  22,  \607.-^-T/iacher*s  biografihical  memoir  i  Lathrop'ajun. 
sermon  ;  Panofiliati,  iii.  574.  '  '  * 

WESTERLO  (EiLAUDUs,  d.  d.),  minister  in  Albany,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Holland.  ■  He  had  just  finished  his  studies  in  the  university 
of  Groningen,  when  a  call  from  the  Dutch  church  in  Albany  was 
put  in  his  hands,  which  he  accepted.  He  came  to  America  in  1760, 
In  1771  he  readily  imparted  his  aid  in  conjunction  with  the  rever- 
end Dr.  Livingston  and  others  towards  effecting  a  union  of  the 
Dutch  churches,  then  divided  into  parties,  and  he  had  the  happiness 
of  seeing  this  object  completed  in  the  following  year.  He  was 
highly  popular  and  useful  as  a  preacher,  and  lived  in  great  honor 
and  esteem  with  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  and  with  the  churches 
in  general  until  his  removal  by  death  December  6,  1790.  He  was 
a  man  of  a  strong  mind,  of  eminent  piety,  and  of  great  erudition, 
especially  in  theology,  his  favorite  study,  and  in  oriental  literature. 
— 'Christian's  magazine,  ii.  270. 

WETMORE  (James),  an  episcopalian  missionary,  was  graduated 
at  the  college  in  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  in  1 7 1 4.  He  was  ordained 
the  first  minister  of  North  Haven  in  November  1718,  but  in  Sep- 
tember 1722  he  announced  his  conversion  to  the  episcopal  persua- 
sion. This  was  the  time,  at  which  Dr.  Cutler  chanpjed  his  senti- 
ments. After  going  to  Enf3:land  for  orders  H  1723,  Mr.  Wetmore 
was  on  his  return  established  rector  of  the  church  at  Rye  in  the 
province  of  New  York  under  the  patronage  of  the  society  for  prop- 


IT. 


u    He  could  ttve  in 
vere  opposite  to  his 
B  life,  it  is  represent- 
ccellent  memory,  he 
of  his  notes, though 
udy  and  reflection, 
I  called  family  meet- 
iction  to  those,  who 
ublic  worship  on  the 
s  address,  than  when 
h  of  his  ministerial 
[lese  meetings.     His 
mdant  and  extensive, 
itude.     In  his  politi- 
narkable  moderation 
and  in  the  conflict  of 
i  sermon  at  the  ordi- 
ermon  ;  two  fast  ser- 
lon  at  his  own  instal- 
;  a  thanksgiving  ser- 
I  Washington,  1800 ; 
with  the  signature  of 
106,  and  continued  to 
moir  i  Lathrop'tfun. 

•  in  Albany,  was  a  na- 

liesinthe  university 

hurchin  Albany  was 

!to  America  in  1760, 

ction  with  the  rever- 

;ting  a  union  of  the 

he  had  the  happiness 

ring  year.      He  was 

I  lived  in  great  honor 

ndwith  the  churches 

er  6, 1790.     He  was 

d  of  great  erudition, 

in  oriental  literature. 

ionary,  was  graduated 
4.  He  was  ordaaned 
er  vri8,  but  in  Sep- 
the  episcopal  persua- 
rchan53;ed  his  senti- 
1723,  Mr.  Wetmore 
urch  at  Rye  in  the 
the  society  for  prop- 


WHE. 


599 


agating  the  gospel.  In  this  place  he  continued  till  his  death.  May 
14,  \760.  His  successor  at  North  Haven,  the  reverend  Isaac  Stiles» 
died  on  the  same  day.  Such  was  his  zeal  for  episcopacy,  that  ho 
once  declared  he  would  rather  join  m  worship  with  a  Jewish  syna- 
gogue than  with  a  presbyterian  church.  He  published  a  letter 
against  Mr.  Dickinson  in  defence  of  Dr.  Waterland's  discourse  on 
regeneration,  about  the  year  1744  ;  a  vindication  of  the  professors 
of  the  church  of  England  in  Connecticut  in  answer  to  Mr.  Hobart's 
sermon  in  favor  of  presbyterian  ordination,  1747  ;  a  rejoinder  to 
Mr.  Hobart's  serious  address  ;  an  appendix  to  Mr.  Beach's  vindi« 
cation j-^TrumbuU*a  cent,  sermon  i  Chandler* a  life  of  Johyiaon^  10,27, 
37;  Holmea*  annals^  ii.  107;   Hobart'a  aecond  addreaa^  143. 

WHEATLEY  (Phillis),  a  poet,  was  a  native  of  Africa,  and 
was  brought  to  America  in  176 1,  when  she  was  between  seven  and 
eight  years  old.  She  soon  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  English 
language,  and  made  some  progress  in  the  Latin.  While  she  was  a 
slave  in  the  family  of  Mr.  John  Wheatley  in  Boston,  she  wrote  a 
volume  of  poems.  Africa  may  well  boast,  that  one  of  her  daugh{ers> 
not  twenty  years  of  age,  should  produce  the  following  lines.  They 
are  extracted  from  the  poem  on  imagination. 

Though  winter  frowns,  to  Fancy's  raptured  eyes 
The  fields  may  flourish,  and  gay  scenes  arise ; 
The  frozen  deeps  may  break  their  iron  bands, 
And  bid  their  waters  murmur  o'er  the  sands  ; 
Fair  Flora  may  resume  her  fragrant  reign. 
And  with  her  flowery  riches  deck  the  plain ; 
Sylvanus  may  diffuse  his  honors  round. 
And  all  the  forest  may  with  leaves  be  crown'd ; 
Show'rs  may  descend,  and  dews  their  gems  disclose. 
And  nectar  sparkle  on  the  blooming  rose. 
She  afterwards  was  married  to  a  Mr.  Peters.     She  died  at  Boston 
December  5,  1784,  aged  thirty  one  years.      She  published,  besides 
other  separate  pieces,  poems  on  various  subjects,  religious  and  moral, 
8vo,  London,  1773,— -Preface  to  that  work. 

WHEELOCK  (Eleazea,  s.d.),  first  president  of  Dartmouth 
college,  was  bom  about  the  year  1710,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
college,  in  1733.  While  he  was  the  minister  of  Lebanon  in  Con- 
necticut, he  revived  the  design  of  an  Indian  school,  which  was  first 
formed  by  Mr.  Sergeant.  Desirous  of  bringing  the  savages  to  an 
acquaintance  with  the  truths  of  the  gospel,  he  conceived,  that  if  he 
could  educate  Indian  youth  for  missionaries,  there  would  be  more 
prospect  of  success  from  their  labors,  than  from  the  exertions  of  the 
whites.  With  these  views  he  undertook  himself  the  care  and  ex- 
pense of  educating  two  Indian  lads  in  1754 ;  but  the  design  was  so 
benevolent,  that  a  number  of  gentlemen  soon  united  with  him.  His 
pupils  increased,  and  after  receiving;  numerous  benefactions,  the 
largest  of  which  was  the  donation  of  Mr.  Joshua  Moor  of  Mansfield, 


.*! 


s 


ill' 


1 


iflhi 


I. 


1^ 


,'  I' 


Ill' 
If 


i  H 


. 


■i„    4 


600 


WHE. 


he  called  his  institution  "  Moor's  school."  tn  1763  he  had  more 
than  twenty  youth  under  his  care.  To  enlarge  the  power  of  doings 
good  contributions  were  solicited  not  only  in  variolus  parts  of  this 
country,  but  also  in  England  and  Scotland.  The  money,  collected 
in  England,  was  put  Into  the  hands  of  a  board  of  trustees,  of  whom 
the  earl  of  Dartmouth  was  at  the  head.  From  this  circumstance, 
when  Dr.  Wheelock  was  invited  by  the  government  of  New  Hamp- 
shire to  remove  to  Hanover  and  establish  a  college  in  that  place,  it 
was  called  Dartmouth  college.  This  seminary  was  incorporated  in 
1769,  and  Dr.  Wheelock  was  declared  its  founder  and  president 
with  the  right  of  appointing  his  successor.  He  lived  for  sottte  time 
at  Hanover  in  a  log  hut.  In  1770  he  removed  his  school;  Tht 
number  of  his  scholars,  destined  for  missionaries,  was  at  this  time 
twenty  four,  of  whom  eighteen  were  whites  and  only  six  Indians. 
This  alteration  of  his  plan  was  the  result  of  experiente.  He 
had  found,  that  of  forty  Indian  youth,  who  had  been  imder  his 
care,  twenty  had  returned  to  the  vices  of  savage  life.The  first 
commencement  was  held  in  1771,  when  the  degree  of  bachelor 
of  arts  was  conferred  on  four  students,  one  of  whom  was  John 
Wheelock,  the  son  and  successor  ol  the  founder,  and  who  is  now 
at  the  head  of  the  institution.  Dr.  Wheelock  died  April  34, 
1779  in  the  sixty  ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  published  a  narrative 
of  the  Indian  charity  school  at  Lebanon,  176S ;  narratives  in  several 
numbers  from  1763  to  1771;  continuation  of  the  narrative,  1773, 
to  which  is  added  an  abstract  of  a  mission  to  the  Delaware  Indians 
west  of  the  Ohio  by  David  Macclureand  Levi  Frisbie;  a  sermon 
on  liberty  of  conscience,  \77S.—'Belknafi*a  M  H.  ii.  349-^353 ;  iii. 
398  ;  Holmea*  annaUy  ii.  293,  293 ;  Backtu,  iii.  289 ;  Wheelock's 
narrativea. 

WHEELWRIGHT  (JcHN),the  founder  of  Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
shire, after  being  a  minister  in  England,  was  induced  in  consequence 
of  the  impositions  of  the  established  church  to  come  to  Massachusetts 
soon  after  its  first  settlement.  He  was  a  brother  in  lait  to  the  iamous 
Mrs.  Hutchinson,.and  partook  of  her  antinomian  zeal.  He  preached 
in  Boston  on  a  fast  day  in  1636,  and  his  sermon  was  filled  with  ihvec- 
tives  against  the  magistrates  and  ministers.  The  coukt  df  magis- 
trates in  return  adjudged  him  guilty  of  sedition.  As  all  endeavors 
to  convince  him  of  his  error  were  in  vain,  sentente  of  banishment 
was  passed  upon  him  in  November  1637.  In  1638,  accompanied 
by  a  number  of  persons  from  Braintree,  where  he  had  been  apreach- 
er,  and  which  was  a  part  of  Boston,  he  went  to  New  Hampshire, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  the  church  and  town  of  Exeter.  The 
next  year,  thinking  themselves  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachu- 
setts, they  combined  into  a  separate  body  politic ;  but  in  1642,  when 
Exeter  was  annexed  to  Essex  county,  Mr.  Wheelwright,  being  still 
imder  the  sentence  of  banishment,  removed  with  a  part  of  his  church 
\:q  Wells  in  the  district  of  Maine.     In  1644  he  was  restored  to  the 


•( 


1763  he  had  more 
;he  power  of  doing 
iriOuB  parts  of  this 
le  money,  collected 
trustees,  of  whom 
this  circumstance, 
lent  of  N«w  Hamp- 
Bge  in  that  place,  it 
was  incorporated  in 
nder  and  president 
lived  for  aotUt  time 
i  his  school;      Th« 
l6s,  was  at  this  time 
id  only  ^x  Indians, 
f  experience.     He 
lad  been  imder  his 
avagc  life.Thc  first 
degree  of  bachelor 
of  whom  was  John 
del",  and  who  is  now 
lock  died  April  24, 
published  a  narrative 
narratives  in  several 
the  narrative,  1773, 
he  Delaware  Indians 
ri  Frisbie ;  a  sermon 
H.  ii.  349—353  ;  iii. 
ui.  289 ;    Wheelock's 

Exeter,  New  Hamp- 
luced  in  consequence 
atat  to  Massachusetts 
ir  in  lait  to  the  femous 
ht^\'   Hepri^ached 
was  filled  with  ihvec- 
The  court  of  magis- 
)n.    As  all  endeavors 
itente  of  banishment 
h  1638,  accompanied 
he  had  been  apreach- 
to  New  Hampshire, 
wn  of  Exeter.     The 
sdiction  of  Massachu- 
ic;  but  in  1 642,  when 
heelwright,  being  still 
ith  a  part  of  his  church  • 
le  was  restored  to  the. 


WHI. 


601 


ireedom  of  the  colony  upon  his  making  an  acknowledgment.  In 
1647  he  removed  to  Hampton,  where  he  was  minister  several  years. 
In  1658  he  was  in  Enj^land  and  in  favor  with  Cromwell.  After  the 
restoration  he  returned  to  America,  and  settled  at  Salisbury,  New 
Hampshire,  where  he  died  in  1680  at  a  very  advanced  a^;e.  He  was 
the  oldest  minister  in  the  colony,  and  was  a  man  of  learning,  piety, 
and  zeal.— Ar<ra/'«  JV.  E.  i.  186,  190  ;  Wdde  /  IVinthrofiy  122,  329 
—.33 1  ;  Hutchinton^  i.  55,  70,  74,  106 ;  Sullivan*a  di$t.  Maine^  231 
—234  ;  Beiknafi'a  J\r.  H.  i.  14,  22,  36,  58  ;  Ihlmea'  annals^  i.  287, 
304,  452. 

WHITE  (Peregrine),  the  first  Englishman,  bom  in  New 
England,  was  bom  at  Plymouth  in  November  1620,  and  died  at 
Marshfield  July  22,  1704,  in  the  eighty  fourth  year  of  his  age.-~ 
Prince*a  annala,76  ;   Hutchinaon^  ii.  148. 

WHITEFIELD  (Georoe),  an  eloquent  itinerant  preacher,  was 
born  in  Gloucester,  England,  December  16,  1714.      After  having 
made  some  progress  in  classical  learning,  he  was  obliged  to  assist 
his  mother,  who  kept  an  inn,  in  her  business ;  but  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  entered  one  of  the  colleges  at  Oxford.     Here  he  be- 
came acquainted  with  Messrs.  John  and  Charles  Wesley,  whose 
piety  was  ardent  and  singular  like  his  own.    From  the  strict  rules 
and  methods  of  life,  which  these  young  men  followed,  they  were 
called  methodists,  and  they  were  the  founders  of  the  sect  thus  de- 
nominated.    Mr.  Whitefield's  benevolent  zeal  led  him  to  visit  the 
poor  and  even  to  search  out  the  miserable  objects  in  the  gaols,  not 
only  to  diminish  their  wants,  but  that  he  might  impart  to  them  the 
consolations  and  hopes  of  the  gospel.      He  took  orders,  being  or- 
dained by  the  bishop  June  20,  1736,  and  preached  his  first  sermon 
in  the  church  at  Gloucester.      When  a  compluint  was  afterwards 
entered  with  the  bishop,  that  by  this  sermon  he  drove  fifteen  per- 
sons mad ;  the  worthy  prelate  only  expressed  a  wish,  that  the  mad- 
ness might  not  be  forgotten  before  the  next  Sunday.    After  preach- 
ing at  various  places  he  was  induced  by  a  letter  from  Mr.  Wesley, 
who  was  in  Georgia,  to  embark  for  America.     He  arrived  at  Sa- 
vannah May  7,  1738.     After  laboring  in  this  place  with  unwearied 
fidelity  for  several  months  to  promote  the  interests  of  religion,  he 
embarked  for  England  on  the  sixth  ot  September.    He  was  ordained 
priest  at  Oxford  by  bishop  Benson  January  14,  1739.      In  Novem- 
ber he  again  arrived  in  America,  and  he  travelled  through  the  mid- 
dle and  southern  colonies,  dispensing  the  gospel  to  immense  multi- 
tudes.    In  September  1740  he  arrived  at  Rhode  Island  from  Sa- 
vannah, having  been  invited  by  the  ministers  of  Boston,  and  he 
preached  in  different  parts  of  New  England.     At  the  end  of  Octo- 
ber he  went  to  New  York,  and  he  soon  returned  to  Georgia.      He 
was  much  occupied  in  the  establishment  of  an  orphan  house  near 
Savannah.      In  January  1741  he  sailed  for  England.     He  arrived 
again  in  America  in  October  1744,  and  he  now  spent  between  three 

i  i 


^ 


'i 


'^ 


ili^ 


\l'. 


'.t 


I* 


I 


602 


WHL 


and  four  ycarti  in  thu  country.  In  March  17*48  he  went  to  the 
Bernnudas,  and  in  July  he  reached  London.  Having  crossed  the 
Atlantic  for  the  fourth  timet  he  arrived  at  Savannah  October  27» 
1751,  and  returned  to  his  native  country  in  April  1752.  In  hi» 
fifth  visit  to  the  new  world  he  remained  here  from  May  1754  to 
March  1755.  His  sixtn  voyage  brought  him  to  Virginia  in  August 
1763,  and  he  did  not  set  sail  again  for  Great  Britain  till  June  1765. 
For  the  seventh  and  last  time  his  zeal  to  do  good  induced  him  to 
brave  the  dangers  of  the  ocean,  and  he  landed  upon  the  American 
shore  November  30,  1769,  never  again  to  leave  it'.  After  preach- 
ing in  different  parts  of  the  country,  he  died  suddenly  at  Newbury- 
port,  Massachusetts,  September  30,  1770,  in  the  fifty  sixth  year  of 
his  age.  Perhapa  no  man  since  the  days  of  the  apostles  ever  labor* 
ed  with  such  indefatigable  zeal  in  preaching  the  gospel  of  salvation, 
as  Mr.  Whitefield.  When  he  commenced  his  career  in  England, 
the  religion  of  the  heart  was  much  neglected  in  the  care  to  defend 
the  outworks  of  Christianity  against  the  assaults  of  infidels.  If 
these  assailants  were  repulsed  ;  still  the  ingenious  disquisitions  of 
the  day  carried  no  terror  into  the  enemy's  camp,  and  the  over  anx- 
ious attempts  to  conciliate  unhumbled  reason  rather  than  to  reduce 
the  unholy  heart  to  the  obedience  of  the  cross  could  not  fail  to  en- 
courage the  opposers  of  the  truth.  Mr.  Whitefield,  while  aware  of 
the  necessity  of  enlightening  the  mind,  knew  also  that  there  was 
nmch  theological  learning,  which  had  little  influence  upon  the  life. 
He  therefore  chose  to  content  himself  with  preaching  the  plain  and 
important  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  These  he  presented  so  distinct- 
ly to  the  view,  and  enforced  by  such  awful  considerations  and  with 
such  energy  and  unexampled  eloquence,  that  through  the  divine 
agency,  without  which  he  knew  that  his  labors  would  be  utterly  in 
vain,  he  was  the  means  of  imparting  the  pure  principles  and  the 
elevated  hopes  of  religion  to  thousands  both  in  Great  Britain  and 
America.  No  preacher  ever  had  such  astonishing  power  over  the 
passions  of  his  auditory,  or  was  attended  by  such  multitudes^  as  he 
sometimes  addressed  in  the  fields.  In  the  early  periods  of  his  life  he 
was  guilty  in  some  instances  of  uncharitableness  and  in^scretion  ; 
but  he  afterwards  had  the  magnanimity  to  confess  his  fault.  He  was 
in  reality  a  man  of  a  very  liberal  and  catholic  spirit,  for  he  had  little 
attachment  to  forms,  and  embraced  all,  who  loved  the  Lord  Jesus  in 
sincerity.  His  life  was  spent  in  most  disinterested  and  benevolent 
exertion.  The  following  lines  will  show  the  opinion,  which  was 
formed  of  his  character  by  the  evangelical  poet,  Cowper. 
He  lov'd  the  world,  that  hated  him }  the  tear,  '  ■  i' 
Tliat  dropp'd  upon  his  bible,  was  sincere  ;  ;  '  ^    ♦ 

Assail'd  by  scandal  and  thetongde  of  strife,  '>  •'*'' 

His  only  answer  was  a  blameless  life,  - '  V  . 

And  he,  that  forg*d,  and  he,  that  threw  the  dart,  ^   i 

Had  each  a  brother's  interest  in  his  heart. 


WHI. 


603 


PauPs  love  of  Christ  and  steadiness  unbribM 
,.        Were  copied  close  in  Itim,  und  well  transcrib'd;        '  y 

He  foUow'd  Paul)  his  zeal  a  kindred  flame* 

His  apostolic  charity  the  same*  - 

I         Like  him  croBs'd  cheerfully  tempestuous  seas, 
,  Forsaking  country  I  kindred,  friends*  and  ea&e ; 

Like  him  he  labor'd      d  like  him,  content  ' 

.'  *       To  bear  it,  suffer'd  shame  whcre'ei*  he  went.  '*' 

Blush,  calumny  !  and  write  upon  his  tomb,  ■  ^* 

If  honest  eulogy  can  spare  thee  room,  ' 

Thy  deep  reiientance  of  thy  thousand  lies, 
'  i;    Which,  aim'd  at  him,  have  pierc'd  th'  offended  skies. 

And  say,  blot  out  my  sin,  confess'd,  deplor'd,  •  "* 

Against  thine  image  in  tliy  saint,  O  Lord  ! 
Mr.  Whiteficld's  letters,  sermons,  and  controversial  and  other 
tracts,  with  an  account  of  his  life,  were  published  in  seven  volumes, 
8vo,  177 \ .'—Gilliea'  account  qfhia  life;  Middleton*a  biogra/ihiaevan- 
^c/ica,  iv.  418— 448  ;  Paraona\  Pemberton*Syand  Wesley'a  aermona 
on  hia  death  ;  Chriatian  hiatoryfor  1743,  282  ;  for  1744,  379—386 ; 
Chauncy'a  thoughta  ;  Cow/ier*a  hofie. 

WHITFIELD  (Hbnrv),  Hrst  minister  of  Guilford,  Connecticut, 
was  born  in  England  in  1597,  and  was  settled  in  Surry  before  he 
came  to  tliis  country  in  1 639.  He  continued  at  Guilford  until  1750, 
when  he  returned  to  his  native  country,  and  finished  his  life  in  the 
ministry  at  Winchester.  He  was  a  good  scholar,  a  distinguished 
divine,  and  an  excellent  preacher.  He  published  the  light  appear- 
ing more  and  more  &c.,  giving  an  account  of  the  progress  of  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians,  1 65 1 . — Magnalia^  iii.  3 1 7, 2  i  8  ;  TVum- 
bulPa  Connect,  i.  292,  298,  309  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  iv.  186. 

WHITING  (Samubl),  first  minister  of  Lynn,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  England  in  1 597,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge.  He 
arrived  at  Boston  May  36,  1636.  In  about  a  month  he  went  ta 
Lynn,  where  a  church  was  gathered  on  the  eighth  of  Nt>vember. 
Mr.  Cobbet  was  his  colleague  for  a  number  of  years,  and  after  his 
i^moval  one  of  bis  own  sons  was  his  assistant.  He  died  December 
U,  1 679,  in  the  eighty  third  year  of  his  age.  He  possessed  an  ac- 
curate knowledge  of  Hebrew  and  wrote  Latin  with  elegance.  His 
disposition  was  peculiarly  amiable,  und  the  Sanctity  of  his  life  im- 
pressed all  men  with  respect  for  him.  From  his  writings  Norton's 
life  of  Cotton  was  partly  composed.  He  published  a  treatise  upon 
the  last  judgment,  1 664 ;  Abridiam  interceding  for  Sodom,a  volume 
ofsermons,1666.— Mi/Affr*«  magnaliai'm.  156—161 ;  Joknaon^  89  ; 
Winthrofiy  113. 

WHITTELSEY  (Samuel),  minister  of  Wallingford,  Connecti- 
cut, was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1705,  and  was  ordained  as  the 
colleague  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Street  in  May  1710.  He  died  A- 
prU  15,  )752,  in  ()ie  sixty  seventh  year  of  his  age.    He  was  one  of 


N 


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ii 


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i 


.    Jit  I 


604 


WIG. 


the  moiit  distinguished  preachers  and  faithful  ministers  of  the  colo- 
ny) in  which  he  lived.  Such  was  the  vigor  and  penetration  of  his 
mind,  that  he  easily  comprehended  subjects,  which  presented  great 
didiculiies  to  others.  His  son,  Chauncy  Whittelsey,  an  emment 
scholar,  was  minister  of  New  Haven  from  1758  till  his  death  in 
1787.  He  published  a  sermon  upon  the  death  of  John  Hall,  1730 ; 
an  election  sermon  ;  a  sermon  on  the  awful  condition  of  impen- 
itent  souls  in  their  separate  state,  1731;  a  sermon  at  the  oixR- 
ation  of  his  son,  Samuel  Whittelsey,  at  Milford,  1737.<^^ana*«  ceti" 
tury  diacourae  at  WuUingford;  Collect.  Mat.  toe.  x.  159. 

WIGGLESWORTH  (Michael),  a  poet,  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1651)  and  was  afterwards  ordained  minister  of 
Maiden,  Massachusetts,  where  he  continued  till  his  death  in  1705 
at  the  age  of  seventy  four  years.  He  was  useful  not  only  as  a  min- 
ister but  as  a  physician.  During  an  illness,  which  occasionally  in- 
terrupted  his  exertions  as  a  preacher  for  several  years,  he  still 
sought  to  do  good  by  his  labors  as  a  poet.  He  published  the  day 
of  doom,  or  a  poetical  description  of  the  great  and  last  judgment, 
with  a  short  discourse  about  eternity,  fifth  edition,  1 70 1 ;  meat  out 
of  the  eater,  or  a  meditation  concerning  the  necessity,  end,  and 
usefulness  of  afflictions  unto  God's  children,  fifth  edition,  1718.— 
Jfolmea*  annaUj  ii.  66  ;  Hutehinaon^  i.  173. 

WIGGLESWORTH  (Edward,  d.  d.),  first  Hollis  professor  of 
divinity  in  Harvard  college,  was  the  son  oi'  the  preceding,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1 7 1 0.  A  fter  he  commenced  preach- 
ing, his  services  were  enjoyed  in  difterent  places.  So  conspicuous 
were  his  talents,; and  so  exemplary  was  he  for  every  Christian  virtue, 
that  when  the  professorship  of  divinity  in  Harvard  college  was  found- 
ed by  Mr.  Thomas  Hollis,  he  was  unut.imously  appointed  first  profes- 
sor and  was  inducted  into  this  office  October  24, 1722.  In  this  station 
he  continued  more  than  forty  two  years.  He  died  conscious  of  the 
failings  of  his  life,  yet  hoping  for  pardon  through  Jesus  Christ,  Jan- 
uary 16, 1765,  in  the  seventy  third  year  of  his  age.  His  son  of  the 
same  name  succeeded  him  in  this  year,  and  remained  in  office  till 
his  resignadon  in  1791.  The  next  professor  was  the  reverend  Dr. 
Tappan.  Dr.  •  Wigglesworth  wrs  an  eminent  theologian,  and  was 
distinguished  for  learning,  humiliiy,  and  piety.  He  discussed  the 
various  points  of  contmversy  with  candor,  and  explained  and  vindi- 
cated the  grand  doctrines  of  religion  with  perspicuity  and  solid  ar* 
gument.  He  possessed  great  strength  and  comprehension  of  mind, 
and  a  peculiar  talent  at  reasoning.  With  regard  to  his  own  senti- 
ments, in  the  examination,  which  took  place  at  the  time  of  his 
election  in  order  to  fulfil  the  statutes  of  the  founder,  requiring  the 
professor  to  be  "  of  sound  or  orthodox  principles,"  he  declared  his 
assent  to  the  doctrine  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  of  the  eternal  Godhead 
of  our  blessed  Savior,  of  predestintUion,  of  special,  efficacious  grace) 
sod  of  the  divioe  right  of  infant  bapUsm'    Sut  though  h^  was  steady 


' 


nisten  of  the  colo- 
penetration  of  his 
ich  presented  p;reat 
tteUey>  an  eminent 
(8  till  his  death  in 
>f  John  Hall,  1730; 
condition  of  impen- 
srmon  at  the  oi*d!- 

X.  169. 

was  graduated  at 
rdained  minister  of 
1  his  death  in  1705 
il  not  only  as  a  niin- 
lich  occasionally  in- 
eral  years,  he  still 
:  published  the  day 
;and  last  judgment, 
311,1701;  meat  out 
necessity,  end,  and 
fth  edition,  1718.— 

it  HolUs  professor  of 
preceding,  and  was 
commenced  prcach- 
:es.     So  conspicuous 
rery  Christian  virtue, 
rd  college  was  found- 
kppoiHted  first  profes- 
1722.  In  this  station 
died  conscious  of  the 
gh  Jesus  Christ,  Jan* 
age.    His  son  of  the 
emained  in  office  till 
vas  the  reverend  Dr. 
it  theologian,  and  was 
He  discussed  the 
explained  and  vindi- 
spicuity  and  solid  ar* 
nprehension  of  mind, 
;ard  to  his  own  senti- 
i  at  the  time  of  his 
under,  requiring  the 
les,"  he  declared  his 
the  eternal  Godhead 
lal,  efficacious  grace, 
though  he  was  steady 


^VIL. 


605 


to  his  own  principles,  he  was  charitable  towards  others,  who  wideljr 
differed  from  him.  Dr.  Chauncy  pronounces  him  to  have  been  lar 
removed  from  bigotry,  and  a  truly  great  and  excellent  man.  In 
private  life,  though  a  delect  in  hearing  cut  him  off  in  a  great  degree 
from  the  pleasures  of  social  intercourse,  yet  he  was  affable,  cuude- 
scending,  and  obliging.  He  published  sober  remarks,  1724;  on 
the  duration  of  the  future  punishment  of  the  wicked,  1739;  trial  of 
the  spirits,  1735  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  oi  president  Wadsworth, 
1737  ;  inquiry  into  the  truth  of  the  imputation  of  the  guilt  of  Ad- 
am's sin  to  his  posterity,  1738 ;  a  letter  to  Mr.  VVhitefield,  1745  } 
on  the  inspiration  of  the  old  testament,  1753 ;  two  lectures  on  the 
ordinary  and  extraordinary  ministers  of  Christ,  1 754 ;  Dudleian 
lecture  on  the  infallibility  of  the  church  of  Rome,  1757;  doctrine 
of  reprobation  briefly  considered,  \7  63. "•^/ifiieton'a  diacourae  on  Ma 
death;  Taylor* a  oratiofunebria ;  Boaton  evening /loatf  number  1533  i 
Monthly  anthology^  ii.  309  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  x.  160. 

WH^LARD  (Samuel),  minister  in  Boston  and  vice  president  of 
Harvard  college,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Simon  Willurd,  who  sustained 
some  important  offices  in  Massachusetts  both  civil  and  military. 
He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1659.  He  was  afterwards 
the  minister  of  Groton  ;  but  the  ravages  of  the  Indian  war  drove 
him  from  that  place  about  the  year  1676.  He  was  settled  colleague 
with  Mr.  Thacher,  the  first  minister  of  the  old  south  church  in 
Boston,  April  10,  1678.  In  1700  he  received  Mr.  Pcmberton  as 
an  assistant  minister.  After  the  resignation  of  president  Mather, 
he  as  vice  president  took  the  superintendence  of  Harvard  college 
September  6,1701,  and  presided  over  that  seminary  till  his  death 
September  12,  1707,  at  the  age  of  sixty  eight  years.  President 
Leverett  succeeded  him.  Mr.  Willard  possessed  very  superior 
powers  of  mind.  His  imagination  was  rich  though  not  luxuiiunt, 
his  perception  was  rapid  and  correct,  and  in  argument  he  was  pro- 
found  and  clear.  His  learning  also  was  very  considerable.  To  his 
other  accomplishments  he  added  remarkable  and  unaffected  modes- 
ty. In  controversy  he  was  a  chanipion,  defending  the  cause  of 
truth  with  courage,  and  with  enlightened  and  affectionate  zeal.  All 
his  talents  and  acquisitions  were  devoted  to  God,  who  had  created 
him  anew  in  Christ  Jesus,  and  implanted  in  his  heart  all  the  pure, 
and  humble,  and  lovely  viiiues  of  Christianity.  In  the  time  of 
the  witchcraft  delusion  he  distinguished  himself  by  opposing  the 
rash  proceedings  of  the  courts.  He  published  a  sermon  to  the 
second  church  after  they  had  received  the  covenant  ;  a  discourse 
on  the  death  of  John  Leverett,  1679  ;  animadversions  on  the  bap- 
tists, 1681  ;  covenant  keeping  the  way  to  blessedness  ;  on  the  fiery 
trial  ;  a  fast  sermon  ;  election  sermon,  1682  ;  the  child's  portionf 
or  the  unseen  glory  of  the  children  of  God,  1684  ;  a  discourse  upo 
on  justification  ;  heavenly  merchandise,  1686  ;  on  laying  hands  on 
the  bible  in  swearing,  1689  ;  the  barren  fig  tree's  doom  ;  against 


m  V  \ 


I 


606 


WIL. 


exccuive  torrow  ;  the  danger  oT  uking  the  uame  of  Gecl  in  vain  ■, 
on  promise  kecpingt  1 69 1  ;  on  woraltippuig  God  ;  on  diKcerning 
the  times  ;  on  the  doctrine  of  the  covenant  of  redemption^  1693  i 
election  sermon  ;  a  fust  sermon  ;  the  law  established  by  the  gospel, 
1694  I  spiritual  desertions  discovered  and  remedied,  1699  ;  a  rem- 
edy uguinst  despair  ;  love's  pedigree  ;  the  perils  of  the  times  dis- 
played, the  substance  of  several  sermons  ;  on  the  calling  of  the 
Jews,  1700 ;  the  Christian's  exercises  by  satan's  temptations  ■ 
caution  about  swearing  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  William  Stough- 
ton,  1701  ;  fast  sermon  ;  Israel's  true  safety,  1704;  fountain  open- 
ed, or  blessings  to  be  dispensed  at  the  national  conversion  of  the 
Jews, second  edition,  1733  and  third,  1737  with  an  appendix  by  jtidge 
Sewall  i  sacramental  meditations.  Mr.  Willard's  largest  work, 
and  the  first  folio  volume  on  divinity  printed  in  this  country,  was 
published  in  1736,  entitled  a  body  of  divinity  in  two  hundred  and 
fifty  expository  lectu'es  on  the  assembly's  shorter  catechism.  It 
is  considered  as  a  work  of  grcal>merit.—«/'em6cr/on'«  »ermon»y  130 
— 144  ;  Pano/iliatf  iii.  97 — IQI  ;  Collect.  hUt,  aoc,  viii.  183  ;  ix. 
193  ;  X.  168. 

WILLARD  (Josiah),  secretary  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  SQn 
of  the  preceding  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1698. 
After  being  for  some  time  a  tutor  in  that  seminary  he  visited  the 
West  Indies  and  England,  retaining  every  where  the  purity  of  his 
moral  character,  and  the  correctness  of  his  religious  views.  In 
June  1717  the  king  appointed  him  secretary  of  his  native  province, 
and  he  was  continued  in  that  station  thirty  nine  years  till  his  death. 
He  was  also  a  judge  of  the  probate  of  wills  and  a  member  of  the 
council.  ?Ie  died  December  6,  1756,  in  the  seventy  sixth  year  of 
his  age.  While  he  commanded  the  highest  respect  in  the  public 
offices,  which  he  sustained,  his  heart  was  the  abode  of  all  the  Christ- 
ian virtues.  His  zeal  for  religion  was  united  with  the  deepest  hu- 
mility. He  ever  wus  consciousof  his  illdesert,  and  this  consciousness 
miade  him  admire  the  love  and  condescension  of  a  divine  Savior, 
pn  whose  righteousness  he  rested  his  whole  hope  of  salvation.— 
Sewall't  and  Prince*a  sermons^  and  judge  Oliver's  poem  on  his  death  ; 
Mnoty  i.  304. 

WILLARD  (Joseph,  d.  d.  ll.  d.),  president  of  Harvard  college, 
was  bom  at  Biddeford,  Massachusetts,  December  39,  1738,  and  was 
the  son  of  the  reverend  Samuel  Willard,  grandson  of  vice  president 
Willard.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1765,  and  was 
afterwards  a  tutor  in  that  seminary  about  six  years.  He  was  or- 
dained November  35,  1772,  us  colleague  with  the  reverend  Mr. 
Champney,  minister  of  the  first  church  in  Beverly,  where  he  con- 
tinued in  the  hii^h  esteem  of  the  people  of  his  charge  till  he  was 
elected  in  the  place  of  Dr.  Langdou  to  the  presidentship  of  Harvard 
college.  Into  this  office  he  was  inducted  December  19y  1781. 
During  the  last  six  years  of  his  life  his  usual  health  was  unsettled. 


iHi 


ne  of  God  in  vain  ■, 
iod  i  on  discerning 
redemption)  1693  ; 
ifthcd  by  the  gospel, 
died,  1699  i  a  rem- 
ilft  of  the  times  dis- 
u  the  calling  of  the 
latan's  temptations  • 
I  of  William  Stough- 
704 ;  fountain  open- 
A  conversion  of  the 
in  appendix  by  judge 
lard's  largest  work, 
1  in  this  country,  was 
in  two  hundred  and 
)rter  catechism.     It 
<erton*t  •ermont^  130 
.  MC.  viii.  183  ;    ix. 

:hu8ett»,  was  the  son 
ard  college  in  1698. 
ninary  he  visited  the 
lere  the  purity  of  his 
religious  views.  In 
)f  his  native  province, 
le  years  till  his  death. 

and  a  member  of  the 
seventy  sixth  year  of 

respect  in  the  public 
jodeofalltheChribt- 

with  the  deepest  hu- 

aud  this  consciousness 

of  a  divine  Savior, 

hope  of  salvation.— 
fr'«  poem  on  hi»  death ; 

nt  of  Harvard  college, 

iber  29, 1 7 38,  and  was 

dson  of  vice  president 

lege  in  1765,  and  was 

years.      He  was  or- 

ith  the  reverend  Mr. 

everly,  where  he  con^ 

lis  charge  till  he  was 

sidentship  of  Harvard 

December  19<  1781. 

health  was  unsettled. 


WIL. 


6o: 


He  died  at  \ew  Bedford  September  25,  J  804,  in  the  sixty  sixth  year 
of  his  age.     His  successor  is  the  revcrrnd  Dr.  Samuel  Webber. 

President  Willard  was  panic iilarly  diHiinguished  for  his  acquaint- 
ance with  classical  literature  and  with  niuihematicul  and  astronom- 
ical science.    His  attainments  in  Creek  Icaniini;  have  been  equalled 
by  few  In  America.      At  the  head  of  the  university  he  mingled  pa- 
ternal tenderness  with  strict  authority,  and  by  his  di(;niriect  person 
and  deportment  united  with  caiulor,  generosity,  and  benevolence,  he 
secured  at  the  same  time  respect  and  affection.      He  was  remark* 
ably  punctual  and  faithful  in  attending  to  the  various  duties  of  his 
office.     As  tt  preacher  of  the  gospel,  intent  upon  the  great  object  of 
the  ministry,  that  of  doing  good,  he  was  plain,  and  less  anxious  to 
display  his  critical  learning  than  to  impart  the  most  useful  instruc- 
tion.     He  sincerely  believed  the  doctrines,  which  he  preached. 
His  integrity  was  unquestioned,  and  his  piety,  equally  remote  from 
the  preciseness  of  supcr:»tition  and  the  wildness  of  enthusiasm,  was 
manifested  by  his  resignation  to  the  will  of  God  under  pains  and  af- 
flictions, by  his  constant  devotion,  and  his  exertions  to  promote  the  in- 
terests of  the  Redeemer's  kinj^dom.     He  published  a  thanksgiving 
sermon,  preached  December  1 783 ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Jo- 
seph  M'keen,  1785  ;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Timothy  Hilliard, 
1790;  asermonatlhcordinationofHezekiah  Packard,  1793  ;  aLat- 
in  addresson  the  death  of  Georg#  Washington, prefixed  to  Tappan's 
discourse,  1 800 ;  andseveral  mathematical  and  astronomic.U  commu- 
nications in  the  memoirs  of  the  American  academy  of  arts  and  sci- 
ences.— Webber* a  eulogy  ;  Holmes'  fun.  senn.  ;  Pearton'afiublic  led.  / 
Memoira  of  Jmer.  acad.i.  1 — 61,70 — 80,  129 — 143;  ii.  22 — 36. 

WILLIAMS  (RocEu),  the  father  of  Providence  plantation,  was 
born  in  Wales  in  1599  and  was  educated  at  Oxford.  After  having 
been  for  some  time  .  minister  in  the  church  of  England,  his  non- 
conformity induced  him  to  seek  religious  liberty  in  America.  He 
arrived  at  Bostou  February  5,  1631.  In  April  he  was  chosen  an  as- 
sistant to  Mr.  Skelt!<on  in  the  ministry  at  Salem.  Such  was  his  pu- 
ritanic zeal,  that  he  contended  for  a  complete  separation  from  the 
English  church,and  even  refused  to  join  in  feHowship  with  his  breth- 
ren in  Boston  unless  they  would  declare  their  repentance  for  havinjj 
communed,  before  they  came  to  this  country,  with  the  church  of 
England.  He  was  of  opinion  also,  that  the  mairistratc  might  not 
punish  the  breach  of  the  sabbath,  or  any  violat  >  n  of  the  precepts 
of  the  first  table.  Before  the  close  of  the  summer  he  was  obliged 
to  retire  to  Plymouth,  where  he  preached  as  an  assistant  to  Mr. 
Smith  about  two  years.  In  1633  he  returned  to  Salem,  and  after 
the  death  of  Mr.  Skelton  in  1634  was  the  sole  minister  of  the 
church.  His  peculiar  sentiments  and  conduct  soon  brought  him 
before  the  court,  whecc  he  was  accused  of  assetting,  that  offences 
against  the  first  table  of  the  law  ought  not  to  be  punished,  unless 
they  disturbed  the  public  peace,  that  nn  oath  ought  not  to  be  ten- 


\ 


t4 


:, 


■rff 


1  i. 


II 


f 


W 


608 


VVIL. 


ft! ! 


dered  to  an  uwregenerate  man,  that  a  Christian  should  not  pray  with 
the  unregenerate,  and  that  thanks  ought  not  to  be  given  after  the 
sacrament,  nor  after  meat.  He  asserted,  that  the  Massachusetts 
patent  was  invalid  and  unjust,  because  a  fair  purchase  had  not  been 
made  of  the  Indians.  He  even  refused  to  commune  with  the  mem- 
bers of  his  own  church,  unless  thejr  would  separate  from  the  pol- 
luted and  antichristian  churches  of  New  England.  As  he  could 
not  be  induced  to  retract  any  of  his  opinions  sentence  of  banish- 
ment was  passed  upon  him  in  1635.  He  obtained  permission  to 
remain  till  spring ;  but  as  he  persisted  in  preaching  in  his  own 
house,ordei'8  were  sent  in  January  1 636  to  seize  him  and  send  him 
to  England.  He  escaped,  and  went  with  four  of  his  friends  to 
Seekhonck,  now  Rehoboth,  and  crossing  the  river  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  a  town,  which  in  acknowledgpnent  of  God's  goodness  to 
him  he  called  Providence.  He  purchased  the  land  honestly  of  the 
Indians,  and  while  he  enjoyed  liberty  of  conscience  himself  he 
granted  it  to  others.  Having  embraced  the  sentiments  of  the  bap- 
tists, he  was  baptized  in  March  1639  by  one  of  his  brethren,  and 
he  then  baptized  about  ten  others.  But  he  soon  entertained  doubts 
respecting  the  correctness  of  his  principles  ;  the  church,  which  he 
had  formed,  was  dissolved  ;  and  he  came  to  the  conclusion,  that 
baptism  ought  not  to  be  administered  in  any  mode  without  an  im- 
mediate revelation  from  heaven.  %t  this  period  he  studied  the  In- 
dian language  and  used  his  endeavors  to  impart  to  the  savages  the 
blessings  of  the  gospel.  In  1643  he  went  to  England,  as  agent  for 
the  colonists  to  procure  an  act  confirming  their  voluntary  govern- 
ment. He  obtuned  a  charter,  and  returning  with  it  landed  at  Bos- 
ton in  September  1644.  Though  he  was  still  under  sentence  of 
banishment,  a  letter  of  recommendation  from  some  of  the  princi- 
pal members  of  parliament  secured  him  from  any  interruption  on 
his  way  to  Providence.  In  1651  he  went  again  as  an  agent  for  the 
colony  to  England,  and  continued  there  till  1654.  On  his  return 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  government,  in  which  station  he 
was  continued  till  1657,  when  Mr.  Benedict  Arnold  was  appointed. 
Being  zealous  against  the  quakers,  he  in  1 672  held  a  public  dispute 
with  three  of  their  most  eminent  preachers,  which  occupied  three 
days  at  Newport  and  one  day  at  Providence.  Of  this  dispute  he 
afterwards  published  an  account.  He  died  in  April  1683  at  the  age 
of  eighty  four  years.  He  seems  in  the  early  part  of  his  residence 
in  this  country  to  have  been  governed  in  some  respects  by  a  blind 
zeal  ;  but  his  memory  is  deserving  of  lasting  honor  for  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  opinions  respecting  liberty  of  conscience,  and  for 
the  generous  toleration,  which  he  established.  So  superior  was  he 
to  the  meanness  of  revenge,  and  such  was  his  magnanimity,  that 
he  exerted  all  his  influence  with  the  Indians  in  favor  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  ever  evinced  the  greatest  friendship  for  the  colony,  from 
which  he  had  been  driven.    F6r  some  of  its  principal  men  he  pre- 


1  / 


lould  not  pray  with 
be  given  after  the 
the  Massachusetts 
chase  had  not  been 
une  with  the  mem- 
arate  from  the  poi- 
nd.     As  he  could 
entence  of  banish- 
dned  permission  to 
aching  in  his  own 
B  Wm  and  send  him 
ar  of  his  friends  to 
ver  laid  the  founda- 
God's  goodness  to 
land  honestly  of  the 
tscience  himself  he 
Dtiments  of  the  bap- 
)f  his  brethren,  and 
)n  entertained  doubts 
;he  church,  which  he 
the  conclusion,  that 
node  without  an  ira- 
lod  he  studied  the  In- 
krt  to  the  savages  the 
England,  as  agent  for 
leir  voluntary  govem- 
with  it  landed  at  Bos- 
11  under  sentence  of 
some  of  the  princi- 
.  any  interruption  on 
lin  as  an  agent  for  the 
54.     On  his  return 
in  which  station  he 
.mold  was  appointed, 
held  a  public  dispute 
which  occupied  three 
!.    Of  this  dispute  he 
April  1683  at  the  age 
part  of  his  residence 
ne  respects  by  a  blind 
ing  honor  for  the  cor- 
if  conscience,  and  for 
i.    So  superior  was  he 
lis  magnanimity,  that 
in  favor  of  MaSsachu- 
[p  for  the  colony,  from 
principal  men  he  pre- 


WIL. 


609 


jterved  the  highest  uflection,  and  maintained  a  correspondence  With 
them.      In  his  controversial  writings  especially  with  Mr.  Cotton 
respecting  toleration  he  shows  himself  a  master  of  argument.    His 
talents  were  of  a  superior  order.     In  the  religious  doctrines,  which 
he  embraced,  he  seems  to  have  been  remarkably  consistent.     The 
scriptures  he  read  in  the  originals.  Though  his  writings  and  his  con- 
duct in  the  latter  periods  of  his  life  evince,  thut  he  was  under  the  in- 
fluence uf  the  Christian  spirit ;  yet  his  mind  was  so  shrouded  in  doubt 
and  uncertainty,  that  he  lived  in  the  neglect  of  the  ordinances  ot 
the  gospel.     He  did  not  contend,  like  the  quakers,  that  they  weic 
superseded  ;  but  found  himself  incapable  of  determining  to  what 
church  it  was  his  duty  to  unite  himself.    He  would  pray  and  preach 
with  all,  who  would^tear  him,  of  whatever  denomination.     If  his 
conscience  had  been  enlightened,  one  would  suppose,  it  must  have 
reproved  him  for  not  partaking  of  the  sacrament  also  with  different 
sects.     His  first  baptism  he  appears  to  have  renounced,  not  so  much 
because  he  was  dihsatisfied  with  the  time  or  the  mode  of  its  admin- 
istration, as  because  it  was  received  in  the  church  of  England,  which 
he  deemed  antichristian.      He  published  a  key  to  the  language  of 
America  or  a  help  to  the  tongue  of  the  New  England  Indians,  8vo, 
1643,  which  has  been  lately  reprinted  in  the  collections  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts historical  society ;  an  answer  to  Mr.  Cotton's  letter  con- 
cerning the  power  of  the  magistrate  in  matters  of  ireligion ;  the 
bloody  tenet  of  persecution  for  the  cause  of  conscience,  1 644 ;  the 
bloody  tenet  yiet  more^iblaody  by  Mr.  Cotton's  endeavor  to  wash  it 
white  in  the  blood  of  tht  Lamb,  Sec.  to  which  id  added  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Endicot,  4to,  1632  ;  the  hireling  ministry  none  of  Christ's,  or 
a  discourse  on  the  propagation  of  the  gospel  of  Christ  Jesus ;  ex- 
periments of  spiritual  life  and  health,  and  their  preservatives,  Lon- 
don, 1652;  George  Fojt  digged  out  of  his  burrows,   1676,  which 
was  written  against  Fox  and  Burrowes,  and  gives  an  account  of  his 
dispute  with  the  quakers.      An  answeir  to  it  was  phblished  in  1678, 
entitled,  a  New  England  fire  brand  quenched.    An  interesting  letter 
of  Mr.  Williams  to  major  Mason  is  preserved  in  the  collections  of 
the  historical  society.-*- W7nfAro/i,  23,  25, 57, 60, 84 — 92,  103 — 105, 
373,  356  ;  CaUender ;  JVeal*s  JST.  E.  i.  158—160  ;  Morton,  86—90  ; 
Hutchimonf  i.  37--39,  118,  138  ;    J-rJun'  abridg.  27—109,  130  ; 
Mather'a  magvatia,  vii.  7—9  ;     Jdama'  jY.  E.  54 — 61  ;    Morse  and 
Parish's  JV.  E.  163— »169  ;    Collect,  hist.  soc.  i.  275  ;  iii.  203 — 239  ; 
V.  80 — 106  J  vi.  144,231,245—250;    vii.  iii — iv  ;   viii.  1 — 4;  ix. 
20—26;  X.  .5 — 23. 

WILLIAMS  (John),  first  minister  of  Deerfield,  Massachusetts, 
was  bom  in  Roxbury  December  10,  1664,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  college  in  1683.  In  May  1686  he  was  ordained  at  Deer- 
field,  a  frontier  town, much  exposed  to  the  incursions  of  the  savages. 
In  the  beginning  of  1704   information  was  received  from  colonel 

3cr:iin'=;t  Dccrficld* 
78 


Schuvler  of  Albany  of  the  dcs'gns  of  the  enen-iv 


it 


ii 


i< 


«i 


11 


i 


l! 


I    I 


.1 


Ij  K 


610 


WIL. 


and  the  government  at  the  solicitation  of  Mr.  Williams^  ordered 
twenty  soldiers  as  a  guard.      In  the  night  of  February  the  twenty 
eighth  the  watch  putroled  the  streets,  but  before  morning  they  went 
to  sleep.       Three  hundred    French  and  Indians,  who  had  been 
hovering  about  the  town,  when  they  perceived  all  to  be  quiet,  sur- 
priseu  the  garrison  house.     A  party  of  them  then  broke  into  the 
house  of  Mr.  Williams,  who,  as  soon  as  he  was  awakened,  snatched 
his  pistol  from  the  tester,  and  put  it  to  the  breast  of  the  first  Indian» 
who  approached.     It  missed  fire,  and  it  was  well  thut  it  did ;  other- 
wise his  scalp  would  have  instantly  been  taken  off  by  other  savages, 
who  now  surrounded  his  bed.    They  seized  and  bound  him.    Two 
of  his  children  and  a  negro  woman  of  his  family  were  taken  to  the 
door  and  murdered.     Ihs  wife,  who  was  the  only  daughter  of  Mr. 
Mather  of  Northampton,  and  all  his  surviving  children,  excepting 
liis  eldest  son,  who  was  absent,  with  himself  were  compelled  imme- 
diately to  begin  their  march  towards  Canada.     In  wading  through  a 
small  river  on  the  second  day  Mrs.  Williams,  who  had  hardly  recov- 
ered from  a  late  confinement,  and  was  much  fatigued,  fell  down  ;  and 
soon  afterwards  the  Indian,  who  took  her,  killed  her  with  his  hatchet. 
About  twenty  other  prisoners  were  murdered,  because  their  strength 
began  to  fail  them  in  travelling  through  the  wilderness.    At  length 
after  witnessing  the  most  agonizing  scenes  during  a  joumer  of  three 
hundred  miles- Mr.  Williams  arrived  in  Canada.      Here  new  trials 
awaited  hhn,  tor  every  exertion  was  made  to  convert  this  heretic  to 
popery.      His  Indian  master,  after  seeing  the  ineflicacy  of  other 
methods,  lifted  his  hatchet  over  the  bead  of  his  prisoner,  and  threat- 
ened to  bury  it  fn  his  brains,  if  he  did  not  instantly  cross  himself  and 
kiss  a  crucifix ;  but  Mr.  Williams  was  governed  by  too  elevatrd 
principles  to  be  made  to  violate  conscience  from  regard  to  his  Hie. 
He  was  redeemed  in  1706.     One  of  his  daughters  he  was  unable  to 
bring  with  him.      She  l>ad  become  assimilated  to  the  Indians,  and 
afterwards  married  one  of  f hem  and  embraced  the  Roman  catholic 
religion.      Settling  again  in  Deerfield,  he  continued  in  that  place 
till  his  death  June  12,  1739,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  of  his  age.     He 
was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Ashley.      His  three  eldest  sons,  Eleaze 
Stephen,  and  Warham,  were  ministers  of  Mansfield,  Springfield, 
and  Watertown,  and  were  highly  respected  and  useful.      He  pub- 
lished a  sermon  preached  at  Boston  lecture  after  his  return  from 
Canada;  God  in  the  camp,  1707;  the  redeemed  captive,  12mo 
v'hich  gives  a  minute  account  of  his  sufferings,  and  has  passec 
through  two  or  three  editions ;  a  serious  word  to  the  posterity  of 
holy  men,  calling  upon  them  to  exalt  their  fathers'  God,  being  the 
abstract  of  a  number  of  sermons,  1729. --mRedeeined  eafitive;    Fox- 
croft's  sermon  on  his  death  ;   Weekly  newsletter,  number  1 30 ;  Holmes* 
annals,  ii.  63,  124  ;  Hutchinson,  ii.  137—139. 

WILLIAMS  (William),  minister  of  Hatfield,  Massachusetts, 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1683.     After  a  ministry 


WIL. 


611 


i 


r.  Williams,  ordered 
February  ihe  twenty 
e  morning  they  went 
ians,  who  had  been 
I  all  to  be  qviiet,  sur- 
,  then  broke  into  the 
8  awakened,  snatched 
ast  of  the  first  Indian, 
ell  tlflt  it  did ;  other- 
\  off  by  other  savages, 
and  bound  him.    Two 
ally  were  taken  to  the 
inly  daughter  ot  Mr. 
g  children,  excepung 
B^ere  compelled  imme- 
In  wading  through  a 
,  who  had  hardly  recov- 
atiguedjfelldown;  and 
ed  her  with  his  hatchet. 
I,  because  their  strength 
wilderness.    At  length 
iringa  journerofthree 
nada.      Here  new  trials 
0  convert  this  heretic  to 
the  inefficacy  of  other 
his  prisoner,  and  threat* 
itantly  cross  himself  and 
vemed  by  too  elevated 
from  regard  to  his  liic 
ighters  he  was  unable  to 
aied  to  the  Indians,  and 
ced  the  Roman  catholic 
continued  in  that  place 
Ih  year  of  his  age.     t*e 
ee  eldest  sons,  Eleaze  > 
'  Mansfield,  Springfield, 
d  and  useful.      He  pub- 
re  after  his  return  from 
■deemed  captive,  12  mo, 
Ferings,  and  has  passed 
word  to  the  posterity  Oi 
r  fathers'  God,  being  the 
ledeemed  eafitive;    Fox-^ 
ter,number  ISO  i  Holmes 

39. 

Hatfield,  Massachusetts, 

3.     After  a  ministry  of 


connderable  length  he  died  at  an  advanced  age  very  suddenly  about 
the  year  1746.  He  was  a  man  of  distinguished  talents.  His  wife 
was  the  daughter  of  the  reverend  Mr.  Stoddard.  He  published  a 
sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Stephen  Williams,  1716 ;  the  great  sal- 
vation explained  in  several  sermons,  1717  ;  election  sermon,  1719  ; 
a  sermon  ut  the  ordination  of  Warham  Williams,  1723  ;  at  the  or- 
dination of  Nehemiah  Bull  of  Westfield  ;  convention  sermon,  1726 ; 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of  Solomon  Stoddard,  1729;  the  duty  and 
interest  of  a  Christian  people  to  be  steadfast ;  directions  to  obtain  a 
true  conversion,  1736;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of  his  wife,  174S.— 
Collect,  hist.  aoc.  x.  157. 

WILLIAMS  (Elisha),  president  of  Yale  college,  was  the  son 
of  the  preceding  and  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  Cambridge 
in  it  1 1.  He  was  afterwards  the  minister  of  Ncwington  in  Weth- 
ersfield,  Connecticut.  In  1726  he  was  inaugurated  president  in  the 
place  of  Dr.  Cutler.;  but  his  impaired  health  induced  lum  in  Octo- 
ber 1739  to  resign  his  office,  and  Mr.  Clap  succeeded  him.  He 
BOW  lived  at  Wethersfield  and  was  soon  made  a  justice  of  the  supe- 
rior court.  In  1745  he  went  as  chaplainin  the  expedition  against 
cape  Breton.  In  the  following  year  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  a 
regiment  on  the  proposed  expedition  against  Canada.  He  after- 
war(^  went  to  England,  where  he  married  a  lady  of  superior  ac- 
co.^  ^  ments.  He  died  at  Wethersfield  July  24, 1750,  aged  sixty 
y(  u  Dr.  Doddridge,  who  wa9  intimately  acquainted  with  him, 
represents  him  as  unitmg  m  his  character  ^^  an  ardent  sense  of  re- 
ligion, solid  learning,  consummate  prudence,  great  candor  and 
sweetness  of  temper,  and  a  certain  nobleness  of  soul,  capable  of  con- 
triving and  acting  the  greatest 'things,  without  seeming  to  be  con- 
scious of  his  having  done  them."  He  presided  at  commencements 
with  great  dignity.  He  published  a  sermon  on  divine  grace,  1727 ; 
a  sermon  on  tiie  death  of  Thomas  Ruggles,  1728.— C7a/i'«  hiat.  Yale 
college^  35 — 39  ;  Holmef?  life  qf  Stiles^  388-.-3go  ;  Miller,  ii.  3'^0-; 
Lockijoood*a  sermon  on  his  d^ath;  Collect,  hist.  aoc.  x.  157  ;  Chand^ 
lev's  life  of  Johnson  y  6 1 . 

WILLI  <\MS  (SoLonfOK,  D.O.),  minister  of  Lebanon,  Connecti- 
cut, was  the  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
college  in  1719.  He  was  ordained  December  5,  1722,  and  died,  it 
is  believed,  in  1769,  having  been  one  of  the  distini!;uished  men  of 
his  day.  He  published  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  Jacob  Eliot  at 
•Goshen  in  Lebanon,  1730;  on  the  death  of  John  Robinson,  1739; 
a  sermon  on  a  day  of  prayer ;  election  sermon,  1741 ;  on  the  death 
of  Eleazer  Williams,  1743;  Christ  the  king  and  witness  of  the 
truth,  1744;  a  vindication  of  the  scripture  doctrine  of  justifying 
faith,  in  answer  to  Andrew  Croswell,  1 746 ;  the  true  state  of  the 
question  concerning  the  qualifications  for  comnmnion,  in  answer  to 
Jonathan  Edwards,  17J1.  ; 


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WILLIAMS  (EpiiHAm),  founder  of  Williums  college  in  Mai»« 
sachusetts,  was  the  son  of  colonel  Ephraim  Williams  of  Newton, 
who  was  afterwards  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Stockbridge.  In  early 
life  he  made  several  voyages  to  Europe.  Possessing  uncommon 
military  talents,  in  the  war  between  England  and  France  from  1740 
to  1748  he  found  opportunity  to  exert  them.  The  command  of  the 
line  ot  the  Massachusetts  torts  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  river 
was  entrusted  to  him.  At  this  period  he  resided  chiefly  at  Hoosack 
fori,  which  stood  on  the  back  of  Hoosack  river  in  Adams,  and  he 
alsr  ui  manded  a  small  fort  at  Williamstown  three  or  four  miles 
distant.  In  1755  he  took  the  command  of  a  regiment  and  joined 
general  Johnson  to  the  northward  of  Alb:\ny.  On  the  morning  of 
the  eighth  of  September  he  was  sent  out  at  the  head  of  a  thousand 
men  with  about  two  hundred  Indians  to  skirmish  with  the  entfkny 
near  lake  George.  He  was  ambuscaded,  and  in  the  action,  which 
took  place^he  was  killed,  being  a  little  more  than  forty  years  of  age. 
His  party  retreated  to  the  main  body,  and  in  another  engagement 
on  the  same  day  the  ene.  .y  were  repulsed,  and  baron  Dioskau  taken 
prisoner.  Colonel  Williams  was  a  brave  soldier,  and  was  beloved 
t)y  his  troops.  He  was  afl'able  and  facetious.  His  politeness  unci 
address  gained  him  grpat  influence  in  the  general  court.  He  be- 
queathed his  property  to  the  establishment  of  a  free  school  in  ,the 
township  west  of  fort  Massachusetts  on  the  condition,  that  the  tdwn 
should  be  called  Williamstown.  In  1735  trustees  were  appointed; 
in  1791  the  school  was  opened ;  and  in  1793  it  was  incorporated  as 
a  college,  under  the  presidency  of  the  reverend  Dr.  Fitch.  It  is 
now  a  flourishing  seminary,  which  does  honor  to  the  munificence 
of  its  founder,  and  to  the  liberality  of  the  general  court,  which  has 
patronised  it.— Co/,Vc/. /««;.  «oc.  viii.  47— 53;  Holmes*  ann^lsf  ii. 
211,212;  Marahally  i.  396. 

WILLIAMS  (Nehemiah),  minister  of  nrimfield,Massachvisctts, 
■was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Chester  Williams  of  Hadley,  and  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1769.  He  wasordain?.d  in  1775. 
His  death  took  place  in  1796.  As  a  preacher  he  was  distinguished 
for  the  energy  and  pathos,  with  which  his  discourses  were  delivered, 
and  he  was  an  able  advocate  of  the  doctrines,  embraced  by  strict 
Calvinists.  He  was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  American  acad- 
emy of  arts  and  sciences.  His  life  was  most  holy  and  benevolent, 
but  on  his  dying  bed  he  declared,  that  his  hope  of  salvation  rested 
wholly  upon  the  free  apd  sovereign  mercy  of  God  through  Jesus 
Christ.  At  the  moment  of  his  departure  he  cried, "  I  have  finished 
my  course  with  joy,"  and  clasping  his  bands  as  in  devotion  expired 
without  a  groan  or  a  struggle.  A  posthumous  volume  of  twenty 
four  of  his  sermons  was  published.— JVcw  York  t  eolog.  mag.  ii. 

WILLIAMS  (Otho  Holland),  a  brave  officer  in  the  revolution. 
ary  war,  held  a  command  in  the  Maryland  line,  and  was  deputy  ad- 
jutant general  of  the  American  army.     In  the  retreat  of  Greene 


WIL. 


G13 


from  South  Carolina  to  Virginia  in  the  beginning  of  1781  colonel 
Williams  was  entrusted  iwith  the  command  of  the  light  corps  in 
the  place  of  the  brave  general  Morgan,  who  was  indisposed,  and  by 
his  manoeuvres  he  greatly  embarrassed  Comwallis  in  his  pursuit. 
After  the  war.he  resided  at  Baltimore.  He  died  while  on  a  journey, 
July  15,  1794,  in  the  forty  fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  firm 
and  disinterested  patriot,  as  well  as  a  gallant  soldier.  In  the  rela- 
tions of  private  life  his  conduct  secured  esteem. — Gordoriy  iii.  448, 
469  ;  iv.  43  ;  Gazette  of  the  U.  S.  July  22,   1794. 

WILSON  (John),  first  minister  of  Boston,  was  born  at  Wind- 
sor, England,  in  1588,  and  was  the  son  of  the  reverend  Dr.  William 
Wilson.     He  was  educated  at  king's  college,  Cambridge,  where  he 
obtained  a  fellowship  ;  but  was  deprived  of  it  for  his  nonconformity 
to  the  English  church.     After  studying  law  for  three  years  at  one 
of  the  Inns  of  court,  he  directed  his  attention  to  theology,  and  was 
a  chaplain  in  several  honorable  families.     He  was  then  settled  in 
the  ministry  at  Sudbury  in  Suffolk.    In  1630  he  came  to  this  coun- 
try  in  the  same  fleet  with  governor  Winthrop  and  the  first  settlers 
of  Massachusetts.     In  the  beginning  of  July  Charlestown  was  fixed 
upon  as  a  place  of  settlement,  and  Mr.  Wilson  and  Mr.  Phillips 
preached  under  a  tree.     A  church  was  formed  on  Friday  the  thir- 
tieth ol  July,  and  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  August  Mr.  Wilson  was 
ordained  as  teacher  by  the  imposition  of  hands.      This  ceremony 
was  performed  by  some  of  the  brethren  merely  as  a  sign  of  his  elec- 
tion to  be  their  minister  and  not  because  he  had  renounced  his  for- 
mer ordination.  In  a  few  months,  when  the  greater  part  of  his  church 
removed  across  the  river  to  Shawmut,  or  Boston,  he  accompanied 
them.     In  1631  he  returned  to  England  for  his  wife,  whom  he  had 
left  behind,  enjoining  it  upon  governor  Winthrcp  and  some  other 
brethren  to  "  prophesy,"  or  to  impart  instruction  and  give  exhorta- 
tions in  the  church  during  his  absence.      In  October  1632  thiity 
three  members  were  dismissed  to  form  a  new  church  at  Charles^ 
town.  They  had  Mr.  James  for  their  pastor,  to  whom  Mr.  Symmts 
was  soon  united  as  teacher.     In  November  Mr.  Wilson  was  again 
ordained  as  pastor.     In  the  following  year  he  received  Mr.  Cotton 
as  his  colleague,  and  after  his  death  Mr.  Norton  in  1653  or  1654. 
He  survived  them  both.     His  death  took  place  August  7,  1667  at 
the  age  of  seventy  eight  years.     Mr.  Davenport  succeeded  him. 
Mr.  Wilson  was  one  of  the  most  humble,  pious,  and  benevolent 
men  of  the  age,  in  which  he  lived.     Kind  affections  and  zeal  were 
the  prominent  traits  in  his  character.    Such  was  his  readiness  to 
relieve  the  distressed,  that  his  purse  was  often  emptied  into  the 
hands  of  the  needy.     Every  one  loved  him,  and  he  was  regarded  as 
the  father  of  the  new  plantation.     He  appears  frequently  to  have 
possessed  a  particular  faith  in  prayer.     Events  sometimes  took 
place  according  to  his  predictions.     The  blessings  pronounced  by 
him  had  been  observed  to  be  so  prophetical,  that  on  his  death  bed 


I! 


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WIL. 


the  most  cMisiderable  persons  brought  their  children  to  him  to  re- 
ceive his  benediction.  Having  a  most  wonderful  talent  at  rhyming, 
he  used  to  write  pieces  of  poetry  on  all  occasions  and  to  send  them 
to  all  persons.  He  was  also  a  great  anagrammutist.  Dr.  Mather 
thinks,  that  he  made  more  anagrams,  and  made  them  igfkore  nimbly, 
than  any  man  since  the  days  of  Adam.  They  generally  conveyed 
some  religious  truth  or  advice.  But  it  was  not  always  the  case, 
that  the  letters  of  his  anagram  corresponded  with  those  of  the  name. 
It  was  perhaps  in  pleasant  allusion  to  this  discordance,  as  well  as  in 
reference  to  the  hospitable  temper  of  Mr.  Wilson,  that  Mr.  Ward, 
the  witt'  M  <hor  of  the  simple  cobler  of  Aggawam,  said  that  the 
anagi  a.  *.  John  Wilson  was,  "  I  pray,  come  in,  you  are  heartily 
y;eIv':otiU%"  In  the  early  periods  of  his  life  his  discourses  were  very 
correct ;  but  as  he  advanced  in  years  his  sermons  consisted  princi- 
pally of  exhortations,  admonitions,  and  counsels  without  much  con- 
nexion or  method,  but  delivered  with  affectionate  warmth.  He 
partook  of  the  common  error  of  his  times  in  calling  upon  the  civil 
magistrate  to  punish  those,  who  were  deemed  heretical  in  doctrine. 
Uis  portrait  is  in  the  library  of  the  historical  society.  He  published 
in  England  some  helps  to  faith,  12mo.  In  this  country  an  extem- 
porary sermon,  which  he  preached  at  a  lecture  in  1665,  was  taken 
down  by  a  stenographer  and  afterwards  published. —  Winthrofi^  20, 
25,  44,  87,  89,  119  ;  Prmce,!.  212,  243,  247  ;  ii.  69 — 73  ;  Morton, 
194  ;  Johnaon^  39,  40,  55,74  ;  Magnalia^  i.  22  ;  iii.  41 — 51  ;  JVeul*s 
A.  E.  i.  148,  365—3^67;  Hutc/iiiMon,  i.  61,258  ;  Holmes* annals,  i. 
254—256,267,401. 

WILSON  (James,  ll.  b.),  an  associate  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  alter  having  been  a  member  of  congress 
from  Pennsylvania,  received  the  above  appointment  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  present  government,  in  October  1789.  In  1797 
he  was  appointed  the  first  professor  of  law  in  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania. He  delivered  a  course  of  lectures,  but  died  soon  after  the 
delivery  of  them.  They  are  preserved  in  his  works,  published  in 
3  vols.  8vo,  1804  -—j^merican  mag.  March  1788  ;  Debates  of  conveU' 
tion  of  Pennsylvania  ;  Rces*  cyclo/i.  art.  college. 

WINCHESTER  (Elhanan),  an  itinerant  preacher  of  the  doc- 
trine of  restoration,  was  born  in  Brookline,  Massachusetts,  in  1751. 
Without  an  academical  education  he  commenced  preaching,  and  was 
the  first  minister  of  the  baptist  church  in  Newton.  In  177S  he 
was  a  minister  on  Pedee  river  in  South  Carolina,  zealously  teach- 
ing the  Calvini&tic  doctrines,  as  explained  by  Dr.  Gill.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year  his  labors  were  very  useful  among  the  negroes.  In 
1781  he  became  a  preacher  of  universal  salvation  in  Philadelphia, 
where  he  remained  several  years.  He,  afterwards  endeavored  to 
propagate  his  sentiments  in  various  parts  of  America  and  England. 
He  died  at'Hartford,  Connecticut,  in  April  1797  in  the  forty  sixth 
year  of  his  age.    His  system  is  very  similar  to  that  of  Dr.Chauncy. 


WIN. 


G15 


Idren  to  him  to  rc« 
I  talent  at  rhyming, 
ift  and  to  send  them 
litist.     Dr.  Mather 
ihem  viore  nimbly, 
generally  conveyed 
A  always  the  case, 
t  those  of  the  name, 
dance,  as  well  as  in 
on,  that  Mr.  Ward, 
warn,  said  that  the 
in,  you  are  heartily 
iscourses  were  very 
ns  consisted  princi- 
5  without  much  con- 
inate  warmth       He 
ailing  upon  the  civil 
lereticai  in  doctrine, 
ciety.  He  published 
s  country  an  extem- 
;  in  1665,  was  taken 
led. —  Winthrofi,  20, 
ii.  69 — 73  ;  Morton, 
;  iii.  41 — 51  ;  Neid*s 
8  ;  Holmes*  annalsj  i. 

tice  of  the  supreme 
member  of  congress 
ntment  at  the  com- 
aber  1789.  In  1797 
B  university  of  Penn- 
it  died  soon  after  the 
works,  published  in 
Debates  of  convert- 

preacher  of  the  doc- 
jsachusetts,  in  1751. 
•d  preaching,  and  was 
ewton.  In  1775  he 
ina,  zealously  teach- 

r.  Gill.  In  the  fol- 
ig  the  negroes.  In 
lion  in  Philadelphia, 
•wards  endeavored  to 
nerica  and  England. 
37  in  the  forty  sixth 

thatof  Dr.Chauncy. 


He  published  a  volume  of  hymns,  1776 ;  a  plain  political  catechism 
for  schools ;  a  sermon  on  universal  restoration,  1781;  universal  res- 
toration in  four  dialogues,  1786 ;  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  proph- 
ecies, Amer.  edit.  2  vols.  8vo,  1800.— .BacitM*,  iii.  152 — 155  ;  Prrf. 
to  dialoguea  ;  Pierce**  cent,  diacourae^  1 5. 

WINSLOW  (Edward),  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  was 
bom  in  1 594,  and  came  to  this  country  with  the  first  settlers  of 
New  England  in  1620.     Possessing  great  activity  and  resolution, 
he  was  eminently  useful.  In  1623  he  visited  Musussoit  at  Narragan- 
setto  afford  him  some  lelief  and  comfort  in  his  sickness,  and  the 
grateful  sachem  in  return  disclosed  a  plot  of  the  Indians  for  exter- 
minating the  English.     He  went  repeatedly  to  England  as  an  agent 
for  the  colony.     In  1633  he  was  chosen  governor  in  the  place  of 
Mr.  Bradford,  and  again  in  1636  and  1644.      He  exerted  his  influ- 
ence in  England  to  form  the  society  for  propagating  the  gospel  in 
New  England,  which  was  incorporated  in  1649,  and  of  which  he 
was  an  active  member.     In  1655  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
missioners to  superintend  the  expedition  against  the  Spaniards  iu 
the  West  Indies.     The  troops  were  defeated  by  an  inconsiderable 
number  of  the  enemy  near  St.  Domingo.     In  the  passage  between 
Hispaniola  and  Jamaica  Mr.  Winslovv  died  of  a  fever  May  8,  1655, 
in  the  sixty  first  year  of  his  age.     He  published  good  news  from 
New  England,  or  a  relation  of  things  remarkable  m  that  plantation, 
to  which  is  annexed  an  account  ot  the  Indian  natives,  1623.      His 
account  is  republished  in  Belknap,  and  the  whole  work  is  abridged 
in  Purchas.      Mr.  Vi     dow  published  also  hypocrisy  unmasked, 
relating  to  the  comrai  ..ton  of  the  independent  with  the  reformed 
churches,  1646.— -Belknafi*a  Jimer,  biog.  ii.  281 — 309,  451 — 462  ; 
Morton^,  153,  154  ;  ^ Magnalioy  ii    6,  7  ;  Prince,  85,  103,  105,  119^ 
129,  145,  153  ;    Hutchinson,  i.  187  ;  Holmes*  annals,  i.  367  ;  Pur- 
chas* /lilgrims,  V.  1853 — 1871. 

WINSLOW  (JosiAu),  governor  of  Plymouth,  was  the  son  of 
the  preceding,  and  was  chosen  governor  in  1673  as  successor  of 
Mr.  Prince,  and  was  continued  in  this  office  till  1680.  In  Philip's 
war,  being  commander  of  the  Plymouth  forces,  he  evinced  himself  a 
brave  soldier.  He  died  at  Marshfield  December  18,  1680  in  the 
fifty  second  year  of  his  a^e.— Morton,  su/ifilem.  207  ;  Magnalia,  ii. 
7  ;  Belknaf^a  Amer.  biog.  ii.  308  ;  NeaCs  A.  JS.  ii.  41  ;  Hutchinson, 
i.  276,  286,  299  ;  Holmes*  annals,  i.  452. 

WINSLOW  (Johm),  major  general  in  the  British  service,  was 
the  grandson  of  the  preceding.  He  was  a  captain  in  the  unfortu- 
nate expedition  to  Cuba  in  1740,  and  afterwards  major  general  in 
the  several  expeditions  to  Kennebeck,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Crown 
Point  in  the  French  wars.  He  died  at  Hingham  in  April  1774  aged 
seventy  one  years. — Belknafi*s  Jmer.  biog.W.  309;  Minot,  i.  217, 
224, 273,  28 1—297 ;  Holmes*  annals,  ii.  3 1 8. 


t 


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WIN. 


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1    '! 


WINTHROP  (John),  first  governoi*  of  Massachusetts,  was  bom 
at  Groton  in  SuiTolk  June  12,  1587,  and  was  bred  to  the  law.  Hav- 
ing converted  a  fine  estate  of  six  or  seven  hundred  pounds  sterling 
per  annum  into  money,  he  embarked  for  America  in  the  forty  third 
year  of  his  age  as  the  leader  of  those  persons,  who  settled  the  colo' 
ny  of  Massachusetts,  and  with  a  commission  as  governor.  He  ar- 
rived at  Salem  June  12,  1630,  and  soon  removed  to  Gharlcstown, 
and  afterwards  crossed  the  river  to  Shawmut  or  Boston.  In  the 
three  following  years  he  was  rechosen  governor,  for  which  office  he 
was  eminently  qualified.  His  time,  his  exertions,  his  interest  were 
all  devoted  to  the  infant  plantation.  In  1634  Mr.  Dudley  was  chos* 
en  in  his  pluce,  but  he  was  reelected  in  the  years  1637,  1638,  and 
1639,  and  in  1642,  1643,  1646,  1647,  and  1648.  He  died,  worn 
out  by  toils  and  depressed  by  afRictions,  March  26,  1649,  in  the 
sixty  third  year  of  his  age.  Mr  Endicot  succeeded  him.  Gover-* 
nor  Winthrop  was  a  most  faithful  and  upright  magistrate  and  ex- 
emplary Christian.  He  at  first  was  very  mild  in  the  administration 
of  justice  ;  but  he  afterwards  yielded  to  the  opinions  of  others,  who 
thought  that  severer  discipline  was  necessary  in  a  new  plantation.- 
Not  having  a  high  opinion  of  a  pure  democracy,  when  the  people  of 
Connecticut  were  about  forming  a  government,  he  Wrote  them  a 
letter,  in  which  he  observed,  "  the  best  pait  of  a  community  is  al- 
ways the  least,  and  of  that  least  part  the  wiser  are  still  less."  In  a 
speech  to  the  general  court  he  took  ori.aJj>n  to  express  his  senti- 
ments concerning  the  power  of  the  n^agistracy  and  the  liberty  of  the 
people.  "  You  have  called  us'*,  said  he, "  to  office,  but  being  called, 
we  have  authority  from  God,  it  is  the  ordinance  of  God,  u^^  hath 
the  image  of  God  stamped  upon  it ;  and  the  contempt  of  it  hath 
been  vindicated  by  God  with  terrible  examples  of  his  vengeance.— 
There  is  a  liberty  of  corrupt  nature,  which  is  inconsistent  with  aui» 
thority,  impatient  of  resitraint;  the  grand  enemy  of  truth  and  peace, 
and  all  the  ordinances  of  God  are  bent  against  it.  But  there  is  a 
civil,  moraU  federal  liberty,  which  consists  in  every  one's  enjoying 
his  propr  ^',  and  having  the  benefit  of  the  laws  of  his  country,  a 
liberty  for  that  only,  which  is  juat  and  good;  for  this  liberty  you 
are  to  stand  with  your  lives."  In  the  course  of  his  life  he  repeat- 
edly experienced  the  versatility  of  the  public  opinion ;  but  when  he 
was  left  out  of  office,  he  possessed  perfect  calmness  of  mind,  and 
still  exerted  himself  to  serve  his  country.  In  severe  trials  his  mag- 
nanimity, wisdom,  and  patience  were  conspicuous.  He  denied 
himself  many  of  the  elegancies  of  life,  that  he  might  give  an  exam- 
ple of  frugality  and  temperance,  and  might  exercise  liberality  with- 
out impoverishing  his  family.  He  was  condescending  and  benevolent. 
In  a  severe  winter,  when  wood  was  scarce,  he  was  told>  that  a  neigh- 
bor was  wont  to  help  himself  from  the  pile  at  his  door.  "  Does 
he  ?"  said  the  governor  in  seeming  anger ;  "  call  him  to  me,  "and  S 
will  take  a  course  with  him  that  shall  cure  hira  of  stealing."    When 


mn 


■ 


ichusetts,  was  bom 
to  the  law.    Hav- 
ed  pounds  sterling 
a  in  the  forty  third 
lio  settled  the  colo-* 
governor.     He  ar- 
id to  Gharlcstown, 
r  Boston.     In  the 
,  for  which  office  he 
IS,  his  interest  were 
r.  Dudley  was  chos- 
irs  1637,  1638,  and 
8.    He  died,  worn 
ch  36,  1649,  in  the 
eded  him.     Cover-' 
magistrate  and  ex- 
n  the  administration 
nions  of  others,  who 
in  a  new  plantation. 
,  when  the  people  of 
It,  he  Mrrote  them  a 
f  a  community  is  al- 
jre  still  less."     In  a 
to  express  his  senti- 
and  the  liberty  of  ihe 
fice,  but  being  called, 
ce  of  God,  aiM^  hath 
contempt  of  it  hatK 
of  his  vengeance.— 
inconsistent  with  au.* 
of  truth  and  peace, 
it.      But  there  is  a 
jvery  one's  enjoying 
Iws  of  his  country,  a 
for  this  liberty  you 
^f  his  life  he  repeat- 
[pinion;  but  when  he 
mness  of  mind,  and 
evere  trials  his  mag- 
icuous.      He  denied 
,.jight  give  an  exam- 
ircise  liherdlity  with- 
lidingand  benevolent, 
astoldjthataneigii- 
his  door.     "  Does 
ill  him  to  me,  -and  i 
.f  stealing."    When 


Win. 


617 


tli6  man  appeared,  he  addressed  him  thus, "  ftlend,  it  is  a  cold  win- 
ter, and  I  hear  you  are  meanly  provided  with  wood  ;  you  are  wel- 
come to  help  yourself  at  my  pile  till  the  winter  is  over."    He  after- 
AVards  merrily  asked  his  informant,  whether  he  had  not  put  a  stop 
to  the  man's  stealing  ?     Though  h«  Wvis  rich  wiicn  he  came  to  this 
country,  yet  through  his  devotion  to  public  business,  while  his 
estate  was  managed  by  unfaithful  servants,  he  died  poor.      He  was 
so  much  of  a  theologian,  that  he  sometimes  gave  the  word  of  exhor- 
tation in  the  church.      His  zeal  aguinst  those,  who  had  embraced 
erroneous  doctrines,  diminished  in  his  latter  years.     He  was  always 
careful  in  his  attendance  upon  the  duties  of  public  and  of  family 
worship^      Governor's  island  in  the  harbor  of  Boston  was  granted 
to  him,  and  still  remains  in  the  possession  of  his  descendants.      He 
procured  a  law  against  the  heathenish  practice  of  health  drinking. 
From  his  picture  it  appears,  that  he  wore  a  long  beard.      He  kept 
an  exact  account  of  occurrences  and  transactions  in  the  colony  down  ' 
to  the  year  1644,  which  was  of  great  service  to  Hubbai'd,  Mather, 
and  Prince.      It  was  not  published  till  the  year  1790,  when  it  was 
printed  in  octavOk-^ Hia  Journal  ;    Mather*a  magnaliay  ii.  8—15; 
Belknafi*s  Atner.  biog.  ii.  337 — 358  ;  Morton^  142  ;  JVeaPa  JV.  £.i. 
146,  294  ;  Hutchinaon^  i.  12 — 40  ;  55 — 75,  147,  151  ;  Jidama*  A. 
E.  29,  79  ;  Mod.  univers.  Mat.  xxxix.  293,  293. 

WINTHROP  (JoHK,  F.R.s),  governor  of  Connecticut,  was 
the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  his  fine  genius  was  improved  by  a 
liberal  education  in  the  universities  of  Cambridge  and  of  Dublin, 
and  by  travel  upon  the  continent.     He  arrived  at  Boston  in  October  ' 
1635,  with  authority  to  make  a  settlement  in  Connecticut^  and  the 
next  month  despatched  a  number  of  persons  to  build  a  fort  at  Say- 
brook.      He  was  chosen  governor  in  1657  and  agaih  in  1659,  and 
from  that  period  he  was  aimually  reelected  till  his  death.      In  1 66 1 
he  went  to  England  and  procured  a  charter,  incorporating  Connecti- 
cut and  New  Haven  into  one  colohy.     He  died  at  Bciston  April  5> 
1676,  in  the  seventy  first  year  of  his  age.    He  possessed  a  rich  va- 
riety of  knowledge^  and  was  particularly  skilled  in  chemistry  and 
physic.    His  valuable  qualities  as  a  gentleman,  a  Christian,  a  phi- 
losopher, and  a  magistrate  secured  to  him  universal  respect.     He 
published  some  valuable  communications  in  the  philosophical  trans- 
action8.^—Trum6M//'»  Connect,  i.  358,  261,  362  ;  Magnalic^  ii.  30-— 
33  ;    Belknafi*a  Amer.  biog.  ii.  359 — '363  ;    Holmes*  annala,  i.  382, 
438. 

WIN'THROP  (John,  ll.  d.  f.  r.  s.)j  Hollis  professor  of  math- 
ematics and  natural  philosophy  in  Harvard  college,  was  the  son  of 
the  honorable  Adam  Winthrop,  a  member  of  the  coimcil,  and  a 
descendant  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  university  of  Cambridge  in  1733.  In  1738  at  the  age  of 
twenty  four  years  he  was  appointed  professor  in  the  place  of  Mi-, 
Greenwood.     He  immediately  entered  wpon  the  duties  of  this  of. 

79 


A 


m 


618 


WIN. 


ftce  and  discharged  them  with  fidelitf  and  high  reputation  througlv 
lUic.      In  1761  he  sailed  to  St.  John's  in  Newfoundland  to  observe 
the  transit  oi  Venus  over  tiie  sun's  disk  on  the  sixth  of  June  agree- 
ably to  the  recomnicndution  ot  Mr.Halley.     When  the  day  arrived} 
h'j  was  iuvoied  with  u  fine,  clear  morning,  and  he  enjoyed  the  inex> 
presbible  saiisiaction  ol  observing  a  phenomenon,  which  had  never 
betore  lieen  seen,  exccpiing  by  Mr.  Horrux  in  1639,  by  any  inhab- 
itant of  this  earth.,     in  1773,  when  the  controversy  with  Great 
Britain  began  to  >;i*ow  warm,  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  coun- 
cil, and  evinced  himself  a  firm  Iricnd  of  his  country.      He  was  re- 
chosen  in  the  tuliowing  year,  but  his  election  was  annulled  by  the 
governor  in  coinpliuncu  with  an  express  royal  mandate.     This  tes- 
timony of  his  majesty's  displeasure  on  account  of  his  attachment 
to  the  rights  of  America,  he  evti  esteemed  us  the  highest  honor, 
which  a  corrupt  court  could  bestow.     When  the  British  authority 
terminated  in  Massachusetts  he  was  reelected  a  counsellor.     After 
having  been  a  professor  for  more  that  forty  years  he  died  at  Cam- 
bridge May  3,  1779,  in  the  sixty  fifth  year  ol  his  age.     He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mr.  Williams.     Dr.  Winthrop  was  distinguished  for  his 
very  intimate  acquaintance  with  mathematical  science.     The  most 
obstruse  reasonings  of  Newton's  principia  were  familiar  to  him,  and 
few  philosophers  of  his  day  possessed  greater  vigor  and  penetration 
of  mind.      His  talents  in  investigating  and  communicating  tnith 
were  very  rare.    In  the  variety  and  extent  of  his  knowledge  he  has 
seldom  been  equalled..    While  he  wrote  Latin  witii  purity  and  ele- 
gance, and  studied  the  scriptures  with  critical  attention  in  their 
original  languages,  he  was  also  versed  in  several  of  the  modem 
languages  of  Ekjirope,     He  had  deeply  studied  the  policies  of  differ- 
ent ages;  he  had.reud  the  principal  fathers;  and  he  was  thoroughly 
acquainted  witli  the  controversy  between  Christians  and  deists. 
His  firm  faitl^in  the  Christian  religion  was  founded,  upon  an  accu- 
rate examination  of  the  evidences  of  its  truth,  and  the  virtues  of  his 
life  added  a  lustre  to  his  intellectual  powers  and  scientific  attainments. 
In  hi&  family  he  devoutly  maintained  the  worship  of  the  supreme 
Being.     While  he  himself  attended  upon  the  positive  instilutiois 
of  the  gospel,  he  could  not  conceive  what  reason  any  one,  who  called 
himself  a  Christian,  could  give  for  neglecting  them.      The  day 
before  his  death  he  observed  to  a  friend,  that  the  wise  men  of  antiq- 
uity by  every  plausible  argument  endeavored  to  prove  the  reality  of 
a  future  state,  but  that  the  wise  men  of  modern  times  had  bent  all 
their  exertions  to  weaken  the  proofsof  our  immortal  existence,  and 
to  undermine  tl)e  only  hope,  which  can  sustain  us.  at  the  close  of 
life.     "But,"  added  he, "  the  light  t^jrown  upon  the  doctrine  of -a 
future  state  with  me  amourits  to  demonstration.     The  hope,  that  is 
set  before  us  in  the  New  Testament,  is  the  only  thing,  which  will 
support  a  man  in  his  dying  hour.      If  any  man  builds  on  any  othec 
laupdation)  in  my  apprehension  his  foundation  will  fail."     His-ac-^ 


WIS. 


619 


n  repuution  througlv 
oundland  to  observe 
sixth  of  June  agree- 
V hen  the  clay  arrived, 
he  enjoyed  the  inex- 
jon,  which  had  never 
n  l63y,byai>yinhab- 
itroveiby  with  Great 
member  of  the  coun- 
ouniry.      He  was  re- 
was  annulled  by  the 
I  mandate.     This  tes- 
int  of  his  attachment 
us  the  highest  honor, 
I  the  British  authority 
i  a  counsellor.     After 
rears  he  died  at  Cam- 
his  age.     Hewassuc- 
is  distinguished  for  his 
;al  science.    The  most 
;re  familiar  to  him,  and. 
r  vigor  and  penetration 
communicating  truth 
»f  his  knowledge  he  has 
in  wiUi  purity  and  ele- 
tical  attention  in  their 
several  of  the  modem 
ed  the  policies  of  differ- 
and  he  was  thoroughly 
Christians  and  deists, 
founded,  upon  an  accu- 
1,  and  the  virtues  of  his 
id  scienUfic  atuunments. 
orsbip  of  the  supreme 
the  positive  institutiovs 
ison  any  one,  who  called 
pcungthcm.      The  day 
[t  the  wise  men  of  antiq- 
d  to  prove  the  reality  of 

,dern  times  had  bent  all 
immortal  existence,  and 
istain  us  at  the  close  of 
upon  the  doctrine  of  a 
ion.  The  hope,  that  IS 
ie  only  thing,  which  will 
tnan  builds  on  any  othes 
ion  will  fail."      His  ac^ 


curatfl  observations  of  the  transit  of  Mercury  in  1740  vrere  hon- 
orably  noticed  by  the  royal  society  ot  London  and  recorded  in 
the  forty  second  volume  of  its  tntnsuctionu.  He  published  a  lec- 
ture on  earthquakes  1755;  answer  tu  Mr.  Prince's  letter  u])on 
earthquakes,  1756;  two  lectures  on  con>ets,  I7.>i) ;  an  account  of 
.several  fiery  meteors  seen  in  North  America,  1765. — l.angdon*tand 
Howard's  aermona,  VVigglesv)orth*a  lecture^  ami  HtnouU'ii  oration  on 
bia  death;  Maaaa.  mag,  iv.  33 1—233  ;  Jnuriain  musetun,  vii,  229 
— 231;  //b/wM*  amw/«,  ii.  424  ;  life  (j Stileay2b^ — 260;  Miller^  W. 
373  ;  Collect,  hiat.  aoc.  x,  159  ;  Inde fiend,  chronicle  May  13,  1779. 

WISE  (John),  minister  of  Ipswich,  Mussachuaciis,  was  gradu- 
ated at  Harvard  collep;e  in  1673,  and  was  suon  afterwards  ordained 
at  Chebacco  in  Ipswich.     In  1688  he  wan  imprisuned  by  bir  Ed- 
mund Anvlros  for  remonstrating  with  others  uguinst  the  tuxes  as  a 
grievance,  because  imposed  without  an  asse«ribly.      After  the  revo- 
lution he  brought  an  action  against  Mr.  Dudley,  the  chief  justice, 
for  denying  him  the  benefits  of  the  habeas  corpus  act.      Being  a 
chaplain  in  the  unhappy  expedition  against  Canada  in  1690,  ne  dis- 
tinguished himself  not  only  by  the  pious  discharge  of  the  sacred 
office,' but  by  his  heroic  spiiit  and  martial  skill.      When  a  number 
of  ministers  signed  proposals  in  1705  for  establishing  associations, 
which  should  be  entrusted  with  spiritual  power,  he  exerted  himself 
with  effect  to  avert  the  danger,  which  threatened  the  congregational 
churches.     In  a  book,  whish  he  wrote  upon  tnis  occasion,  entitled, 
the  churches'  quarrel  espoused,  he  exhibited  no  small  share  of  the 
wit  and  satire  of  a  former  minister  of  Ipswich,  Mr.  Ward.     He 
contended,  that  each  church  contains  in  itseU  ait  ecclesiastical  au- 
thority.    In  1721,  when  the  inoculation  of  the  small  pox  was  first 
introduced,  he  was  one  of  those  ntinisters,  who  approved  of  it.  Mr. 
Stoddard  oif  Northampton  was  another.      Mr.  Wise  died  April  8, 
1725  at  an  advanced  age.     He  was  enriched  with  the  excellencies 
of  nature  and  of  religion,  uniting  a  graceful  form  and  majestic  as- 
pect to  a  lively  imagination  and  sound  judgment,  and  to  incorrupti- 
ble integrity,  unshaken  fortitude,  liberal  charity,  and  fervent  piety. 
His  attachment  to  civil  and  religious  liberty  was  zealous  and  firm. 
He  was.  a  learned  scholar  and  eloquent  orator.      Being  a  friend  to 
:he  peace  of  the  churches,  his  services  were  often  required  in  ec- 
clesiastical councils,  and  when  he  was  bowing  down  under  infirmi- 
ties he  would  go  forth,  wherever  his  benevolent  labors  were  desired. 
In  the  beginning  of  his  last  sickness  he  observed  to  a  brother  in  the 
gospel,  that  he  had  been  a  man  of  contention,  but,  as  the  state  of 
the  church  made  it  necessary,  he  could  say  upon  the  most  serious 
review  of  his  conduct,  that  he  had  fought  a  good  fight.      At  the 
same  time  he  expressed  a  deep  sense  of  his  own  unworthincss  in 
the  si?;ht  of  heaven,  and  a  conviction,  that  he  needed  the  divine 
'mercy  and  waseniirely.dependentonthe  free  grace  of  GckI  in  Christ 
Jesus.    He  published  the. churches' quarrel  espouse^,  1710;  and'a 


'  ■ 


620 


WIS. 


vindication  of  the  government  of  tlio  New  England  churchct}  about 
the  yeur  1717  or  17 18.  It  wus  reprinted  in  1772.  He  contends, 
that  the  ecclesiAstical  government  m  established  by  Christ)  and  us 
cxistini^  in  New  Englund,  wai  a  dctnocrucy*  und  was  best  calculated 
for  the  advantu(|^e  of  all.— ^  aermon  on  hia  death t  JIuichinaonyi.  366, 
367;  i?arA-u«'(iAriV/^.  130,  131,138  ;  Noimea*  annaia,i. 47 3  i  Stilea' 
Qhriatian  union^  47. 

WISE  (Jeremiah),  minister  of  Berwick,  Massachusetts,  was 
graduated  ut  Harvard  college  in  1 700,  und  was  ordained  as  succeti- 
sor  of  Mr.  John  Wade  November  26,  1707.  His  death  took  plucc 
i.i  1756.  He  was  a  inun  of  eminent  piety  and  goodness.  The 
learning,  in  wliich  he  made  great  proficiency,  was  that,  which  was 
most  cultivated  in  the  age,  in  which  he  lived.  He  did  not  excel  in 
polite  learning  or  in  philosophic  researches,  but  the  scholastic  dis- 
tinctions and  refinements  were  familiar  to  him.  He  published  a 
sermon  on  the  death  of  Charles  Frost,  1725  ',  election  sermon, 
1729  ;  a  sermon  at  the  ordination  of  James  Pike,  \tZOj-~SullivaiCu 
dial.  Maincy  346  ;  Coltfct,  Mat.  aoc.  x.  170. 

WITHERSPOON  (John,  d.d.  ll.d.),  president  of  the  college 
of  New  Jersey,  was  born  in  Yester  near  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  Feb* 
Tuary  5,  1722,  and  was  lineally  descended  from  John  Knox.      At 
the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  where 
he  continued  till  he  reached  the  age  of  twenty  one,  when  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  In  the  theological  hall  he  had  evinced 
a  taste  in  sacred  criticism,  a  precision  of  thought,  and  a  perspicuity 
of  expression,  which  were  very  uncommon.  He  was  soon  ordained 
at  Beith  in  the  west  of  Scotland.     Thence  after  a  few  years  he  was 
translated  to  Paisley.      Here  he  lived  in  high  reputation  and  great 
usefulness  until  he  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  Princeton  col- 
lege.    So  extensively  was  he  known,  that  he  was  invited  to  Dun- 
dee, to  Dublin,  and  Rotterdam  ;  but  less  regardful  of  personal  in- 
terest than  of  what  he  conceived  to  be  the  claims  pf  duly,  he  was 
persuaded  to  listen  to  the  invitation  from  a  dihtant  country.     He 
arrived  with  his  family  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  in  the  month  of 
August  1768,  and  took  the  eharge  of  a  seminary,  over  which  had 
presided  a  Dickinson,  Burr,  Edwards,  Davies,  and  Finley,  men  dis- 
tinguished for  genius,  learning,  and  piety.     His  name  brought  a 
great  accession  of  student^  to  the  college,  and  by  his  exertions  its 
funds  were  much  augmented.     But  the  war  of  the  American  revo- 
lution prostrated  every  thing.      While  the  academical  shades  were 
deserted,  and  his  functions  as  president  were  suspended,  he  was  in- 
troduced intq  a  nev7  field  of  labor.     As  he  became  at  once  ^  A- 
xnerican  on  his  landing  in  this  country,  the  citizens  of  New  Jersey, 
who  knew  his  distinguished  abiliiics,  appointed  him  a  member  of 
the  convention,  which  formed  the  constitution  of  that  state.    Here 
lie  appeared  as  profound  a  civilian,  as  he  had  before  been  known  to 
|)^  a  pbUosppher  and  divinCf    From  t^e  revolutionary  committees 


WIT. 


621 


land  cliurchctt  about 
772.  He  contends, 
led  by  Christ,  and  as 
1(1  wus  best  calculated 
it  y/u«fA«»i«on,i.  366, 
anmi/«,i.473i  StiUu' 

Massachusetts,  was 
s  ordained  as  succeti- 

His  death  took  plucc 
and  goodness.  The 
,  was  that,  which  was 
He  did  not  excel  in 
lit  the  scholastic  dis- 
him.  He  published  a 
25  i  election  sermon, 
*ikc,  \730j~^SulUvaii'd 

resident  of  the  college 
nburj<h,  Scotland,  Feb- 
rom  John  Knox.      At 
f  of  Edinburgh,  where 
ity  one,  when  he  was 
ical  hall  he  had  evinced 
>ught,  and  a  perspicuity 
He  was  soon  ordained 
fterafcw  years  he  was 
;h  reputation  and  great 
dency  of  Princeton  col- 
he  was  invited  to  Dun- 
egardful  of  personal  in- 
:laims  pf  duly,  he  was 
adihtant  country.     He 
Jersey,  in  the  wonth  of 
minary,  over  which  had 
es,  and  Finley,  men  dis- 
f.     His  name  brought  a 
and  by  his  exertions  its 
p  of  the  American  revo- 
academical  shades  were 
e  suspended,  he  was  in- 
le  became  at  once  ^  A* 
citizens  of  New  Jersey, 
)ointed  him  a  member  of 
tion  of  that  state.    Here 
id  before  been  known  to 
evolutionary  committees 


•nd  conventions  of  the  state  he  was  sent  early  in  1776  a  represen- 
tative to  the  congress  of  United  America.     He  wuh  during  seven 
years  a  member  of  that  illustrious  boil y,  and  he  wus  always  collected, 
firm,  and  wise  amidst  the  embarrasHing  circumstances,  in  which 
congress  was  placed.     His  name  is  affixed  to  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence.    But  while  he  was  thus  engaged  in  political  afl'airs 
he  did  not  lay  aside  his  miitistry.     He  gladly  embraced  every  op- 
portunity of  preaching,  for  his  character  as  a  minister  of  the  gos- 
pel he  ever  considered  as  his  highest  honor.     As  soon  as  the  state 
of  the  country  would  permit,  the  college  wus  reestablished,  and  iu 
instruction  was  recommenced  under  the  immediate  care  of  the 
vice  president,  the  reverend  Dr.  Smith.     After  the  terminatio  \  -A 
the  struggle  for  American   liberty,  Dr.  Withcrspoon  was  indued 
from  his  attachment  to  the  college  to  cross  the  ocean,  that  he  might 
promote  its  benefit.     Though  his  success  wus  not  so  great  as  could 
be  wished,  his  enterprise  and  zeul  were  n  i  the  less  deserving  of 
commendation.     After  his  return,  he  entered  into  that  letirement, 
which  was  dear  to  him,  and  his  attention  was  principally  confined  to 
the  duties  oi  his  office  as  president,  and  as  r  ministc:*  of  the  iros- 
pel.     For  more  than  two  years  before  his  death  he  was  afH'  ted 
with  the  loss  of  sight ;  but  during  his  blindness  he  was  freq^u  ndy 
led  into  the  pulpit,  and  he  always  acquitted  himself  with  hi .,  usual 
accuracy  and  animation.     At  length  he  sunk  under  t  v.  nressure  of 
his  infirmities.     He  died  November   15,  1794,  in  tie  seventy  third 
year  of  his  age.     He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Smith,  who  is  now  at 
the  head  of  the  college. 

Dr.  Witherspoon,  though  not  a  man  of  the  most  extensive  learn- 
ing, yet  possessed  a  mass  of  inibrmation  well  selected  and  thor- 
oughly digested.     Scarcely  any  man  of  the  age  had  a  more  vigor- 
ous mind  or  a  more   sound  understanding.     As  president  of  the 
college  he  rendered  literary  inquiries  more  liberal,  extensive,  and 
profound,  and  was  the  means  of  producing  an  important  revolution 
in  the  system  of  education.     He  extended  the  study  of  mathemat^ 
ical  science,  and  it  is  believed  he  was  the  first  man,  who  taught  in 
America  the  substance  of  those  doctrires  of  the  philosophy  of  the 
mind,  which  Dr.  Reid  afterwards  devo^pr^u  with  so  much  success. 
He  was  very  distinguished  as  a  preacher.     An  admirable  textuury, 
a  profound  theologian,  perspicuous  and  simple  in  his  manner,  an 
universal  scholar,  acquainted  intimately  with  human  nature,  n  grave, 
dignified,  and  solemn  speaker  ;  be  brought  all  the  advantages,  de- 
rived from  these  sources,  to  the  illustration  and  enforcement  of  di- 
vine truth.     Though  not  a  fervent  and  animated  speaker,  it  was  im- 
possible to  hear  him  without  attention.    His  feelings  were  naturally 
strong,  but  he  had  imposed  restraints  upon  himself.    All  ostenta- 
tion in  the  pulpit  he  viewed  with  the  utmost  aversion.    He  loved 
to  dwell  on  the  great  doctrine's  of  divine  grace.     Though  he  uroio 
his  sermons,  and  pommittcd  them  to  memory,  yet  as  he  was  gpv- 


if 


i 

I  el 

4 


:1 


622 


WIT. 


i| 


crned  by  the  desire  of  doing  good  and  wished  to  bring  his  discourseti 
to  the  level  of  every  understanding)  he  wus  not  confined  when  ad- 
dressing his  hearers, within  the  boundaries  of  wnat  he  had  written. 
His  life  was  upright  and  holy.  Besides  the  daily  intercourse  with 
heaven,  which  heheld  in  the  closet,  and  occubional  seasons  of  solemn 
recollection  and  devotion,  he  observed  the  last  day  of  the  year  with 
his  family  as  a  day  of  fasting,  huniiliutiun,  and  prayer.  To  the 
young  he  'vas  paiticularly  attentive,  taking  every  opportunity  to  im- 
part to  them  useful  advice  in  the  most  agreeable  manner.  Having 
a  rich  fund  of  anecdote,  his  moments  oi  relaxation  were  as  enter- 
taining, as  his  serious  ones  were  instructive.  The  following  anec- 
dote presents  a  specimen  of  his  good  humored  wit.  When  Bur- 
goyne's  army  was  captured  at  Saratoga,  general  Gates  despatched 
one  of  his  aids  to  congress  to  carry  the  intelliKence.  The  officer, 
after  being  delayed  by  amusements,  wiiich  ofi'ered  themselves  to 
him  on  his  way,  at  length  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  but  the  report  of 
the  victory  had  reached  there  several  days  beforo.  Congress,  ac- 
cording to  custom,  proceeded  to  give  the  messenger  some  mark  of 
their  esteem.  It  was  proposed  to  present  him  with  an  elegant 
sword  ;  but  Dr.  Witherspoon  rose,  and  begged  leave  to  move,  that 
instead  of  a  sword,  they  should  p.^esent  him  with  a  pair  of  goldeo 
spurs. 

As  a  writer  he  holds  a  high  rank.  His  knowledge  of  every  sub- 
ject he  handles  is  considered  as  extensive  and  accurate,  his  thoughts 
weighty  and  condensed,  his  style  simple,  and  his  method  v«ry  lucid. 
He  exhibits  great  acquaintance  with  the  world  and  with  the  human 
heart.  His  works  are  various,  for  he  wrote  on  political,  moral,  lite- 
rary, and  religious  subjects.  No  one  has  more  strikingly  displayed 
the  pernicious  effects  of  the  stage ;  and  his  treatises  on  the  nature 
and  necessity  of  regeneration,  justification  by  free  grace  through 
Jesus  Christ,  the  importance  of  truth  in  religion,  or  the  con- 
nexion between  sound  principles  and  a  holy  practice  are  highly 
esteemed.  Though  a  very  serious  writer,  he  yet  possessed  a  fund 
of  refined  humor  and  delicate  satire.  In  his  ecclesiastical  eharac- 
terislics  his  wit  was  directed  at  certain  corruptions  in  principle  and 
practice,  prevalent  in  the  church  of  Scotland,  and  it  is  keen  and 
cutting.  That  church  was  divided  into  two  parties,  of  wluch  one 
was  desirous  of  extending  the  right  of  patronage,  and  the  other 
wished  to  extend  the  influence  of  the  people  in  the  settlement  and 
removal  of  ministers.  The  former,  which  was  called  the  moderate 
party,  was  considered  as  not  strictly  evangelical  in  their  sentiments 
and  treaching ;  the  latter,  distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  ortho- 
dox, was  zealous  for  the  doctrines  of  grace  and  the  articles  contain- 
ed in  the  national  confession  of  faith.  It'  was  against  the  moderate 
iTien,  that  the  shafts  of  Dr.  Witherspoon's  wit  were  aimed.'  He 
formed  a  union  of  those,  who  accoVded  with  him,  and  became  at 
length  their  leader.      His  works  were  published  in  4  vols,  with  an 


WOL. 


623 


ing  his  diacoursM   » 
:onAned  wlien  ud- 
at  he  had  written. 
J  intercourse  with 
seasons  of  solemn 
jr  ol  the  year  with 
I  prayer.     To  the 
opportunity  to  im- 
manner.    Having 
ion  were  as  enter-    . 
le  following  anec-.    . 
wit.     When  Bur- 
i  Gates  despatched 
nee.    The  officer, 
red  themselves  to 
a,  but  the  report  of 
luj.    Congress,  ac- 
iiger  some  mark  of 
m  with  an  elegant 
leave  to  move,  that 
th  a  pair  of  goldeo 

ledge  of  every  sub- 
curate,  his  thoughts 
method  very  lucid, 
md  with  the  human 
)oUtical,  moral,  lite- 
strikingly  displayed 
iiises  on  the  nature 
tree  grace  through 
ligion,  or  the   con- 
)vaclice  are  highly 
et  possessed  a  fund 
cclesiastical  charac- 
ons  in  principle  and 
and  it  is  keen  and 
arties,  of  wlvich  one 
age,  and  the  other 
\  the  settlement  and 
called  the  moderate 
in  their  sentiments 
name  of  the  ortho- 
the  articles  contain- 
gainst  the  moderate 
t  were  aimed.'     He 
him,  and  became  at 
id  in  4  vols,  with  an 


1 


account  of  his  life  by  Dr.  Rodgers,  8vo,  \SQ2.—^Rodgera*  sermon  on 
hia  death;  Masaa.  tniaa.  mag.  v.  1—10  ;  Piscuia^ua  evang,  mag.  iiL 
41,  81,  131  ;  Millerf  ii.  376  ;  ji8aembly*a  niitta.  mag.  i.  17 — 19. 

WOLCOTT  (Uookb),  governor  of  Connecticut,  was  the  son  of 
a  farmer,  and  was  born  at  VVindsur  January  4,  1679.  His  parents 
lived  in  a  part  of  the  country,  which  suffered  much  from  the  In- 
dians, and  in  the  town  there  was  neithtr  a  schoolmaster  nor  minis- 
ter, so  that  Mr..  Wolcott  was  not  a  member  of  a  common  school  for 
a  single  day  in  hia  life.  When  he  was  twelve  years  of  age  he  was 
bound  as  an  apprentice  to  a  mechanic.  At  the  age  of  twenty  one^ 
nrhen  the  laws  permitted  him  to  enjoy  the  fruits  of  his  labors,  he 
established  himself  on  the  east  side  of  Connecticut  river  in  the  same 
town,  in  which  he  was  born,  where  by  the  blessing  of  God  upon  his 
industry  and  fru^;ality  he  acquired  what  Wus  considered  as  a  plenti- 
ful fortune.  He  is  an  eminent  proof  of  the  power  of  talents  and  in- 
tegrity, in  a  free  country,  in  raising  one  to  distinction  notwithstand- 
ing the  disadvantages  of  education  and  of  birth.  He  rose  by  degrees 
to  the  highest  military  and  civil  honors.  In  the  expedition  against 
Canada  in  1711  he  was  commissary  of  the  Connecticut  forces,  and 
at  the  capture  of  Louisbourg  in  1 745  he  bore  the  commission  of  ma- 
jor general,  tie  wus  successively  a  member  oi  the  assembly  and  of 
tne  council,  judge  of  the  county  court,  deputy  governor,  chief  judge 
of  the  superior  court,  and  from  1751  to  1754  governor.  He  died 
May  17,  1767,  in  the  eighty  ninth  year  of  his  aji;e.  In  all  his  ex- 
altation above  his  neighbors  he  exhibited  no  haughtiness  of  deport- 
ment, but  was  easy  of  access,  free  and  affable,  of  ready  wit  and  great 
humor.  His  literary  attainments  were  such,  that  in  conversation 
with  the  learned  upon  most  subjects  he  secured  respect.  He  was- 
much  attached  to  the  peculiar  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  and  was  for 
many  years  a  member  of  a  Christian  church.  From  the  year  1 754, 
-when  his  life  was  more  retired,  he  devoted  himself  particularly  to 
reading,  meditation,  and  prayer.  He  was  very  careiui  in  searching 
into  himself,  that  he  might  perceive  his  own  character,  and  know 
whether  he  was  rescued  from  that  depravity, to  which  previously  to 
the  renewing  agency  of  the  divine  Spirit  the  human  mind  is  sub- 
jected, and  whether  he  was  interested  in  the  salvation  of  the  gospeL 
In  his  last  moments  he  was  supported  by  the  hopes  of  the  Christian, 
and  he  entered  into  his  rest.  He  published  poetical  meditations, 
with  a  preface  by  Mr.  Bulkley  of  Colchester,  1725  ;  and  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Hobart  in  1761,  entitled,  the  new  English  congregational 
churches  are  and  always  have  been  consocic.ted  churches,  and  their 
liberties  greater  and  better  founded  in  their  platform,  agreed  upon 
at  Cambridge  in  1648,  than  in  the  agreement  at  Saybrook  in  1708. 
A  long  poem,  written  by  governor  Wolcott,  entitled,  a  brief  account 
of  the  agency  of  John  Winthrop  in  the  court  of  Charles  II  in  1662 
iji  procuring  the  charter  of  Conneciirut  is  preserved  in  the  collec- 
tions, of  the  historical  society.      It  describes  with  considerable  mi* 


I 


I!. 


■•> 


624 


WOL. 


nateness  the  Pequot  yrmi'^Perry*t  term,  on  hit  death ;    i)ei)otibn*» 
elect,  term. ;  Collect,  hitt.  toe.  iv.  363--^397. 

WOLCOT  r  (Erastvs))  a  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Con<' 
necticut,  was  the  son  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  about  the 
year  1733.  His  early  life  was  spent  in  the  employments  of  agri- 
culture. Though  he  was  not  favored  with  the  advantages  of  a  lib<* 
eral  education,  yet  profiting  by  the  various  situations,  in  which  he 
was  placed,  he  guned  much  useful  knowledge.  In  1776  he  com- 
manded a  regiment  of  militia,  and  assisted  in  the  investment  of 
Boston.  He  was  appointed  a  brigadier  general  in  1777,  and  went 
on  an  expedition  to  Peek's  kill.  He  was  repeatedly  a  member  of 
congress.  Towards  the  close  of  his  life  be  resigned  his  office  of 
judge.  He  died  September  14,  1793,  in  the  seventy  first  year  of 
his  age.  Integrity  and  patriotism  were  united  in  his  character  with 
religion.  He  was  a  zealous  friend  to  republican  principles,  an  able 
advocate  of  the  rights  of  his  country.  His  last  illness  he  bore 
with  a  cheerful  serenity  and  submission  to  the  will  of  God.  A 
short  religious  tract,  written  by  him,  was  published  at  the  close  of 
the  following,— M^Clure*t  termon  on  hit  death. 

WOLCOTT  (Oliver,  ll.  d.)>  governor  of  Connecticut,  was 
the  brother  of  the  preceding,  and  was  bom  about  the  year  1737. 
He  was  graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1747.  He  afterwards  sustsdn- 
ed  a  captain's  commission  in  the  w^ar  vrith  the  French*  On  retiring 
from  military  service  he  studied  physic  ;  but  his  attention  was 
drawn  from  this  profession  by  his  appointment  as  high  sheriff  of 
the  county  of  Litchfield,  which  office  he  sustained  about  fourteen 
years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  ever  memorable  congress,  which 
agreed  upon  the  declaradon  of  independence  in  1776,  and  he  boldly 
advocated  that  measure.  He  was  chosen  governor  in  1796,  but 
died  December  1,  1797,  aged  seventy  onfi  years.  Mr.  Trumbull 
succeeded  him.  Incorruptible  integrity  and  unshaken  firmness 
were  conspicuous  traits  in  the  character  of  governor  Wolcott.  He 
was  the  friend  of  virtue  and  religion^  In  his  last  sickness  he  ex^ 
pressed  a  deep  sense  of  his  personal  unworthiness  and  guilt.  For 
several  days  before  his  departure  every  breath  seemed  to  bring  with 
it  a  prayer,  till  at  length  he  fell  o.sltep.'-^Backut*  funeral  termon, 

WOLFE  (James),  a  major  general  in  the  British  army,  was  bom 
at  Westerhvan  in  Kent  January  3,  1737.  He  entered  young  into 
the  army,  and  soon  distinguished  himself  as  a  brave  and  skilful  offi- 
cer. He  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Lafeldt  and  in  every  suhse^ 
quent  engagement  iiTGermany  in  the  war,  which  terminated  at  th6 
peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle.  After  his  return  from  the  Expedition 
against  Louisbourg  in  1758,  he  was  immediately  appointed  to  the 
command  of  one  of  the  expeditions,  destined  against  Canada  in 
1759.  He  arrived  at  the  island  of  Orleans  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Quebec  late  in  June.  On  the  last  of  Jitly  he  attacked  the  French 
intrc'^chments  at  Montmorency  on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Charles^ 


WOLi 


625 


a/A }    Detotibn** 

LOT  court  of  Con* 
is  born  about  the 
oyments  of  agri- 
vantages  of  a  lib* 
ons,  in  which  he 

In  irre  he  com- 
the  investment  of 
n  1777,  and  went 
edly  a  member  of 
igned  his  office  of 
iventy  first  year  of 

his  character  with 
principles,  an  able 
St  illness  he  bore 
e  will  of  God.  A 
ihed  at  the  close  of 

•  Connecticut,  was 
)ut  the  year  1727. 
afterwards  sustMn* 
•ench*    On  retiiing 
his  attention  was 
t  as  high  sheriflf  of 
ined  about  fourteen 
le  congress,  which 
1776,  and  he  boldly 
emor  in  1796,  but 
rs.    Mr.  Trumbull 
unshaken  firmness 
mor  Wolcott.    He 
ast  sickness  he  ex- 
ness  and  gUilt.  For 
eemed  to  bring  with 
t*  funeral  sermon. 
idsh  army,  was  bom 
entered  young  into 
rave  and  skilful  offi- 
and  in  every  subse- 
ch  terminated  at  the 
from  the  Expedition 
r  appointed  to  the 
against  Canftda  in 
the  neighborhood  of 
ittacked  the  French 
:  of  the  St.  Charles* 


but  his  troops  were  thrown  into  disordef  by  the  enemy's  fire,  and  he 
was  coinpelled  W  give  orders  for  returning  to  the  island.     He  now 
determined  to  effect  a  landing  above  the  city,  and  by  scaling  a  prec* 
ipice  to  gain  the  heights  back  of  the  town,  where  it  was  but  sliglitly 
fortified.      He  was  fully  aware  of  the  temerity  of  the  enterprise, 
but  resolved  to  execute  it.      On  the  morning  of  the  thirteenth 
of  September,  an  hour  before  day  break,  he  landed  with  a  strong 
detachment  about  a  mile  above  cape  Diamond.      Ascending  the 
precipice  by   the  aid    of   the  rugged  projrctions  of  the   rocks, 
and  the  branches  of  trees  and   plants  growing  on  the  cliffs,  the 
van  gained  the  heights,  and  quickly  dispersed  a  captain's  guard, 
which  had  been  entrusted  with  a  four  gun  battery.     The  whole  army 
Mras  soon  upon  the  heights  of  Abraham.     Montcalm  now  perceived 
that  a  battle  could  no  longer  be  avoided,  and  that  the  fate  of  Quebec 
depended  on  the  issue.     He  immediately  crossed  the  St.  Cliarles, 
and  marched  to  attack  the  English  army.   In  the  beginning  of  the  ac- 
tion Wolfe  received  a  ball  in  his  wrist,  but  wrapping  a  handkerchief 
armmd  his  arm  he  continued  to  encourage  his  men.      He  soon  re- 
ceived a  ffhot  in  the  groin,  which  he  also  concealed.     He  was  ad- 
vancing at  the  head  of  the  grenadiers  with  charged  bayonets,  when 
a  third  bullet  pierced  his  breast.     Being  conveyed  into  the  rear,  he 
still  discovered,  in  the  agonies  of  death,  the  most  anxious  solicitude 
concerning  the  fate  of  the  day.      Asking  an  officer  to  support  him, 
while  he  viewed  the  field,  "  tell  roe,  sir,"  said  he,  "  do  the  enemy 
give  way  there,  tell  me,  for  I  cannot  see."    His  sight  was  dimmed 
and  confused,  and  almost  extinguished  forever.      Being  told,  that 
the  enemy  was  visibly  broken,  he  reclined  his  head  from  extreme 
faintness  on  the  officer's  arm ;  but  he  was  soon  aroused  by  the  cry  of 
"  they  run,  they  run  !"  "  Who  run  ?'*  exclaimed  the  hero.     The 
officer  replied,"  the  French,  they  are  beat,  sir,  they  are  flying  before 
you."    The  general  then  said,"  I  am  satisfied, my  boys !"  and  almost 
instantly  expired.     Tiris  death  of  the  illustrious  Wolfe  in  the  thirty 
thirt'i  year  of  his  age  combines  every  circumstance  to  gratify  the  thirst 
for  military  glory.    If  the  creatures  of  God  were  allowed  to  seek  their 
own  honor,  and  if  men,  destined  for  immortality,  would  choose  to 
place  this  honor  in  having  their  names  repeated,  and  their  heroism 
applauded  by  future  and  unknown  generations,  perhaps  no  instance 
of  a  death  more  to  be  envied  could  be  found  in  the  annals  of  history. 
The  body  of  Wolfe  was  carried  to  England,  and  a  monument  was 
erected  to  his  memory  in  Westminster  abbey.     He  was  formed  by 
nature  for  military  greatness.      His  apprehension  was  quick  and 
clear,  his  judgment  sound,  his,  courage  daring  perhaps  to  an  extreme. 
With  a  temper  lively  and  almost  impetuous  he  was  not  subject  to 
passion,  and  with  the  greatest  independence  he  was  free  from  pride. 
He  was  manly,  yet  gentle,  kind,  and  conciliating  in  his  manners. 
He  was  not  only  just,  but  generous  ;  and  he  searched  out  the  objects 
of  his  charity  and  beneficence  among  his  needy  officers.— Afw  and 

80 


■■J 


!    ^ 


if* 


M 


626> 


WOO; 


ii\ 


)  li 


., 


j^rew.  biog.  diet.;  AnntMl regiatevy  i.  71 ;  ii.  37—42, 341, 381'->3a3 ;.: 
iii.  99  ;  Marahalti  i.  429,  442,  450—463  ;  JBoatonfijtt  boy^  October 
15,  1759. 

WOODBRIDGE  (John),  first  minister  of  Andover,  Massacho- 
setts,  was  born  in  VViiuitiie,  England,  in  1613,  and  after  passing; 
some  time  at  Oxlbrd  pursued  his  studies  in  private.  In  1634  tie- 
caine  to  this  country  withi  hb  uncle,  the  reverend  Mr.  Parker. 
He  was  ordained  at  Andover  September  1 6,  1 644  ;  but  upon  the 
invitation  of  his  fr?e  >ds  in  England  he  returned  to  them  in  1647. 
Being  ejected  by  tiie  Bartholomew  act  in  1662,  he  again  sought  a 
peaceful  retreat  in  Antcrica,  and  became  an  assistant  to  Mr.  Parker. 
After  his  dismissir  n  on  account  of  his  views  of  church  disciplfaiey 
he  was  a  magistraie  of  the  colony.  He  died  March>  17)  1695,  in 
the  eighty  second  year  of  his  age.  He  lived  to  see  three  of  his 
son&  in  the  ministry^  and  four  of  his  grandsons  preparing,  for  it. 
The  piety,  which  he  imbibed  in  his  childhood,  increased  with  his. 
years.  He  possessed  a  wonderful  command  of  his  passions>.  and 
losses  and  afflictions  did  not  shake  his  peace.  Just  before  his  death 
he  refused  a  glass  of  wine,  which  was  offered  him,  saying,  I  am  ga- 
ing  where  I  shall  have  better.— iWafAer'*  magnaliay  iii.  219,  220  j 
JVoncon/orm.  memorial^  i.  292,  293  ;  Fofikin'a  dedicat.  serm. 

WOODBRIDGE  (Benjamin,  d.  d.),.  the  first  graduate  of  Har- 
vard college,  was  the  brother  oWhe  preceding  and  was  born  in  1622. 
After  he  came  to  this  country  he  was  honored  with  the  first  laurels- 
of  the  new  seminary  at  Cambridge  in  1642.  On  his  return  to  En- 
gland he  succeeded  Dr.  Twiss  ac  Newbury,  where  he  gained  a  high 
reputation  as  a  sch^arra  preacher,  a  casuist,  and  a  Christian.  After 
he  was  ejected  in  1662  he  continued  to  preach  privately.  He  died 
at  Inglefield  in  Berks  November  1 ,  1 684,  aged  sixty  two  years,  and 
was  buried  at  Newbury.  While  his  learning  was  considerable}  his 
commanding  voice  and  pleasing  manner  made  him  admired  as  a 
preacher.  He  published  a  sermon  on  justification  by  fiuth,  1653  ; 
the  method  of  grace  in  the  justification  of  sinners,  against  Mr. 
Eyre,  4to  ;  church  members  set  in  joint,  against  lay  preacherSf 
1656.  He  also  published  a  work  written  by  Mr.  Noyes,  entitled, 
Moses  and  Aaron,  or  the  rights  of  the  church  and  &tate»  containing 
two  disputations,  1661.  It  is  believed  that  he  wrote  the  ingenious 
lines  for  the  tomb  of  Mr.  Cotton,  which  are  preserved  in  Mather's 
magnalia.— Woorf**  Athena  Oxonienaesy  ii.  77^^-^176  f  Nonconform, 
men  '^rial,  \.  290  j  Collect.  hi»t»  aoc.  x;  32  ;   Magtmliay  uu  30,  31.  \ 

WOODHOUSE  (jKue.s)y  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania,  died  June  4,  1809,  in  the  thirty  ninth  year  of 
his  age.  He  was  eminent  for  his  le&rning.  Dr.  John  Redman 
Coxe  has  been  appointed  his  successor..  He  published  an  inaugu- 
ral dissertation  on  the  chemical  and  medical  properties  of  the  per- 
simmon tree,  and  the  analysis  of  astringent  vegetables,  179*3  ;  the 
young  chemist's  pocket  companion,  connected  with  a  portable  lab* 


l^tH' 


woo. 


627 


-oratory,  1797  ;  an  answer  to  Dr.  Priestley's  considerations  on  the 
doctrine  of  phlogiston  and  the  decomposition  ot  water,  founded  up« 
on  demonstrative  experiments,  in  the  fourth  volume  ot  the  truiibac- 
tions  of  the  American  philosophical  society .;  and  an  editioa  of 
Chaptul's  chemistry,  with  valuable  notes,  2  vols,  avo,  1807. 

WOOSTER  (David),  major  general  in  the  revolutionary  war, 
was  born  at  Stratford  in  171 1,  and  was  graduated  tit  Yule  college  in 
1738.  At  the  commencement  of  the  war  with  Great  Briuin  he 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the  troops  in  the  service  of 
Connecticut,  and  made  a  brigadier  general  in  the  continental  scr« 
vice  ;  but  this  commission  he  afterwards  resigned.  In  1776  he  was 
appointed  the  Bri^t  major  general  of  the  miiitiu  of  his  native  state. 
While  opposing  a  detachment  of  Briiish  troops,  whose  object  uas 
to  destroy  the  public  stores  at  Danbury,  he  was  mortally  wouiiiled 
at  Ridgfield  April27, 1777, and  died  on  the  second  of  Muy. — Gordorit 
ii.  464  ;  Holmes*  annals^ix.  374,  375  ;  life  of  Stilesy  382. 

WORTHINGTON  (John,  ll.  d.),  an  eminent  barrister,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  college  in  1740.  In  1774  he  was  a  member  of 
the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  and  opposed  the  measures  of  tlie 
friends  of  liberty.  His  name  was  in  the  same  yeur  included  in  ihe 
list  of  the  mandamus  counsellors,  but  he  declined  the  appointment. 
He  died  at  Springfield  in  April  1 800,  aged  eighty  one  years.  Mr. 
Ames  married  his  daughter. 

WYLLYS  (George),  governor  of  Connecticut  in  1642,  came 
from  England  to  Hartford  in  1638  and  died  in  1644.  He  was  emi- 
nently pious,  and  from  regard  to  the  purity  of  divine  worship  left  a 
fine  estate  in  the  county,  of  Warwick  and  encountered  the  hardships 
of  a  wilderness.  .His  descendants  are  distinguished  in  the  civil 
history  of  Conneciicut.^— Trumbull,  i. .  1 50 ;  HQlmcb*  life  of  Stiles,  1 5. 

WifTHE  (George),  chancellorof  Virginia,  and<a distinguished 
friend  of  his  country,  was  bom  in  the  county  of  Elizabeth  city  in 
1736.  His  father  was  a  respectable  farmer,  and  his  mother  was  a 
woman  of  uncommon  knowledge  and  strength  of  mind.  She  taught 
the  Latin  language,  with  which  she  was  intimately  acquainted,  and 
which  she  spoke  fluently,  to  her  son  ;  but  his  education  was  in  other 
respe&ts  very  much  neglected.  At  school  he  learned  only  to  read 
and 'Write,  and  to  apply  the  five  first  rules  of  arithmetic.  His  par- 
ents having  died  before  he  attained  the  age  of  twenty  one  years, 
like  many  unthinking  youths  he  commenced  a  career  of  dissipation 
and  intemperance,  and  did  not  disengage  himself  from  it  before  he 
reached  the  age  of  thirty.  He  then  bixterly  lamented  the  loss  of 
those  nine  years  of  his  life,  and  of  the  Iearning,\which  during  that 
period  he  might  have  acquired.  But  never  did  any-man  more  ef- 
fectually redeem  his  time.  From  the  moment*  when  be  resoIvc<l 
on  reformation,  he  devoted  himself  most  intensely  to  his  studies. 
Without  the  assistance  of  any  instructer  he  acquired  an  accurate 
»I(now  ledge  of  the  Greeks  and  he  read  the  best  authors  in  that  as 


<( 


628 


WYT. 


well  as  ill  the  Lutin  language.  He  made  hiinself  also  a  profound 
lawy  ;r,  Icromi  i^- 1>  <'tectly  versed  in  the  civil  and  common  laW|  and 
in  the  statutes  ot  Gt  <  at  liritain  and  Virginia.  He  was  also  a  skil- 
ful mathematician,  i»:id  was  well  acquainted  with  moral  and  natural 
philosophy.  The  wild  and  thougUdess  youth  was  now  converted 
into  a  sedate  and  prudent  man,  Uelighiing  entirely  in  literary  pur- 
suits. At  this  period  he  acquired  that  attachnient  to  the  Citiistian 
1  iigion,  v.hich,  thouirh  his  faith  was  ufiei-wards  pj.akcn  hy  the  diP!'^- 
culties  suggested  by  sceptical  writers,  never  rdtut^ctiv  h  foisock  tiiui^ 
and  towards  the  clost.  of  his  lite  was  renovated  v'^d  iiniuly  esublUh 
ed.  Though  'le  never  connected  himseU  with  .ny  se«.»  of  Thrist 
ians,  yet  for  many  ye<u*s  he  constantly  utu:nded  cimrcit,  s.rd  the  i>'> 
ble  was  his  favorite  book. 

Having  obtained  a  license  to  practise  law,  he  look  his  station  at 
the  bar  of  the  old  gcnerai  i.ourl  %vki.  many  other  great  men,  whoso 
merit  has  been  the  buast  of  Virginia.  Among;  them  he  wus  on- 
spicuous  not  for  his  eloquence,  or  i!iij^enuhy  iu  maintaining  a  bad 
cause,  but  for  hts  sound  sense  and  learninp;,  avid  rigid  att3<  nment  to 
justice.  He  never  undertook  the  supp*.  rt  of  a  cause,  ./'.ich  he 
kne^ '  u)  be  bad,  or  which  did  not  appear  Co  be  just  i::nd  honorable. 
He  w."  .  even  *^nown,  when  he  doubted  the  statement  of  his  cUent, 
to  insist  upon  b'\s  rnakuig  an  affidavit  to  its  truth,  and  in  every  in- 
stance, whv .  ;  it  w\.s  in  his  power,  he  examinetl  the  witnesses  as  to 
the  facts  Iiittnded  to  be  proved  betore  he  brought  the  suit,  or  agreed 
to  defend  it. 

When  the  time  arrived,  which  heaven  hati  destined  for  the  sep- 
eration  of  the  wide,  confederated  republic  of  America  from  the  do- 
nnnion  of  Qreat  Britain,  Mr.  Wythe  was  one  of  the  instruments  iu 
the  hand  of  providence  for  accomplishing  that  great  work.  He 
took  a  decided  ^art  in  the  very  first  movements  oi  opposition.  Not 
content  merely  to  fall  in  with  the  wishes  of  his  fellow  citizens,  he 
assisted  in  persuading  them  not  to  submit  to  British  tyranny.  With 
a  prophetic  mind  he  looked  forward  to  the  event  of  an  approaching 
war,  and  resolutely  prepared  to  encounter  all  its  evils  rather  than 
to  resign  his  attachment  to  liberty.  With  his  pupil  and  friend, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  he  roused  the  people  to  resistance.  As  the 
controversy  grew  warno,  his  zeal  became  proportionally  fervent. 
He  joined  a  corps  ot  volunteers,  accustomed  himself  to  military 
discipline,  and  was  ready  to  march  at  the  call  of  his  country, 
that  country,  to  whose  interests  he  was  so  sincerely  attached,  ..ad 
other  duties  of  more  importance  for  him  to  perform.  It  was  his 
destiny  to  obtain  distinction  as  a  statesman,  legislator,  and  judge, 
and  not  as  a  warrior.  Before  the  war  comm.enced,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  assembly.  After  having  been  for  some 
time  speaker  of  the  house  of  burgesses,'  he  was  sent  by  the  mem- 
bers of  that  body  as  one  of  their  delegates  to  the  congress/ which 
as9einl)led  May  18,  1775,  and  did  not  separate  tuitii  it  had  declared 


'♦"'-'Wi-'t.     ,     ijw  — 


WYT. 


629 


elf  also  a  profound 
(I  common  \wrt  and 
tie  was  also  a  skil- 
\\  moral  and  natural 
was  now  converted 
■ely  in  literary  pur- 
ent  to  the  (.'i-iisiian 
Ps.akcn  by  Uu;  diP' ■ 
}>;cili;  i  fijisock,  hiaij 
vnd  li;  ivly  CEUbluh- 
1  ny  sect  itf  <''^rist" 
chui'cU,  ardiheb;- 

e  took  his  station  at 
:r  great  men,  whoso 
M.^  thewi  he  was  on- 
»  nvuintaining  ;t  bad 
[!  rigid  a£ta'  ''me»t  to 
■  a  causej  V ''.ich  he 
;  just  iii\d  honorable, 
ement  of  his  client, 
ith,  and  in  every  in- 
l  the  >vitnesses  as  to 
;ht  the  suit,  or  agreed 

1  destined  for  the  sep- 
im  erica  from  the  do- 
[)f  the  instruments  in 
lat  great  work.    He 
oi  opposition.    Not 
fellow  citizens,  he 
rilish  tyranny.  With 
int  of  an  approaching 
its  evils  rather  than 
lis  pupil  and  friend, 
resistance.    As  the 
■oportionally  fervent, 
himself  to   military 
^f  his  country, 
icerely  attached,  -.ad 
erform.     It  was  his 
.gislator,  and  judge, 
ced,  he  was  elected  a 
,ving  been  for  some 
ras  sent  by  the  mera- 
the  congress,'  which 
uiilii  it  had  declared 


the  independence  of  America.     In  that  most  enlighlcued  and  patri> 
olic  assembly  he  possessed  no  small  share  of  influence.     He  was 
one  of  those,  who  signed  the  memorable  declaration,  by  which  the 
heroic  legislators  of  this  country   pledged  ^^  their  lives,  their  for- 
tunes,  and  their  sacred  honor"  to  maintain  and  defend  its  violated 
rights.     But  the  voice  of  his  native  state  soon  called  him  from  the 
busy  scene,  where  his  talents  had  been  so  nobly  exerted.  By  a  res- 
olution of  the  general  assembly  of  Virginia,  dated  November  5, 
1776,  Thomas  JeRerson,    Edmund  Pendleton,    George  Wythe, 
George  Mason,  and  Thomas  Ludwell  Lee  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  revise  the  laws  of  the  commonwealth.     This  was  u  work 
of  very  great  labor  and  difficulty.     The  committee  of  revisors  did 
not  disappoint  the  expectations  of  their  country..     In  the  com- 
mencement of  their  labors  they  were  deprived  of  the  assistance, 
which  might  have  been  received  from  the  abilities  of  Messrs.  Ma- 
son and  Lee  by  the  death  of  tlie  one  and  the  resignation  of  the 
other.     The  remaining  three  prosecuted  their  task  with  indefatiga- 
ble activity  and  zeal,  and  June  18,  1779  made  a  report  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  six  bills,  which  they  had  prepared.     This  repotl 
showed  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  great  principles  of  legislation, 
and  reflected  the  highest  honor  upon  those,  who  formed  it.     The 
people  of  Virginia  are  indebted  to  it  for  almost  all  the  best  parts 
of  their  present  code  of  laws.     Among  the  changes,  then  made 
in  the  monarcbieal  system  of  jurii^prudence,  which  had  lieen  pre- 
viously in  for^e,  the  ^ost  important  were  effected  by  the  act  abol- 
ishing the  right  of  piimogeniuire,  and  directing  the  real  estate  of 
persons  dying  intestate  to  be  equally  divided  among  their  children, 
or  other  nearest  relations  ;  by  the  act  for  regulating  conveyances, 
which  converted  all  est;.tes  in  tail  into  fees  simple,  and  thus  destroy- 
ed one  of  the  supports  of  the  proud  and  overbearing  distinctions  of 
particular  families  ;  and  finally  by  the  act  for  the  establishment  of 
religious  freedom.     Had  all  the  proposed  bills  been  adopted  by  the 
legislature,  other  changes  of  great  importance  would  have  taken 
place.    A  wise  and  universal  system  of  education  would  hrve  been 
established,  giving  to  the  children  of  the  poorest  citizen  the  oi>por- 
tunity  of  attaining  science,  and  thus  of  rising  to  honor  and  extensive 
usefulness.     The   proponion    between  crimes  and  punishments 
would  have  been  better  adjusted,  and  malefactors  would  have  been 
made  to  promote  the  interests  of   the  commonwealth  by   their 
labor.      But  the  public  spirit  of  the  assembly  could  not  keep  pace 
with  the  liberal  views  of  Wythe. 

After  finishing  the  task  of  new  modelling  the  laws,  he  was  em- 
ployed to  carry  them  into  effect  according  to  their  true  intent  and 
spirit  by  being  placed  in  the  difficult  office  of  judge  of  a  court  of 
equity.  He  wus  appointed  one  of  the  three  judges  of  the  high 
court  of  c^ncery,  and  afterwards  sole  chancellor  of  Vii*ginia,  in 
which  station  he  continued  until  the  day  of  his  death,  during  a  peri- 


630 


WYT. 


od  of  more  than  twenty  years.  His  extraordinary  disinterestedness 
and  patriotism  were  now  most  conspicuously  displayeil.  Although 
the  salary,  allowed  him  by  the  commonwealth,  was  extremely  scan- 
ty, yet  ne  contentedly  lived  upon  it  even  in  tlie  e-^penuve  city  of 
Richmond,  and  devoted  his  whole  time  to  tlic  service  of  his  country. 
With  that  contempt  of  wealtli,  which  so  remarkably  distinguished 
him  from  other  men,  he  made  a  present  of  one  half  of  his  land  in 
Elizabeth  city  to  his  nephew,  and  the  purchase  money  of  the  re- 
mainder, which  he  sold,  was  not  paid  him  for  many  years.  Wiiile 
hn  resided  in  Williamsburg  he  accepted  the  professorship  of  law  in 
the  college  of  William  and  Mary,  but  resigned  it  wlien  his  duties 
as  chancellor  required  his  removal  to  Richmond.  His  resources 
were  therefore  small  ;  yet  with  his  liberal  and  charitable  disposition 
he  continued,  by  means  of  that  little,  to  do  much  good,  and  always 
to  preserve  his  independence.  This  he  accomplished  by  temper- 
ance and  economy. 

He  was  a  member  uf  the  Virginia  convention,  which  in  Jime 
1788  considered  the  proposed  constitution  ol  the  United  States. 
During  (he  debates  he  acted  for  the  niofit  part  a«  chairman.  Ocuig 
convinced,  that  the  confederation  was  defective  in  the  energy,  nec- 
essary to  preserve  the  union  and  liberty  of  America,  this  venerable 
patriot,  then  beginning  to  bow  under  the  weight  of  yeur&,  rose  in 
•the  convention,  and  exerted  his  voice,  almost  tb  >  feeble  to  be  heard) 
in  contending  for  a  system,  on  the  acceptance  of  which  he  conceived 
the  happiness  of  his  country  to  depend.  He  was  ever  attached  to 
the  constitution,  on  accoimt  of  the  principles  of  freedom  and  jus- 
dee,  which  it  contained  ;  and  in  every  change  of  affairs  he  was 
steady  in  supporting  the  rights  of  man.  His  political  opinions  were 
always  firmly  republican.  Though  in  1798  and  1709  he  was  oppos- 
ed to  the  measures,  which  were  adopted  in  the  administration  of 
president  Adams,  and  reprobated  the  alien  and  sedition  laws,  and 
the  raising  of  the  army  ;  yet  he  never  yielded  a  moment  to  the 
rancor  of  party  spirit,  nor  permitted  the  difference  of  opinion  to 
interfere  with  his  private  friendships.  He  pres'.led  twice  succes- 
sively in  the  college  of  electoi's  in  Virginia,  and  twice  voted  for  a 
president,  whose  political  principles  coincided  with  his  own.  After 
a  short  but  very  excruciating  sickness  he  died  June  8,  1806,  in  the 
•eighty  first  year  of  his  age.  It  was  supposed,  that  he  was  poison- 
ed, but  the  person  suspected  was  acquitted  by  a  jury  of  his  coun- 
trymen. By  his  last  will  and  testament  he  bequeathed  his  valuable 
library  and  philosophical  apparatus  to  his  friend,  Mr.  Jefferson,  and 
ilistribtited  the  remainder  of  his  little  property  among  the  grand 
children  ot  his  sister,  and  the  slaves,  whom  he  had  set  free.  He 
thus  wished  to  liberate  the  blacks  not  only  from  slavery,  but  from 
the  temptations  to  vice.  He  even  condescended  to  impart  to  them  I 
instructiofn  ;  and  he  personally  taught  the  Greek  language  do  a  Ut-| 
tie  negro  boy,  who  died  a  few  days  before  his  preceptor. 


WYT. 


631 


Chancellor  \Vythe  was  indeed  an  exlraordinary  man.  With' all 
bis  great  qualitit:  h«  possessed  u  soul  replete  with  benevolence,  and 
his  private  lite  is  full  of  anecdotes,  which  prove,  that  it  i  ■  icldom 
that  a  kinder  and  warmer  heart  throbs  in  the  breast  of  a  human  be- 
ing.  He  was  of  a  social  and  affectionate  disposition.  From  the 
time,  when  he  was  emancipated  from  the  follies  of  youth,  he  sus- 
tained an  unspotted  reputation.  His  integrity  was  never  even  sus- 
pected. While  he  practised  at  the  bar,  when  offers  of  an  extraor- 
dinary but  well  merited  compensation  were  made  to  him  by  clientst 
whose  causes  he  had  gained,  he  would  say,  that  the  laborer  was  in- 
deed worthy  of  his  hire,  but  the  lawful  fee  was  all  he  hud  a  righ'  to 
demand,  and  as  to  presents  he  did  not  want  and  would  not  accept 
them  from  any  man.  This  grandeur  of  mind  he  tuuforroly  pre- 
served to  the  end  of  his  life.  His  manner  of  living  was  plain  and 
abstemious.  He  found  the  means  of  suppressing  the  desire  of  wealth 
by  limiting  the  number  of  his  wants.  An  ardent  desire  to  pro- 
mote the  happiness  of  his  fellow  men  by  supporting  the  cause  of 
justice  and  maintaining;  and  establishing  their  rights  appears  to 
have  been  his  ruling  passion. 

As  a  judge  he  was  remarkable  for  his  rigid  impartiality  and  sin- 
cere attachtuent  to  the  principles  of  equity,  for  his  vast  and  various 
learning,  and  for  his  strict  and  unwearied  attention  to  business. 
Superior  to  popular  prejudice  and  evry  corrupting  influence,  noth- 
ing could  induce  him  to  swerve  from  truth  and  right.  In  his  de- 
cisions he  seemed  to  be  a  pure  intelligence,  untouched  by  human 
passions,  and  settling  the  disputes  of  men  according  to  the  dictates 
of  eternal  and  immutable  justice.  Other  judges  have  surpassed 
him  in  genius,  and  a  certain  facility  in  despatching  causes,  but  while 
the  vigor  of  his  faculties  remained  unimpaired,  he  was  seldom  sur- 
passed in  learning,  industry,  and  judgment. 

From  a  man,  entrusted  with  such  high  concerns,  and  whose  time 
was  occupied  by  so  many  difBcult  and  perplexing  avocations,  it 
could  scarcely  have  been  expected,  that  he  should  have  employed  a 
part  of  it  in  the  toilsome  and  generally  unpleasant  task  of  the  edu- 
cation of  youth.  Yet  even  to  this  he  was  prompted  by  his  genuinei 
patriotism  and  philanthrophy,  which  induced  him  for  many  years  to 
take  great  delight  in  educating  such  young,  persons,  as  showed  an 
inclination  for  improvement.  Harrassed  as  he  was  with  business^ 
and  enveloped  with  papers,  belonging  to  intricate  suits  in  chancery, 
he  yet  found  time  to  keep  a  private  school  for  the  instruction  of  a 
few  scholars,  always  with  very  little  compensation,  and  often  de- 
manding none.  Several  living  ornaments  of  their  country  received 
their  greatest  lights  from  his  sublime  example  and  instruction. 
Such  was  the  upright  and  venerable  W y the. ^yfmerican gleaner  a7i(i 

Virginia  magaziney  i.  1 — 3,  17 — 19,33 — 36;    Maaaa.  tniaa.  mag.  \, 

10—15  ;  Debatea  of  Virginia  convent,  aecond  edit,  17)  431. 


632 


YAL. 


YALE  (Elirv),  the  principal  benefactor  of  Yale  college,  was 
bom  at  New  Haven  in  1 648,  and  at  the  age  of  ten  years  went  to 
England,  and  about  the  year  1678  to  the  Eust  Indies,  where  he  ac- 
quired a  large  estate,  was  made  governor  of  fort  St.  George,  and 
married  an  Indian  lady  of  fortune.  After  his  return  to  London  he 
was  chosen  governor  of  the  East  India  company,  and  made  those 
donations  to  the  college  in  his  native  town,  which  induced  the  trus- 
tees to  bestow  on  it  the  name  of  Yale.  He  died  in  Wales  July  8, 
173 1^— iC/a/k'«  Aiat.  Yale  college^  39  ;   Ho.met'  annaUy  ii.  104. 

YATES  (Robert),  chief  justice  of  New  York,  died  at  Albany 
in  September  1801. 

ZUBLY  (John  Joachim,  d.  d.),  Brst  minister  of  the  presbyte- 
rian  church  in  Savannah)  came  from  St.  Call  in  Switzerland,  and 
took  the  charge  of  this  chu*'ch  in  1760.     He  preached  to  an  En« 

flish  and  German  congregation,  and  sometimes  also  he  preached 
n  French.  He  was  a  member  of  the  provincial  congress  in  1775, 
but  as  he  differed  in  opinion  from  his  fellow  citizens  with  respect 
to  the  independence  of  the  United  States,  he  incurred  their  dis- 
pleasure, and  his  future  days  were  embittered.  He  died  at  Savan- 
nah in  July,  1781.  He  was  a  man  of  great  teaming,  of  a  vigorous 
and  penetrating  mind,  and  of  a  heart  moulded  into  the  Christian 
spirit.  He  published  a  sermon  on  the  value  of  that  faith,  without 
which  it  is  impossible  to  please  God,  1773;  a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
tne  reverend  John  Osgood  of  Midway,  1773  ;  the  law  of  liberty,  a 
sermon  on  Americaii  affairs  at  the  opening  of  the  provincial  con* 
gress  of  Georgia,  with  an  appendix,  giving  an  account  of  the  stcug- 
gle  of  Switzerland  to  recover  liberty,  177 5. -—Georgia  analytical  re- 
fiontory,].  4i9 ',  Gorc/on,  ii.  75. 


-.:;*.•«.. 


ERRATA. 
Pagt  321,  line  27,  after  law  add  in  jYew  York. 

—  571,  —     3,  for  399  read  418. 

—  584,  —   57 J  for  t/iree  hundred  read  one  hundred  andj{ftv. 


X\ 


«    »  • 
-    I 


•  of  Yale  college,  was 
of  ten  yean  went  to 
Indies,  where  he  ac- 
fort  St.  George,  and 
s  return  to  London  he 
pany,  and  made  those 
hich  induced  the  trus- 
died  in  Wales  July  8, 
annala^  ii.  104. 
York,  died  at  Albany 

lister  of  the  presbyte- 
1  in  Switzerland,  and 
e  preached  to  an  En- 
times  also  he  preached 
ncial  congress  in  1775, 
citizens  with  respect 
\e  incurred  their  dis- 
cd.    He  died  at  Savan- 
teaming,  of  a  vigorous 
led  into  the  Christian 
B  of  that  faith,  without 
a  sermon  on  the  death  of 
3  ;  the  law  of  liberty,  a 
r  of  the  provincial  con- 
an  account  of  the  stiaig- 
•^Georgia  analytical  re- 


to  York.   ;);:•;"  ''-•  ' ,  \ ';_'_, 
ad  one  hrmdr^d  andj^ftu. 


